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Canal D, Garamszegi LZ, Rodriguez‐Exposito E, Garcia‐Gonzalez F. Experimental evolution reveals differential evolutionary trajectories in male and female activity levels in response to sexual selection and metapopulation structure. Evolution 2022; 76:1347-1359. [PMID: 35483712 PMCID: PMC9320835 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Behavior is central to interactions with the environment and thus has significant consequences for individual fitness. Sexual selection and demographic processes have been shown to independently shape behavioral evolution. Although some studies have tested the simultaneous effects of these forces, no studies have investigated their interplay in behavioral evolution. We applied experimental evolution in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus to investigate, for the first time, the interactive effects of sexual selection intensity (high [polygamy] vs. minimal [enforced monogamy]) and metapopulation structure (yes/no) on the evolution of movement activity, a crucial behavior involved in multiples functions (e.g., dispersal, predator avoidance, or resource acquisition) and thus, closely related to fitness. We found that the interactive effects of the selection regimes did not affect individual activity, which was assayed under two different environments (absence vs. presence of conspecific cues from both sexes). However, contrasting selection regimes led to sex- and context-dependent divergence in activity. The relaxation of sexual selection favored an increase in female, but not male, movement activity that was consistent between environmental contexts. In contrast, selection associated with the presence/absence of metapopulation structure led to context-dependent responses only in male activity. In environments containing cues from conspecifics, males from selection lines under population subdivision showed increased levels of activity compared to those assayed in an environment devoid of conspecifics cues, whereas the opposite was true for males from panmictic lines. These results underscore that both the effects of sexual selection and population spatial structure may be crucial in shaping sex-specific behavioral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Canal
- Institute of Ecology and BotanyCentre for Ecological ResearchVácrátótH‐2163Hungary,Estación Biológica de Doñana‐CSICSeville41092Spain
| | - László Zsolt Garamszegi
- Institute of Ecology and BotanyCentre for Ecological ResearchVácrátótH‐2163Hungary,Estación Biológica de Doñana‐CSICSeville41092Spain,MTA‐ELTE, Theoretical Biology and Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Department of Plant Systematics, Ecology and Theoretical BiologyEötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestH‐1053Hungary
| | | | - Francisco Garcia‐Gonzalez
- Estación Biológica de Doñana‐CSICSeville41092Spain,Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWA6009Australia
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Experimentally constrained early reproduction shapes life history trajectories and behaviour. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4442. [PMID: 33627681 PMCID: PMC7904952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83703-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The trade-off between current and future reproduction is a cornerstone of life history theory, but the role of within-individual plasticity on life history decisions and its connections with overall fitness and behaviour remains largely unknown. By manipulating available resources for oviposition at the beginning of the reproductive period, we experimentally constrained individual life history trajectories to take different routes in a laboratory study system, the beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, and investigated its causal effects on fecundity, survival and behaviour. Compared to females without resource limitations, females experiencing restricted conditions for oviposition had reduced fecundity early in life but increased fecundity when resources became plentiful (relative to both the previous phase and the control group) at the expense of longevity. Constrained reproduction in early life also affected behaviour, as movement activity changed differently in the two experimental groups. Experiencing reproductive constraints has, therefore, consequences for future reproduction investments and behaviour, which may lead individuals to follow different life history strategies.
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Wang Z, Colazo MG, Basarab JA, Goonewardene LA, Ambrose DJ, Marques E, Plastow G, Miller SP, Moore SS. Impact of selection for residual feed intake on breeding soundness and reproductive performance of bulls on pasture-based multisire mating1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:2963-9. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Wang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2C8, Canada
| | - M. G. Colazo
- Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Edmonton T6H 5T6, Canadda
| | - J. A. Basarab
- Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - L. A. Goonewardene
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2C8, Canada
- Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Edmonton T6H 5T6, Canadda
| | - D. J. Ambrose
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2C8, Canada
- Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Edmonton T6H 5T6, Canadda
| | - E. Marques
- Beefbooster Inc., Calgary, Alberta T1Y 5E4, Canada
| | - G. Plastow
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2C8, Canada
| | - S. P. Miller
- Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - S. S. Moore
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2C8, Canada
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Donoghue KA, Arthur PF, Wilkins JF, Herd RM. Onset of puberty and early-life reproduction in Angus females divergently selected for post-weaning residual feed intake. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/an10097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Angus cattle that had been divergently selected for Low and High post-weaning residual feed intake (RFI) were used in two projects to evaluate early-life reproductive performance and onset of puberty in females. In the first project, data on the 1999-born females (n = 64) were evaluated for weight, subcutaneous fat (P8 fat depth) and reproductive performance over two breeding cycles. These females that were the result of 1.0–2.5 (mean of 1.8) generations of selection, had mean (±s.e.) post-weaning RFI of –0.82 ± 0.19 kg/day and 0.57 ± 0.18 kg/day for the Low and High RFI selection lines, respectively. In the second project, ultrasonography was used to scan the ovaries of the 2008-born heifers (n = 121) on four occasions following weaning. In these heifers the presence of corpus luteum provided evidence of ovulation, and hence the commencement of onset of puberty. The average of the estimated breeding value (EBV) for RFI of the parents of the Low RFI and the High RFI selection line heifers were –0.72 ± 0.05 and 0.37 ± 0.03 kg/day, respectively. In the first project, no significant selection line differences were evident for weight, age at first mating, pregnancy and calving rates (percentage of females that were pregnant, or the percentage that calved out of the total number used for mating), calf birthweight and weight of calf born per female exposed to bull. Females from the Low RFI line had significantly (P < 0.05) lower P8 fat depth relative to their High RFI contemporaries at most of the measurement dates (e.g. 9.2 ± 0.5 versus 12.0 ± 0.5 mm at the start of first mating). Low RFI females also calved significantly (P < 0.05) later in the calving season than High RFI females (35.7 ± 3.0 versus 27.6 ± 2.4 days). The results indicate that there is a delayed pregnancy date during the first mating season leading to a later calving date for the Low RFI heifers. The later first calving date was then maintained at subsequent calving. The later calving, however, did not impact on pregnancy and calving rates. In the second project, it was observed that irrespective of selection line, heifers that had attained onset of puberty had significantly (P < 0.05) greater P8 fat depth than those that had not. Hence the expectation was that, relative to High RFI heifers, the Low RFI heifers with their lower P8 fat, will attain onset of puberty at a slightly older age. This expected trend was observed but the difference was not significant, and further investigations are recommended.
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Sadler LJ, Johnson AK, Lonergan SM, Nettleton D, Dekkers JCM. The effect of selection for residual feed intake on general behavioral activity and the occurrence of lesions in Yorkshire gilts. J Anim Sci 2010; 89:258-66. [PMID: 20833769 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of selection for improved residual feed intake on behavior, activity, and lesion scores in gilts in their home pen. A total of 192 gilts were used, 96 from a line that had been selected for decreased residual feed intake over 5 generations (LRFI) and 96 from a randomly bred control line. Gilts were housed in 12 pens (16 gilts/pen; 0.82 m(2)/gilt) containing 8 gilts from each line in a conventional grow-finish unit. Twelve hours of video footage were collected on the day of placement and then every 4 wk for 3 more observational periods. Video was scored using a 10-min instantaneous scan sampling technique for 4 postures (standing, lying, sitting, and locomotion) and 1 behavior (at drinker). Categories of active (standing, locomotion, and at drinker) and inactive (sitting and lying) were also created. Lesion scores were collected 24 h after behavior collection had begun. The body of a gilt was divided into 4 regions, with each region receiving a score of 0 (0 lesions) to 3 (5+ lesions). All statistical analyses used Proc Mixed of SAS. Data were analyzed separately for the day of placement and the subsequent 3 rounds. General activity was summarized on a percentage basis by each posture and behavior and subjected to an arcsine square root transformation to normalize data and stabilize variance. Analysis was performed on each behavior and posture. Lesion scores for each region of the body were analyzed as repeated measures. There were no differences (P > 0.05) between genetic lines for all postures and the behavior at drinker on the day of placement. However, over subsequent rounds it was observed that LRFI gilts spent less (P = 0.03) time standing, more time sitting (P = 0.05), and were less active (P = 0.03) overall. Gilts from the LRFI line had decreased (P < 0.045) lesion scores on the day after placement. However, over subsequent rounds there were no (P > 0.05) differences between the genetic lines. In conclusion, on the day of placement there were no postural, behavior, or general activity differences between genetic lines, but LRFI gilts had decreased lesion scores. Behavioral differences were observed between genetic lines over subsequent rounds, with LRFI gilts becoming less active, but there were no differences in lesion scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Sadler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA.
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Jensen P, Buitenhuis B, Kjaer J, Zanella A, Mormède P, Pizzari T. Genetics and genomics of animal behaviour and welfare—Challenges and possibilities. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2008.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Biro PA, Stamps JA. Are animal personality traits linked to life-history productivity? Trends Ecol Evol 2008; 23:361-8. [PMID: 18501468 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 719] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2007] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Animal personality traits such as boldness, activity and aggressiveness have been described for many animal species. However, why some individuals are consistently bolder or more active than others, for example, is currently obscure. Given that life-history tradeoffs are common and known to promote inter-individual differences in behavior, we suggest that consistent individual differences in animal personality traits can be favored when those traits contribute to consistent individual differences in productivity (growth and/or fecundity). A survey of empirical studies indicates that boldness, activity and/or aggressiveness are positively related to food intake rates, productivity and other life-history traits in a wide range of taxa. Our conceptual framework sets the stage for a closer look at relationships between personality traits and life-history traits in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Biro
- Department of Environmental Science and Institute for Water and Environmental Resource Management, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
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Réale D, Reader SM, Sol D, McDougall PT, Dingemanse NJ. Integrating animal temperament within ecology and evolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2007; 82:291-318. [PMID: 17437562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2007.00010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2114] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Temperament describes the idea that individual behavioural differences are repeatable over time and across situations. This common phenomenon covers numerous traits, such as aggressiveness, avoidance of novelty, willingness to take risks, exploration, and sociality. The study of temperament is central to animal psychology, behavioural genetics, pharmacology, and animal husbandry, but relatively few studies have examined the ecology and evolution of temperament traits. This situation is surprising, given that temperament is likely to exert an important influence on many aspects of animal ecology and evolution, and that individual variation in temperament appears to be pervasive amongst animal species. Possible explanations for this neglect of temperament include a perceived irrelevance, an insufficient understanding of the link between temperament traits and fitness, and a lack of coherence in terminology with similar traits often given different names, or different traits given the same name. We propose that temperament can and should be studied within an evolutionary ecology framework and provide a terminology that could be used as a working tool for ecological studies of temperament. Our terminology includes five major temperament trait categories: shyness-boldness, exploration-avoidance, activity, sociability and aggressiveness. This terminology does not make inferences regarding underlying dispositions or psychological processes, which may have restrained ecologists and evolutionary biologists from working on these traits. We present extensive literature reviews that demonstrate that temperament traits are heritable, and linked to fitness and to several other traits of importance to ecology and evolution. Furthermore, we describe ecologically relevant measurement methods and point to several ecological and evolutionary topics that would benefit from considering temperament, such as phenotypic plasticity, conservation biology, population sampling, and invasion biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Réale
- Canada Research Chair in Behavioural Ecology and Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Comportementale et Animale, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Sæther NH, Sickel H, Norderhaug A, Sickel M, Vangen O. Plant and vegetation preferences for a high and a moderate yielding Norwegian dairy cattle breed grazing semi-natural mountain pastures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1051/animres:2006033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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A note on behavioural response to a novel arena in lactating mice highly selected for litter size. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2005.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sæther NH, B⊘e KE, Vangen O. Differences in grazing behaviour between a high and a moderate yielding Norwegian dairy cattle breed grazing semi-natural mountain grasslands. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/09064700600917875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Rauw WM, Soler J, Tibau J, Reixach J, Gomez Raya L. The relationship between residual feed intake and feed intake behavior in group-housed Duroc barrows1. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:956-62. [PMID: 16543574 DOI: 10.2527/2006.844956x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Because feed is the major input in pork production, conversion of feed into lean tissue at minimum costs has been a focus for improvement. Several researchers have proposed using residual feed intake (RFI) rather than feed conversion ratio (FCR) for genetic improvement of feed efficiency. Little is known about the variation in RFI in pigs. As several studies suggest a greater RFI is related to greater animal activity levels, the current study investigated the phenotypic relationship between RFI and feed intake (FI) behavior of 104 group-housed growing Duroc barrows allowed ad libitum access to feed. Feed intake, BW gain, feeding time (TIME), feeding frequency (VISITS), RFI, and FCR were calculated for 5 periods of 14, 23, 28, 21, or 23 d in length (periods 1 through 5, respectively) on animals that were between 73 to 95 d of age at the start of the testing period. Barrows that grew faster consumed more feed (P < 0.001), and barrows that consumed more feed were fatter (P < 0.01). There were no correlations between VISITS and TIME, between VISITS and FI, or between VISITS and RFI. Barrows that spent more time at the feeder, however, consumed more feed (P < 0.05) and had greater RFI in periods 1, 3, and 5 (P < 0.05). As expected, FI and FCR were highly correlated with RFI (P < 0.001). These results suggest that a greater FI rather than greater feed intake activity resulted in greater RFI values.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Rauw
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, University of Nevada, Reno, 89557, USA.
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Roberge C, Einum S, Guderley H, Bernatchez L. Rapid parallel evolutionary changes of gene transcription profiles in farmed Atlantic salmon. Mol Ecol 2005; 15:9-20. [PMID: 16367826 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02807.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Farmed salmon strains have been selected to improve growth rates as well as other traits of commercial interest but the 2 million farmed salmon escaping annually may enhance the risk of extinction of wild populations through genetic and ecological interactions. Here, we compare the transcription profiles of 3557 genes in the progeny of farmed and wild Atlantic salmon from Norway and Canada grown in controlled conditions, and demonstrate that five to seven generations of artificial selection led to heritable changes in gene transcription profiles, the average magnitude of the differences being 25% and 18% for at least 1.4% and 1.7% of the expressed genes in juvenile salmon from Norway and Canada, respectively. Moreover, genes showing significant transcription profile differences in both farmed strains (16%) all exhibited parallel changes. These findings, along with the identification of several genes whose expression profiles were modified through artificial selection, provide new insights into the molecular basis of parallel evolution, and suggest how gene flow from farmed escapees may affect the genetic integrity of wild populations.
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Rauw WM, Knap PW, Gomez-Raya L, Varona L, Noguera JL. Reallocation of body resources in lactating mice highly selected for litter size. J Anim Sci 2003; 81:939-44. [PMID: 12723083 DOI: 10.2527/2003.814939x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated differences in the allocation patterns of body stores in lactating female mice from a line selected for high litter size at birth (S-line, average litter size of 20) and dams from a nonselected control line (C-line, average litter size of 10). Body weight, litter size, litter weight, and absolute and relative lipid and protein mass were measured at peak lactation (2 wk in lactation) and at weaning (3 wk in lactation). Body size in S-line females has been increased as a correlated effect of selection for high litter size at birth, allowing for larger litters and higher absolute milk production. However, these dams produce larger litters relative to their own body weight. At peak lactation, lipid and protein percentage did not differ between lines. At weaning, S-line females had a higher protein percentage (P < 0.001) and lower lipid percentage (P < 0.05) than C-line females. Apparently, S-line females produce more offspring but at a greater cost to their own metabolism. This process was insufficient to supply the offspring with adequate resources, resulting in reduced (P < 0.0001) pup development and increased (P < 0.0001) preweaning mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Rauw
- Area de Producció Animal, Centre UdL-IRTA, 177, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
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Janczak AM, Sandem AI, Bakken M. Behavioural differences in sub-adult female mice exposed to a murine elevated plus-maze: correlated effects of selection for high litter size. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1591(02)00232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rauw WM, Knap PW, Verstegen MWA, Luiting P. Body composition in non-reproductive adult males and females in a long-term selection experiment for litter size in mice. J Anim Breed Genet 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0388.2001.00286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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