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Nash K, Johansson A, Yogeeswaran K. Social Media Approval Reduces Emotional Arousal for People High in Narcissism: Electrophysiological Evidence. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:292. [PMID: 31616266 PMCID: PMC6764241 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We used event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine if posting a "selfie" and receiving validation from others in the form of "likes" on social media can help narcissists reduce psychological distress. After all participants completed the narcissistic personality inventory (NPI) and experienced social exclusion, participants completed an auditory startle task that elicits the P3 to white noise-an ERP component that reflects emotional arousal and is sensitive to psychological distress. Participants were then randomly assigned to either view a personal "selfie" that quickly received a significant number of ostensibly real "likes" (selfie with likes condition), view a "selfie" with no feedback (selfie only condition), or view a neutral picture before (neutral picture condition) completing the auditory startle task again. Results revealed that participants high on the Leadership/Authority subscale of the NPI in the "selfie" with "likes" condition demonstrated a pre-post manipulation decrease in P3 mean amplitude, relative to participants in the other two conditions. These results suggest that approval via social media can help certain kinds of narcissists alleviate distress from social exclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Nash
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andre Johansson
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kumar Yogeeswaran
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Masson R, Bidet-Caulet A. Fronto-central P3a to distracting sounds: An index of their arousing properties. Neuroimage 2018; 185:164-180. [PMID: 30336252 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The P3a observed after novel events is an event-related potential comprising an early fronto-central phase and a late fronto-parietal phase. It has classically been considered to reflect the attention processing of distracting stimuli. However, novel sounds can lead to behavioral facilitation as much as behavioral distraction. This illustrates the duality of the orienting response which includes both an attentional and an arousal component. Using a paradigm with visual or auditory targets to detect and irrelevant unexpected distracting sounds to ignore, we showed that the facilitation effect by distracting sounds is independent of the target modality and endures more than 1500 ms. These results confirm that the behavioral facilitation observed after distracting sounds is related to an increase in unspecific phasic arousal on top of the attentional capture. Moreover, the amplitude of the early phase of the P3a to distracting sounds positively correlated with subjective arousal ratings, contrary to other event-related potentials. We propose that the fronto-central early phase of the P3a would index the arousing properties of distracting sounds and would be linked to the arousal component of the orienting response. Finally, we discuss the relevance of the P3a as a marker of distraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Masson
- Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM UMRS 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France.
| | - Aurélie Bidet-Caulet
- Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM UMRS 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France
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Faraji M, Preuschoff K, Gerstner W. Balancing New against Old Information: The Role of Puzzlement Surprise in Learning. Neural Comput 2017; 30:34-83. [PMID: 29064784 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Surprise describes a range of phenomena from unexpected events to behavioral responses. We propose a novel measure of surprise and use it for surprise-driven learning. Our surprise measure takes into account data likelihood as well as the degree of commitment to a belief via the entropy of the belief distribution. We find that surprise-minimizing learning dynamically adjusts the balance between new and old information without the need of knowledge about the temporal statistics of the environment. We apply our framework to a dynamic decision-making task and a maze exploration task. Our surprise-minimizing framework is suitable for learning in complex environments, even if the environment undergoes gradual or sudden changes, and it could eventually provide a framework to study the behavior of humans and animals as they encounter surprising events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadjavad Faraji
- School of Computer and Communication Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne EPFL, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Preuschoff
- Geneva Finance Research Institute and Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Wulfram Gerstner
- School of Computer and Communication Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne EPFL, Switzerland
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Daulatzai MA. Dysfunctional Sensory Modalities, Locus Coeruleus, and Basal Forebrain: Early Determinants that Promote Neuropathogenesis of Cognitive and Memory Decline and Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurotox Res 2016; 30:295-337. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9643-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Jacobs HI, Wiese S, van de Ven V, Gronenschild EH, Verhey FR, Matthews PM. Relevance of parahippocampal-locus coeruleus connectivity to memory in early dementia. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:618-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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The mismatch negativity (MMN)--a unique window to disturbed central auditory processing in ageing and different clinical conditions. Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 123:424-58. [PMID: 22169062 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we review clinical research using the mismatch negativity (MMN), a change-detection response of the brain elicited even in the absence of attention or behavioural task. In these studies, the MMN was usually elicited by employing occasional frequency, duration or speech-sound changes in repetitive background stimulation while the patient was reading or watching videos. It was found that in a large number of different neuropsychiatric, neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as in normal ageing, the MMN amplitude was attenuated and peak latency prolonged. Besides indexing decreased discrimination accuracy, these effects may also reflect, depending on the specific stimulus paradigm used, decreased sensory-memory duration, abnormal perception or attention control or, most importantly, cognitive decline. In fact, MMN deficiency appears to index cognitive decline irrespective of the specific symptomatologies and aetiologies of the different disorders involved.
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Yu AJ, Dayan P, Cohen JD. Dynamics of attentional selection under conflict: toward a rational Bayesian account. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2009; 35:700-17. [PMID: 19485686 DOI: 10.1037/a0013553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The brain exhibits remarkable facility in exerting attentional control in most circumstances, but it also suffers apparent limitations in others. The authors' goal is to construct a rational account for why attentional control appears suboptimal under conditions of conflict and what this implies about the underlying computational principles. The formal framework used is based on Bayesian probability theory, which provides a convenient language for delineating the rationale and dynamics of attentional selection. The authors illustrate these issues with the Eriksen flanker task, a classical paradigm that explores the effects of competing sensory inputs on response tendencies. The authors show how 2 distinctly formulated models, based on compatibility bias and spatial uncertainty principles, can account for the behavioral data. They also suggest novel experiments that may differentiate these models. In addition, they elaborate a simplified model that approximates optimal computation and may map more directly onto the underlying neural machinery. This approximate model uses conflict monitoring, putatively mediated by the anterior cingulate cortex, as a proxy for compatibility representation. The authors also consider how this conflict information might be disseminated and used to control processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Yu
- Center for the Study of Brain, Mind, and Behavior, Princeton University, USA.
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Merzagora AC, Butti M, Polikar R, Izzetoglu M, Bunce S, Cerutti S, Bianchi AM, Onaral B. Model comparison for automatic characterization and classification of average ERPs using visual oddball paradigm. Clin Neurophysiol 2008; 120:264-74. [PMID: 19062338 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether automated classifiers can be used for correctly identifying target categorization responses from averaged event-related potentials (ERPs) along with identifying appropriate features and classification models for computer-assisted investigation of attentional processes. METHODS ERPs were recorded during a target categorization task. Automated classification of average target ERPs versus average non-target ERPs was performed by extracting different combinations of features from the P300 and N200 components, which were used to train six classifiers: Euclidean classifier (EC), Mahalanobis discriminant (MD), quadratic classifier (QC), Fisher linear discriminant (FLD), multi-layer perceptron neural network (MLP) and support vector machine (SVM). RESULTS The best classification performance (accuracy: 91-92%; sensitivity: 85-86%; specificity: 95-99%) was provided by QC, MLP, SVM on feature vectors extracted from P300 recorded at multiple sites. In general, non-linear and non-parametric classifiers (QC, MLP, SVM) performed better than linear classifiers (EC, MD, FLD). The N200 did not explain variance beyond that of P300 recorded at multiple sites. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that automatic characterization and classification of average target and non-target ERPs is feasible. Features of P300 recorded at multiple sites used to train non-linear classifiers are recommended for optimal classification performance. SIGNIFICANCE Automatic characterization of target ERPs can provide an objective approach for detecting and diagnosing abnormalities and evaluating interventions for clinical populations, paving the way for future real-time monitoring of attentional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Merzagora
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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van Mourik R, Oosterlaan J, Heslenfeld DJ, Konig CE, Sergeant JA. When distraction is not distracting: A behavioral and ERP study on distraction in ADHD. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118:1855-65. [PMID: 17576093 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although an increased distractibility is one of the behavioral criteria of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), there is little empirical evidence that children with ADHD are in fact more distractible than their normal peers. METHODS We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) to distracting novel sounds (novels) and standard sounds, (standards) while children performed a visual two-choice reaction time task. Twenty-five children with ADHD were compared with eighteen normal controls (aged 8-12 years). RESULTS Children with ADHD showed a larger early P3a (150-250 ms), both in response to the standard and in response to the novel. The late phase of the P3a had a larger amplitude in the ADHD group in the 250-300 ms window compared to the control group, which was only present in response to the novel. Interestingly, the novel reduced the errors of omission in the ADHD group to a greater extent than in the normal control group. CONCLUSIONS Although children with ADHD show an increased orienting response to novels, this distracting information can enhance their performance temporarily, possibly by increasing their arousal to an optimal level, as indicated by the reduced omission rate. SIGNIFICANCE These data indicate that distraction is not always distracting in children with ADHD and that distraction can also have beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa van Mourik
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Keage HAD, Clark CR, Hermens DF, Kohn MR, Clarke S, Williams LM, Crewther D, Lamb C, Gordon E. DISTRACTIBILITY IN AD/HD PREDOMINANTLY INATTENTIVE AND COMBINED SUBTYPES: THE P3a ERP COMPONENT, HEART RATE AND PERFORMANCE. J Integr Neurosci 2006; 5:139-58. [PMID: 16544371 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635206001070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate whether children and adolescents diagnosed with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Predominantly Inattentive (AD/HD-in; Child n = 24, Adolescent n = 33) and Combined (AD/HD-com; Child n = 30, Adolescent n = 42) subtypes were more distractible than controls (Child n = 54; Adolescents n = 75), by assessing event-related potential (ERP), performance and peripheral arousal measures. All AD/HD groups displayed smaller amplitudes and/or shorter latencies of the P3a ERP component - thought to reflect involuntary attention switching - following task-deviant novel stimuli (checkerboard patterns) embedded in a Working Memory (WM) task. The P3a results suggested that both AD/HD-in and AD/HD-com subtypes ineffectively evaluate deviant stimuli and are hence more "distractible". These abnormalities were most pronounced over the central areas. AD/HD groups did not display any abnormalities in averaged heart rate over the WM task, a measure of peripheral arousal. They did display abnormalities in performance measures from the task, but these were unrelated to P3a abnormalities. AD/HD groups also displayed a number of deficits on Switching of Attention and Verbal Memory tasks, however, the pattern of abnormality mostly reflected general cognitive deficits rather than resulting from distraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A D Keage
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, Flinders University, SA 5042, Australia
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Ermutlu MN, Karamürsel S, Ugur EH, Senturk L, Gokhan N. Effects of cold stress on early and late stimulus gating. Psychiatry Res 2005; 136:201-9. [PMID: 16126279 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2003.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2002] [Revised: 12/30/2002] [Accepted: 03/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The P50 component of the event-related potential (ERP) mainly reflects early pre-attentional processing. Along with P50, the N100 component and mismatch negativity (MMN) were postulated to represent a complex multistage and multi-component gating system. If some variable threshold or gating is exceeded by the MMN signal, the MMN is often followed by a relatively sharp fronto-central positive wave, the P3a component, which reflects an attentional switch to an environmental change. The P50 was shown to be affected by mental and cold stress, and the P3a amplitude was shown to be increased by the anticipation of threat. The aim of this study is to examine concurrently the early and late ERP indices of gating during acute stress. The ERPs to auditory stimuli in a passive oddball paradigm were recorded in 15 normal subjects during the cold pressor test and a control condition. The cold pressor test diminished P50 gating, increased N100 amplitude, elicited P3a responses and had no significant effect on MMN. Transient stress could impair early sensory gating and the ability to ignore irrelevant information that can cause passive attention switches indexed by the P3a component.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Numan Ermutlu
- Department of Physiology, Kadir Has University Faculty of Medicine, Vefabey sok No: 5 Gayrettepe, 80810 Istanbul, Turkey.
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Yu AJ, Dayan P. Uncertainty, neuromodulation, and attention. Neuron 2005; 46:681-92. [PMID: 15944135 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1010] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2004] [Revised: 03/16/2005] [Accepted: 04/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Uncertainty in various forms plagues our interactions with the environment. In a Bayesian statistical framework, optimal inference and prediction, based on unreliable observations in changing contexts, require the representation and manipulation of different forms of uncertainty. We propose that the neuromodulators acetylcholine and norepinephrine play a major role in the brain's implementation of these uncertainty computations. Acetylcholine signals expected uncertainty, coming from known unreliability of predictive cues within a context. Norepinephrine signals unexpected uncertainty, as when unsignaled context switches produce strongly unexpected observations. These uncertainty signals interact to enable optimal inference and learning in noisy and changeable environments. This formulation is consistent with a wealth of physiological, pharmacological, and behavioral data implicating acetylcholine and norepinephrine in specific aspects of a range of cognitive processes. Moreover, the model suggests a class of attentional cueing tasks that involve both neuromodulators and shows how their interactions may be part-antagonistic, part-synergistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Yu
- Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, London, United Kingdom.
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Festa-Martino E, Ott BR, Heindel WC. Interactions Between Phasic Alerting and Spatial Orienting: Effects of Normal Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Neuropsychology 2004; 18:258-68. [PMID: 15099148 DOI: 10.1037/0894-4105.18.2.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) on phasic alerting and exogenous spatial orienting were examined within a single precuing task. Phasic alerting decreased with normal aging and was completely eliminated with AD. AD patients also demonstrated an increased spatial orienting effect, attributable to an increased benefit from spatial orienting that was associated with a decreased benefit from nonselective alerting. These results suggest that performance within the precuing paradigm reflects the product of an interaction between nonselective alerting processes and spatially selective orienting processes. The results also highlight the importance of simultaneously assessing alerting and orienting within the same task, because changes attributable to alerting may otherwise be attributed incorrectly to changes in 1 or more processes associated with spatial orienting.
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Banaschewski T, Brandeis D, Heinrich H, Albrecht B, Brunner E, Rothenberger A. Association of ADHD and conduct disorder--brain electrical evidence for the existence of a distinct subtype. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2003; 44:356-76. [PMID: 12635966 DOI: 10.1111/1469-7610.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the impact of psychopathological comorbidity with oppositional defiant/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) on brain electrical correlates in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to study the pathophysiological background of comorbidity of ADHD+ODD/CD. METHOD Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a cued continuous performance test (CPT-A-X) in children (aged 8 to 14 years) with ICD-10 diagnoses of either hyperkinetic disorder (HD; n = 15), hyperkinetic conduct disorder (HCD; n = 16), or ODD/CD (n = 15) and normal children (n = 18). HD/HCD diagnoses in all children were fully concordant with the DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD-combined type. ERP-microstates, i.e., time segments with stable brain electrical map topography were identified by adaptive segmentation. Their characteristic parameters and behavioral measures were further analyzed. RESULTS Children with HD but not comorbid children showed slower and more variable reaction times compared to control children. Children with HD and ODD/CD-only but not comorbid children displayed reduced P3a amplitudes to cues and certain distractors (distractor-X) linked to attentional orienting. Correspondingly, global field power of the cue-CNV microstate related to anticipation and preparation was reduced in HD but not in HCD. Topographical alterations of the HD occurred already in the cue-P2/N2 microstate. In sum, the comorbid group was less deviant than both the HD-group and the ODD/CD-group. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that HD children (ADHD-combined type without ODD/CD) suffer from a more general deficit (e.g., suboptimal energetical state regulation) including deficits of attentional orienting and response preparation than just a responseinhibitory deficit, backing the hypothesis of an involvement of a dysregulation of the central noradrenergic networks. The results contradict the hypothesis that ADHD+ODD/CD represents an additive co-occurrence of ADHD and ODD/CD and strongly suggest that it represents a separate pathological entity as considered in the ICD-10 classification system, which differs from both HD and ODD/CD-only.
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Une HD, Sarveiya VP, Pal SC, Kasture VS, Kasture SB. Nootropic and anxiolytic activity of saponins of Albizzia lebbeck leaves. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2001; 69:439-44. [PMID: 11509202 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00516-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of saponin containing, n-butanolic fraction (BF), extracted from dried leaves of Albizzia lebbeck, was studied on cognitive behavior and anxiety in albino mice. The elevated plus maze was used for assessment of both nootropic and anxiolytic activity. The nootropic activity was evaluated by recording the effect of BF (0, 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg) on the transfer latency, whereas anxiolytic activity was assessed by studying its effect on the duration of occupancy in the closed arm. Results showed significant improvement in the retention ability of the normal and amnesic mice as compared to their respective controls. Animals treated with BF (25 mg/kg) spent more time in the open arm in a dose-dependent manner. The BF was without any significant effect on motor coordination. However, it significantly inhibited passivity and hypothermia induced by baclofen (10 mg/kg), a GABA(B) agonist. The data emanated in the present study suggests involvement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the nootropic and anxiolytic activity of saponins obtained from A. lebbeck.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Une
- Department of Pharmacology, MVP Samaj's College of Pharmacy, Nashik 422 002, Maharashtra State, India
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