1
|
Jang K, Garraway SM. A review of dorsal root ganglia and primary sensory neuron plasticity mediating inflammatory and chronic neuropathic pain. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2024; 15:100151. [PMID: 38314104 PMCID: PMC10837099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2024.100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Pain is a sensory state resulting from complex integration of peripheral nociceptive inputs and central processing. Pain consists of adaptive pain that is acute and beneficial for healing and maladaptive pain that is often persistent and pathological. Pain is indeed heterogeneous, and can be expressed as nociceptive, inflammatory, or neuropathic in nature. Neuropathic pain is an example of maladaptive pain that occurs after spinal cord injury (SCI), which triggers a wide range of neural plasticity. The nociceptive processing that underlies pain hypersensitivity is well-studied in the spinal cord. However, recent investigations show maladaptive plasticity that leads to pain, including neuropathic pain after SCI, also exists at peripheral sites, such as the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), which contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons. This review discusses the important role DRGs play in nociceptive processing that underlies inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Specifically, it highlights nociceptor hyperexcitability as critical to increased pain states. Furthermore, it reviews prior literature on glutamate and glutamate receptors, voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling in the DRG as important contributors to inflammatory and neuropathic pain. We previously reviewed BDNF's role as a bidirectional neuromodulator of spinal plasticity. Here, we shift focus to the periphery and discuss BDNF-TrkB expression on nociceptors, non-nociceptor sensory neurons, and non-neuronal cells in the periphery as a potential contributor to induction and persistence of pain after SCI. Overall, this review presents a comprehensive evaluation of large bodies of work that individually focus on pain, DRG, BDNF, and SCI, to understand their interaction in nociceptive processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongran Jang
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sandra M. Garraway
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pierre O, Fouchard M, Le Goux N, Buscaglia P, Leschiera R, Lewis RJ, Mignen O, Fluhr JW, Misery L, Le Garrec R. Pacific-Ciguatoxin-2 and Brevetoxin-1 Induce the Sensitization of Sensory Receptors Mediating Pain and Pruritus in Sensory Neurons. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:387. [PMID: 34356812 PMCID: PMC8306505 DOI: 10.3390/md19070387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) and neurotoxic shellfish poisoning syndromes are induced by the consumption of seafood contaminated by ciguatoxins and brevetoxins. Both toxins cause sensory symptoms such as paresthesia, cold dysesthesia and painful disorders. An intense pruritus, which may become chronic, occurs also in CFP. No curative treatment is available and the pathophysiology is not fully elucidated. Here we conducted single-cell calcium video-imaging experiments in sensory neurons from newborn rats to study in vitro the ability of Pacific-ciguatoxin-2 (P-CTX-2) and brevetoxin-1 (PbTx-1) to sensitize receptors and ion channels, (i.e., to increase the percentage of responding cells and/or the response amplitude to their pharmacological agonists). In addition, we studied the neurotrophin release in sensory neurons co-cultured with keratinocytes after exposure to P-CTX-2. Our results show that P-CTX-2 induced the sensitization of TRPA1, TRPV4, PAR2, MrgprC, MrgprA and TTX-r NaV channels in sensory neurons. P-CTX-2 increased the release of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the co-culture supernatant, suggesting that those neurotrophins could contribute to the sensitization of the aforementioned receptors and channels. Our results suggest the potential role of sensitization of sensory receptors/ion channels in the induction or persistence of sensory disturbances in CFP syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Pierre
- Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums-Neurones (LIEN), University of Brest, EA4685, F-29200 Brest, France; (M.F.); (R.L.); (J.W.F.); (L.M.); (R.L.G.)
| | - Maxime Fouchard
- Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums-Neurones (LIEN), University of Brest, EA4685, F-29200 Brest, France; (M.F.); (R.L.); (J.W.F.); (L.M.); (R.L.G.)
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Nelig Le Goux
- Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Brest, Inserm, UMR1227, F-29200 Brest, France; (N.L.G.); (P.B.); (O.M.)
| | - Paul Buscaglia
- Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Brest, Inserm, UMR1227, F-29200 Brest, France; (N.L.G.); (P.B.); (O.M.)
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Fraternal Order of Eagle Diabetes Research Center, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Raphaël Leschiera
- Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums-Neurones (LIEN), University of Brest, EA4685, F-29200 Brest, France; (M.F.); (R.L.); (J.W.F.); (L.M.); (R.L.G.)
| | - Richard J. Lewis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Olivier Mignen
- Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Brest, Inserm, UMR1227, F-29200 Brest, France; (N.L.G.); (P.B.); (O.M.)
| | - Joachim W. Fluhr
- Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums-Neurones (LIEN), University of Brest, EA4685, F-29200 Brest, France; (M.F.); (R.L.); (J.W.F.); (L.M.); (R.L.G.)
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, F-29200 Brest, France
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Universitaetsmedizin Charité Berlin, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laurent Misery
- Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums-Neurones (LIEN), University of Brest, EA4685, F-29200 Brest, France; (M.F.); (R.L.); (J.W.F.); (L.M.); (R.L.G.)
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Raphaële Le Garrec
- Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums-Neurones (LIEN), University of Brest, EA4685, F-29200 Brest, France; (M.F.); (R.L.); (J.W.F.); (L.M.); (R.L.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang M, Xie Y, Qin D. Proteolytic cleavage of proBDNF to mBDNF in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res Bull 2020; 166:172-184. [PMID: 33202257 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in pathophysiological mechanisms in neuropsychiatric diseases, including depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia (SZ), as well as neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). An imbalance or insufficient pro-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF) transformation into mature BDNF (mBDNF) is potentially critical to the disease pathogenesis by impairing neuronal plasticity as suggested by results from many studies. Thus, promoting proBDNF transformation into mBDNF is therefore hypothesized as beneficial for the treatment of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. ProBDNF is proteolytically cleaved into the mBDNF by intracellular furin/proprotein convertases and extracellular proteases (plasmin/matrix metallopeptidases). This article reviews the mechanisms of the conversion of proBDNF to mBDNF and the research status of intracellular/extracellular proteolytic proteases for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yuhuan Xie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Dongdong Qin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650500, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schwann Cell Autocrine and Paracrine Regulatory Mechanisms, Mediated by Allopregnanolone and BDNF, Modulate PKCε in Peripheral Sensory Neurons. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081874. [PMID: 32796542 PMCID: PMC7465687 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase type C-ε (PKCε) plays important roles in the sensitization of primary afferent nociceptors, such as ion channel phosphorylation, that in turn promotes mechanical hyperalgesia and pain chronification. In these neurons, PKCε is modulated through the local release of mediators by the surrounding Schwann cells (SCs). The progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone (ALLO) is endogenously synthesized by SCs, whereas it has proven to be a crucial mediator of neuron-glia interaction in peripheral nerve fibers. Biomolecular and pharmacological studies on rat primary SCs and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neuronal cultures were aimed at investigating the hypothesis that ALLO modulates neuronal PKCε, playing a role in peripheral nociception. We found that SCs tonically release ALLO, which, in turn, autocrinally upregulated the synthesis of the growth factor brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Subsequently, glial BDNF paracrinally activates PKCε via trkB in DRG sensory neurons. Herein, we report a novel mechanism of SCs-neuron cross-talk in the peripheral nervous system, highlighting a key role of ALLO and BDNF in nociceptor sensitization. These findings emphasize promising targets for inhibiting the development and chronification of neuropathic pain.
Collapse
|
5
|
Stack E, McMurray S, McMurray G, Wade J, Clark M, Young G, Marquette K, Jain S, Kelleher K, Chen T, Lin Q, Bloom L, Lin L, Finlay W, Suzuki R, Cunningham O. In vitro affinity optimization of an anti-BDNF monoclonal antibody translates to improved potency in targeting chronic pain states in vivo. MAbs 2020; 12:1755000. [PMID: 32329655 PMCID: PMC7188400 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1755000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling in chronic pain has been well documented. Given the important central role of BDNF in long term plasticity and memory, we sought to engineer a high affinity, peripherally-restricted monoclonal antibody against BDNF to modulate pain. BDNF shares 100% sequence homology across human and rodents; thus, we selected chickens as an alternative immune host for initial antibody generation. Here, we describe the affinity optimization of complementarity-determining region-grafted, chicken-derived R3bH01, an anti-BDNF antibody specifically blocking the TrkB receptor interaction. Antibody optimization led to the identification of B30, which has a > 300-fold improvement in affinity based on BIAcore, an 800-fold improvement in potency in a cell-based pERK assay and demonstrates exquisite selectivity over related neurotrophins. Affinity improvements measured in vitro translated to in vivo pharmacological activity, with B30 demonstrating a 30-fold improvement in potency over parental R3bH01 in a peripheral nerve injury model. We further demonstrate that peripheral BDNF plays a role in maintaining the plasticity of sensory neurons following nerve damage, with B30 reversing neuron hyperexcitability associated with heat and mechanical stimuli in a dose-dependent fashion. In summary, our data demonstrate that effective sequestration of BDNF via a high affinity neutralizing antibody has potential utility in modulating the pathophysiological mechanisms that drive chronic pain states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jason Wade
- Biomedicine Design, Pfizer, Dublin, Ireland.,Biomedicine Design, Pfizer, Cambridge, US
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ting Chen
- Biomedicine Design, Pfizer, Cambridge, US
| | | | | | - Laura Lin
- Biomedicine Design, Pfizer, Cambridge, US
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Michanski S, Smaluch K, Steyer AM, Chakrabarti R, Setz C, Oestreicher D, Fischer C, Möbius W, Moser T, Vogl C, Wichmann C. Mapping developmental maturation of inner hair cell ribbon synapses in the apical mouse cochlea. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:6415-6424. [PMID: 30867284 PMCID: PMC6442603 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812029116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribbon synapses of cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs) undergo molecular assembly and extensive functional and structural maturation before hearing onset. Here, we characterized the nanostructure of IHC synapses from late prenatal mouse embryo stages (embryonic days 14-18) into adulthood [postnatal day (P)48] using electron microscopy and tomography as well as optical nanoscopy of apical turn organs of Corti. We find that synaptic ribbon precursors arrive at presynaptic active zones (AZs) after afferent contacts have been established. These ribbon precursors contain the proteins RIBEYE and piccolino, tether synaptic vesicles and their delivery likely involves active, microtubule-based transport pathways. Synaptic contacts undergo a maturational transformation from multiple small to one single, large AZ. This maturation is characterized by the fusion of ribbon precursors with membrane-anchored ribbons that also appear to fuse with each other. Such fusion events are most frequently encountered around P12 and hence, coincide with hearing onset in mice. Thus, these events likely underlie the morphological and functional maturation of the AZ. Moreover, the postsynaptic densities appear to undergo a similar refinement alongside presynaptic maturation. Blockwise addition of ribbon material by fusion as found during AZ maturation might represent a general mechanism for modulating ribbon size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susann Michanski
- Molecular Architecture of Synapses Group, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience, InnerEarLab and Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Collaborative Research Center 889, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Smaluch
- Collaborative Research Center 889, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Presynaptogenesis and Intracellular Transport in Hair Cells Junior Research Group, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Steyer
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rituparna Chakrabarti
- Molecular Architecture of Synapses Group, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience, InnerEarLab and Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Collaborative Research Center 889, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cristian Setz
- Collaborative Research Center 889, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Presynaptogenesis and Intracellular Transport in Hair Cells Junior Research Group, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Auditory Neuroscience Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - David Oestreicher
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Presynaptogenesis and Intracellular Transport in Hair Cells Junior Research Group, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Fischer
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Department of Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Georg August University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Moser
- Collaborative Research Center 889, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Auditory Neuroscience Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Synaptic Nanophysiology Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Vogl
- Collaborative Research Center 889, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Presynaptogenesis and Intracellular Transport in Hair Cells Junior Research Group, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Auditory Neuroscience Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Wichmann
- Molecular Architecture of Synapses Group, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience, InnerEarLab and Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
- Collaborative Research Center 889, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Auditory Neuroscience Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bistoletti M, Caputi V, Baranzini N, Marchesi N, Filpa V, Marsilio I, Cerantola S, Terova G, Baj A, Grimaldi A, Pascale A, Frigo G, Crema F, Giron MC, Giaroni C. Antibiotic treatment-induced dysbiosis differently affects BDNF and TrkB expression in the brain and in the gut of juvenile mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212856. [PMID: 30794676 PMCID: PMC6386304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic use during adolescence may result in dysbiosis-induced neuronal vulnerability both in the enteric nervous system (ENS) and central nervous system (CNS) contributing to the onset of chronic gastrointestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), showing significant psychiatric comorbidity. Intestinal microbiota alterations during adolescence influence the expression of molecular factors involved in neuronal development in both the ENS and CNS. In this study, we have evaluated the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its high-affinity receptor tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) in juvenile mice ENS and CNS, after a 2-week antibiotic (ABX) treatment. In both mucosa and mucosa-deprived whole-wall small intestine segments of ABX-treated animals, BDNF and TrKB mRNA and protein levels significantly increased. In longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparations of ABX-treated mice the percentage of myenteric neurons staining for BDNF and TrkB was significantly higher than in controls. After ABX treatment, a consistent population of BDNF- and TrkB-immunoreactive neurons costained with SP and CGRP, suggesting up-regulation of BDNF signaling in both motor and sensory myenteric neurons. BDNF and TrkB protein levels were downregulated in the hippocampus and remained unchanged in the prefrontal cortex of ABX-treated animals. Immunostaining for BDNF and TrkB decreased in the hippocampus CA3 and dentate gyrus subregions, respectively, and remained unchanged in the prefrontal cortex. These data suggest that dysbiosis differentially influences the expression of BDNF-TrkB in the juvenile mice ENS and CNS. Such changes may potentially contribute later to the development of functional gut disorders, such as IBS, showing psychiatric comorbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bistoletti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Valentina Caputi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nicolò Baranzini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Viviana Filpa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Ilaria Marsilio
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Cerantola
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Genciana Terova
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Andreina Baj
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Alessia Pascale
- Department of Drug Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gianmario Frigo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Crema
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Cecilia Giron
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Primary Afferent-Derived BDNF Contributes Minimally to the Processing of Pain and Itch. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0402-18. [PMID: 30627644 PMCID: PMC6325548 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0402-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BDNF is a critical contributor to neuronal growth, development, learning, and memory. Although extensively studied in the brain, BDNF is also expressed by primary afferent sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system. Unfortunately, anatomical and functional studies of primary afferent-derived BDNF have been limited by the availability of appropriate molecular tools. Here, we used targeted, inducible molecular approaches to characterize the expression pattern of primary afferent BDNF and the extent to which it contributes to a variety of pain and itch behaviors. Using a BDNF-LacZ reporter mouse, we found that BDNF is expressed primarily by myelinated primary afferents and has limited overlap with the major peptidergic and non-peptidergic subclasses of nociceptors and pruritoceptors. We also observed extensive neuronal, but not glial, expression in the spinal cord dorsal horn. In addition, because BDNF null mice are not viable and even Cre-mediated deletion of BDNF from sensory neurons could have developmental consequences, here we deleted BDNF selectively from sensory neurons, in the adult, using an advillin-Cre-ER line crossed to floxed BDNF mice. We found that BDNF deletion in the adult altered few itch or acute and chronic pain behaviors, beyond sexually dimorphic phenotypes in the tail immersion, histamine, and formalin tests. Based on the anatomical distribution of sensory neuron-derived BDNF and its limited contribution to pain and itch processing, we suggest that future studies of primary afferent-derived BDNF should examine behaviors evoked by activation of myelinated primary afferents.
Collapse
|
9
|
Merighi A. The histology, physiology, neurochemistry and circuitry of the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi (lamina II) in mammalian spinal cord. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 169:91-134. [PMID: 29981393 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The substantia gelatinosa Rolandi (SGR) was first described about two centuries ago. In the following decades an enormous amount of information has permitted us to understand - at least in part - its role in the initial processing of pain and itch. Here, I will first provide a comprehensive picture of the histology, physiology, and neurochemistry of the normal SGR. Then, I will analytically discuss the SGR circuits that have been directly demonstrated or deductively envisaged in the course of the intensive research on this area of the spinal cord, with particular emphasis on the pathways connecting the primary afferent fibers and the intrinsic neurons. The perspective existence of neurochemically-defined sets of primary afferent neurons giving rise to these circuits will be also discussed, with the proposition that a cross-talk between different subsets of peptidergic fibers may be the structural and functional substrate of additional gating mechanisms in SGR. Finally, I highlight the role played by slow acting high molecular weight modulators in these gating mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adalberto Merighi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, I-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Machaalani R, Chen H. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), its tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) and nicotine. Neurotoxicology 2018; 65:186-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
11
|
Qiao LY, Shen S, Liu M, Xia C, Kay JC, Zhang QL. Inflammation and activity augment brain-derived neurotrophic factor peripheral release. Neuroscience 2016; 318:114-21. [PMID: 26794594 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) release to nerve terminals in the central nervous system is crucial in synaptic transmission and neuronal plasticity. However, BDNF release peripherally from primary afferent neurons has not been investigated. In the present study, we show that BDNF is synthesized by primary afferent neurons located in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in rat, and releases to spinal nerve terminals in response to depolarization or visceral inflammation. In two-compartmented culture that separates DRG neuronal cell bodies and spinal nerve terminals, application of 50mM K(+) to either the nerve terminal or the cell body evokes BDNF release to the terminal compartment. Inflammatory stimulation of the visceral organ (e.g. the urinary bladder) also facilitates an increase in spontaneous BDNF release from the primary afferent neurons to the axonal terminals. In the inflamed viscera, we show that BDNF immunoreactivity is increased in nerve fibers that are immuno-positive to the neuronal marker PGP9.5. Both BDNF and pro-BDNF levels are increased, however, pro-BDNF immunoreactivity is not expressed in PGP9.5-positive nerve-fiber-like structures. Determination of receptor profiles in the inflamed bladder demonstrates that BDNF high affinity receptor TrkB and general receptor p75 expression levels are elevated, with an increased level of TrkB tyrosine phosphorylation/activity. These results suggest a possibility of pro-proliferative effect in the inflamed bladder. Consistently we show that the proliferation marker Ki67 expression levels are enhanced in the inflamed organ. Our results imply that in vivo BDNF release to the peripheral organ is an important event in neurogenic inflammatory state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Y Qiao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
| | - S Shen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - M Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - C Xia
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - J C Kay
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Q L Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
BDNF and GDNF expression in discrete populations of nociceptors. Ann Anat 2015; 207:55-61. [PMID: 26706106 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are growth factors that promote the survival and differentiation of sensory neurons and intervene in the control of nociceptive neurotransmission. Both are synthesized by dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and are anterogradely transported to the central terminals of the spinal cord dorsal horn. To better investigate the specific expression pattern of BDNF and GDNF in nociceptors, we studied their localization in relationship to other established nociceptive markers in the mouse DRGs. Our results can be summarized as follows: (1) BDNF and GDNF are expressed in distinct populations of small-to medium-sized DRG neurons, with BDNF three times more frequently expressed than GDNF (186.4±1.7 BDNF-immunoreactive (IR) cells/DRG vs 57.7±0.3 GDNF-IR cells/DRG; n=3 mice); (2) A subset of BDNF-expressing neurons and a subset of GDNF-expressing neurons are of the peptidergic type; (3) BDNF-IR neurons are a subpopulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-IR neurons (41.3±0.4%), also positive for substance P (SP) (42.3±0.1%), but not for somatostatin (SST); (4) GDNF-IR neurons are a subpopulation of CGRP-IR neurons (95.8±0.1%), also positive for SST (67.9±2.1%), but not SP; (5) Neither BDNF nor GDNF colocalized with the non-peptidergic marker IB4. Our results show the existence of two subpopulations of peptidergic nociceptors characterized by the presence of CGRP, one expressing BDNF (plus SP), the other expressing GDNF (plus SST), suggesting a different role for these two neurotrophic factors in the discrimination of specific painful stimuli modalities.
Collapse
|
13
|
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor immunoreactive vagal sensory neurons innervating the gastrointestinal tract of the rat. J Chem Neuroanat 2014; 61-62:83-7. [PMID: 25128629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have determined whether brain-derived neurotrophic factor immunoreactive (BDNF-ir) neurons in the vagal ganglia innervate the gastrointestinal tract. Many BDNF-ir neurons were medium in size and located throughout the jugular and nodose ganglia. When Fluorogold was injected into the wall of the cervical esophagus, many retrogradely Fluorogold-labeled neurons were found in both the jugular ganglion and the nodose ganglion. When Fluorogold was injected into the body of the stomach or applied to the cut end of the subdiaphragmatic vagus nerve, numerous Fluorogold-labeled neurons were found mostly in the nodose ganglion. Double-labeling combining immunohistochemistry for BDNF and retrograde tracing with Fluorogold showed that more than 90% of the neurons in the jugular ganglion and the nodose ganglion projecting to the cervical esophagus contained BDNF-like immunoreactivity. In the cases of both Fluorogold injection into the stomach and Fluorogold application to the subdiaphragmatic vagus nerve, almost all Fluorogold-labeled neurons in the nodose ganglion contained BDNF-like immunoreactivity. These results indicated that almost all vagal sensory neurons located in either the jugular ganglion or the nodose ganglion that innervate the gastrointestinal tract are BDNF-ir neurons.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Neurotrophins are a family of trophic factors well known for their effects on neuronal survival, growth and neuronal differentiation. During the last decade, a large literature has shown in humans and in animal models that nerve growth factor (NGF) is a peripheral mediator of pain, especially in the states of inflammatory pain. NGF synthesis is indeed increased in a wide variety of inflammatory diseases and NGF neutralizing molecules are effective analgesic agents in these models of persistent pain. Therapeutical strategies targeting the sequestering of NGF did yield very encouraging results in clinical trials (stages II and III) but have been on hold since 2010 due to potential harmful effects in combination with non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug. NGF regulates the expression of a second neurotrophin, Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), in nociceptors. BDNF is released where nociceptors are activated, and it acts as a modulator of pain in the central nervous system and is involved in central sensitization.
Collapse
|
15
|
Maki AE, Morris KA, Catherman K, Chen X, Hatcher NG, Gold PE, Sweedler JV. Fibrinogen α-chain-derived peptide is upregulated in hippocampus of rats exposed to acute morphine injection and spontaneous alternation testing. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2014; 2:e00037. [PMID: 24855564 PMCID: PMC4024393 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen is a secreted glycoprotein that is synthesized in the liver, although recent in situ hybridization data support its expression in the brain. It is involved in blood clotting and is released in the brain upon injury. Here, we report changes in the extracellular levels of fibrinogen α-chain-derived peptides in the brain after injections of saline and morphine. More specifically, in order to assess hippocampus-related working memory, an approach pairing in vivo microdialysis with mass spectrometry was used to characterize extracellular peptide release from the hippocampus of rats in response to saline or morphine injection coupled with a spontaneous alternation task. Two fibrinopeptide A-related peptides derived from the fibrinogen α-chain – fibrinopeptide A (ADTGTTSEFIEAGGDIR) and a fibrinopeptide A-derived peptide (DTGTTSEFIEAGGDIR) – were shown to be consistently elevated in the hippocampal microdialysate. Fibrinopeptide A was significantly upregulated in rats exposed to morphine and spontaneous alternation testing compared with rats exposed to saline and spontaneous alternation testing (P < 0.001), morphine alone (P < 0.01), or saline alone (P < 0.01), respectively. The increase in fibrinopeptide A in rats subjected to morphine and a memory task suggests that a complex interaction between fibrinogen and morphine takes place in the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agatha E Maki
- Beckman Institute (A.E.M., K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), Neuroscience Program (A.E.M., K.A.M., J.V.S.), and Department of Chemistry (K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York (P.E.G.)
| | - Kenneth A Morris
- Beckman Institute (A.E.M., K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), Neuroscience Program (A.E.M., K.A.M., J.V.S.), and Department of Chemistry (K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York (P.E.G.)
| | - Kasia Catherman
- Beckman Institute (A.E.M., K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), Neuroscience Program (A.E.M., K.A.M., J.V.S.), and Department of Chemistry (K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York (P.E.G.)
| | - Xian Chen
- Beckman Institute (A.E.M., K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), Neuroscience Program (A.E.M., K.A.M., J.V.S.), and Department of Chemistry (K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York (P.E.G.)
| | - Nathan G Hatcher
- Beckman Institute (A.E.M., K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), Neuroscience Program (A.E.M., K.A.M., J.V.S.), and Department of Chemistry (K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York (P.E.G.)
| | - Paul E Gold
- Beckman Institute (A.E.M., K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), Neuroscience Program (A.E.M., K.A.M., J.V.S.), and Department of Chemistry (K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York (P.E.G.)
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Beckman Institute (A.E.M., K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), Neuroscience Program (A.E.M., K.A.M., J.V.S.), and Department of Chemistry (K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York (P.E.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lin CR, Chen KH, Yang CH, Huang HW, Sheen-Chen SM. Intrathecal miR-183 delivery suppresses mechanical allodynia in mononeuropathic rats. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1682-9. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ren Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology; Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine; No. 123 Dapi Rd Kaohsiung 833 Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology; National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hung Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology; Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine; No. 123 Dapi Rd Kaohsiung 833 Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences; National Sun Yat-Sen University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hui Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology; Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine; No. 123 Dapi Rd Kaohsiung 833 Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology; Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine; No. 123 Dapi Rd Kaohsiung 833 Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences; National Sun Yat-Sen University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Shyr-Ming Sheen-Chen
- Department of Surgery; Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder with autistic features caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2), a transcriptional regulatory protein. RTT has attracted widespread attention not only because of the urgent need for treatments, but also because it has become a window into basic mechanisms underlying epigenetic regulation of neuronal genes, including BDNF. In addition, work in mouse models of the disease has demonstrated the possibility of symptom reversal upon restoration of normal gene function. This latter finding has resulted in a paradigm shift in RTT research and, indeed, in the field of neurodevelopmental disorders as a whole, and spurred the search for potential therapies for RTT and related syndromes. In this context, the discovery that expression of BDNF is dysregulated in RTT and mouse models of the disease has taken on particular importance. This chapter reviews the still evolving story of how MeCP2 might regulate expression of BDNF, the functional consequences of BDNF deficits in Mecp2 mutant mice, and progress in developing BDNF-targeted therapies for the treatment of RTT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Katz
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pre- and postsynaptic twists in BDNF secretion and action in synaptic plasticity. Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt C:610-27. [PMID: 23791959 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Overwhelming evidence collected since the early 1990's strongly supports the notion that BDNF is among the key regulators of synaptic plasticity in many areas of the mammalian central nervous system. Still, due to the extremely low expression levels of endogenous BDNF in most brain areas, surprisingly little data i) pinpointing pre- and postsynaptic release sites, ii) unraveling the time course of release, and iii) elucidating the physiological levels of synaptic activity driving this secretion are available. Likewise, our knowledge regarding pre- and postsynaptic effects of endogenous BDNF at the single cell level in mediating long-term potentiation still is sparse. Thus, our review will discuss the data currently available regarding synaptic BDNF secretion in response to physiologically relevant levels of activity, and will discuss how endogenously secreted BDNF affects synaptic plasticity, giving a special focus on spike timing-dependent types of LTP and on mossy fiber LTP. We will attempt to open up perspectives how the remaining challenging questions regarding synaptic BDNF release and action might be addressed by future experiments. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'BDNF Regulation of Synaptic Structure, Function, and Plasticity'.
Collapse
|
19
|
de Oliveira Martins D, Martinez dos Santos F, Evany de Oliveira M, de Britto LRG, Benedito Dias Lemos J, Chacur M. Laser therapy and pain-related behavior after injury of the inferior alveolar nerve: possible involvement of neurotrophins. J Neurotrauma 2013. [PMID: 23190308 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve-related complications have been frequently reported in dental procedures, and a very frequent type of occurrence involves the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN). The nerve injury in humans often results in persistent pain accompanied by allodynia and hyperalgesia. In this investigation, we used an experimental IAN injury in rats, which was induced by a Crile hemostatic clamp, to evaluate the effects of laser therapy on nerve repair. We also studied the nociceptive behavior (von Frey hair test) before and after the injury and the behavioral effects of treatment with laser therapy (emitting a wavelength of 904 nm, output power of 70 Wpk, a spot area of ∼0.1 cm², frequency of 9500 Hz, pulse time 60 ns and an energy density of 6 J/cm²). As neurotrophins are essential for the process of nerve regeneration, we used immunoblotting techniques to preliminarily examine the effects of laser therapy on the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The injured animals treated with laser exhibited an improved nociceptive behavior. In irradiated animals, there was an enhanced expression of NGF (53%) and a decreased BDNF expression (40%) after laser therapy. These results indicate that BDNF plays a locally crucial role in pain-related behavior development after IAN injury, increasing after lesions (in parallel to the installation of pain behavior) and decreasing with laser therapy (in parallel to the improvement of pain behavior). On the other hand, NGF probably contributes to the repair of nerve tissue, in addition to improving the pain-related behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel de Oliveira Martins
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Department of Anatomy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu H, Lu M, Guthrie KM. Anterograde trafficking of neurotrophin-3 in the adult olfactory system in vivo. Exp Neurol 2012; 241:125-37. [PMID: 23261763 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory system continuously incorporates new neurons into functional circuits throughout life. Axons from olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the nasal cavity synapse on mitral, tufted and periglomerular (PG) cells in the main olfactory bulb, and low levels of turnover within the OSN population results in ingrowth of new axons under normal physiological conditions. Subpopulations of bulb interneurons are continually eliminated by apoptosis, and are replaced by new neurons derived from progenitors in the adult forebrain subventricular zone. Integration of new neurons, including PG cells that are contacted by sensory axons, leads to ongoing reorganization of adult olfactory bulb circuits. The mechanisms regulating this adaptive structural plasticity are not all known, but the process is reminiscent of early nervous system development. Neurotrophic factors have well-established roles in controlling neuronal survival and connectivity during development, leading to speculation that trophic interactions between OSNs and their target bulb neurons may mediate some of these same processes in adults. A number of different trophic factors and their cognate receptors are expressed in the adult olfactory pathway. Neurotrophin-3 (NT3) is among these, as reflected by beta-galactosidase expression in transgenic reporter mice expressing lacZ under the NT3 promoter. Using a combination of approaches, including immunocytochemistry, real-time PCR of laser-captured RNA, and adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of NT3 fusion peptides in vivo, we demonstrate that OSNs express and anterogradely transport NT3 to the olfactory bulb. We additionally observe that in mice treated with adenovirus encoding NT3 tagged with hemagglutinin (HA), a subset of bulb neurons expressing the TrkC neurotrophin receptor are immunoreactive for HA, suggesting their acquisition of the fusion peptide from infected sensory neurons. Our results therefore provide evidence that OSNs may serve as an afferent source of trophic signals for the adult mouse olfactory bulb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor enhances the contraction of intestinal muscle strips induced by SP and CGRP in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 178:86-94. [PMID: 22800960 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been found in the intestinal tract of a variety of species. Its effects on visceral hyperalgesia have been examined to some degree, but limited studies have focused on gut motility. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of BDNF on gut motility of mice. METHODS Longitudinal muscle (LM) strips were prepared from mice ileum and distal colon. The motility of gut was evaluated by the contraction of LM strips, which was recorded by a polyphisograph in vitro. Firstly, the roles of substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and acetylcholine (ACh) on the contraction of LM strips were clarified. Then the exogenous BDNF was administered, and the alterations of SP/CGRP/ACh-induced contractions of the muscle strips were explored. Finally, heterozygous BDNF(+/-) mice and antibody of TrkB were introduced to investigate the role of endogenous BDNF on the SP/CGRP/ACh-induced gut motility. KEY RESULTS SP (10(-8)-10(-6) mol L(-1)), CGRP (10(-8)-10(-7) mol L(-1)) and ACh (10(-8)-10(-6) mol L(-1)) dose-dependently caused the contraction of LM strips from ileum and distal colon, while the excitatory effect of CGRP was preceded by a transient inhibition. But 10(-6) mol L(-1) CGRP inhibited the contraction of LM strips. Pretreatment with exogenous BDNF (10(-8) mol L(-1)) remarkably enhanced the contraction of LM strips induced by SP (10(-9)-10(-7) mol L(-1)) and CGRP (10(-8)-10(-9) mol L(-1)). However, exogenous BDNF couldn't affect the contraction induced by ACh (10(-9)-10(-7) mol L(-1)). The excitatory effects of SP (10(-8)-10(-6) mol L(-1)) and CGRP (10(-8)-10(-7) mol L(-1)) on the contractions of LM strips from ileum and distal colon were significantly attenuated in BDNF(+/-) mice compared with those in BDNF(+/+) mice, while no difference of the effects of ACh (10(-8)-10(-6) mol L(-1)) on LM strips was observed between BDNF(+/-) mice and BDNF(+/+) mice. The monoclonal antibody of TrkB (TrkB-Ab) dramatically attenuated the excitatory effects of SP and CGRP on the contractions of LM strips, without affecting the excitatory effects of ACh. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES These data clarified the excitatory effects of SP, ACh and bilateral effects of CGRP on gut motility of mice and confirmed an essential role of BDNF on accelerating gut motility by enhancing the excitatory effects of SP/CGRP.
Collapse
|
22
|
Dieni S, Matsumoto T, Dekkers M, Rauskolb S, Ionescu MS, Deogracias R, Gundelfinger ED, Kojima M, Nestel S, Frotscher M, Barde YA. BDNF and its pro-peptide are stored in presynaptic dense core vesicles in brain neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 196:775-88. [PMID: 22412021 PMCID: PMC3308691 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201201038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Contrasting with the long-established retrograde model for neurotrophin function, specific immunohistochemical localization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the central nervous system supports the alternative model of presynaptic localization and anterograde function. Although brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates numerous and complex biological processes including memory retention, its extremely low levels in the mature central nervous system have greatly complicated attempts to reliably localize it. Using rigorous specificity controls, we found that antibodies reacting either with BDNF or its pro-peptide both stained large dense core vesicles in excitatory presynaptic terminals of the adult mouse hippocampus. Both moieties were ∼10-fold more abundant than pro-BDNF. The lack of postsynaptic localization was confirmed in Bassoon mutants, a seizure-prone mouse line exhibiting markedly elevated levels of BDNF. These findings challenge previous conclusions based on work with cultured neurons, which suggested activity-dependent dendritic synthesis and release of BDNF. They instead provide an ultrastructural basis for an anterograde mode of action of BDNF, contrasting with the long-established retrograde model derived from experiments with nerve growth factor in the peripheral nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Dieni
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhou LJ, Ren WJ, Zhong Y, Yang T, Wei XH, Xin WJ, Liu CC, Zhou LH, Li YY, Liu XG. Limited BDNF contributes to the failure of injury to skin afferents to produce a neuropathic pain condition. Pain 2009; 148:148-157. [PMID: 19945222 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although a large body of evidence has shown that peripheral nerve injury usually induces neuropathic pain, there are also clinical studies demonstrating that injury of the sural nerve, which almost only innervates skin, fails to do so. The underlying mechanism, however, is largely unknown. In the present work, we found that the transection of either the gastrocnemius-soleus (GS) nerve innervating skeletal muscle or tibial nerve supplying both muscle and skin, but not of the sural nerve produced a lasting mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in adult rats. High-frequency stimulation (HFS) or injury of either the tibial nerve or the GS nerve induced late-phase long-term potentiation (L-LTP) of C-fiber-evoked field potentials in spinal dorsal horn, while HFS or injury of the sural nerve only induced early-phase LTP (E-LTP). Furthermore, HFS of the tibial nerve induced L-LTP of C-fiber responses evoked by the stimulation of the sural nerve and the heterotopic L-LTP was completely prevented by spinal application of TrkB-Fc (a BDNF scavenger). Spinal application of low dose BDNF (10pg/ml) enabled HFS of the sural nerve to produce homotopic L-LTP. Finally, we found that injury of the GS nerve but not that of the sural nerve up-regulated BDNF in DRG neurons, and that the up-regulation of BDNF occurred not only in injured neurons but also in many uninjured ones. Therefore, the sural nerve injury failing to produce neuropathic pain may be due to the nerve containing insufficient BDNF under both physiological and pathological conditions.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Activating Transcription Factor 3/metabolism
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Electric Stimulation
- Ganglia, Spinal/pathology
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism
- Hyperalgesia/classification
- Hyperalgesia/physiopathology
- Immunoglobulins/pharmacology
- Lectins/metabolism
- Long-Term Potentiation/drug effects
- Long-Term Potentiation/physiology
- Male
- Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/physiology
- Neuralgia, Postherpetic/pathology
- Neuralgia, Postherpetic/physiopathology
- Neurofilament Proteins/metabolism
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Pain Threshold/physiology
- Physical Stimulation/adverse effects
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, trkB/immunology
- Skin/innervation
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- Stilbamidines
- Sural Nerve/metabolism
- Sural Nerve/physiopathology
- Tibial Nerve/physiopathology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Zhou
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medicine School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 510089 Guangzhou, China Department of Anesthesia, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan Medicine School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ulmann L, Rodeau JL, Danoux L, Contet-Audonneau JL, Pauly G, Schlichter R. Dehydroepiandrosterone and neurotrophins favor axonal growth in a sensory neuron–keratinocyte coculture model. Neuroscience 2009; 159:514-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
25
|
Soril LJ, Ramer LM, McPhail LT, Kaan TK, Ramer MS. Spinal brain-derived neurotrophic factor governs neuroplasticity and recovery from cold-hypersensitivity following dorsal rhizotomy. Pain 2008; 138:98-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2007.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
26
|
Zhou LJ, Zhong Y, Ren WJ, Li YY, Zhang T, Liu XG. BDNF induces late-phase LTP of C-fiber evoked field potentials in rat spinal dorsal horn. Exp Neurol 2008; 212:507-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
27
|
Li CQ, Xu JM, Liu D, Zhang JY, Dai RP. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) contributes to the pain hypersensitivity following surgical incision in the rats. Mol Pain 2008; 4:27. [PMID: 18637202 PMCID: PMC2492846 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-4-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenic role of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the incisional pain is poorly understood. The present study explores the role of the BDNF in the incision-induced pain hypersensitivity. Methods A longitudinal incision was made in one plantar hind paw of isoflurane-anesthetized rats. Dorsal root ganglias (DRG) and spinal cords were removed at various postoperative times (1–72 h). Expression pattern of BDNF was determined by immunohistochemistry and double-labeling immunofluorescence. Lidocaine-induced blockade of sciatic nerve function was used to determine the importance of afferent nerve activity on BDNF expression in the DRG and spinal cord after incision. BDNF antibody was administered intrathecally (IT) or intraperitoneal (IP) to modulate the spinal BDNF or peripheral BDNF after incision. Results After hind-paw incision, the BDNF was upregulated in the ipsilateral lumbar DRG and spinal cord whereas thoracic BDNF remained unchanged in response to incision. The upregulated BDNF was mainly expressed in the large-sized neurons in DRG and the neurons and the primary nerve terminals in the spinal cord. Sciatic nerve blockade prevented the increase of BDNF in the DRG and spinal cord. IT injection of BDNF antibody greatly inhibited the mechanical allodynia induced by incision whereas IP administration had only marginal effect. Conclusion The present study showed that incision induced the segmental upregulation of BDNF in the DRG and spinal cord through somatic afferent nerve transmission, and the upregulated BDNF contributed to the pain hypersensitivity induced by surgical incision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qi Li
- Department of Anesthesia, Xiang-Ya Second Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sha H, Xu J, Tang J, Ding J, Gong J, Ge X, Kong D, Gao X. Disruption of a novel regulatory locus results in decreased Bdnf expression, obesity, and type 2 diabetes in mice. Physiol Genomics 2007; 31:252-63. [PMID: 17652166 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00093.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutants of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are associated with obesity. However, the regulatory mechanism of BDNF expression is still unclear. We developed a novel mutant mouse line, transgenic insertional mutants with obesity, named Timo, in which a potential regulatory locus of Bdnf was disrupted by transgene insertion. The insertion site was identified and lies 857 kb upstream of the Bdnf gene. The disrupted genomic locus is conserved across the mouse, rat, dog, and human genome and contains several highly conserved elements that are able to upregulate reporter gene expression in vitro. Along with downregulation of BDNF to ∼30% of wild-type animals, Timo/ Timo mice exhibited increased body weight and fat content with hepatic steatosis and elevated serum levels of leptin, cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol. These mutant mice also showed obesity-independent insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose tolerance, age-dependent hyperglycemia, and shortened life span. Molecular and phenotype analysis of Timo/ Timo mice indicated the existence of a genome locus, lying 857 kb upstream of the Bdnf gene, that regulates BDNF expression, body weight, and glucose homeostasis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/biosynthesis
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics
- Cell Line
- Chromosome Mapping
- Conserved Sequence
- Crosses, Genetic
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Female
- Genes, Regulator/genetics
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Hyperphagia/genetics
- Insulin Resistance/genetics
- Liver/metabolism
- Longevity/genetics
- Male
- Mammals/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Obesity/blood
- Obesity/genetics
- Species Specificity
- Transgenes
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Sha
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Loesch A, Cowen T. On the presence of neurotrophin p75 receptor on rat sympathetic cerebrovascular nerves. J Mol Histol 2007; 39:57-68. [PMID: 17671845 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-007-9126-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the presence of neurotrophin p75 receptor on sympathetic nerves is a well-recognised feature, there is still a scarcity of details of the distribution of the receptor on cerebrovascular nerves. This study examined the distribution of p75 receptor on perivascular sympathetic nerves of the middle cerebral artery and the basilar artery of healthy young rats using immunohistochemical methods at the laser confocal microscope and transmission electron microscope levels. Immunofluorescence methods of detection of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in sympathetic nerves, p75 receptor associated with the nerves, and also S-100 protein in Schwann cells were applied in conjunction with confocal microscopy, while the pre-embedding single and double immunolabelling methods (ExtrAvidin and immuno-gold-silver) were applied for the electron microscopic examination. Immunofluorescence studies revealed "punctuate" distribution of the p75 receptor on sympathetic nerves including accompanying Schwann cells. Image analysis of the nerves showed that the level of co-localization of p75 receptor and TH was low. Immunolabelling applied at the electron microscope level also showed scarce co-localization of TH (which was intra-axonal) and p75. Immunoreactivity for p75 receptor was present on the cell membrane of perivascular axons and to a greater extent on the processes of accompanying Schwann cells. Some Schwann cell processes were adjacent to each other displaying strong immunoreactivity for p75 receptor; immunoreactivity was located on the extracellular sites of the adjacent cell membranes suggesting that the receptor was involved in cross talk between these. It is likely that variability of locations of p75 receptor detected in the study reflects diverse interactions of p75 receptor with axons and Schwann cells. It might also imply a diverse role for the receptor and/or the plasticity of sympathetic cerebrovascular nerves to neurotrophin signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Loesch
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology (Hampstead Campus), Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Salio C, Averill S, Priestley JV, Merighi A. Costorage of BDNF and neuropeptides within individual dense-core vesicles in central and peripheral neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2007; 67:326-38. [PMID: 17443791 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Some central and peripheral neurons synthesize brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and, after anterograde transport, release it at synapses. By immunocytochemistry, we examined, in rat and mouse, the subcellular localization of BDNF and BDNF/peptide coexistence, under normal conditions or after intrathecal infusion of nerve growth factor. In dorsal root ganglion neurons and afferent terminals, and in the parabrachial projection to amygdala, we show that BDNF is costored in individual dense-core vesicles (DCVs) with the neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P. At both locations, nerve endings costoring all three peptides were fairly rare. Remarkably however, costorage occurred in a stoichiometric ratio of 0.7 BDNF:1 CGRP:1 substance P, and DCVs contained 31 (spinal cord) -36 (amygdala) times the amount of BDNF detected in agranular vesicles. This is the first direct demonstration in peripheral and central neurons from two different mammals, that a growth factor is selectively packaged together with neuropeptide transmitters within individual DCVs. It provides structural bases for differential release upon stimulation, and has important implications for understanding BDNF transmitter function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Salio
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ichikawa H, Terayama R, Yamaai T, Yan Z, Sugimoto T. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor-immunoreactive neurons in the rat vagal and glossopharyngeal sensory ganglia; co-expression with other neurochemical substances. Brain Res 2007; 1155:93-9. [PMID: 17512913 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was performed on the rat vagal and glossopharyngeal sensory ganglia. In the jugular, petrosal and nodose ganglia, 56.1+/-5.5%, 52.4+/-9.4% and 80.0+/-3.0% of sensory neurons, respectively, were immunoreactive for BDNF. These neurons were small- to medium-sized and observed throughout the ganglia. In the solitary tract nucleus, the neuropil showed BDNF immunoreactivity. A double immunofluorescence method demonstrated that BDNF-immunoreactive neurons were also immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), P2X3 receptor, the capsaicin receptor (VR1) or vanilloid receptor 1-like receptor (VRL-1) in the jugular (CGRP, 43.5%; P2X3 receptor, 51.1%; VR1, 71.7%; VRL-1, 0.5%), petrosal (CGRP, 33.2%; P2X3 receptor, 58.4%; VR1, 54.2%; VRL-1, 23.3%) and nodose ganglia (CGRP, 1.8%; P2X3 receptor, 49.1%; VR1, 70.7%; VRL-1, 11.5%). The co-expression with tyrosine hydroxylase was also detected in the petrosal (2.9%) and nodose ganglia (2.2%). However, BDNF-immunoreactive neurons were devoid of parvalbumin in these ganglia. The present findings suggest that BDNF-containing vagal and glossopharyngeal sensory neurons have nociceptive and chemoreceptive functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Ichikawa
- Department of Oral Function and Anatomy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Polgár E, Campbell AD, MacIntyre LM, Watanabe M, Todd AJ. Phosphorylation of ERK in neurokinin 1 receptor-expressing neurons in laminae III and IV of the rat spinal dorsal horn following noxious stimulation. Mol Pain 2007; 3:4. [PMID: 17309799 PMCID: PMC1803781 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-3-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a population of large neurons with cell bodies in laminae III and IV of the spinal dorsal horn which express the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1r) and have dendrites that enter the superficial laminae. Although it has been shown that these are all projection neurons and that they are innervated by substance P-containing (nociceptive) primary afferents, we know little about their responses to noxious stimuli. In this study we have looked for phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) in these neurons in response to different types of noxious stimulus applied to one hindlimb of anaesthetised rats. The stimuli were mechanical (repeated pinching), thermal (immersion in water at 52°C) or chemical (injection of 2% formaldehyde). Results Five minutes after each type of stimulus we observed numerous cells with phosphorylated ERK (pERK) in laminae I and IIo, together with scattered positive cells in deeper laminae. We found that virtually all of the lamina III/IV NK1r-immunoreactive neurons contained pERK after each of these stimuli and that in the great majority of cases there was internalisation of the NK1r on the dorsal dendrites of these cells. In addition, we also saw neurons in lamina III that were pERK-positive but lacked the NK1r, and these were particularly evident in animals that had had the pinch stimulus. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that lamina III/IV NK1r-immunoreactive neurons show receptor internalisation and ERK phosphorylation after mechanical, thermal or chemical noxious stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Polgár
- Spinal Cord Group, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Annie D Campbell
- Spinal Cord Group, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Lynsey M MacIntyre
- Spinal Cord Group, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Andrew J Todd
- Spinal Cord Group, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Qiao LY, Grider JR. Up-regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide and receptor tyrosine kinase TrkB in rat bladder afferent neurons following TNBS colitis. Exp Neurol 2007; 204:667-79. [PMID: 17303123 PMCID: PMC1906719 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Colonic inflammation has profound effects on the urinary bladder physiology and produces hypersensitivity of bladder afferent neurons and neurogenic bladder overactivity. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expressed in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) plays an important role in mediating sensory perception following visceral inflammation. In the present study, we determined that the expression of CGRP was increased in bladder afferent neurons in lumbosacral DRG following tri-nitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rat. After colitis, the percentage of bladder afferent neurons expressing CGRP was increased in L1 (61.2+/-2.9% in colitis vs. 37.7+/-5.1% in controls; p<0.05) and S1 DRG (26.3+/-2.3% in colitis vs. 15.5+/-1.9% in controls; p<0.01). We also demonstrated that the expression of tyrosine kinase receptor TrkB was increased in L1 (39.7+/-2.9% in colitis vs. 25.2+/-4.3% in controls; p<0.05) and S1 DRG (45.6+/-3.8% in colitis vs. 38.3+/-3.6% in controls; p<0.01) following colitis. CGRP and TrkB were co-stored in a subpopulation of DRG neurons in control and colitic animals and the number of DRG cells co-expressing CGRP and TrkB was significantly increased in L1 (2.7-fold, p<0.01) and S1 DRG (2.4-fold, p<0.01) following colitis. In cultured DRG, exogenous BDNF application significantly increased CGRP expression, which was blocked by TrkB selective inhibitor K252a. These results suggest that up-regulation of CGRP and TrkB in bladder afferent neurons may play a role in colon-to-bladder cross-sensitization following colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ya Qiao
- Departments of Physiology and Internal Medicine, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Box 980551, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0551, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang H, Chan SA, Ogier M, Hellard D, Wang Q, Smith C, Katz DM. Dysregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and neurosecretory function in Mecp2 null mice. J Neurosci 2006; 26:10911-5. [PMID: 17050729 PMCID: PMC6674736 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1810-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression are proposed to contribute to the molecular pathogenesis of Rett syndrome (RTT), a severe neurological disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in methyl-CpG-binding protein-2 (MeCP2). Although MeCP2 is a transcriptional regulator of BDNF, it is unknown how MeCP2 mutations affect transsynaptic BDNF signaling. Our findings demonstrate an early, abnormal neurosecretory phenotype in MeCP2-deficient neurons characterized by significant increases in the percentage of cellular BDNF content available for release. However, loss of MeCP2 also results in deficits in total cell BDNF content that are developmentally regulated in a cell-type-specific manner. Thus, the net effect of MeCP2 loss on absolute BDNF secretion changes with age and is determined by both the amount of BDNF available for release and progressive declines in total cellular BDNF. We propose, therefore, that loss of MeCP2 function disrupts transsynaptic BDNF signaling by perturbing the normal balance between BDNF protein levels and secretion. However, mutant neurons are capable of secreting wild-type levels of BDNF in response to high-frequency electrical stimulation. In addition, we found elevated exocytic function in Mecp2(-/y) adrenal chromaffin cells, indicating that the Mecp2 null mutation is associated with alterations of neurosecretion that are not restricted to BDNF. These findings are the first examples of abnormal neuropeptide and catecholamine secretion in a mouse model of RTT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shyue-an Chan
- Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4975
| | | | | | | | - Corey Smith
- Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4975
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Buldyrev I, Tanner NM, Hsieh HY, Dodd EG, Nguyen LT, Balkowiec A. Calcitonin gene-related peptide enhances release of native brain-derived neurotrophic factor from trigeminal ganglion neurons. J Neurochem 2006; 99:1338-50. [PMID: 17064360 PMCID: PMC2440676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Activity-dependent plasticity in nociceptive pathways has been implicated in pathomechanisms of chronic pain syndromes. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which is expressed by trigeminal nociceptors, has recently been identified as a key player in the mechanism of migraine headaches. Here we show that CGRP is coexpressed with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in a large subset of adult rat trigeminal ganglion neurons in vivo. Using ELISA in situ, we show that CGRP (1-1000 nM) potently enhances BDNF release from cultured trigeminal neurons. The effect of CGRP is dose-dependent and abolished by pretreatment with CGRP receptor antagonist, CGRP(8-37). Intriguingly, CGRP-mediated BDNF release, unlike BDNF release evoked by physiological patterns of electrical stimulation, is independent of extracellular calcium. Depletion of intracellular calcium stores with thapsigargin blocks the CGRP-mediated BDNF release. Using transmission electron microscopy, our study also shows that BDNF-immunoreactivity is present in dense core vesicles of unmyelinated axons and axon terminals in the subnucleus caudalis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, the primary central target of trigeminal nociceptors. Together, these results reveal a previously unknown role for CGRP in regulating BDNF availability, and point to BDNF as a candidate mediator of trigeminal nociceptive plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Buldyrev
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
- Neurological Sciences Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Nathan M. Tanner
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Hui-ya Hsieh
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Emily G. Dodd
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Loi T. Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Agnieszka Balkowiec
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
The neurotrophin family of neurotrophic factors are well-known for their effects on neuronal survival and growth. Over the past decade, considerable evidence has accumulated from both humans and animals that one neurotrophin, nerve growth factor (NGF), is a peripheral pain mediator, particularly in inflammatory pain states. NGF is upregulated in a wide variety of inflammatory conditions, and NGF-neutralizing molecules are effective analgesic agents in many models of persistent pain. Such molecules are now being evaluated in clinical trials. NGF regulates the expression of a second neurotrophin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in nociceptors. BDNF is released when nociceptors are activated, and it acts as a central modulator of pain. The chapter reviews the evidence for these roles (and briefly the effects of other neurotrophins), the range of conditions under which they act, and their mechanism of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Pezet
- The London Pain Consortium, King's College London, The Wolfson Center for Age-Related Diseases, SE1 1UL London, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Allen SJ, Dawbarn D. Clinical relevance of the neurotrophins and their receptors. Clin Sci (Lond) 2006; 110:175-91. [PMID: 16411894 DOI: 10.1042/cs20050161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The neurotrophins are growth factors required by discrete neuronal cell types for survival and maintenance, with a broad range of activities in the central and peripheral nervous system in the developing and adult mammal. This review examines their role in diverse disease states, including Alzheimer's disease, depression, pain and asthma. In addition, the role of BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) in synaptic plasticity and memory formation is discussed. Unlike the other neurotrophins, BDNF is secreted in an activity-dependent manner that allows the highly controlled release required for synaptic regulation. Evidence is discussed which shows that sequestration of NGF (nerve growth factor) is able to reverse symptoms of inflammatory pain and asthma in animal models. Both pain and asthma show an underlying pathophysiology linked to increases in endogenous NGF and subsequent NGF-dependent increase in BDNF. Conversely, in Alzheimer's disease, there is a role for NGF in the treatment of the disease and a recent clinical trial has shown benefit from its exogenous application. In addition, reductions in BDNF, and changes in the processing and usage of NGF, are evident and it is possible that both NGF and BDNF play a part in the aetiology of the disease process. This highly selective choice of functions and disease states related to neurotrophin function, although in no way comprehensive, illustrates the importance of the neurotrophins in the brain, the peripheral nervous system and in non-neuronal tissues. Ways in which the neurotrophins, their receptors or agonists/antagonists may act therapeutically are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley J Allen
- University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lebrun B, Bariohay B, Moyse E, Jean A. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and food intake regulation: A minireview. Auton Neurosci 2006; 126-127:30-8. [PMID: 16632412 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2006.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins, and in particular BDNF, play important roles in proliferation, differentiation and survival of neurons during development, as well as in the synaptic activity and plasticity in many groups of mature neurons. Several lines of evidence suggest that BDNF and its high affinity receptor TrkB contribute to food intake and body weight control. In rodents, pharmacological treatments with BDNF induce reduction in food intake, whereas genetic models with an altered BDNF/TrkB signalling display hyperphagia and obesity. Genetic studies in humans have shown that mutations in the BDNF or TrkB genes may account for certain types of obesity or other forms of eating disorders. Since circulating levels of BDNF correlate with eating disorders in humans and peripheral BDNF treatments reduce hyperphagia and hyperglycaemia in obese diabetic rodents, an endocrine role of BDNF appears plausible and requires further investigation. A central anorectic action of BDNF has also been documented, with a primary focus on the hypothalamus and a more recent highlight on the brainstem integrator of energy homeostasis, the dorsal vagal complex. In this review, we will briefly present neurotrophins and their receptors and focus on experimental evidence which point out BDNF as a signalling component of food intake regulation, with a particular emphasis on the localization of the central anorectic action of BDNF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lebrun
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Neurovégétative (PNV), UMR Université Paul Cézanne Aix, Marseille III, CNRS (UMR 6153), INRA (UMR 1147), Faculté des sciences et techniques, BP 351, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ichikawa H, Yabuuchi T, Jin HW, Terayama R, Yamaai T, Deguchi T, Kamioka H, Takano-Yamamoto T, Sugimoto T. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor-immunoreactive primary sensory neurons in the rat trigeminal ganglion and trigeminal sensory nuclei. Brain Res 2006; 1081:113-8. [PMID: 16510129 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2005] [Revised: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was performed on the rat trigeminal ganglion (TG). The immunoreactivity (IR) was detected in 46% of TG neurons. These neurons were mostly small- or medium-sized (range, 149.7-1246.3 microm2; mean +/- SD = 373.4 +/- 151.6 microm2). A double immunofluorescence method also revealed that 54% of BDNF-immunoreactive (IR) neurons were immunoreactive for calcitonin-gene-related peptide. In addition, 93% of BDNF-IR TG neurons contained vanilloid receptor subtype 1. However, the co-expression of BDNF and vanilloid receptor 1-like receptor was very rare (less than 1%). In the trigeminal sensory nuclei, laminae II of the medullary dorsal horn was abundant in presumed BDNF-IR axon terminals. Such profiles were also detected in the dorsolateral part of the subnucleus oralis. The retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical methods demonstrated that BDNF-IR was common among cutaneous TG neurons (47%) but not tooth pulp TG neurons (13%). The present study indicates that BDNF-IR TG neurons have unmyelinated axons and project to the superficial medullary dorsal horn. It is likely that BDNF-containing neurons in both the trigeminal and spinal sensory systems have similarities in morphology and function. However, the content of BDNF in TG neurons probably depends on their peripheral targets. BDNF seems to convey nociceptive cutaneous input to the trigeminal sensory nuclei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Ichikawa
- Department of Oral Function and Anatomy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Grider JR, Piland BE, Gulick MA, Qiao LY. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor augments peristalsis by augmenting 5-HT and calcitonin gene-related peptide release. Gastroenterology 2006; 130:771-80. [PMID: 16530518 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) acts rapidly to modulate synaptic neurotransmission in the brain. Although present in neurons, glial cells, and mucosal cells of the colon, and in higher concentrations than in brain, the action of BDNF in gut have not been characterized. The aim of this study was to identify the role of BDNF in mediating the peristaltic reflex. METHODS BDNF and a specific antiserum were examined for their effects on the peristaltic reflex and release of the sensory mediators serotonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide in rat colon. The peristaltic reflex and release of serotonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide were also examined in genetically modified mice (BDNF(+/-)) with reduced levels of BDNF. RESULTS Endogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor was released into the sensory compartment in a stimulus-dependent manner during the peristaltic reflex induced by mucosal stimulation but not muscle stretch. BDNF stimulated and immunoneutralization of endogenous BDNF reduced ascending contraction and descending relaxation of circular muscle and release of serotonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide during the peristaltic reflex induced by mucosal stimulation but not muscle stretch. The peristaltic reflex and release of serotonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide during the peristaltic reflex induced by mucosal stimulation but not muscle stretch were significantly reduced in BDNF(+/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS Endogenous BDNF enhances the peristaltic reflex by augmenting the release of serotonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide that mediate the sensory limb of the reflex induced by mucosal stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Grider
- Departments of Physiology and Internal Medicine, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Moalem G, Tracey DJ. Immune and inflammatory mechanisms in neuropathic pain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 51:240-64. [PMID: 16388853 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue damage, inflammation or injury of the nervous system may result in chronic neuropathic pain characterised by increased sensitivity to painful stimuli (hyperalgesia), the perception of innocuous stimuli as painful (allodynia) and spontaneous pain. Neuropathic pain has been described in about 1% of the US population, is often severely debilitating and largely resistant to treatment. Animal models of peripheral neuropathic pain are now available in which the mechanisms underlying hyperalgesia and allodynia due to nerve injury or nerve inflammation can be analysed. Recently, it has become clear that inflammatory and immune mechanisms both in the periphery and the central nervous system play an important role in neuropathic pain. Infiltration of inflammatory cells, as well as activation of resident immune cells in response to nervous system damage, leads to subsequent production and secretion of various inflammatory mediators. These mediators promote neuroimmune activation and can sensitise primary afferent neurones and contribute to pain hypersensitivity. Inflammatory cells such as mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages and T lymphocytes have all been implicated, as have immune-like glial cells such as microglia and astrocytes. In addition, the immune response plays an important role in demyelinating neuropathies such as multiple sclerosis (MS), in which pain is a common symptom, and an animal model of MS-related pain has recently been demonstrated. Here, we will briefly review some of the milestones in research that have led to an increased awareness of the contribution of immune and inflammatory systems to neuropathic pain and then review in more detail the role of immune cells and inflammatory mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gila Moalem
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zinck NDT, Downie JW. Plasticity in the injured spinal cord: can we use it to advantage to reestablish effective bladder voiding and continence? PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2006; 152:147-62. [PMID: 16198699 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(05)52010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Micturition is coordinated at the level of the spinal cord and the brainstem. Spinal cord injury therefore directly interrupts spinal neuronal pathways to the brainstem and results in bladder areflexia. Some time after injury, however, dyssynergic bladder and sphincter function emerges. The changes mediating the appearance of bladder function after spinal cord injury are currently unknown. Primary afferent neurons have been shown to sprout in response to spinal cord injury. Sprouting primary afferents have been linked to the pathophysiology of centrally manifested disorders, such as autonomic dysreflexia and neuropathic pain. It is proposed that sprouting of bladder primary afferents contributes to disordered bladder functioning after spinal cord injury. During development of the central nervous system, the levels of specific neuronal growth-promoting and guidance molecules are high. After spinal cord injury, some of these molecules are upregulated in the bladder and spinal cord, suggesting that axonal outgrowth is occurring. Sprouting in lumbosacral spinal cord is likely not restricted to neurons involved in the micturition reflex. Furthermore, sprouting of some afferents may be contributing to bladder function after injury, whereas sprouting of others might be hindering emergence of function. Thus selective manipulation of sprouting targeting afferents that are contributing to emergence of bladder function after injury is critical. Further research regarding the role that neuronal sprouting plays in the emergence of bladder function may contribute to improved treatment of bladder dyssynergia after spinal cord injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha D T Zinck
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College St., Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Slack SE, Grist J, Mac Q, McMahon SB, Pezet S. TrkB expression and phospho-ERK activation by brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rat spinothalamic tract neurons. J Comp Neurol 2005; 489:59-68. [PMID: 15977164 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin implicated in the phenomena of synaptic plasticity in the adult. It is found in terminals of nociceptive primary afferents. Following a pain-related stimulus, it is released in the spinal cord, where it activates its high-affinity receptor TrkB, leading to the phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). A large body of evidence suggests that BDNF has a positive neuromodulatory effect on glutamate transmission in the spinal cord. However, none of these studies examined anatomically whether projection neurons known to be involved in transmission of nociceptive inputs express BDNF's receptor. Because the spinothalamic tract (STT) is a well-characterized pathway for its role in the transfer and integration of sensory and nociceptive informations, this study in rats aimed to 1) determine whether neurons of the STT pathway express the TrkB receptor, 2) establish the rostrocaudal and laminar distribution of STT-TrkB neurons in the whole spinal cord, and 3) test the potential functionality of TrkB expression in these cells by investigating the ability of BDNF to activate the MAP kinase ERK. Using tract tracing coupled to immunofluorescent labeling for TrkB, we observed that in all levels of the spinal cord most STT neurons were immunoreactive for TrkB. Furthermore, microinjections of BDNF into the spinal cord or release of endogenous BDNF by intraplantar injection of capsaicin activated ERK phosphorylation in TrkB-containing STT neurons. These data suggest an important role for BDNF in nociception as an activator of spinothalamic projection neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Slack
- The London Pain Consortium, King's College London, Neurorestoration, Center for Age Related Diseases, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Butowt R, von Bartheld CS. Anterograde axonal transport of BDNF and NT-3 by retinal ganglion cells: roles of neurotrophin receptors. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 29:11-25. [PMID: 15866043 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2005.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Revised: 12/22/2004] [Accepted: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) transport exogenous neurotrophins anterogradely to the midbrain tectum/superior colliculus with significant downstream effects. We determined contributions of neurotrophin receptors for anterograde transport of intraocularly injected radiolabeled neurotrophins. In adult rodents, anterograde transport of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was receptor-mediated, and transport of exogenous BDNF and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) was more efficient, per RGC, in rodents than chicks. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis of purified murine RGCs showed that adult RGCs express the p75 receptor. Anterograde transport of BDNF or NT-3 was not diminished in p75 knock-out mice (with unaltered final numbers of RGCs), but BDNF transport was substantially reduced by co-injected trkB antibodies. In chick embryos, however, p75 antisense or co-injected p75 antibodies significantly attenuated anterograde transport of NT-3 by RGCs. Thus, neither BDNF nor NT-3 utilizes p75 for anterograde transport in adult rodent RGCs, while anterograde NT-3 transport requires the p75 receptor in embryonic chicken RGCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Butowt
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Mailstop 352, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bramham CR, Messaoudi E. BDNF function in adult synaptic plasticity: the synaptic consolidation hypothesis. Prog Neurobiol 2005; 76:99-125. [PMID: 16099088 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 855] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 06/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Interest in BDNF as an activity-dependent modulator of neuronal structure and function in the adult brain has intensified in recent years. Localization of BDNF-TrkB to glutamate synapses makes this system attractive as a dynamic, activity-dependent regulator of excitatory transmission and plasticity. Despite individual breakthroughs, an integrated understanding of BDNF function in synaptic plasticity is lacking. Here, we attempt to distill current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms and function of BDNF in LTP. BDNF activates distinct mechanisms to regulate the induction, early maintenance, and late maintenance phases of LTP. Evidence from genetic and pharmacological approaches is reviewed and tabulated. The specific contribution of BDNF depends on the stimulus pattern used to induce LTP, which impacts the duration and perhaps the subcellular site of BDNF release. Particular attention is given to the role of BDNF as a trigger for protein synthesis-dependent late phase LTP--a process referred to as synaptic consolidation. Recent experiments suggest that BDNF activates synaptic consolidation through transcription and rapid dendritic trafficking of mRNA encoded by the immediate early gene, Arc. A model is proposed in which BDNF signaling at glutamate synapses drives the translation of newly transported (Arc) and locally stored (i.e., alphaCaMKII) mRNA in dendrites. In this model BDNF tags synapses for mRNA capture, while Arc translation defines a critical window for synaptic consolidation. The biochemical mechanisms by which BDNF regulates local translation are also discussed. Elucidation of these mechanisms should shed light on a range of adaptive brain responses including memory and mood resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clive R Bramham
- Department of Biomedicine, Bergen Mental Health Research Center, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Yajima Y, Narita M, Usui A, Kaneko C, Miyatake M, Narita M, Yamaguchi T, Tamaki H, Wachi H, Seyama Y, Suzuki T. Direct evidence for the involvement of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in the development of a neuropathic pain‐like state in mice. J Neurochem 2005; 93:584-94. [PMID: 15836617 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thermal hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia induced by sciatic nerve ligation were completely suppressed by repeated intrathecal (i.t.) injection of a TrkB/Fc chimera protein, which sequesters endogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In addition, BDNF heterozygous (+/-) knockout mice exhibited a significant suppression of nerve ligation-induced thermal hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia compared with wild-type mice. After nerve ligation, BDNF-like immunoreactivity on the superficial laminae of the ipsilateral side of the spinal dorsal horn was clearly increased compared with that of the contralateral side. It should be noted that a single i.t. injection of BDNF produced a long-lasting thermal hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia in normal mice, and these responses were abolished by i.t. pre-treatment with either a Trk-dependent tyrosine kinase inhibitor K-252a or a selective protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor Ro-32-0432. Supporting these findings, we demonstrated here for the first time that the increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration by application of BDNF in cultured mouse spinal neurons was abolished by pre-treatment with either K-252a or Ro-32-0432. Taken together, these findings suggest that the binding of spinally released BDNF to TrkB by nerve ligation may activate PKC within the spinal cord, resulting in the development of a neuropathic pain-like state in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Yajima
- Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lou H, Kim SK, Zaitsev E, Snell CR, Lu B, Loh YP. Sorting and Activity-Dependent Secretion of BDNF Require Interaction of a Specific Motif with the Sorting Receptor Carboxypeptidase E. Neuron 2005; 45:245-55. [PMID: 15664176 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2004] [Revised: 10/15/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Activity-dependent secretion of BDNF is important in mediating synaptic plasticity, but how it is achieved is unclear. Here we uncover a sorting motif receptor-mediated mechanism for regulated secretion of BDNF. X-ray crystal structure analysis revealed a putative sorting motif, I(16)E(18)I(105)D(106), in BDNF, which when mutated at the acidic residues resulted in missorting of proBDNF to the constitutive pathway in AtT-20 cells. A V20E mutation to complete a similar motif in NGF redirected a significant proportion of it from the constitutive to the regulated pathway. Modeling and binding studies showed interaction of the acidic residues in the BDNF motif with two basic residues in the sorting receptor, carboxypeptidase E (CPE). (35)S labeling experiments demonstrated that activity-dependent secretion of BDNF from cortical neurons was obliterated in CPE knockout mice. Thus, we have identified a mechanism whereby a specific motif I(16)E(18)I(105)D(106) interacts with CPE to sort proBDNF into regulated pathway vesicles for activity-dependent secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lou
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gabellini N. Transcriptional regulation by cAMP and Ca2+ links the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 3 to memory and sensory pathways. Mol Neurobiol 2004; 30:91-116. [PMID: 15247490 DOI: 10.1385/mn:30:1:091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The signaling cascades triggered by neurotrophins such as BDNF and by several neurotransmitters and hormones lead to the rapid induction of gene transcription by increasing the intracellular concentration of cAMP and Ca2+. This review examines the mechanisms by which these second messengers control transcriptional initiation at CRE promoters via transcription factor CREB, as well as at DRE sites via transcriptional repressor DREAM. The regulation of the SLC8A3 gene encoding the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 3 (NCX3) is taken as an example to illustrate both mechanisms since it includes a CRE site in the promoter and several DRE sites in the exon 1 sequence. The upregulation of the NCX3 by Ca2+ signals may be specifically required to establish the Ca2+ balance that regulates several physiological and pathological processes in neurons. The regulatory features and the expression pattern of SLC8A3 gene suggest that NCX3 activity could be crucial in neuronal functions such as memory formation and sensory processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Gabellini
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Caleo M, Cenni MC. Anterograde transport of neurotrophic factors: possible therapeutic implications. Mol Neurobiol 2004; 29:179-96. [PMID: 15126685 DOI: 10.1385/mn:29:2:179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2003] [Accepted: 10/06/2003] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The actions of neurotrophic factors are classically thought to be mediated by their retrograde transport from target tissues to the cell bodies. There is now evidence that specific trophic factors are trafficked anterogradely along peripheral and central axons and released to postsynaptic cells. This review focuses on recent experiments that demonstrate the involvement of the anterograde transfer of neurotrophic factors in various physiological processes, including the regulation of developmental neuronal death, the modulation of synaptic transmission, and the control of axonal and dendritic architecture. The authors also discuss whether anterograde transport of exogenous trophic factors can be exploited to protect damaged postsynaptic neurons and spare their function. This issue has clear implications for possible therapeutic applications of neurotrophic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Caleo
- Istituto di Neuroscienze del CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, via G. Moruzzi, 1 - 56100 Pisa, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
VanderHorst VGJM, Terasawa E, Ralston HJ. Projections from estrogen receptor-alpha immunoreactive neurons in the periaqueductal gray to the lateral medulla oblongata in the rhesus monkey. Neuroscience 2004; 125:243-53. [PMID: 15051163 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The periaqueductal gray (PAG) contains numerous estrogen receptor-alpha immunoreactive (ER-alpha IR) neurons that are distributed in a species-specific way. These neurons might modulate different types of behavior that are mediated by the PAG such as active and passive coping responses, analgesia, and reproductive behavior. In primates, it is not known whether ER-alpha IR PAG neurons represent local interneurons and/or neurons that project to brainstem areas that control these behaviors. In this double labeling study, we asked whether ER-alpha IR neurons in the PAG of the rhesus monkey project to the nucleus retroambiguus (NRA), an area in the ventrolateral caudal medulla oblongata that is involved in expiration, vocalization, and reproductive behavior. Tracer was injected into the caudal lateral medulla oblongata to retrogradely label PAG neurons, and ER-alpha was visualized immunohistochemically. Although ER-alpha IR neurons and NRA-projection neurons were present at similar levels of the PAG, their distributions hardly overlapped. ER-alpha IR PAG neurons that project to the lateral caudal medulla represented less than 2% of ER-alpha IR PAG neurons. These double-labeled neurons were mainly located in the ipsilateral caudal PAG. The cluster of neurons in the medial part of the lateral PAG that projects specifically to the NRA-region did not contain double-labeled cells. The results indicate that only a few ER-alpha IR PAG neurons project to the NRA-region. This might be related to the modest effects of estrogen on mating-related behavior in primates compared most other mammalian species. Remaining ER-alpha IR PAG neurons might act locally on other PAG neurons, or they might represent neurons that project to other areas. Furthermore, the finding that the distributions of ER-alpha IR neurons and neurons that project to premotor neurons in the NRA-region scarcely overlap illustrates that the PAG in primates is very highly organized into anatomically distinct regions compared with other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V G J M VanderHorst
- Department of Anatomy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|