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van Doan C, Züst T, Maurer C, Zhang X, Machado RAR, Mateo P, Ye M, Schimmel BCJ, Glauser G, Robert CAM. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles mediate defense regulation in maize leaves but not in maize roots. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2672-2686. [PMID: 33748996 PMCID: PMC8360093 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaves that are exposed to herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) respond by increasing their defenses, a phenomenon referred to as priming. Whether this phenomenon also occurs in the roots is unknown. Using maize plants, Zea mays, whose leaves respond strongly to leaf HIPVs, we measured the impact of belowground HIPVs, emanating from roots infested by the banded cucumber beetle, Diabrotica balteata, on constitutive and herbivore-induced levels of defense-related gene expression, phytohormones, volatile and non-volatile primary and secondary metabolites, growth and herbivore resistance in roots of neighbouring plants. HIPV exposure did not increase constitutive or induced levels of any of the measured root traits. Furthermore, HIPV exposure did not reduce the performance or survival of D. balteata on maize or its ancestor teosinte. Cross-exposure experiments between HIPVs from roots and leaves revealed that maize roots, in contrast to maize leaves, neither emit nor respond strongly to defense-regulating HIPVs. Together, these results demonstrate that volatile-mediated defense regulation is restricted to the leaves of maize. This finding is in line with the lower diffusibility of volatiles in the soil and the availability of other, potentially more efficient, information conduits below ground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong van Doan
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR)University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Tobias Züst
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Corina Maurer
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Xi Zhang
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | | | - Pierre Mateo
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Meng Ye
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | | | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical ChemistryUniversité de NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Christelle A. M. Robert
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR)University of BernBernSwitzerland
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Chelkha M, Blanco-Pérez R, Vicente-Díez I, Bueno-Pallero FÁ, Amghar S, El Harti A, Campos-Herrera R. Earthworms and their cutaneous excreta can modify the virulence and reproductive capability of entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 184:107620. [PMID: 34004164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Earthworms are ecological engineers that can contribute to the displacement of biological control agents such as the entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) and fungi (EPF). However, a previous study showed that the presence of cutaneous excreta (CEx) and feeding behavior of the earthworm species Eisenia fetida (Haplotaxida: Lumbricidae) compromise the biocontrol efficacy of certain EPN species by reducing, for example, their reproductive capability. Whether this phenomenon is a general pattern for the interaction of earthworms-entomopathogens is still unknown. We hypothesized that diverse earthworm species might differentially affect EPN and EPF infectivity and reproductive capability. Here we investigated the interaction of different earthworm species (Eisenia fetida, Lumbricus terrestris, and Perionyx excavatus) (Haplotaxida) and EPN species (Steinernema feltiae, S. riojaense, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) (Rhabditida) or EPF species (Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae) (Hypocreales), in two independent experiments. First, we evaluated the application of each entomopathogen combined with earthworms or their CEx in autoclaved soil. Hereafter, we studied the impact of the earthworms' CEx on entomopathogens applied at two different concentrations in autoclaved sand. Overall, we found that the effect of earthworms on entomopathogens was species-specific. For example, E. fetida reduced the virulence of S. feltiae, resulted in neutral effects for S. riojaense, and increased H. bacteriophora virulence. However, the earthworm P. excavates increased the virulence of S. feltiae, reduced the activity of H. bacteriophora, at least at specific timings, while S. riojaense remained unaffected. Finally, none of the EPN species were affected by the presence of L. terrestris. Also, the exposure to earthworm CEx resulted in a positive, negative or neutral effect on the virulence and reproduction capability depending on the earthworm-EPN species interaction. Concerning EPF, the impact of earthworms was also differential among species. Thus, E. fetida was detrimental to M. anisopliae and B. bassiana after eight days post-exposure, whereas Lumbricus terrestris resulted only detrimental to B. bassiana. In addition, most of the CEx treatments of both earthworm species decreased B. bassiana virulence and growth. However, the EPF M. anisopliae was unaffected when exposed to L. terrestris CEx, while the exposure to E. fetida CEx produced contrasting results. We conclude that earthworms and their CEx can have positive, deleterious, or neutral impacts on entomopathogens that often coinhabit soils, and that we must consider the species specificity of these interactions for mutual uses in biological control programs. Additional studies are needed to verify these interactions under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Chelkha
- Research Team "Lombricidae, Improving Soil Productivity and Environment" (LAPSE), Ecole Normale Supérieure (E.N.S.), Centre « Eau, Ressources Naturelles, Environnement et Développement Durable (CERNE2D), Mohammed V University, Avenue Mohamed Bel Hassan El Ouazzani, BP : 5118, Takaddoum - Rabat, Morocco; Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC-Universidad de La Rioja-Gobierno de La Rioja), Finca La Grajera, Ctra. de Burgos Km. 6, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - Rubén Blanco-Pérez
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC-Universidad de La Rioja-Gobierno de La Rioja), Finca La Grajera, Ctra. de Burgos Km. 6, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - Ignacio Vicente-Díez
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC-Universidad de La Rioja-Gobierno de La Rioja), Finca La Grajera, Ctra. de Burgos Km. 6, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - Francisco Ángel Bueno-Pallero
- UDIT MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Pólo, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Ed 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Souad Amghar
- Research Team "Lombricidae, Improving Soil Productivity and Environment" (LAPSE), Ecole Normale Supérieure (E.N.S.), Centre « Eau, Ressources Naturelles, Environnement et Développement Durable (CERNE2D), Mohammed V University, Avenue Mohamed Bel Hassan El Ouazzani, BP : 5118, Takaddoum - Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdellatif El Harti
- Research Team "Lombricidae, Improving Soil Productivity and Environment" (LAPSE), Ecole Normale Supérieure (E.N.S.), Centre « Eau, Ressources Naturelles, Environnement et Développement Durable (CERNE2D), Mohammed V University, Avenue Mohamed Bel Hassan El Ouazzani, BP : 5118, Takaddoum - Rabat, Morocco
| | - Raquel Campos-Herrera
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC-Universidad de La Rioja-Gobierno de La Rioja), Finca La Grajera, Ctra. de Burgos Km. 6, 26007 Logroño, Spain.
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van Doan C, Züst T, Maurer C, Zhang X, Machado RAR, Mateo P, Ye M, Schimmel BCJ, Glauser G, Robert CAM. Volatile-mediated defence regulation occurs in maize leaves but not in maize root. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020:pce.13919. [PMID: 33073385 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The above article was published in error by the publisher before a final editorial decision had been reached. It has therefore been removed temporarily while the editorial process concludes. The publisher apologizes for the inconvenience.
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Fisher DN, Pruitt JN. Insights from the study of complex systems for the ecology and evolution of animal populations. Curr Zool 2020; 66:1-14. [PMID: 32467699 PMCID: PMC7245006 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations of animals comprise many individuals, interacting in multiple contexts, and displaying heterogeneous behaviors. The interactions among individuals can often create population dynamics that are fundamentally deterministic yet display unpredictable dynamics. Animal populations can, therefore, be thought of as complex systems. Complex systems display properties such as nonlinearity and uncertainty and show emergent properties that cannot be explained by a simple sum of the interacting components. Any system where entities compete, cooperate, or interfere with one another may possess such qualities, making animal populations similar on many levels to complex systems. Some fields are already embracing elements of complexity to help understand the dynamics of animal populations, but a wider application of complexity science in ecology and evolution has not occurred. We review here how approaches from complexity science could be applied to the study of the interactions and behavior of individuals within animal populations and highlight how this way of thinking can enhance our understanding of population dynamics in animals. We focus on 8 key characteristics of complex systems: hierarchy, heterogeneity, self-organization, openness, adaptation, memory, nonlinearity, and uncertainty. For each topic we discuss how concepts from complexity theory are applicable in animal populations and emphasize the unique insights they provide. We finish by outlining outstanding questions or predictions to be evaluated using behavioral and ecological data. Our goal throughout this article is to familiarize animal ecologists with the basics of each of these concepts and highlight the new perspectives that they could bring to variety of subfields.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan N Pruitt
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Song Y, Wang M, Zeng R, Groten K, Baldwin IT. Priming and filtering of antiherbivore defences among Nicotiana attenuata plants connected by mycorrhizal networks. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2945-2961. [PMID: 31348534 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) establish symbiotic associations with a majority of terrestrial plants to form underground common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) that connect neighbouring plants. Because Nicotiana attenuata plants do not respond to herbivory-elicited volatiles from neighbours, we used this ecological model system to evaluate if CMNs function in interplant transmission of herbivory-elicited responses. A mesocosm system was designed to establish and remove CMNs linking N. attenuata plants to examine the herbivory-elicited metabolic and hormone responses in CMNs-connected "receiver" plants after the elicitation of "donor" plants by wounding (W) treated with Manduca sexta larval oral secretions (OS). AMF colonization increased constitutive jasmonate (JA and JA-Ile) levels in N. attenuata roots but did not affect well-characterized JAs-regulated defensive metabolites in systemic leaves. Interestingly, larger JAs bursts, and higher levels of several amino acids and particular sectors of hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycoside metabolism were elevated in the leaves of W + OS-elicited "receivers" with CMN connections with "donors" that had been W + OS-elicited 6 hr previously. Our results demonstrate that AMF colonization alone does not enhance systemic defence responses but that sectors of systemic responses in leaves can be primed by CMNs, suggesting that CMNs can transmit and even filter defence signalling among connected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Song
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Rensen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Karin Groten
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
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Sortibrán L, Verdú M, Valiente-Banuet A. A nurse plant benefits from facilitative interactions through mycorrhizae. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:670-676. [PMID: 30537030 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant facilitation promotes coexistence by maintaining differences in the regeneration niche because some nurse species recruit under arid conditions, whereas facilitated species recruit under more mesic conditions. In one Mexican community, 95% of species recruit through facilitation; Mimosa luisana being a keystone nurse for many of them. M. luisana individuals manifest greater fitness when growing in association with their facilitated plants than when growing in isolation. This observation suggests that nurses also benefit from their facilitated plants, a benefit thought to be mediated by mycorrhizal fungi. Under field conditions, we experimentally tested whether mycorrhizal fungi mediate the increased fitness that M. luisana experiences when growing in association with its facilitated plants. We applied fungicide to the soil for nurse plants growing alone and growing in association with their facilitated plants in order to reduce the mycorrhizal colonisation of roots. We then assessed the quantity and quality of seed production of M. luisana in four treatments (isolated-control, isolated-fungicide, associated-control and associated-fungicide). Fungicide application reduced the percentage root length colonised by mycorrhizae and reduced fitness of M. luisana when growing in association with their facilitated plants but not when growing in isolation. This reduction was reflected in the total number of seeds, number of seeds per pod, seed mass and seed viability. These results suggest that nurses benefit from the presence of their facilitated plants through links established by mycorrhizae, indicating that both plants and belowground mutualistic communities are all part of one system, coexisting by means of intrinsically linked interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sortibrán
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M Verdú
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CIDE, CSIC-UV-GV), Valencia, Spain
| | - A Valiente-Banuet
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad Ciudad Universitaria México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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Yletyinen J, Brown P, Pech R, Hodges D, Hulme PE, Malcolm TF, Maseyk FJF, Peltzer DA, Perry GLW, Richardson SJ, Smaill SJ, Stanley MC, Todd JH, Walsh PJ, Wright W, Tylianakis JM. Understanding and Managing Social–Ecological Tipping Points in Primary Industries. Bioscience 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Yletyinen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Ltd. branches in Lincoln, Wellington and Auckland, in New Zealand
| | - Philip Brown
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Ltd. branches in Lincoln, Wellington and Auckland, in New Zealand
| | - Roger Pech
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Ltd. branches in Lincoln, Wellington and Auckland, in New Zealand
| | | | - Philip E Hulme
- Bio-Protection Research Centre at Lincoln University, New Zealand
| | | | - Fleur J F Maseyk
- The Catalyst Group, in Wellington, New Zealand, and with the Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia
| | - Duane A Peltzer
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Ltd. branches in Lincoln, Wellington and Auckland, in New Zealand
| | - George L W Perry
- School of Environment at the University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah J Richardson
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Ltd. branches in Lincoln, Wellington and Auckland, in New Zealand
| | | | - Margaret C Stanley
- School of Biological Sciences, at the University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jacqui H Todd
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Ltd., in Auckland, and Willie Wright is affiliated with the Integrated Kaipara Harbour Management Group, in Whangarei, New Zealand
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Ltd. branches in Lincoln, Wellington and Auckland, in New Zealand
| | - Willie Wright
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jason M Tylianakis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand
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Gorzelak MA, Asay AK, Pickles BJ, Simard SW. Inter-plant communication through mycorrhizal networks mediates complex adaptive behaviour in plant communities. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv050. [PMID: 25979966 PMCID: PMC4497361 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive behaviour of plants, including rapid changes in physiology, gene regulation and defence response, can be altered when linked to neighbouring plants by a mycorrhizal network (MN). Mechanisms underlying the behavioural changes include mycorrhizal fungal colonization by the MN or interplant communication via transfer of nutrients, defence signals or allelochemicals. We focus this review on our new findings in ectomycorrhizal ecosystems, and also review recent advances in arbuscular mycorrhizal systems. We have found that the behavioural changes in ectomycorrhizal plants depend on environmental cues, the identity of the plant neighbour and the characteristics of the MN. The hierarchical integration of this phenomenon with other biological networks at broader scales in forest ecosystems, and the consequences we have observed when it is interrupted, indicate that underground 'tree talk' is a foundational process in the complex adaptive nature of forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika A Gorzelak
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Amanda K Asay
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Brian J Pickles
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Suzanne W Simard
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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Resource Transfer Between Plants Through Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Networks. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7395-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Filotas E, Parrott L, Burton PJ, Chazdon RL, Coates KD, Coll L, Haeussler S, Martin K, Nocentini S, Puettmann KJ, Putz FE, Simard SW, Messier C. Viewing forests through the lens of complex systems science. Ecosphere 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/es13-00182.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Zhao C, Wu X, Griffin JN, Xi X, Sun S. Territorial ants depress plant growth through cascading non-trophic effects in an alpine meadow. OIKOS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Simard SW, Beiler KJ, Bingham MA, Deslippe JR, Philip LJ, Teste FP. Mycorrhizal networks: Mechanisms, ecology and modelling. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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14
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Munoz F. Distance-based eigenvector maps (DBEM) to analyse metapopulation structure with irregular sampling. Ecol Modell 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
The Modern Synthesis (MS) is the current paradigm in evolutionary biology. It was actually built by expanding on the conceptual foundations laid out by its predecessors, Darwinism and neo-Darwinism. For sometime now there has been talk of a new Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (EES), and this article begins to outline why we may need such an extension, and how it may come about. As philosopher Karl Popper has noticed, the current evolutionary theory is a theory of genes, and we still lack a theory of forms. The field began, in fact, as a theory of forms in Darwin's days, and the major goal that an EES will aim for is a unification of our theories of genes and of forms. This may be achieved through an organic grafting of novel concepts onto the foundational structure of the MS, particularly evolvability, phenotypic plasticity, epigenetic inheritance, complexity theory, and the theory of evolution in highly dimensional adaptive landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Pigliucci
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Stony Brook University, 650 Life Science Bldg., Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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Ryan JG, Ludwig JA, Mcalpine CA. Complex adaptive landscapes (CAL): A conceptual framework of multi-functional, non-linear ecohydrological feedback systems. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kéfi S, Rietkerk M, van Baalen M, Loreau M. Local facilitation, bistability and transitions in arid ecosystems. Theor Popul Biol 2007; 71:367-79. [PMID: 17097700 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Revised: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hewitt JE, Thrush SF, Dayton PK, Bonsdorff E. The effect of spatial and temporal heterogeneity on the design and analysis of empirical studies of scale-dependent systems. Am Nat 2007; 169:398-408. [PMID: 17243075 DOI: 10.1086/510925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Processes interacting across scales of space and time influence emergent patterns in ecological systems, but to obtain strong inference and empirical generalities, ecologists need to balance reality with the practicalities of design and analyses. This article discusses heterogeneity, scaling, and design analysis problems and offers potential solutions to improve empirically based research. In particular, we recommend bridging the dichotomy between correlative and manipulative studies by nesting manipulative studies within a correlative framework. We suggest that building on variation, by designing studies to detect variability, rather than fighting it often leads to an increase in generality. We also emphasize the importance of natural history information for determining likely scales of spatial and temporal heterogeneity and the probable occurrence of feedback loops, indirect effects, and interacting processes. Finally, we integrate these concepts and suggest planned iterations between multiscale studies to build up natural history information and test the strength of relationships across space and time. This offers a way forward in terms of heuristically developing models and determining ecological generalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judi E Hewitt
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 11-115, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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Lavelle P, Barot S, Blouin M, Decaëns T, Jimenez JJ, Jouquet P. 5 Earthworms as key actors in self-organized soil systems. THEORETICAL ECOLOGY SERIES 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-306x(07)80007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Coco G, Thrush SF, Green MO, Hewitt JE. FEEDBACKS BETWEEN BIVALVE DENSITY, FLOW, AND SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION ON PATCH STABLE STATES. Ecology 2006; 87:2862-70. [PMID: 17168030 DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2862:fbbdfa]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We explore the role of biophysical feedbacks occurring at the patch scale (spatial scale of tens of meters) that influence bivalve physiological condition and affect patch stability by developing a numerical model for the pinnid bivalve, Atrina zelandica, in cohesive sediments. Simulated feedbacks involve bivalve density, flow conditions (assumed to be primarily influenced by local water depth and peak current speed), suspended sediment concentration (evaluated through a balance between background concentration, deposition, and erosion), and changes in the physiology of Atrina derived from empirical study. The model demonstrates that high bivalve density can lead to skimming flow and to a concomitant decrease in resuspension that will affect suspended sediment concentration over the patch directly feeding back on bivalve physiology. Consequently, for a given flow and background suspended sediment load, the stability of a patch directly depends on the size and density of bivalves in the patch. Although under a range of conditions patch stability is ensured independently of bivalve density, simulations clearly indicate that sudden changes in bivalve density or suspended sediment concentration can substantially affect patch structure and lead to different stable states. The model highlights the role of interactions between organisms, flow, and broader scale environmental conditions in providing a mechanistic explanation for the patchy occurrence of benthic suspension feeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Coco
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 11-115, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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Penteriani V, A. Fortuna M, J. Melián C, Otalora F, Ferrer M. Can prey behaviour induce spatially synchronic aggregation of solitary predators? OIKOS 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2006.14547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bolliger J. Simulating complex landscapes with a generic model: Sensitivity to qualitative and quantitative classifications. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2004.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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DANGERFIELD JMARK, PIK ANTHONYJ, BRITTON DAVID, HOLMES ANDREW, GILLINGS MICHAEL, OLIVER IAN, BRISCOE DAVID, BEATTIE ANDREWJ. Patterns of invertebrate biodiversity across a natural edge. AUSTRAL ECOL 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Stallins JA, Parker AJ. The Influence of Complex Systems Interactions on Barrier Island Dune Vegetation Pattern and Process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/1467-8306.93102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Allen MF, Swenson W, Querejeta JI, Egerton-Warburton LM, Treseder KK. Ecology of mycorrhizae: a conceptual framework for complex interactions among plants and fungi. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2003; 41:271-303. [PMID: 12730396 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.052002.095518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizae regulate elemental and energy flows in terrestrial ecosystems. We understand much of how mycorrhizae work, but integrating all possible mechanisms into a whole has proven elusive. Multiple evolutionary events and the long evolutionary history mean that different plants and fungi bring independent characteristics to the symbiosis. This variety results in extensive physiological variation. How do we integrate functional responses with diversity to understand the role of mycorrhizae in ecosystems? We review ecophysiological mechanisms of mycorrhizae and organize these into functional groups. Species-area relationships are not curvilinear, but resemble the "broken stick" model. We coupled functional groups with a metacommunity analysis to show how complex behavior can be generated using a simple matrix model of resource exchange. This approach provides insights into how we might integrate diversity and function across landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Allen
- Center for Conservation Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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Matsumura C, Washitani I. Effects of population size and pollinator limitation on seed‐set ofPrimula sieboldiipopulations in a fragmented landscape. Ecol Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1703.2000.00350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chizuru Matsumura
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305‐8572, Japan and
| | - Izumi Washitani
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1‐1‐1 Yayoi, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo, 113‐8657, Japan
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Kaitala, Ranta. Travelling wave dynamics and self-organization in a spatio-temporally structured population. Ecol Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.1998.00029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
A sufficiently wise and flexible silvicultural art can be developed on the ground only by practitioners who understand the forest as a biological entity. F. S. Baker ( 10 ) …the existing level of knowledge about forests is inadequate to develop sound forest management policies. National Research Council ( 114 ) ▪ Abstract Over the past two decades forestry in the United States has diverged into two approaches with quite different objectives and scientific priorities. The management focus of most industrial lands is on increasing productivity of wood fiber via plantations and various cultural tools, especially genetic selection, fertilization, and control of noncrop vegetation. Federal forest management has shifted from a similar focus to greater emphasis on protecting diversity and water. Issues of long-term sustainability are important regardless of ownership. Science has played and continues to play a fundamental role in all aspects. Selection for fast-growing genotypes has increased yields on the order of 10% to 20% depending on species. Fertilization often increases growth significantly but responses are variable and difficult to predict. Significant questions remain concerning the sustainability of intensive forestry, particularly when practiced over wide areas. Soils are heavily impacted by some harvesting practices, and the degree to which damage can be repaired by fertilizers is an important scientific issue. Intensive forestry often results in increased pest problems. In at least one case (fusiform rust in southern pines), a pest has been contained by selecting resistant cultivars, a situation that may or may not be evolutionarily stable. Species diversity is clearly reduced under intensive management, raising questions about the functional role of species with no commercial value. Many of the questions facing forestry science—particularly those dealing with the relation between complexity and function—are precisely the ones confronting basic ecology. Over the past decade scientists have labored to develop ecosystem-based management approaches that maintain system complexity and function, and scientists have increasingly played nontraditional roles at the interface between biology, sociology, and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Perry
- Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331,
- Ha o Ka 'Aina, Kapa’au, North Kohala, Hawai'i
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Pigliucci M. Developmental phenotypic plasticity: where internal programming meets the external environment. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 1998; 1:87-91. [PMID: 10066552 DOI: 10.1016/s1369-5266(98)80133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Developmental plasticity has long been the focus of research in both evolutionary ecology and molecular genetics. Recently, the concept of ontogenetic contingency has been proposed to indicate the dependence of plastic responses on the timing and sequence of developmental events. Also, the idea of the developmental reaction norm has been put forward to indicate the complex interactions among development, phenotypic plasticity, and allometry of different structures. Finally, for the first time, studies ranging from the ecological to the molecular aspects of the same plastic response are available on insect and flowering plant model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pigliucci
- Departments of Botany and of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Universityof Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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