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Rojo-Arreola L, Navarrete del Toro M, Cordova-Murueta J, García-Carreño F. Techniques for protein digestion research in Decapoda: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Gong J, Xie Y, Yu K, Yang Y, Huang H, Ye H. Characterization and expression analysis of chymotrypsin after bacterial challenge in the mud crab, Scylla paramamosain. Genet Mol Biol 2014; 37:381-8. [PMID: 25071403 PMCID: PMC4094611 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572014005000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chymotrypsin is one of the serine proteases families that have various biological functions. A chymotrypsin gene was isolated from hepatopancreas of the mud crab, Scylla paramamosain (designated SpCHY) in this study. The full-length cDNA of SpCHY contained 942 nucleotides with a polyadenylation sequence and encoded a peptide of 270 amino acids with a signal peptide of 17 amino acids. The SpCHY gene contains seven exons, six introns, a TATA box and several transcription factor binding sites that were found in 5’-promoter region which is 1221 bp in length. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis indicated that the expression level of SpCHY mRNA in hepatopancreas was significantly higher than that in other tissues. Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization exhibited the CHY-like reactivity presented in resorptive cells of the hepatopancreas. After bacterial challenge with Vibrio alginolyticus, the expression level of SpCHY mRNA was extremely up-regulated at 3 h in hepatopancreas. Our results suggest that SpCHY might play an important role in the mud crab’s immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gong
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences , Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China
| | - Yinjie Xie
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences , Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China
| | - Kun Yu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences , Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China
| | - Ya'nan Yang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences , Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China
| | - Huiyang Huang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences , Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China
| | - Haihui Ye
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences , Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China . ; Center for Marine Biotechnology , Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian , China
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RNA-Seq reveals the dynamic and diverse features of digestive enzymes during early development of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2014; 11:37-44. [PMID: 25090194 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), with high commercial value, has a typical metamorphosis pattern by going through embryo, nauplius, zoea, mysis and postlarvae during early development. Its diets change continually in this period, and a high mortality of larvae also occurs in this period. Since there is a close relationship between diets and digestive enzymes, a comprehensive investigation about the types and expression patterns of all digestive enzyme genes during early development of L. vannamei is of considerable significance for shrimp diets and larvae culture. Using RNA-Seq data, the types and expression characteristics of the digestive enzyme genes were analyzed during five different development stages (embryo, nauplius, zoea, mysis and postlarvae) in L. vannamei. Among the obtained 66,815 unigenes, 296 were annotated as 16 different digestive enzymes including five types of carbohydrase, seven types of peptidase and four types of lipase. Such a diverse suite of enzymes illustrated the capacity of L. vannamei to exploit varied diets to fit their nutritional requirements. The analysis of their dynamic expression patterns during development also indicated the importance of transcriptional regulation to adapt to the diet transition. Our study revealed the diverse and dynamic features of digestive enzymes during early development of L. vannamei. These results would provide support to better understand the physiological changes during diet transition.
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Fang DA, Huang XM, Zhang ZQ, Xu DP, Zhou YF, Zhang MY, Liu K, Duan JR, Shi WG. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of chymotrypsin-like serine protease from the redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus): a possible role in the junior and adult innate immune systems. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:1546-1552. [PMID: 23541770 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.03.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel chymotrypsin-like serine protease (CLSP) was isolated from the hepatopancreas of the redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (Cq-chy). The full-length cDNA of Cq-chy contains 951 nucleotides encodes a peptide of 270 amino acids. The mature peptide comprising 223 amino acids contains the conserved catalytic triad (H, D, and S). Similarity analysis showed that Cq-chy shares high identity with chymotrypsins from the fiddler crab; Uca pugilator. Cq-chy mRNA expression in C. quadricarinatus was shown to be: (a) tissue-related with the highest expression in the hepatotpancreas and widely distributed, (b) highly responsive in the hepatopancreas to White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) challenge, and (c) differently regulated in immature and adult crayfish. In this study we successfully isolated Cq-chy. Our observations indicate that Cq-chy is differently involved in the immature and adult innate immune reactions, thus suggesting a role for CLSPs in the invertebrate innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-An Fang
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Changjiang River, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Wuxi 214081, China.
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Xue S, Yang W, Sun J. Role of chymotrypsin-like serine proteinase in white spot syndrome virus infection in Fenneropenaeus chinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:403-409. [PMID: 23142726 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) caused a great economic loss in shrimp aquaculture. Although great efforts have been undertaken to characterize the virus disease during the last two decades, there are still lack of effective methods to prevent or cure it. In this study, we investigated the transcriptional expression profiles of 18 key immune-related genes in the Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis which was severely infected by WSSV. We found that the expression levels of 6 genes including chymotrypsin-like serine proteinase (CH-SPase), heat shock protein 70 cognate (HSP70), penaeidin (PEN), peroxinectin (PO), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and argonaute (AGO) changed significantly, while the expression of the other 12 genes had no significant changes compared to the control group. Among the 6 screened genes, CH-SPase showed significantly up-regulation, while the other 5 ones were significantly down-regulated. Knockdown of the expression of CH-SPase in WSSV-infected Chinese shrimp reduced the copy number of WSSV and delayed cumulative mortalities, suggesting that CH-SPase is important for WSSV infection. This study will be helpful to control the disease in shrimp caused by WSSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxia Xue
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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Katz S, Klepal W, Bright M. The skin of Osedax (Siboglinidae, Annelida): an ultrastructural investigation of its epidermis. J Morphol 2010; 271:1272-80. [PMID: 20672365 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The symbiotic polychaetes of the genus Osedax living on the bones of whale carcasses have become known as bone-eating worms. It is believed that whale bones are the source of nutrition for those gutless worms and that fatty acids are produced by their symbionts and transferred to the host. However, the symbionts are of the heterotrophic group Oceanospirillales and as such are not able to synthesize organic carbon de novo. Also, they are not housed in close contact to the bone material. We studied the ultrastructure of the integument overlying the symbiont housing trophosome in the ovisac region and the roots region and of the symbiont-free trunk region of Osedax to investigate the host's possible contribution in feeding for the whole symbiosis. The epidermis differs conspicuously between the three regions investigated and clearly points to being correlated with different functions carried out by those regions. The ultrastructure of the integument of the root region changed towards the ovisac region and corresponds with the change of the ultrastructure observed in the Osedax trophosome. We suggest that the epidermis in the root region is tightly linked to bone degradation and nutrient uptake. The trunk region possess two types of unicellular gland cells, at least one of which seems to be involved in secretion of the gelatinous tube of adult Osedax females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Katz
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Toubarro D, Lucena-Robles M, Nascimento G, Santos R, Montiel R, Veríssimo P, Pires E, Faro C, Coelho AV, Simões N. Serine protease-mediated host invasion by the parasitic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:30666-75. [PMID: 20656686 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.129346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Steinernema carpocapsae is an insect parasitic nematode used in biological control, which infects insects penetrating by mouth and anus and invading the hemocoelium through the midgut wall. Invasion has been described as a key factor in nematode virulence and suggested to be mediated by proteases. A serine protease cDNA from the parasitic stage was sequenced (sc-sp-1); the recombinant protein was produced in an Escherichia coli system, and a native protein was purified from the secreted products. Both proteins were confirmed by mass spectrometry to be encoded by the sc-sp-1 gene. Sc-SP-1 has a pI of 8.7, a molecular mass of 27.3 kDa, a catalytic efficiency of 22.2 × 10(4) s(-1) m(-1) against N-succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-pNA, and is inhibited by chymostatin (IC 0.07) and PMSF (IC 0.73). Sc-SP-1 belongs to the chymotrypsin family, based on sequence and biochemical analysis. Only the nematode parasitic stage expressed sc-sp-1. These nematodes in the midgut lumen, prepared to invade the insect hemocoelium, expressed higher levels than those already in the hemocoelium. Moreover, parasitic nematode sense insect peritrophic membrane and hemolymph more quickly than they do other tissues, which initiates sc-sp-1 expression. Ex vivo, Sc-SP-1 was able to bind to insect midgut epithelium and to cause cell detachment from basal lamina. In vitro, Sc-SP-1 formed holes in an artificial membrane model (Matrigel), whereas Sc-SP-1 treated with PMSF did not, very likely because it hydrolyzes matrix glycoproteins. These findings highlight the S. carpocapsae-invasive process that is a key step in the parasitism thus opening new perspectives for improving nematode virulence to use in biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duarte Toubarro
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade dos Açores, Centro de Investigação de Recursos Naturais, Apartado 1422, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal
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Polymorphism and partial characterization of digestive enzymes in the spiny lobster Panulirus argus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 150:247-54. [PMID: 18485774 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We characterized major digestive enzymes in Panulirus argus using a combination of biochemical assays and substrate-(SDS or native)-PAGE. Protease and amylase activities were found in the gastric juice while esterase and lipase activities were higher in the digestive gland. Trypsin-like activity was higher than chymotrypsin-like activity in the gastric juice and digestive gland. Stability and optimal conditions for digestive enzyme activities were examined under different pHs, temperature and ionic strength. The use of protease inhibitors showed the prevalence of serine proteases and metalloproteases. Results for serine proteases were corroborated by zymograms where several isotrypsins-like (17-21 kDa) and isochymotrypsin-like enzymes (23-38 kDa) were identified. Amylases (38-47 kDa) were detected in zymograms and a complex array of non-specific esterases isoenzymes was found in the digestive gland. Isoenzyme polymorphism was found for trypsin, amylase, and esterase. This study is the first to evidence the biochemical bases of the plasticity in feeding habits of P. argus. Distribution and properties of enzymes provided some indication on how the digestion takes place and constitute baseline data for further studies on the digestion physiology of spiny lobsters.
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Matsuda E, Abe N, Tamakawa H, Kaneko J, Kamio Y. Gene cloning and molecular characterization of an extracellular poly(L-lactic acid) depolymerase from Amycolatopsis sp. strain K104-1. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:7333-40. [PMID: 16237016 PMCID: PMC1272983 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.21.7333-7340.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated a polylactide or poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA)-degrading bacterium, Amycolatopsis sp. strain K104-1, and purified PLA depolymerase (PLD) from the culture fluid of the bacterium. Here, we cloned and expressed the pld gene encoding PLD in Streptomyces lividans 1326 and characterized a recombinant PLD (rPLD) preparation. We also describe the processing mechanism from nascent PLD to mature PLD. The pld gene encodes PLD as a 24,225-Da polypeptide consisting of 238 amino acids. Biochemical and Western immunoblot analyses of PLD and its precursors revealed that PLD is synthesized as a precursor (prepro-type), requiring proteolytic cleavage of the N-terminal 35-amino-acid extension including the 26-amino-acid signal sequence and 9-residue prosequence to generate the mature enzyme of 20,904 Da. The cleavage of the prosequence was found to be autocatalytic. PLD showed about 45% similarity to many eukaryotic serine proteases. In addition, three amino acid residues, H57, D102, and S195 (chymotrypsin numbering), which are implicated in forming the catalytic triad necessary for cleavage of amide bond of substrates in eukaryotic serine proteases, were conserved in PLD as residues H74, D111, and S197. The G193 residue (chymotrypsin numbering), which is implicated in forming an oxyanion hole with residue S195 and forms an important hydrogen bond for interaction with the carbonyl group of the scissile peptide bond, was also conserved in PLD. The functional analysis of the PLD mutants H74A, D111A, and S197A revealed that residues H74, D111, and S197 are important for the depolymerase and caseinolytic activities of PLD and for cleavage of the prosequence from pro-type PLD to form the mature one. The PLD preparation had elastase activity which was not inhibited by 1 mM elastatinal, which is 10 times higher than needed for complete inhibition of porcine pancreatic elastase. The rPLD preparation degraded PLA with an average molecular mass of 220 kDa into lactic acid dimers through lactic acid oligomers and finally into lactic acid. The PLD preparation bound to high polymers of 3-hydoxybutyrate, epsilon-caprolacton, and butylene succinate as well as PLA, but it degraded only PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Matsuda
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumi-dori Amamiya-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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Pless DD, Aguilar MB, Falcón A, Lozano-Alvarez E, Heimer de la Cotera EP. Latent phenoloxidase activity and N-terminal amino acid sequence of hemocyanin from Bathynomus giganteus, a primitive crustacean. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 409:402-10. [PMID: 12504908 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00615-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
N-terminal amino acid sequences for the two hemocyanin subunits from the deep-sea crustacean Bathynomus giganteus have been determined by Edman degradation, providing the first sequence information for a hemocyanin from an isopod. In addition, purified hemocyanin from B. giganteus exhibited phenoloxidase activity in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Although a natural activator has not yet been identified, a preliminary study of the enzyme indicated a K(m) of 5mM for dopamine and an initial rate of 0.1 micromol per min per mg protein, values consistent with a significant role for this enzyme in the innate immune system of B. giganteus. Moreover, after separation of hemolymph by alkaline polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the only detectable phenoloxidase activity coincided with the two hemocyanin subunits. The hemocyanin of this primitive crustacean may fulfill dual functions, both as oxygen carrier and as the phenoloxidase crucial for host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy D Pless
- Instituto de Neurobiologi;a, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Qro., Mexico.
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Xu B, Janson JC, Sellos D. Cloning and sequencing of a molluscan endo-beta-1,4-glucanase gene from the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:3718-27. [PMID: 11432738 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Using polymerase chain reaction, cloning and sequencing techniques, a complementary DNA encoding a low molecular mass cellulase (endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanase, EC 3.2.1.4) has been identified in the digestive gland of the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis. It contains a 5' untranslated region, a 633-nucleotide ORF encoding a 211 amino-acid protein, including a 17 amino-acid signal peptide and a complete 3' untranslated region. At the C-terminal end of the purified mature protein, a 13 amino-acid peptide is lacking in comparison to the protein sequence deduced from the ORF. This peptide is probably removed as a consequence of post-translational amidation of the C-terminal glutamine. The endoglucanase genes have been isolated and sequenced from both Swedish and French mussels. The coding parts of these two sequences are identical. Both genes contain two introns, the positions of which are conserved. However the length of the introns are different due to base substitutions, insertions or deletions showing the existence of interspecies length polymorphism. The percentage of similarity for the introns of the two gene sequences is 96.9%. This is the first time a molluscan cellulase is characterized at DNA level. Amino acid sequence-based classification has revealed that the enzyme belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase family 45 [B. Henrissat (Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolecules Végétales, CNRS, Joseph Fourier Université, Grenoble, France), personal communication]. There is no cellulose binding domain associated with the sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Xu
- Center for Surface Biotechnology, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Mazumdar-Leighton S, Broadway RM. Identification of six chymotrypsin cDNAs from larval midguts of Helicoverpa zea and Agrotis ipsilon feeding on the soybean (Kunitz) trypsin inhibitor. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 31:633-644. [PMID: 11267902 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(00)00168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Lepidopteran insects like Helicoverpa zea and Agrotis ipsilon produce STI-insensitive trypsins in the midgut following ingestion of dietary plant proteinase inhibitors like STI [Broadway, R. M., J. Insect Physiol. 43(9) (1997) 855-874]. In this paper, the effects of dietary STI on a related family of midgut serine proteinases, the chymotrypsins, were investigated. STI-insensitive midgut chymotrypsins were detected in larvae of H. zea and A. ipsilon feeding on diets containing 1% STI while STI-sensitive chymotrypsins were present in larvae feeding on diets containing 0% STI. These chymotrypsins were unaffected by TPCK, a diagnostic inhibitor of mammalian chymotrypsins but were fully inhibited by chymostatin. Four midgut cDNA libraries were constructed from larvae of each species fed either 0% STI or 1% STI diets. Six full-length cDNAs(1) encoding diverse preprochymotrypsins were isolated (three from H. zea and three from A. ipsilon) with certain sequence motifs that set them apart from their mammalian counterparts. Northern blots showed that some chymotrypsin mRNA were detected at higher levels while others were down-regulated when comparing insects reared on 0% STI and 1% STI diets. Southern hybridizations suggested that (like mammals) both species contained several chymotrypsin genes. A full-length chymotrypsin gene(1) from H. zea was sequenced for the first time and the presence of four introns was deduced. A first time comparison of 5' upstream regions(1) from three chymotrypsin genes and two trypsin genes of A. ipsilon indicated the presence of putative TATA boxes and regulatory elements. However a lack of consensus motifs in these upstream regions suggested the likelihood of multiple trans factors for regulation of genes encoding digestive proteinases and a complex response mechanism linked to ingestion of proteinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mazumdar-Leighton
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, USA.
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