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Shaukat W, de Jong E, McCubbin KD, Biesheuvel MM, van der Meer FJUM, De Buck J, Lhermie G, Hall DC, Kalbfleisch KN, Kastelic JP, Orsel K, Barkema HW. Herd-level prevalence of bovine leukemia virus, Salmonella Dublin and Neospora caninum in Alberta, Canada, dairy herds using ELISA on bulk tank milk samples. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00849-X. [PMID: 38825106 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Endemic infectious diseases remain a major challenge for dairy producers worldwide. For effective disease control programs, up-to-date prevalence estimates are of utmost importance. The objective of this study was to estimate the herd-level prevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV), Salmonella Dublin, and Neospora caninum in dairy herds in Alberta, Canada using a serial cross-sectional study design. Bulk tank milk samples from all Alberta dairy farms were collected 4 times, in December 2021 (n = 489), April 2022 (n = 487), July 2022 (n = 487), and October 2022 (n = 480), and tested for antibodies against BLV, S. Dublin, and N. caninum using ELISAs. Herd-level apparent prevalence was calculated as positive samples divided by total tested samples at each time point. A mixed effect modified Poisson regression model was employed to assess the association of prevalence with region, herd size, herd type, and type of milking system. Apparent prevalence of BLV was 89.4, 88.7, 86.9 and 86.9% in December, April, July, and October, respectively, whereas for S. Dublin apparent prevalence was 11.2, 6.6, 8.6, and 8.5%, and for N. caninum apparent prevalence was 18.2, 7.4, 7.8, and 15.0%. For BLV, S. Dublin and N. caninum, a total of 91.7, 15.6, and 28.1% of herds, respectively, were positive at least once, whereas 82.5, 3.6, and 3.0% of herds were ELISA-positive at all 4 times. Compared with the north region, central Alberta had a high prevalence (prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.13) of BLV-antibody positive herds, whereas south Alberta had a high prevalence (PR = 2.56) of herds positive for S. Dublin antibodies. Furthermore, central (PR = 0.52) and south regions (PR = 0.46) had low prevalence of N. caninum-positive herds compared with the north. Hutterite colony herds were more frequently BLV-positive (PR = 1.13) but less frequently N. caninum-positive (PR = 0.47). Large herds (>7,200 L/day milk delivered ∼ > 250 cows) were 1.1 times more often BLV-positive, whereas small herds (≤3,600 L/day milk delivered ∼ ≤ 125 cows) were 3.2 times more often N. caninum-positive. For S. Dublin, Hutterite-colony herds were less frequently (PR = 0.07) positive than non-colony herds only in medium and large stratum but not in small stratum. Moreover, larger herds were more frequently (PR = 2.20) S. Dublin-positive than smaller herds only in non-colony stratum but not in colony stratum. Moreover, N. caninum prevalence was 1.6 times higher on farms with conventional milking systems compared with farms with an automated milking system. These results provide up-to-date information of the prevalence of these infections that will inform investigations of within-herd prevalence of these infections and help in devising evidence-based disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Shaukat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ellen de Jong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kayley D McCubbin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marit M Biesheuvel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Jeroen De Buck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Guillaume Lhermie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; The Simpson Centre for Food and Agricultural Policy, The School of Public Policy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David C Hall
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - John P Kastelic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karin Orsel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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2
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Wada M, Compton C, Hickson R, Bingham P. Development of LIME-NZ: a generic tool for prompt estimation of economic impacts of disease for New Zealand livestock. N Z Vet J 2024; 72:79-89. [PMID: 38252956 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2023.2294792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a simple and robust generic tool to measure the impacts of livestock diseases on New Zealand dairy, beef and sheep farms using enterprise gross margin models. METHODS The most recent (2018-2020) livestock production benchmarking data was extracted from industry-led economic surveys. Gross margin models were built for each enterprise type, accounting for 11 dairy farm types and 16 farm types for beef and sheep. Disease parameters, including changes in mortality, reproduction performance, milk yield, price of animals and culling rate, as well as additional expenses for veterinary intervention, were applied to the infected compartment of the herd/flock using the assumed annual within-herd disease incidence. Farm-level disease impacts were estimated as the difference in annual profit between the baseline and infected farm. The baseline gross margin models were validated against the industry data. The disease impact models were validated using a recently published study on bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD). The impact assessment tool, LIME-NZ, was developed using the statistical software R and implemented in the web-based R package Shiny. The input parameters can be varied interactively to obtain a range of disease impacts for uncertain disease parameters. RESULTS The baseline gross margin models demonstrated reasonable accuracy with a mean percentage error of <14% when compared with the industry reports. The estimated annual impacts of BVD were comparable to those reported in the BVD study, NZ$38.5-140.4 thousand and $0.9-32.6 thousand per farm per year for dairy and beef enterprises, respectively. CONCLUSIONS LIME-NZ can be used to rapidly obtain the likely economic impacts of diseases that are endemic, recently introduced or at increased risk of introduction in the New Zealand context. This will aid communication and decision-making among government agencies and the livestock industry, including veterinarians and livestock producers, about the management of diseases, until refined information becomes available to improve decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wada
- EpiCentre, Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - C Compton
- EpiCentre, Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - R Hickson
- Farmherd Innovation, Pahiatua, New Zealand
| | - P Bingham
- Diagnostic, Surveillance and Science Directorate, Operations Branch, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wallaceville, New Zealand
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Surve AA, Hwang JY, Manian S, Onono JO, Yoder J. Economics of East Coast fever: a literature review. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1239110. [PMID: 37771945 PMCID: PMC10526366 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1239110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
East Coast fever (ECF) is a cattle disease caused by a protozoan parasite called Theileria parva (T. parva). Theileria parva is transmitted among cattle by ticks. It is endemic in parts of central, eastern, and southern Africa and imposes an economic burden through illness and death of approximately a half of a billion U.S. dollars annually. This paper reviews existing science on the economics of ECF. We utilize a conceptual model that defines primary categories of economic costs due to ECF and use it to organize a synthesis of the literature on aggregate and micro level direct costs of the disease and the costs and benefits related to various ECF management strategies. We then identify knowledge gaps to motivate for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi A. Surve
- School of Economic Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Jae Young Hwang
- School of Economic Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Shanthi Manian
- School of Economic Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Joshua Orungo Onono
- Department of Public Health Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jonathan Yoder
- School of Economic Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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4
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Seroepidemiology revealed neosporosis as an under-realised entity in dairy cattle reared in South India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:410. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03417-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Eshraghisamani R, Mirto AJ, Wang J, Behr MA, Barkema HW, De Buck J. Identification of essential genes in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis genome for persistence in dairy calves. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:994421. [PMID: 36338087 PMCID: PMC9631821 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.994421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To cause disease Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis needs to enter mammalian cells, arrest phagosomal maturation and manipulate the host immune system. The genetic basis of the bacterial capacity to achieve these outcomes remains largely unknown. Identifying these genes would allow us to gain a deeper understanding of MAP's pathogenesis and potentially develop a live attenuated Johne's disease vaccine by knocking out these genes. MAP genes demonstrated to be essential for colonization in the natural host, ruminants, are unknown. Genome-wide transposon mutagenesis and high-throughput sequencing were combined to evaluate the essentiality of each coding region in the bacterial genome to survive in dairy calves. A saturated library of 3,852 MAP Tn mutants, with insertions in 56% of TA sites, interrupting 88% of genes, was created using a MycoMarT7 phagemid containing a mariner transposon. Six calves were inoculated with a high dose of a library of MAP mutants, 1011 CFUs, (input) at 2 weeks of age. Following 2 months of incubation, MAP cells were isolated from the ileum, jejunum, and their associated lymph nodes of calves, resulting in approximately 100,000 colonies grown on solid media across 6 animals (output). Targeted next-generation sequencing was used to identify the disrupted genes in all the mutants in the input pool and the output pool recovered from the tissues to identify in vivo essential genes. Statistical analysis for the determination of essential genes was performed by a Hidden Markov Model (HMM), categorizing genes into essential genes that are devoid of insertions and growth-defect genes whose disruption impairs the growth of the organism. Sequence analysis identified 430 in vivo essential and 260 in vivo growth-defect genes. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of the in vivo essential and growth-defect genes with the highest reduction in the tissues revealed a high representation of genes involved in metabolism and respiration, cell wall and cell processing, virulence, and information pathway processes. This study has systematically identified essential genes for the growth and persistence of MAP in the natural host body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Eshraghisamani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Amanda J. Mirto
- Environmental Health and Safety, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Joyce Wang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marcel A. Behr
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Herman W. Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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6
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Cantón GJ, Moreno F, Fiorentino MA, Hecker YP, Spetter M, Fiorani F, Monterubbianesi MG, García JA, Altamiranda EG, Cirone KM, Louge Uriarte EL, Verna AE, Marin M, Cheuquepán F, Malena R, Morsella C, Paolicchi FA, Morrell EL, Moore DP. Spatial-temporal trends and economic losses associated with bovine abortifacients in central Argentina. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:242. [PMID: 35907064 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this work are, firstly, to provide the geolocalization of cases of bovine abortion with definitive diagnosis and, secondly, to estimate the economic losses due to the most frequent abortifacients diagnosed agents in cattle in Buenos Aires province, Argentina. The total beef and dairy cattle population at risk of abortion is 8,358,186 and 538,076, respectively. In beef cattle, the overall risk of abortion was estimated at 4.5% for all pregnancies, where 27.9% are due to Campylobacter fetus, Neospora caninum, Leptospira spp., Brucella abortus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus with economic losses of US$ 440 per abortion, being the annual loss to the beef industry of US$ 50,144,101. In dairy cattle, there was an 8.0% risk of suffering abortion, 26.1% produced by the same abortigenic agents. The economic losses were estimated at US$ 1,415 per abortion, which equals a total loss of US$ 17,298,498 for the dairy industry in the region. The results of this study show that infectious causes are highly prevalent in Buenos Aires province, and they caused severe economic impacts in the dairy and beef industries. Furthermore, changes in temporal trends of infectious abortion occurrence were detected, probably related to the inclusion of molecular diagnostic techniques with more sensitivity or different epidemiological or husbandry conditions in the region analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán J Cantón
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina.
| | - Fabiana Moreno
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - María A Fiorentino
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Yanina P Hecker
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Spetter
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Franco Fiorani
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - María G Monterubbianesi
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Juan A García
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Erika González Altamiranda
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Karina M Cirone
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Enrique L Louge Uriarte
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Andrea E Verna
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Maia Marin
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Felipe Cheuquepán
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Rosana Malena
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Claudia Morsella
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Fernando A Paolicchi
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Eleonora L Morrell
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Dadin P Moore
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
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Knific T, Kirbiš A, Gethmann JM, Prezelj J, Krt B, Ocepek M. Modeling Paratuberculosis Transmission in a Small Dairy Herd Typical of Slovenia Suggests That Different Models Should Be Used to Study Disease Spread in Herds of Different Sizes. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091150. [PMID: 35565579 PMCID: PMC9105838 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the possible dynamics of paratuberculosis or Johne’s disease in a typical Slovenian dairy herd of about 17 cows. Paratuberculosis is a worldwide endemic disease of cattle caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and is associated with significant economic losses. We developed a stochastic compartmental model with two pathways of disease progression, infections of adult cows and infections of young animals through horizontal and vertical transmission, and transmission through animal movements. The average proportions of subclinically and clinically infected cows were 4% and 0.47%, respectively. The prevalence within the herd, which included latently infected animals, averaged 7.13% and ranged from 0% to 70.59%. Under the given circumstances, the results showed a relatively high rate of spontaneous elimination (0.22 per herd per year) of the disease and a high rate of reinfection (0.18 per herd per year) facilitated by active animal trade. To our knowledge, this stochastic compartmental model is the first to be developed specifically to represent a small dairy herd and could apply to other countries with a similar structure of dairy farms. The results suggest that different models should be used to study MAP spread in herds of various sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Knific
- Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrej Kirbiš
- Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Jörn M. Gethmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Jasna Prezelj
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska ulica 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
- Institute of Mathematics, Physics and Mechanics, Jadranska ulica 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Branko Krt
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Matjaž Ocepek
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.K.); (M.O.)
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8
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Gomez-Romero N, Ridpath JF, Basurto-Alcantara FJ, Verdugo-Rodriguez A. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Cattle From Mexico: Current Status. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:673577. [PMID: 34485426 PMCID: PMC8414649 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.673577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is an infectious disease, globally-distributed, caused by bovine Pestiviruses, endemic of cattle and other ruminant populations. BVD leads to significant economic losses to the cattle industry due to the wide range of clinical manifestations, including respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases and reproductive disorders. Within the Pestivirus genus of the family Flaviviridae three viral species are associated with BVD; Pestivirus A (Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1, BVDV-1), Pestivirus B (Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2, BVDV-2), and Pestivirus H (HoBi-like pestivirus, atypical ruminant pestivirus). These species are subdivided into subgenotypes based on phylogenetic analysis. The extensive genetic diversity of BVDV has been reported for several countries, where the incidence and genetic variation are more developed in Europe than in the Americas. The first report of BVDV in Mexico was in 1975; this study revealed seropositivity of 75% in cows with a clinical history of infertility, abortions, and respiratory disease. Other studies have demonstrated the presence of antibodies against BVDV with a seroprevalence ranging from 7.4 to 100%. Recently, endemic BVDV strains affecting cattle populations started to be analyzed, providing evidence of the BVDV diversity in several states of the country, revealing that at least four subgenotypes (BVDV-1a, 1b, 1c, and 2a) are circulating in animal populations in Mexico. Little information regarding BVD epidemiological current status in Mexico is available. This review summarizes available information regarding the prevalence and genetic diversity viruses associated with BVD in cattle from Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninnet Gomez-Romero
- Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julia F Ridpath
- Ridpath Consulting, LLC and Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Francisco Javier Basurto-Alcantara
- Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Verdugo-Rodriguez
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Vigas MVP, Fatoretto MB, Slanzon GS, Ortega EMM, Demétrio CGB, Bittar CMM. Red propolis effect analysis of dairy calves health based on Weibull regression model with long-term survivors. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:464-471. [PMID: 33819754 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Diarrhea is the most common cause of mortality and morbidity in dairy calves during the first weeks of life. It is responsible for the majority of costs related to animal death and treatments, as well as lower productivity due to reduced weight gain. Therefore, studies that focus on strategies to reduce diarrhea incidence and to improve animal welfare are very important for the dairy industry. For that reason, the beneficial effects of red propolis on the health status of preweaned dairy calves was studied. Animal disease data usually present incomplete observations of interest time, so-called censored observations and one of the statistical techniques for this modeling type is the survival analysis, hence it is a set of methods for analyzing data where the response variable is the time until the occurrence of an event of interest. We propose among some methods of survival data analysis, the long-term models. The motivation to study these models is the fact that part of the population is not susceptible to the event of interest during the period of the study, considered as immune or cured. In this paper, we studied the Weibull distribution in a structure of long-term model, including the covariates in the proportion of cured through the logistic link function. Besides, we used the residual analysis to check the assumptions of the model. The reason for the choice of the Weibull distribution was that this model is very flexibility to model a variety of data sets, among them animal science and long-term survival data. We illustrate its application with a case study from an animal experiment, which examined the time till the occurrence of diarrhea in Holstein calves, where a proportion of the animals were not susceptible to this health condition. This experiment aimed to verify the efficiency of red propolis in disease prevention and the influence of that on the proportion of animals that are not susceptible to diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ms Valdemiro Piedade Vigas
- Department of Exact Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Brazil, Pá dua Dias Avenue, 11, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; Institute of Mathematics, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Costa e Silva Avenue, s/n, Bairro Universitário, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | - Maíra Blumer Fatoretto
- Department of Exact Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Brazil, Pá dua Dias Avenue, 11, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovana Simão Slanzon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Brazil, Pá dua Dias Avenue, 11, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Edwin Moises Marcos Ortega
- Department of Exact Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Brazil, Pá dua Dias Avenue, 11, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Clarice Garcia Borges Demétrio
- Department of Exact Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Brazil, Pá dua Dias Avenue, 11, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Maris Machado Bittar
- Department of Animal Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Brazil, Pá dua Dias Avenue, 11, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Köhler H, Liebler-Tenorio E, Hughes V, Stevenson K, Bakker D, Willemsen P, Bay S, Ganneau C, Biet F, Vordermeier HM. Interferon-γ Response of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infected Goats to Recombinant and Synthetic Mycobacterial Antigens. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:645251. [PMID: 33842578 PMCID: PMC8034290 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.645251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its potential for early diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection, the IFN-γ release assay is not used routinely, because of low specificity of the established crude antigen preparation Johnin (PPDj). Limited data are available assessing the potential of MAP-derived protein and lipopeptide antigens to replace PPDj in assays for goats, while cattle and sheep have been studied more extensively. Furthermore, MAP infection is claimed to interfere with the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis when other crude antigen preparations (PPDb, PPDa) are applied. In this study, the diagnostic potential of MAP-derived recombinant protein antigens, synthetic MAP lipopentapeptides and of Mycobacterium bovis-specific peptide cocktails was assessed compared to crude mycobacterial antigen preparations in experimentally infected goats. Goats were inoculated with MAP, or Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) as surrogate for environmental mycobacteria, non-exposed animals served as controls. Mycobacterium avium Complex-specific antibody and PPDj-induced IFN-γ responses were monitored in vivo. Infection status was assessed by pathomorphological findings and bacteriological tissue culture at necropsy 1 year after inoculation. The IFN-γ response to 13 recombinant protein antigens of MAP, two synthetic MAP lipopentapeptides and three recombinant peptide cocktails of Mycobacterium bovis was investigated at three defined time points after infection. At necropsy, MAP or MAH infection was confirmed in all inoculated goats, no signs of infection were found in the controls. Antibody formation was first detected 3-6 weeks post infection (wpi) in MAH-inoculated and 11-14 wpi in the MAP-inoculated goats. Maximum PPDj-induced IFN-γ levels in MAH and MAP exposed animals were recorded 3-6 and 23-26 wpi, respectively. Positive responses continued with large individual variation. Antigens Map 0210c, Map 1693c, Map 2020, Map 3651cT(it), and Map 3651c stimulated increased whole blood IFN-γ levels in several MAP-inoculated goats compared to MAH inoculated and control animals. These IFN-γ levels correlated with the intensity of the PPDj-induced responses. The two synthetic lipopentapeptides and the other MAP-derived protein antigens had no discriminatory potential. Stimulation with Mycobacterium bovis peptide cocktails ESAT6-CFP10, Rv3020c, and Rv3615c did not elicit IFN-γ production. Further work is required to investigate if test sensitivity will increase when mixtures of the MAP-derived protein antigens are applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Köhler
- National Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Valerie Hughes
- Vaccines and Diagnostics Department, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Stevenson
- Vaccines and Diagnostics Department, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Peter Willemsen
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Sylvie Bay
- Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Ganneau
- Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | - Franck Biet
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France
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11
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Schmitt–van de Leemput E, Metcalfe LVA, Caldow G, Walz PH, Guidarini C. Comparison of milk production of dairy cows vaccinated with a live double deleted BVDV vaccine and non-vaccinated dairy cows cohabitating in commercial herds endemically infected with BVD virus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240113. [PMID: 33002072 PMCID: PMC7529212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily milk production and reproductive performance of cows vaccinated with a live double-deleted Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) vaccine were compared to those of non-vaccinated cows, cohabitating in endemic BVDV herds. All animals in the treatment group were vaccinated on study day 0 irrespective of lactation or gestation status, while control animals did not receive any treatment. 1463 animals were enrolled in the study from four different farms in three different countries (UK, Italy, France). Endemic presence of BVDV in study herds was demonstrated by the detection of BVDV in the bulk tank milk, and seroconversion was evaluated at the beginning of the study. For individual animals, the day of calving was taken to be the start of lactation for the calculation of days in milk (DIM). The standard lactation period of 305 days was divided into three periods: early lactation (EL, from DIM 8 to DIM 102), mid lactation (ML, from DIM 103 to DIM 204 and late lactation (LL, from DIM 205 to DIM 305). For each farm and each lactation period, a mixed model statistical analysis was performed with daily milk production as response, and group, day as well as the interaction between those two factors as fixed factors. Chi-square test was used to compare abortion rate and prolonged inter-oestrous interval rate between treatment and control groups. A significant increase in milk production in the vaccinated group was observed in farms 1 (1.023 L/day) and 3 (0.611 L/day) during EL (p<0.001) and in farm 2 (1.799 L/day) during ML (P<0.001). In addition, at farm 2, vaccinated cows produced more milk than non-vaccinated cows starting from 80 DIM. No differences were found between groups in abortion rates or prolonged inter-oestrous interval rates. Data demonstrate that cows in herds endemically infected with BVDV and vaccinated with live double-deleted BVDV vaccine produce more milk; the difference in milk production occurs during early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - George Caldow
- Scottish Agricultural Colleges Veterinary Sciences Division St Boswells, Roxburghshire, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Paul H. Walz
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
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12
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Saa LR, Guzmán LT, Fierro NC, Castro LM, Reyes-Bueno F, Carbonero A. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine leukemia virus (BLV) seropositivity in cattle herds from Ecuador. REV COLOMB CIENC PEC 2020. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.rccp.v34n3a01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL). This disease mainly affects cattle, causing severe economic losses to producers. Objective: To establish individual and herd seroprevalence and determine the risk factors associated with BLV seropositivity for dairy and dual-purpose cattle herds in Ecuador. Methods: A total of 2,668 serum samples from 386 herds were collected. A questionnaire, including variables related to cattle health, management and the environment was completed by each herd. A commercial blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test was used to determine seropositivity. A generalized estimating equation model (GEE) was developed to determine the factors associated with BLV seropositivity. Results: Individual seroprevalence of BLV infection in Ecuador was 17.3% (CI95% = 15.86-18.74%). Herd prevalence was 37.8% (CI95% = 33.0-42.6%), and intra-herd prevalence ranged between 12.5 and 100% (median: 37.5%). The risk factors associated with BLV seropositivity were artificial insemination (OR: 2,215; CI95% = 1.402-3.501), concrete floors (OR: 2.178; CI95% = 1.217-3.889), presence of wild ruminants (OR: 2.998; CI95% = 1.788-5.027), and sampling season (wet; OR: 1.996; CI95% = 1.140-3.497). Conclusions: Results indicate that BLV is widespread in cattle herds in Ecuador. In addition, the study suggests that a control program to fight BLV infection should focus on controlling the risk factors identified.
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13
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Reichel MP, Wahl LC, Ellis JT. Research into Neospora caninum-What Have We Learnt in the Last Thirty Years? Pathogens 2020; 9:E505. [PMID: 32585955 PMCID: PMC7350369 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neospora caninum has been recognised world-wide, first as a disease of dogs, then as an important cause of abortions in cattle for the past thirty years. Over that time period, there have been improvements in the diagnosis of infection and abortion, new tests have been developed and validated, and it is timely to review progress to date. METHODS Bibliometric methods were used to identify major trends and research topics present in the published literature on N. caninum. The tools used were SWIFT-Review, VOSviewer and SciMAT, along with the published papers found in the MEDLINE, Dimensions and Web of Science databases. A systematic review of the published Neospora literature (n = 2933) was also carried out via MEDLINE and systematically appraised for publications relevant to the pathogenesis, pathology and diagnosis of Neospora abortions. RESULTS A total of 92 publications were included in the final analysis and grouped into four main time periods. In these four different time periods, the main research themes were "dogs", "abortion", "seroprevalence" and "infection". Diagnostics, including PCR, dominated the first two time periods, with an increased focus on transmission and abortions, and its risk factors in cattle. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal analyses indicated that the main themes were consistently investigated over the last 30 years through a wide range of studies, with evolving emphasis initially on dogs and diagnostic test development, followed by application to cattle, the identification of the risk factors leading to abortion, and in the latter time periods, an understanding of the immunity and a search for vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Reichel
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China;
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA
| | - Lloyd C. Wahl
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China;
| | - John T. Ellis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia;
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Serological evidence of enzootic bovine leukosis in the periurban dairy cattle production system of Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2327-2332. [PMID: 32157519 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The serostatus of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) was determined at three dairy farms and the Al Ain Livestock Market (AALM), within the Al Ain region of Abu Dhabi, UAE. Of the 957 bovine sera tested by ELISA, 657 were from Holstein-Friesians from three dairy farms, and 300 from Bos indicus cattle at AALM. The chi-square homogeneity test (CSHT) and the Marascuilo multiple comparison procedure (MMCP) assessed the level of significance between the proportions of EBL-seropositive cattle (ESPC) across the study farms and AALM, and between the age groups at farms 1 and 3. Overall, the proportion of ESPC was 25.7% at dairy farms and AALM, 37.0% for farms and 1.0% for AALM. Furthermore, the proportions of ESPC at farms 1, 2 and 3 were 54.7%, 0.0% and 26.3% respectively, and statistically significant differences were seen across the farm/farm and farm/AALM comparisons, and between two age groups at farms 1 and 3. The 37-72-month-old age group showed the highest proportion of ESPC. This is the first serological evidence of EBL in the UAE. As previously reported, the ESPC are comparatively higher in dairy than Bos indicus cattle. Molecular and more extensive serological studies are needed to further corroborate the present data. Meanwhile, the UAE veterinary authorities will need to formulate national EBL control policies.
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Nagy O, Tóthová C, Mudroň P. The impact of chronic diarrhoea in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis seropositive dairy cows on serum protein fractions and selected acute phase proteins. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2020.1714631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Nagy
- Clinic of Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Csilla Tóthová
- Clinic of Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavol Mudroň
- Clinic of Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
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16
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Telldahl C, Hansson H, Emanuelson U. Modelling animal health as a production factor in dairy production- a case of low somatic cell counts in Swedish dairy agriculture. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.103840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Roche SM, Von Massow M, Renaud D, Shock DA, Jones-Bitton A, Kelton DF. Cost-benefit of implementing a participatory extension model for improving on-farm adoption of Johne's disease control recommendations. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:451-472. [PMID: 31629515 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to perform a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of a participatory extension model, called Ontario Focus Farms (FF), which was designed to facilitate the adoption of on-farm management practices to control Johne's disease (JD) on Ontario (ON) dairy farms. Partial budget models were developed to estimate the annual herd cost of JD on an average 78-cow Ontario dairy herd and the annual herd cost of neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD). With these estimates, a CBA was developed to assess the simulated net benefits of implementing various on-farm management scenarios (i.e., implementing 1, 2, or 3 of the following: calf feeding, maternity pen management, maternity area structure changes), where the benefits represent a reduction in the annual cost of JD and NCD. These models informed the final CBA assessing the net benefits of FF implementation over a 10-yr period. All monetary values are reported in Canadian dollars (Can$; where 1 Can$ = 0.823 US$ at the time of the study). The annual herd cost of JD was estimated to be $3,242 ($41.56/cow), and that of NCD was estimated to be $1,390 ($36/heifer calf). When farms were expected to have both JD and NCD, all scenarios, when implemented over a 10-yr period, yielded positive net benefits ranging from $439 to $2,543 per farm when changes to maternity area structure were combined with calf feeding changes. These effects were sensitive to changes in level of disease (JD and NCD) on the farm, and the costs and effects of making changes. The NPV of making any on-farm change when JD was not present on the farm was negative. Overall, FF implementation yielded positive net benefits of $426,351 or $749,808, depending on whether a veterinarian or non-veterinarian served as the facilitator. The NPV was most sensitive to changes in burden of disease, the cost of implementing changes, and the proportion of FF participants that had JD and NCD on the farm. Benefits of FF implementation are also likely to accrue to veterinarians, as a result of professional facilitator training, and the Ontario dairy industry, as a by-product of improved milk quality and safety; therefore, the true net benefits of FF implementation are likely underestimated. Overall, the FF process should be considered an economically viable program and worthy of investment as part of a JD control strategy, as it demonstrates potential to yield positive net benefits for the Ontario dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Roche
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1; Agricultural Communications and Epidemiological Research (ACER) Consulting, 103A-100 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 5L3
| | - M Von Massow
- Department of Food, Agricultural, and Resource Economics Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - D Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1; Agricultural Communications and Epidemiological Research (ACER) Consulting, 103A-100 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 5L3
| | - D A Shock
- Agricultural Communications and Epidemiological Research (ACER) Consulting, 103A-100 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 5L3
| | - A Jones-Bitton
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - D F Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
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18
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Whittington R, Donat K, Weber MF, Kelton D, Nielsen SS, Eisenberg S, Arrigoni N, Juste R, Sáez JL, Dhand N, Santi A, Michel A, Barkema H, Kralik P, Kostoulas P, Citer L, Griffin F, Barwell R, Moreira MAS, Slana I, Koehler H, Singh SV, Yoo HS, Chávez-Gris G, Goodridge A, Ocepek M, Garrido J, Stevenson K, Collins M, Alonso B, Cirone K, Paolicchi F, Gavey L, Rahman MT, de Marchin E, Van Praet W, Bauman C, Fecteau G, McKenna S, Salgado M, Fernández-Silva J, Dziedzinska R, Echeverría G, Seppänen J, Thibault V, Fridriksdottir V, Derakhshandeh A, Haghkhah M, Ruocco L, Kawaji S, Momotani E, Heuer C, Norton S, Cadmus S, Agdestein A, Kampen A, Szteyn J, Frössling J, Schwan E, Caldow G, Strain S, Carter M, Wells S, Munyeme M, Wolf R, Gurung R, Verdugo C, Fourichon C, Yamamoto T, Thapaliya S, Di Labio E, Ekgatat M, Gil A, Alesandre AN, Piaggio J, Suanes A, de Waard JH. Control of paratuberculosis: who, why and how. A review of 48 countries. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:198. [PMID: 31196162 PMCID: PMC6567393 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis, a chronic disease affecting ruminant livestock, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). It has direct and indirect economic costs, impacts animal welfare and arouses public health concerns. In a survey of 48 countries we found paratuberculosis to be very common in livestock. In about half the countries more than 20% of herds and flocks were infected with MAP. Most countries had large ruminant populations (millions), several types of farmed ruminants, multiple husbandry systems and tens of thousands of individual farms, creating challenges for disease control. In addition, numerous species of free-living wildlife were infected. Paratuberculosis was notifiable in most countries, but formal control programs were present in only 22 countries. Generally, these were the more highly developed countries with advanced veterinary services. Of the countries without a formal control program for paratuberculosis, 76% were in South and Central America, Asia and Africa while 20% were in Europe. Control programs were justified most commonly on animal health grounds, but protecting market access and public health were other factors. Prevalence reduction was the major objective in most countries, but Norway and Sweden aimed to eradicate the disease, so surveillance and response were their major objectives. Government funding was involved in about two thirds of countries, but operations tended to be funded by farmers and their organizations and not by government alone. The majority of countries (60%) had voluntary control programs. Generally, programs were supported by incentives for joining, financial compensation and/or penalties for non-participation. Performance indicators, structure, leadership, practices and tools used in control programs are also presented. Securing funding for long-term control activities was a widespread problem. Control programs were reported to be successful in 16 (73%) of the 22 countries. Recommendations are made for future control programs, including a primary goal of establishing an international code for paratuberculosis, leading to universal acknowledgment of the principles and methods of control in relation to endemic and transboundary disease. An holistic approach across all ruminant livestock industries and long-term commitment is required for control of paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Whittington
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570 Australia
| | - Karsten Donat
- Animal Health Service, Thuringian Animal Diseases Fund, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology with Veterinary Ambulance, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | | - David Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Søren Saxmose Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Norma Arrigoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 29027 Podenzano, Italy
| | - Ramon Juste
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias Spain
| | - Jose Luis Sáez
- Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Food and Environment, ES-28071 Madrid, Spain
| | - Navneet Dhand
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570 Australia
| | - Annalisa Santi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 29027 Podenzano, Italy
| | - Anita Michel
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
| | - Herman Barkema
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Petr Kralik
- Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Lorna Citer
- Animal Health Ireland, Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim, N41 WN27 Republic of Ireland
| | - Frank Griffin
- Disease Research Limited, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, 9092 New Zealand
| | - Rob Barwell
- Animal Health Australia, Turner, ACT 2612 Australia
| | | | - Iva Slana
- Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Heike Koehler
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Deparment of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281 406 India
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
| | - Gilberto Chávez-Gris
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, 76750 Tequisquiapan, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Amador Goodridge
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, City of Knowledge, Panama City, 0843-01103 Panama
| | - Matjaz Ocepek
- National Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Joseba Garrido
- Instituto Vasco de Investigacion y Desarrollo Agrario-NEIKER, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia Spain
| | | | - Mike Collins
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, 53706-1102 USA
| | | | - Karina Cirone
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, 7620 Balcarce, Argentina
| | | | - Lawrence Gavey
- Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350 Australia
| | - Md Tanvir Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Cathy Bauman
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Gilles Fecteau
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, University of Montreal, Quebec, J2S 6Z9 Canada
| | - Shawn McKenna
- Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 Canada
| | - Miguel Salgado
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000 Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jorge Fernández-Silva
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia 050034076 Colombia
| | | | - Gustavo Echeverría
- Instituto de Investigación en Salud Pública y Zoonosis, Universidad Central del Ecuador, 17-03-100 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jaana Seppänen
- Finnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virginie Thibault
- ANSES Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort and GDS France, CS 28440, 79024 Niort Cedex, France
| | - Vala Fridriksdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, IS-112 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Masoud Haghkhah
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71441-69155 Iran
| | - Luigi Ruocco
- Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Animal Health and Veterinary Medicines, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Satoko Kawaji
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856 Japan
| | - Eiichi Momotani
- Comparative Medical Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856 Japan
| | - Cord Heuer
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4441 New Zealand
| | | | - Simeon Cadmus
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Joanna Szteyn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Ebba Schwan
- Swedish Farm and Animal Health, 62254 Romakloster, Sweden
| | | | - Sam Strain
- Animal Health and Welfare Northern Ireland, Dungannon Enterprise Centre, Dungannon, BT71 6JT UK
| | - Mike Carter
- USDA-APHIS-Veterinary Services, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA
| | - Scott Wells
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Musso Munyeme
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, 10101 Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Robert Wolf
- Fachabteilung Gesundheit und Pflegemanagement, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ratna Gurung
- National Centre for Animal Health, Serbithang, Bhutan
| | - Cristobal Verdugo
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000 Valdivia, Chile
| | - Christine Fourichon
- Oniris – INRA, Department Farm Animal Health and Public Health, 44307 Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Takehisa Yamamoto
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856 Japan
| | - Sharada Thapaliya
- Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan Nepal
| | - Elena Di Labio
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monaya Ekgatat
- National Institute of Animal Health, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
| | - Andres Gil
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Lasplaces 1620, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - José Piaggio
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Lasplaces 1620, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alejandra Suanes
- Ministry of Livestock Agriculture and Fisheries of Uruguay, CP 11300 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jacobus H. de Waard
- Servicio Autonomo Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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19
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Kuczewski A, Hogeveen H, Orsel K, Wolf R, Thompson J, Spackman E, van der Meer F. Economic evaluation of 4 bovine leukemia virus control strategies for Alberta dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:2578-2592. [PMID: 30639017 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a production-limiting disease common in North American dairy herds. To make evidence-based recommendations to Canadian dairy producers and their consultants regarding cost and financial benefits of BLV on-farm control, an economic model that takes the supply-managed milk quota system into account is necessary. Alberta-specific input variables were used for the presented analysis. A decision tree model program was used to evaluate economic aspects of decreasing a 40% BLV within-herd prevalence on dairy farms by implementing various control strategies over 10 yr. Investigated strategies were (1) all management strategies, including 3 options for colostrum management; (2) some management strategies; (3) test and cull; and (4) test and segregate. Each of these strategies was compared with a no control on-farm approach. The prevalence for this no-control approach was assumed to stay constant over time. Each control strategy incurred specific yearly cost and yielded yearly decreases in prevalence, thereby affecting yearly partial net revenue. Infection with BLV was assumed to decrease milk production, decrease cow longevity, and increase condemnation of carcasses at slaughter from cattle with enzootic bovine leukosis, thereby decreasing net revenue. Cows infected with BLV generated a yearly mean partial net revenue of Can$7,641, whereas noninfected cows generated Can$8,276. Mean cost for the control strategies ranged from Can$193 to Can$847 per animal over 10 yr in a 146-animal herd. Net benefits of controlling BLV on farm, as compared with not controlling BLV, per cow in a 146-animal herd over a 10-yr period for each strategy was: Can$1,315 for all management strategies (freezer); Can$1,243 for all management strategies (pasteurizer); Can$785 for all management strategies (powdered colostrum); Can$1,028 for some management strategies; Can$1,592 for test and cull; and Can$1,594 for test and segregate. Consequently, on-farm BLV control was financially beneficial. Even though negative net benefits were possible and expected for some iterations, our sensitivity analysis highlighted the overall robustness of our model. In summary, this model provided evidence that Canadian dairy farmers should be encouraged to control BLV on their farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessa Kuczewski
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
| | - Henk Hogeveen
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6706 KN, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Robert Wolf
- Amt der Steiermärkischen Landesregierung, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Jada Thompson
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
| | - Eldon Spackman
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4Z6
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
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20
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A data-driven individual-based model of infectious disease in livestock operation: A validation study for paratuberculosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203177. [PMID: 30550580 PMCID: PMC6294356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic livestock diseases cause large financial loss and affect animal health and welfare. Controlling these diseases mostly requires precise information on both individual animal and population dynamics to inform the farmer’s decisions, but even successful control programmes do by no means assure elimination. Mathematical models provide opportunities to test different control and elimination options rather than implementing them in real herds, but these models require robust parameter estimation and validation. Fitting these models to data is a difficult task due to heterogeneities in livestock processes. In this paper, we develop an infectious disease modeling framework for a livestock disease (paratuberculosis) that is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Infection with MAP leads to reduced milk production, pregnancy rates, and slaughter value and increased culling rates in cattle and causes significant economic losses to the dairy industry. These economic effects are particularly important motivations in the control and elimination of MAP. In this framework, an individual-based model (IBM) of a dairy herd was built and MAP infection dynamics was integrated. Once the model produced realistic dynamics of MAP infection, we implemented an evaluation method by fitting it to data from three dairy herds from the Northeast region of the US. The model fitting exercises used least-squares and parameter space searching methods to obtain the best-fitted values of selected parameters. The best set of parameters were used to model the effect of interventions. The results show that the presented model can complement real herd statistics where the intervention strategies suggest a reduction in MAP prevalence without elimination. Overall, this research not only provides a complete model for MAP infection dynamics in a dairy herd but also offers a method for estimating parameters by fitting IBM models.
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21
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Zeng J, Robertson ID, Ji Q, Dawa Y, Bruce M. Evaluation of the economic impact of brucellosis in domestic yaks of Tibet. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:476-487. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang‐Yong Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University Perth Western Australia Australia
- Department of Veterinary Tibet Livestock Research Institute Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Science Lhasa City Tibet China
| | - Ian D. Robertson
- College of Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University Perth Western Australia Australia
- China‐Australia Joint Research and Training Center for Veterinary Epidemiology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
| | - Qiu‐Mei Ji
- Department of Veterinary Tibet Livestock Research Institute Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Science Lhasa City Tibet China
| | - Yang‐La Dawa
- Department of Veterinary Tibet Livestock Research Institute Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Science Lhasa City Tibet China
| | - Mieghan Bruce
- College of Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University Perth Western Australia Australia
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22
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Malacari DA, Pécora A, Pérez Aguirreburualde MS, Cardoso NP, Odeón AC, Capozzo AV. In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of a Typical and a High Pathogenic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type II Strains. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:75. [PMID: 29707546 PMCID: PMC5908881 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-cytopathic (ncp) type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV-2) is widely prevalent in Argentina causing high mortality rates in cattle herds. In this study, we characterized an Argentinean ncp BVDV-2 field isolate (98-124) compared to a high-virulence reference strain (NY-93), using in silico analysis, in vitro assays, and in vivo infections of colostrum-deprived calves (CDC) to compare pathogenic characters and virulence. In vitro infection of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with BVDV 98-124 induced necrosis shortly after infection while NY-93 strain increased the apoptotic rate in infected cells. Experimental infection of CDC (n = 4 each) with these strains caused an enteric syndrome. High pyrexia was detected in both groups. Viremia and shedding were more prolonged in the CDC infected with the NY-93 strain. In addition, NY-93 infection elicited a severe lymphopenia that lasted for 14 days, whereas 98-124 strain reduced the leukocyte counts for 5 days. All infected animals had a diminished lymphoproliferation activity in response to a mitogen. Neutralizing and anti-NS3 antibodies were detected 3 weeks after infection in all infected calves. Virulence was associated with a more severe clinical score, prolonged immune-suppression, and a greater window for transmission. Studies of apoptosis/necrosis performed after in vitro PBMC infection also revealed differences between both strains that might be correlated to the in vivo pathogenesis. Our results identified 98-124 as a low-virulence strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Amilcar Malacari
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Pécora
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Sol Pérez Aguirreburualde
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nancy Patricia Cardoso
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anselmo Carlos Odeón
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Victoria Capozzo
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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23
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Elahi E, Abid M, Zhang H, Cui W, Ul Hasson S. Domestic water buffaloes: Access to surface water, disease prevalence and associated economic losses. Prev Vet Med 2018; 154:102-112. [PMID: 29685433 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Given the shortage and non-availability of freshwater in Pakistan, wastewater is being used for bathing water buffaloes; however, this has a negative impact on animal welfare. Although there is a vast literature on indirect linkages between wastewater and animal productivity, studies focusing on the direct impacts of water buffaloes bathing in wastewater on animal productivity and economic losses are rare. Therefore, using 360 domestic water buffalo farms, this study examines the expenditure and production losses associated with bathing (in wastewater and freshwater) and non-bathing water buffaloes by employing partial budgeting and resource adjustment component techniques. Furthermore, it investigates the prevalence of animal diseases and associated economic effects using correlation analysis and propensity score matching techniques, respectively. The findings reveal that compared to their counterparts (freshwater bathing and non-bathing water buffaloes), buffaloes bathing in wastewater are at increased risk of clinical mastitis, foot and mouth disease (FMD) and tick infestation. Moreover, the use of wastewater for bathing buffaloes also leads to higher economic and production losses by affecting milk productivity, causing premature culling, and reducing slaughter value. The findings of the double-log model show that economic losses are higher if buffaloes bathe in wastewater within 30 min after milking, as there are more chances that those buffaloes would be exposed to bacterial penetration in the teat ducts, which may result in intramammary infection. According to the propensity score matching method, the higher economic damages per month are associated with buffaloes bathing in wastewater and freshwater, 155 and 110 USD per farm, respectively. The study findings reference the need for policies to restrict wastewater access by water buffaloes, and a regular check of and access to cool clean water wallows for bathing during hot summer days, to reduce excess heat and economic losses, and thus improve animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Elahi
- School of Business, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, People's Republic of China.
| | - Muhammad Abid
- Center for Climate Research and Development (CCRD), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Huiming Zhang
- School of Management Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijun Cui
- School of Business, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, People's Republic of China
| | - Shabeh Ul Hasson
- CEN, Centre for Earth System Research and Sustainability Institute for Geography, University of Hamburg Bundesstraße 5520146 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Space Sciences, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
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24
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Peddireddi L, Foster KA, Poulsen EG, An B, Hoang QH, O'Connell C, Anderson JW, Thomson DU, Hanzlicek GA, Bai J, Hesse RA, Oberst RD, Anderson GA, Leyva-Baca I. Molecular detection and characterization of transient bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections in cattle commingled with ten BVDV persistently infected cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:413-422. [PMID: 29322882 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717753962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty-three cattle of unknown serologic status that were not persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) were commingled with 10 cattle that were PI with different strains of BVDV, and were monitored for an extended commingle period using a reverse-transcription real-time PCR (RT-rtPCR) BVDV assay on various sample types. Transient infections with BVDV were also assessed by virus isolation, virus neutralization (VN) assays, and direct buffy coat 5'-UTR sequencing. Infections were demonstrated in all cattle by RT-rtPCR; however, the detection rate was dependent on the type of sample. Buffy coat samples demonstrated a significantly greater number of positive results ( p ≤ 0.05) than either serum or nasal swab samples. Presence of elevated BVDV VN titers at the onset inversely correlated with the number of test days positive that an individual would be identified by RT-rtPCR from buffy coat samples, and directly correlated with the average Ct values accumulated over all RT-rtPCR test days from buffy coat samples. Both single and mixed genotype/subgenotype/strain infections were detected in individual cattle by direct sample 5'-UTR sequencing. A BVDV-2a strain from a PI animal was found to be the predominant strain infecting 64% of all non-PI cattle; BVDV-1b strains originating from 3 PI cattle were never detected in non-PI cattle. Although direct sample 5'-UTR sequencing was capable of demonstrating mixed BVDV infections, identifying all strains suspected was not always efficient or possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Peddireddi
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Kelly A Foster
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Elizabeth G Poulsen
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Baoyan An
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Quoc Hung Hoang
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Catherine O'Connell
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Joseph W Anderson
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Daniel U Thomson
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Gregg A Hanzlicek
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Richard A Hesse
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Richard D Oberst
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Gary A Anderson
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Ivan Leyva-Baca
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
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25
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Beaunée G, Vergu E, Joly A, Ezanno P. Controlling bovine paratuberculosis at a regional scale: Towards a decision modelling tool. J Theor Biol 2017; 435:157-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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26
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A cost-benefit analysis and the potential trade effects of the bovine viral diarrhoea eradication programme in Styria, Austria. Vet J 2017; 231:19-29. [PMID: 29429483 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the voluntary and compulsory implementation of a bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) eradication programme in the Austrian Federal State of Styria, Austria, from an economic point of view using ex-post assessment of costs and benefits (disease losses avoided). An economic net benefit (benefit:cost ratio, BCR=1.18) of the programme was demonstrated during the voluntary programme phase (January 1998-July 2004). The break-even point was reached in 2003. If investments in the compulsory programme (August 2004-December 2016) were taken into account, a net economic loss (BCR=0.16) was demonstrated. In contrast to on-going annual testing of all cattle herds, annual testing in accordance with a revised sampling scheme could reduce total surveillance costs by more than 77%. A Bayesian structural time series model was applied to analyse a hypothesised positive impact of the compulsory BVDV programme on the Styrian cattle export market. The average number of exported cows and bulls increased significantly by 42% (P=0.03) and 47% (P=0.01), respectively, and the producer price increased by 14% (P=0.00) and 5% (P=0.16), respectively, during the compulsory programme period compared with the period prior to intervention. This equates to an average revenue increase of €29,754 for cows and €137,563 for bulls per month. These results justify the implementation of eradication programmes, which initially may not appear to be economically viable, particularly if trade effects are not included in the calculations.
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27
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Han Z, Li K, Shahzad M, Zhang H, Luo H, Qiu G, Lan Y, Wang X, Mehmood K, Li J. Analysis of the intestinal microbial community in healthy and diarrheal perinatal yaks by high-throughput sequencing. Microb Pathog 2017; 111:60-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Barkema HW, Orsel K, Nielsen SS, Koets AP, Rutten VPMG, Bannantine JP, Keefe GP, Kelton DF, Wells SJ, Whittington RJ, Mackintosh CG, Manning EJ, Weber MF, Heuer C, Forde TL, Ritter C, Roche S, Corbett CS, Wolf R, Griebel PJ, Kastelic JP, De Buck J. Knowledge gaps that hamper prevention and control of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:125-148. [PMID: 28941207 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, many regional and country-wide control programmes for Johne's disease (JD) were developed due to associated economic losses, or because of a possible association with Crohn's disease. These control programmes were often not successful, partly because management protocols were not followed, including the introduction of infected replacement cattle, because tests to identify infected animals were unreliable, and uptake by farmers was not high enough because of a perceived low return on investment. In the absence of a cure or effective commercial vaccines, control of JD is currently primarily based on herd management strategies to avoid infection of cattle and restrict within-farm and farm-to-farm transmission. Although JD control programmes have been implemented in most developed countries, lessons learned from JD prevention and control programmes are underreported. Also, JD control programmes are typically evaluated in a limited number of herds and the duration of the study is less than 5 year, making it difficult to adequately assess the efficacy of control programmes. In this manuscript, we identify the most important gaps in knowledge hampering JD prevention and control programmes, including vaccination and diagnostics. Secondly, we discuss directions that research should take to address those knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - K Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S S Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A P Koets
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - V P M G Rutten
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | | | - G P Keefe
- University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | | | - S J Wells
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - M F Weber
- GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - C Heuer
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - C Ritter
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S Roche
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - C S Corbett
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - R Wolf
- Amt der Steiermärkischen Landesregierung, Graz, Austria
| | | | - J P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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29
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Yarnall MJ, Thrusfield MV. Engaging veterinarians and farmers in eradicating bovine viral diarrhoea: a systematic review of economic impact. Vet Rec 2017; 181:347. [PMID: 28851755 PMCID: PMC5738591 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) is a significant drain on efficient and successful cattle production in both dairy and beef systems around the world. Several countries have achieved eradication of this disease, but always through the motivation of stakeholders who accept the benefits of eradication. These include increased cattle welfare and fitness of cattle to withstand other diseases, and decreased costs of production, the latter resulting from both decreased costs spent on managing the disease and decreased losses. This paper provides a systematic review of 31 papers, published between 1991 and 2015, that address the economic impact of BVD. Each paper takes a different approach, in either beef or dairy production or both. However with the breadth of work collated, a stakeholder engaged in BVD eradication should find an economic figure of most relevance to them. The reported economic impact ranges from £0 to £552 per cow per year (£2370 including outliers). This range represents endemic or subclinical disease situations seen in herds with stable BVD virus infection, and epidemic or severe acute situations, most often seen in naïve herds. The outcome of infection is therefore dependent on the immune status of the animal and severity of the strain. The variations in figures for the economic impact of BVD relate to these immune and pathogenicity factors, along with the variety of impacts monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt J Yarnall
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Ellesfield Avenue, Bracknell, RG12 8YS, UK, Bracknell, UK.,Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael V Thrusfield
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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30
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Zancanaro G, Beltrán-Beck B, Kohnle L, Morgado J, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): paratuberculosis. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04960. [PMID: 32625604 PMCID: PMC7010113 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of paratuberculosis to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of paratuberculosis according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to paratuberculosis. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, paratuberculosis can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease would comply with the criteria in Sections 3, 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (c), (d) and (e) of Article 9(1). The animal species to be listed for paratuberculosis according to Article 8(3) criteria are several species of mammals and birds as susceptible species and some species of the families Bovidae, Cervidae and Leporidae as reservoirs.
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31
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Bhutediya JM, Dandapat P, Chakrabarty A, Das R, Nanda PK, Bandyopadhyay S, Biswas TK. Prevalence of paratuberculosis in organized and unorganized dairy cattle herds in West Bengal, India. Vet World 2017; 10:574-579. [PMID: 28717306 PMCID: PMC5499071 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.574-579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim:: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence pattern of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, the causative agent of paratuberculosis or Johne’s disease, in unorganized as well as organized cattle herds in West Bengal. Materials and Methods:: Four organized cattle farms with identical management practice in Nadia (n=3) and South 24 Parganas (n=1) districts and three unorganized cattle herds, one each from three districts, namely, Burdwan, North 24 Parganas, and Purba Midnapur, were selected randomly and screened for paratuberculosis by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results:: Of 191 animals tested by DTH, 57 (29.8%) were found to be positive in comparison to 72 (37.7%) by ELISA. In organized farms, seropositivity varied from 13.3% to 53.1%, whereas in unorganized sector, it ranged from 5% to 6.7% with one area having exceptionally high prevalence, i.e. 53.3%. The range of positivity detected by DTH both in organized farms and backyard sectors varied from 0% to 46.7%. By employing both DTH and ELISA together, the positivity of animals in organized and unorganized herds was 19.9% and 8%, respectively. Conclusion:: The results indicate that animals in organized farms are much more prone to paratuberculosis than others. For screening the herd, both DTH and ELISA should be used simultaneously to increase the test sensitivity in order to minimize its further spread adopting control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendrakumar M Bhutediya
- Eastern Regional Station, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Kolkata - 700 037, West Bengal, India
| | - Premanshu Dandapat
- Eastern Regional Station, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Kolkata - 700 037, West Bengal, India
| | - Arijit Chakrabarty
- Eastern Regional Station, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Kolkata - 700 037, West Bengal, India
| | - Ratan Das
- Eastern Regional Station, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Kolkata - 700 037, West Bengal, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Nanda
- Eastern Regional Station, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Kolkata - 700 037, West Bengal, India
| | - Samiran Bandyopadhyay
- Eastern Regional Station, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Kolkata - 700 037, West Bengal, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Biswas
- Eastern Regional Station, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Kolkata - 700 037, West Bengal, India
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32
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Rossi G, Grohn YT, Schukken YH, Smith RL. The effect of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection on clinical mastitis occurrence in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:7446-7454. [PMID: 28711261 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endemic diseases can be counted among the most serious sources of losses for livestock production. In dairy farms in particular, one of the most common diseases is Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Infection with MAP causes direct costs because it affects milk production, but it has also been suspected to increase the risk of clinical mastitis (CM) among infected animals. This might contribute to further costs for farmers. We asked whether MAP infection represents a risk factor for CM and, in particular, whether CM occurrences were more common in MAP-infected animals. Our results, obtained by survival analysis, suggest that MAP-infected cows had an increased probability of experiencing CM during lactation. These results highlight the need to account for the interplay of infectious diseases and other health conditions in economic and epidemiological modeling. In this case, accounting for MAP-infected cows having an increased CM occurrence might have nonnegligible effects on the estimated benefit of MAP control.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rossi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana 61802.
| | - Y T Grohn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - Y H Schukken
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14850; GD Animal Health, 7400 AA, Deventer, the Netherlands; Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R L Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana 61802
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Mataragka A, Leousi E, Liandris E, Ntafis V, Leontides L, Aggelidou E, Bossis I, Triantaphyllopoulos KA, Theodoropoulou I, Ikonomopoulos J. Faecal shedding of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis reduces before parturition in sheep? Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hansen S, Schäfer J, Fechner K, Czerny CP, Abd El Wahed A. Development of a Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay for Rapid Detection of the Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168733. [PMID: 27992571 PMCID: PMC5167419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infections in ruminants is crucial to control spread among animals and to humans. Cultivation of MAP is seen as the gold standard for detection, although it is very time consuming and labour intensive. In addition, several PCR assays have been developed to detect MAP in around 90 minutes, but these assays required highly sophisticated equipment as well as lengthy and complicated procedure. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we have developed a rapid assay for the detection of MAP based on the recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay targeting a MAP specific region, the IS900 gene. The detection limit was 16 DNA molecules in 15 minutes as determined by the probit analysis on eight runs of the plasmid standard. Cross reactivity with other mycobacterial and environmentally associated bacterial strains was not observed. The clinical performance of the MAP RPA assay was tested using 48 MAP-positive and 20 MAP-negative blood, sperm, faecal and tissue samples. All results were compared with reads of a highly sensitive real-time PCR assay. The specificity of the MAP RPA assay was 100%, while the sensitivity was 89.5%. Conclusions/Significance The RPA assay is quicker and much easier to handle than real-time PCR. All RPA reagents were cold-chain independent. Moreover, combining RPA assay with a simple extraction protocol will maximize its use at point of need for rapid detection of MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Hansen
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jenny Schäfer
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kim Fechner
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Claus-Peter Czerny
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Abd El Wahed
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August University, Goettingen, Germany
- * E-mail: ,
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35
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Fock-Chow-Tho D, Topp E, Ibeagha-Awemu EA, Bissonnette N. Comparison of commercial DNA extraction kits and quantitative PCR systems for better sensitivity in detecting the causative agent of paratuberculosis in dairy cow fecal samples. J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:572-581. [PMID: 27889120 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes ruminant paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) worldwide. Oral-fecal contamination is the most important mode of transmission of paratuberculosis, so eradicating MAP-shedding animals could prevent disease propagation. Fecal culture, a well-known method for MAP diagnosis, requires costly specialized media and a long incubation time that sometimes ends in disappointing bacterial contamination. To facilitate the efforts of control programs, we evaluated the performance of direct fecal quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays for their sensitivity and robustness for MAP detection. Commercial kits use different strategies for extracting DNA, combined with qPCR systems, to detect the presence of MAP in fecal samples. In this study, we compared the sensitivity of 3 commercially available DNA extraction kits (A, B, and C) combined with 2 qPCR systems (T and V) for the detection of MAP in infectious cows. A total of 49 dairy cows from 5 herds were sampled twice a year for 3 yr and diagnosed using fecal culture and ELISA. Eight replicates of their fecal samples from the first sampling were tested using each DNA extraction method and qPCR detection system. Although all 3 of the commercial DNA extraction kits have been previously described as very efficient for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis, kit B provided the highest sensitivity. Indeed, 89% of the cows declared positive for paratuberculosis by both fecal culture and ELISA were identified with kit B, whereas only 23 and 43% of the cows were identified with kits A and C, respectively. Interestingly, kit B was able to detect some low-MAP shedders. The qPCR detection system also played a critical role: system T yielded qPCR with the highest sensitivity. The results of this study suggest that DNA extraction kit B combined with detection system T provides the best amplification of MAP DNA from fecal samples with the highest sensitivity and specificity. Although 1 DNA extraction and qPCR analysis should be adequate to confirm that an animal with diarrhea or other signs of paratuberculosis is positive, detecting low shedders at the highest sensitivity should include repetitive testing. This study demonstrates the importance of repetitions using the most appropriate method for extracting DNA from fecal samples, combined with a compatible qPCR system for identifying MAP-shedding animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fock-Chow-Tho
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1M 0C8, Canada; Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - E Topp
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - E A Ibeagha-Awemu
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - N Bissonnette
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1M 0C8, Canada.
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36
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Nekouei O, VanLeeuwen J, Stryhn H, Kelton D, Keefe G. Lifetime effects of infection with bovine leukemia virus on longevity and milk production of dairy cows. Prev Vet Med 2016; 133:1-9. [PMID: 27720022 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is an economically important disease of dairy cattle caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV). The economic impacts of the infection have been debated in the literature. The present study was conducted to determine the lifetime effects of BLV infection on longevity and milk production of dairy cows in Canada. The data were aggregated from a combination of two data sets: 1) BLV serum-ELISA test results from Canada-wide surveys of production limiting diseases, which took place between 1998 and 2003 in 8 provinces, and 2) longitudinal production data for all cows in the former study, extracted from the Canadian dairy herd improvement database. All participant cows had been culled or died by the onset of this study. A historical cohort study was designed, including cows which tested positive to BLV-antibodies in their first lactation (positive cohort, n=1858) and cows which tested negative in their second or later lactations (negative cohort, n=2194). To assess the impacts of infection with BLV on longevity (the number of lifetime lactations), a discrete-time survival analysis was carried out. The effect of BLV on the lifetime milk production (the sum of all life 305-day milk production) was evaluated using a multilevel linear regression model. Overall, 4052 cows from 348 herds met the eligibility criteria and were enrolled in the study. In the longevity model, the interaction term between time (lactation number) and BLV-status was highly significant. Cows which were positive to BLV had consistently greater probabilities of being culled (or dying) than the test-negative cows. In the milk production model, the interaction term between BLV-status and longevity of the cows was highly significant; indicating that lifetime BLV effects on the total milk production was dependent on the lactation in which the study cows were culled/died. Infected cows with 2 and 3 lactations showed significantly lower life milk productions [-2554kg (-3609 to -1500) and -1171kg (-2051 to -292), respectively] compared with their negative counterparts with 2 and 3 lactations. As the cows lived longer (>3 lactations), the differences in life milk production between the two cohorts were no longer significant. Overall, it was predicted that the test-positive cows produced substantially lower milk compared to the test-negative cows throughout their study lifespans. With the high prevalence of BLV in Canadian dairy cows and its detrimental economic impacts, pursuing broad-based control programs in Canada should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Nekouei
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.
| | - John VanLeeuwen
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Henrik Stryhn
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - David Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Greg Keefe
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
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37
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Raszek MM, Guan LL, Plastow GS. Use of Genomic Tools to Improve Cattle Health in the Context of Infectious Diseases. Front Genet 2016; 7:30. [PMID: 27014337 PMCID: PMC4780072 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although infectious diseases impose a heavy economic burden on the cattle industry, the etiology of many disorders that affect livestock is not fully elucidated, and effective countermeasures are often lacking. The main tools available until now have been vaccines, antibiotics and antiparasitic drugs. Although these have been very successful in some cases, the appearance of parasite and microbial resistance to these treatments is a cause of concern. Next-generation sequencing provides important opportunities to tackle problems associated with pathogenic illnesses. This review describes the rapid gains achieved to track disease progression, identify the pathogens involved, and map pathogen interactions with the host. Use of novel genomic tools subsequently aids in treatment development, as well as successful creation of breeding programs aimed toward less susceptible livestock. These may be important tools for mitigating the long term effects of combating infection and helping reduce the reliance on antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj M Raszek
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Le L Guan
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Graham S Plastow
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
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38
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Kennedy AE, Byrne N, Garcia AB, O'Mahony J, Sayers RG. Analysis of Johne's disease ELISA status and associated performance parameters in Irish dairy cows. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:43. [PMID: 26935209 PMCID: PMC4776437 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0667-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) has been associated with reductions in milk production in dairy cows and sub optimal fertility. The aim of this study was to highlight the production losses associated with testing MAP ELISA positive in Irish dairy cows. Secondary objectives included investigation of risk factors associated with testing MAP ELISA positive. A survey of management practices on study farms was also conducted, with examination of associations between management practices and herd MAP status. Blood samples were collected from 4188 breeding animals on 22 farms. Samples were ELISA tested using the ID Screen Paratuberculosis Indirect Screening Test. Production parameters examined included milk yield, milk fat, milk protein, somatic cell count, and calving interval. The association between MAP ELISA status and production data was investigated using multi-level mixed models. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for testing JD blood ELISA positive at individual cow level and to identify associations between farm management practices and herd MAP status. RESULTS Data were available for 3528 cows. The apparent prevalence recorded was 7.4%. Mixed model analysis revealed no statistically significant association between testing MAP ELISA positive and dairy cow production parameters. Risk factors associated with testing positive included larger sized herds being over twice more likely to test positive than smaller herds (OR 2.4 P = <0.001). Friesians were less likely to test positive relative to other breeds. A number of study farmers were engaged in management practices that have previously been identified as high risk for MAP transmission e.g., 73.1% pooled colostrum and 84.6% of study farmers used the calving area to house sick animals throughout the year. No significant associations however, were identified between farm management practices and herd MAP status. CONCLUSION No production losses were identified; however an apparent prevalence of 7.4% was recorded. With the abolition of EU milk quotas herd size in Ireland is expanding, as herds included in this study were larger than the national average, results may be indicative of future JD levels if no JD control programmes are implemented to minimise transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Kennedy
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Co. Cork, Ireland.
| | - N Byrne
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - A B Garcia
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - J O'Mahony
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - R G Sayers
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
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Garcia AB, Shalloo L. Invited review: The economic impact and control of paratuberculosis in cattle. J Dairy Sci 2016; 98:5019-39. [PMID: 26074241 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (also called Johne's disease) is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) that affects ruminants and other animals. The epidemiology of paratuberculosis is complex and the clinical manifestations and economic impact of the disease in cattle can be variable depending on factors such as herd management, age, infection dose, and disease prevalence, among others. Additionally, considerable challenges are faced in the control of paratuberculosis in cattle, such as the lack of accurate and reliable diagnostic tests. Nevertheless, efforts are directed toward the control of this disease because it can cause substantial economic losses to the cattle industry mainly due to increased premature culling, replacement costs, decreased milk yield, reduced feed conversion efficiency, fertility problems, reduced slaughter values, and increased susceptibility to other diseases or conditions. The variability and uncertainty surrounding the estimations of paratuberculosis prevalence and impact influence the design, implementation, and efficiency of control programs in diverse areas of the world. This review covers important aspects of the economic impact and control of paratuberculosis, including challenges related to disease detection, estimations of the prevalence and economic effects of the disease, and the implementation of control programs. The control of paratuberculosis can improve animal health and welfare, increase productivity, reduce potential market problems, and increase overall business profitability. The benefits that can derive from the control of paratuberculosis need to be communicated to all industry stakeholders to promote the implementation of control programs. Moreover, if the suspected link between Johne's disease in ruminants and Crohn's disease in humans was established, significant economic losses could be expected, particularly for the dairy industry, making the control of this disease a priority across dairy industries internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Garcia
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
| | - L Shalloo
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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40
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McAloon CG, Whyte P, More SJ, Green MJ, O'Grady L, Garcia A, Doherty ML. The effect of paratuberculosis on milk yield--A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:1449-1460. [PMID: 26686704 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis is a disease characterized by chronic granulomatous enteritis causing protein-losing enteropathy. Adverse effects on animal productivity are key drivers in the attempt to control paratuberculosis at the farm level. Economic models require an accurate estimation of the production effects associated with paratuberculosis. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effect of paratuberculosis on milk production. A total of 20 effect estimates from 15 studies were included in the final meta-analysis. Substantial between-study heterogeneity was observed. Subgroup analysis by case definition and study design was carried out to investigate heterogeneity. The majority of between-study variation was attributed to studies that defined cases on serology. Calculation of a pooled effect estimate was only appropriate for studies that defined cases by organism detection. A reduction in milk yield, corrected for lactation number and herd of origin of 1.87 kg/d, equivalent to 5.9% of yield, was associated with fecal culture or PCR positivity in individual cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor G McAloon
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Paul Whyte
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Simon J More
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Martin J Green
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Luke O'Grady
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - AnaBelen Garcia
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael L Doherty
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Tsuchiaka S, Masuda T, Sugimura S, Kobayashi S, Komatsu N, Nagai M, Omatsu T, Furuya T, Oba M, Katayama Y, Kanda S, Yokoyama T, Mizutani T. Development of a novel detection system for microbes from bovine diarrhea by real-time PCR. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:383-9. [PMID: 26616156 PMCID: PMC4829504 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea in cattle is one of the most economically costly disorders, decreasing milk production and weight gain. In the present study, we established a novel simultaneous detection system using TaqMan real-time PCR designed as a system for detection of microbes from bovine diarrhea using real-time PCR (referred to as Dembo-PCR). Dembo-PCR simultaneously detects a total of 19 diarrhea-causing pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and protozoa. Specific primer-probe sets were newly designed for 7 pathogens and were synthesized on the basis of previous reports for 12 pathogens. Assays were optimized to react under the same reaction conditions. The PCR efficiency and correlation coefficient (R(2)) of standard curves for each assay were more than 80% and 0.9766, respectively. Furthermore, the sensitivity of Dembo-PCR in fecal sample analysis was measured with feces spiked with target pathogens or synthesized DNA that included specific nucleotide target regions. The resulting limits of detection (LOD) for virus-spiked samples, bacteria and DNA fragments were 0.16-1.6 TCID50 (PFU/reaction), 1.3-13 CFU/reaction and 10-100 copies/reaction, respectively. All reactions showed high sensitivity in pathogen detection. A total of 8 fecal samples, collected from 6 diarrheic cattle, 1 diarrheic calf and 1 healthy cow, were tested using Dembo-PCR to validate the assay's clinical performance. The results revealed that bovine coronavirus had infected all diarrheic adult cattle and that bovine torovirus had infected the diarrheic calf. These results suggest that Dembo-PCR may be a powerful tool for diagnosing infectious agents in cattle diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Tsuchiaka
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagito, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Nekouei O, VanLeeuwen J, Sanchez J, Kelton D, Tiwari A, Keefe G. Herd-level risk factors for infection with bovine leukemia virus in Canadian dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 2015; 119:105-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Maresca C, Costarelli S, Dettori A, Felici A, Iscaro C, Feliziani F. Enzootic bovine leukosis: Report of eradication and surveillance measures in Italy over an 8-year period (2005–2012). Prev Vet Med 2015; 119:222-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Häsler B, Alarcon P, Raboisson D, Waret-Szkuta A, Rushton J. Integration of production and financial models to analyse the financial impact of livestock diseases: a case study of Schmallenberg virus disease on British and French dairy farms. Vet Rec Open 2015; 2:e000035. [PMID: 26392883 PMCID: PMC4567140 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2014-000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate and compare the financial impact of Schmallenberg disease for different dairy production types in the United Kingdom and France. MATERIALS AND METHODS Integrated production and financial models for dairy cattle were developed and applied to Schmallenberg virus (SBV) disease in a British and French context. The five main production systems that prevail in these two countries were considered. Their respective gross margins measuring the holding's profitability were calculated based on public benchmarking, literature and expert opinion data. A partial budget analysis was performed within each production model to estimate the impact of SBV in the systems modelled. Two disease scenarios were simulated: low impact and high impact. RESULTS The model gross margin obtained per cow space and year ranged from £1014 to £1484 for the UK and from £1037 to £1890 for France depending on the production system considered. In the UK, the net SBV disease costs in £/cow space/year for an average dairy farm with 100 milking spaces were estimated between £16.3 and £51.4 in the high-impact scenario and between £8.2 and £25.9 in the low-impact scenario. For France, the net SBV disease costs in £/cow space/year ranged from £19.6 to £48.6 in the high-impact scenario and £9.7 to £22.8 in the low-impact scenario, respectively. CONCLUSION The study illustrates how the combination of production and financial models allows assessing disease impact taking into account differing management and husbandry practices and associated price structures in the dairy sector. It supports decision-making of farmers and veterinarians who are considering disease control measures as it provides an approach to estimate baseline disease impact in common dairy production systems in the UK and France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Häsler
- Veterinary Epidemiology Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
- Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture and Health, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Pablo Alarcon
- Veterinary Epidemiology Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Didier Raboisson
- UMR1225, Interaction Hôte Agent Pathogène (IHAP), INRA – Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Toulouse, France
| | - Agnes Waret-Szkuta
- UMR1225, Interaction Hôte Agent Pathogène (IHAP), INRA – Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Toulouse, France
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Veterinary Epidemiology Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
- Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture and Health, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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Characterization of a caprine model for the subclinical initial phase of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:74. [PMID: 25889716 PMCID: PMC4404677 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paratuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is difficult to control due to a long phase of clinically non-apparent (latent) infection for which sensitive diagnostics are lacking. A defined animal model for this phase of the infection can help to investigate host-MAP interactions in apparently healthy animals and identify surrogate markers for disease progress and might also serve as challenge model for vaccines. To establish such a model in goats, different age at inoculation and doses of oral inoculum of MAP were compared. Clinical signs, faecal shedding as well as MAP-specific antibody, IFN-γ and IL-10 responses were used for in vivo monitoring. At necropsy, about one year after inoculation (pi), pathomorphological findings and bacterial organ burden (BOB) were scored. Results MAP infection manifested in 26/27 inoculated animals irrespective of age at inoculation and dose. Clinical signs developed in three goats. Faecal shedding, IFN-γ and antibody responses emerged 6, 10–14 and 14 wpi, respectively, and continued with large inter-individual variation. One year pi, lesions were detected in 26 and MAP was cultured from tissues of 23 goats. Positive animals subdivided in those with high and low overall BOB. Intestinal findings resembled paucibacillary lesions in 23 and multibacillary in 4 goats. Caseous and calcified granulomas predominated in intestinal LNN. BOB and lesion score corresponded well in intestinal mucosa and oGALT but not in intestinal LNN. Conclusions A defined experimental infection model for the clinically non-apparent phase of paratuberculosis was established in goats as suitable basis for future studies.
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O' Doherty E, Sayers R, O' Grady L, Shalloo L. Effect of exposure to Neospora caninum, Salmonella, and Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo on the economic performance of Irish dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2789-800. [PMID: 25704967 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to quantify the effects of exposure to Salmonella, Neospora caninum, and Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo (L. hardjo) on dairy farm profitability and to simulate the effect of vaccination for Salmonella and L. hardjo on dairy farm profitability. The production effects associated with exposure to each of these pathogens in study herds were defined under 3 categories: (1) milk production effects, (2) reproduction effects (including culling), and (3) mortality effects. The production effects associated with exposure to Salmonella, N. caninum, and L. hardjo were incorporated into the Moorepark Dairy Systems Model. In the analysis, herds negative for exposure to Salmonella, N. caninum, and L. hardjo were assumed baseline herds, with all results presented relative to this base. In simulations examining the effect of vaccination for Salmonella and L. hardjo on farm profitability, vaccinated herds (vaccination costs included) were considered as baseline herds and results were presented relative to this base. Total annual profits in unvaccinated herds were reduced by €77.31, €94.71, and €112.11 per cow at milk prices of €0.24, €0.29, and €0.34/L, respectively, as a result of exposure to Salmonella. In the current study, herds positive for exposure to Salmonella recorded a 316-kg reduction in milk yield, whereas no association was detected between exposure to N. caninum or L. hardjo and milk production. Exposure to both N. caninum and L. hardjo was associated with compromised reproductive performance. Herds positive for exposure to N. caninum and Salmonella had greater rates of adult cow mortality and calf mortality, respectively. Vaccination for both Salmonella and L. hardjo was associated with improved performance in study herds. Exposure to N. caninum resulted in a reduction in annual farm profits of €11.55, €12, and €12.44 per cow at each milk price, whereas exposure to L. hardjo resulted in a reduction in annual farm profits of €13.83, €13.78, and €13.72 per cow at each milk price. Herds that tested positive for exposure to Salmonella and L. hardjo were compared with herds vaccinated for the respective pathogens. Herds vaccinated for Salmonella generated €67.09, €84.48, and €101.89 per cow more profit at each milk price compared with herds positive for exposure. Similarly, herds vaccinated for L. hardjo generated €9.74, €9.69, and €9.63 per cow more profit compared with unvaccinated exposed herds. However, herds that tested negative for exposure to Salmonella and L. hardjo generated additional profits of €10.22 and €4.09 per cow, respectively, compared with vaccinated baseline herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O' Doherty
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland, Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; School of Veterinary Medicine, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - R Sayers
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland, Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - L O' Grady
- School of Veterinary Medicine, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - L Shalloo
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland, Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
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Kennedy AE, O'Doherty EF, Byrne N, O'Mahony J, Kennedy EM, Sayers RG. A survey of management practices on Irish dairy farms with emphasis on risk factors for Johne's disease transmission. Ir Vet J 2014; 67:27. [PMID: 25610611 PMCID: PMC4300563 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-014-0027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Johne's disease (JD) is a chronic granulomatous enteritis affecting ruminants. A number of farm management practices are associated with increased risk of JD transmission. The aim of the current study was to document JD-related management practices currently employed on Irish dairy farms. Survey questions focused on calving area (CA), calf and manure management. Independent variables (region, calving-season, enterprise type, herd size and biosecurity status) were used to examine influences on JD associated dependent variables (survey questions). Additionally general biosecurity practices were also examined. RESULTS Results showed management practices implemented by Irish dairy farmers pose a high risk of JD transmission. Of the farmers surveyed, 97% used the CA for more than one calving, 73.5% and 87.8% pooled colostrum and milk respectively, 33.7% never cleaned the CA between calving's, and 56.6% used the CA for isolating sick cows. Survey results also highlighted that larger herds were more likely to engage in high risk practices for JD transmission, such as pooling colostrum (OR 4.8) and overcrowding the CA (OR 7.8). Larger herds were also less likely than smaller herds to clean the CA (OR 0.28), a practice also considered of risk in the transmission of JD. CONCLUSION Many management practices associated with risk of JD transmission were commonly applied on Irish dairy farms. Larger herds were more likely to engage in high risk practices for JD transmission. Control programmes should incorporate educational tools outlining the pathogenesis and transmission of JD to highlight the risks associated with implementing certain management practices with regard to JD transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aideen E Kennedy
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland ; Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Eugene F O'Doherty
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Noel Byrne
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Jim O'Mahony
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - E M Kennedy
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Riona G Sayers
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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Occurrence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and Neospora caninum in Alberta cow-calf operations. Prev Vet Med 2014; 117:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wolf R, Barkema H, De Buck J, Slomp M, Flaig J, Haupstein D, Pickel C, Orsel K. High herd-level prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in Western Canadian dairy farms, based on environmental sampling. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:6250-9. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mortier RAR, Barkema HW, Orsel K, Wolf R, De Buck J. Shedding patterns of dairy calves experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Vet Res 2014; 45:71. [PMID: 25224905 PMCID: PMC4347591 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Although substantial fecal shedding is expected to start years after initial infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the potential for shedding by calves and therefore calf-to-calf transmission is underestimated in current Johne’s disease (JD) control programs. Shedding patterns were determined in this study in experimentally infected calves. Fifty calves were challenged at 2 weeks or at 3, 6, 9 or 12 months of age (6 calves served as a control group). In each age group, 5 calves were inoculated with a low and 5 with a high dose of MAP. Fecal culture was performed monthly until necropsy at 17 months of age. Overall, 61% of inoculated calves, representing all age and dose groups, shed MAP in their feces at least once during the follow-up period. Although most calves shed sporadically, 4 calves in the 2-week and 3-month high dose groups shed at every sampling. In general, shedding peaked 2 months after inoculation. Calves inoculated at 2 weeks or 3 months with a high dose of MAP shed more frequently than those inoculated with a low dose. Calves shedding frequently had more culture-positive tissue locations and more severe gross and histological lesions at necropsy. In conclusion, calves inoculated up to 1 year of age shed MAP in their feces shortly after inoculation. Consequently, there is potential for MAP transfer between calves (especially if they are group housed) and therefore, JD control programs should consider young calves as a source of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rienske A R Mortier
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Karin Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Robert Wolf
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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