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Borges JCG, Lima VFS, DA Silva EM, Dos Santos Lima D, Marmontel M, Carvalho VL, DA G Faustino MA, Cringolli G, Rinaldi L, Alves LC. Use of the FLOTAC technique as a new coproparasitological diagnostic method in aquatic mammals and comparison with traditional methods. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20201184. [PMID: 35239771 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220201184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The inadequate choice of a diagnostic method or the option for techniques that have low sensitivity and specificity may limit the diagnosis of parasitic agents that affect aquatic mammals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the FLOTAC technique and compare it with three traditional methods (Willis, sedimentation and centrifugation- flotation) used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal parasites in aquatic mammals. For this, 129 fecal samples from 12 species were collected. Each sample was submitted to laboratory processing using the Willis, Hoffman techniques, Faust method and FLOTAC. Sensitivity, specificity, real prevalence, estimated prevalence, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, correct classification (accuracy) and incorrect classification were evaluated to compare the different diagnostic methods. The highest frequency of positive samples occurred using FLOTAC (46.51%), compared to Hoffman (23.25%), Faust (10.07%) and Willis techniques (6.97%). In the samples analyzed, the occurrence of Strongylidae eggs and Eimeriidae oocysts was frequently observed. The FLOTAC technique proved to be the most appropriate technique and due to its efficacy, is strongly recommended for coproparasitological evaluations in aquatic mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Carlos G Borges
- Fundação Mamíferos Aquáticos, Rua Guimarães Peixoto, 75, 52051-305 Recife, PE, Brazil.,Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Monitoramento Ambiental, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências Aplicadas e Educação, Campus IV, Avenida Elisabete, 160, Mangueira, 58297-000 Rio Tinto, PB, Brazil.,Grupo de Pesquisa em Mamíferos Aquáticos Amazônicos, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Fonte Boa, Caixa Postal 38, 69553-225 Tefé, AM, Brazil
| | - Victor F S Lima
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Edson M DA Silva
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Danielle Dos Santos Lima
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Mamíferos Aquáticos Amazônicos, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Fonte Boa, Caixa Postal 38, 69553-225 Tefé, AM, Brazil
| | - Miriam Marmontel
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Mamíferos Aquáticos Amazônicos, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Fonte Boa, Caixa Postal 38, 69553-225 Tefé, AM, Brazil
| | - Vitor L Carvalho
- Associação de Pesquisa e Preservação de Ecossistemas Aquáticos - AQUASIS, Avenida Pintor João Figueiredo, s/n, 61627-210 Caucaia, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Giuseppe Cringolli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80137, Naples, NA, Italy
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80137, Naples, NA, Italy
| | - Leucio C Alves
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
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Arruda IF, Ramos RCF, Barbosa ADS, Abboud LCDS, Dos Reis IC, Millar PR, Amendoeira MRR. Intestinal parasites and risk factors in dogs and cats from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2021; 24:100552. [PMID: 34024369 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The urban populations of pets, mainly dogs and cats, have been growing in recent years and, consequently, human-animal relationships have become increasingly closer. However, pets are vulnerable to infection by various parasites, as well are their owners due to the zoonotic potential of these agents. This study aimed to assess the frequency and risk factors of intestinal parasites in dogs and cats attended at the Municipal Institute of Veterinary Medicine Jorge Vaitsman, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as well as georeferencing the parasitized animals. A total of 608 animals (400 dogs and 208 cats) were enrolled from August 2017 to November 2018. Fecal samples were obtained from the animal's rectum during clinical examination. In addition, the owners of the enrolled dogs and cats were asked to complete an epidemiological questionnaire with questions about the animals' general information, lifestyle, and handling. Fecal samples were subjected to sedimentation and centrifugal-flotation in sucrose solution techniques. The frequencies of intestinal parasites total in dogs and cats were 11.3% and 24.5%, respectively, with hookworms being the most detected parasites in dogs (8.3%) and Dipylidium caninum in cats (12.5%). Sex was the only variable that showed statistical differences in the canine population males being more often infected than female (p < 0.05), while street access was associated with parasitic infections in cats (p < 0.05). The results obtained in this study demonstrate the need to control parasitic infections in domiciled dogs and cats in different municipalities in the metropolitan region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, including residents in the northern, western and central areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Falco Arruda
- Toxoplasmosis and other Protozoan Diseases Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Brazil
| | | | - Alynne da Silva Barbosa
- Toxoplasmosis and other Protozoan Diseases Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Brazil; Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Biomedical Institute/Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Patricia Riddell Millar
- Toxoplasmosis and other Protozoan Diseases Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Brazil; Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Biomedical Institute/Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
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Nagamori Y, Payton ME, Looper E, Apple H, Johnson EM. Retrospective survey of parasitism identified in feces of client-owned cats in North America from 2007 through 2018. Vet Parasitol 2019; 277:109008. [PMID: 31841945 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.109008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ownership of domestic cats in North America has been on the increase; however, there are only a few surveys conducted on the prevalence of parasitism in client-owned cats over years. Our study objective was to evaluate parasite prevalence through statistical analysis of fecal examination results for client-owned cats on samples submitted to the veterinary parasitology diagnostic laboratory of Oklahoma State University over a 12-year period. All results of centrifugal flotation, saline direct smear, sedimentation, and Baermann examinations on fecal samples submitted to the Boren Veterinary Medical Hospital and Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory of Oklahoma State University from 2007 through 2018 were included. The impacts of sex, age, and seasonality on the prevalence of infection were also analyzed. A total of 2586 client-owned cat cases were included for this study. Parasites, eggs, oocysts, larvae, or cysts were not detected in the majority of cases (75.5%; 1,953/2586). Approximately 18.8% (485/2586) of client-owned cats were infected by one parasite, and 5.7% (148/2586) of cats were infected by multiple parasites. The most common parasite stage observed was Cystoisospora oocysts (9.4%; 243/2586), followed by Toxocara cati eggs (7.8%; 202/2586), Giardia cysts (4.0%; 104/2586), Alaria eggs (3.5%; 91/2586), Ancylostoma eggs (1.2%; 32/2586), taeniid proglottids/eggs (1.2%; 30/2586), Dipylidium caninum proglottids/egg packets (1.1 %; 29/2586), and Eucoleus aerophilus eggs (0.7%; 18/2586). Less commonly, Physalopetra eggs (0.19%; 5/2586), Toxascaris leonina eggs (0.19%; 5/2586), Tritrichomonas blagburni trophozoites (0.15%; 4/2586), Ollulanus tricuspis larvae/adults (0.12%; 3/2586), Platynosomum fastosum eggs (0.12%; 3/2586), Aelurostrongylus abstrusus larvae (0.08%; 2/2323), Sarcocystis sporocysts (0.08%; 2/2586), Spirometra eggs (0.08%; 2/2586), Mesocestoides proglottids/eggs (0.08%; 2/2586), Trichuris felis eggs (0.08%; 2/2586), Cryptosporidium oocysts (0.04%; 1/2586), and Toxoplasma-like small coccidian oocysts (0.04%; 1/2586) were detected. Additionally, fecal examinations revealed some ectoparasites: Demodex mites (0.9%; 24/2586), Cheyletiella mites (0.15%; 4/2586), and Otodectes cynotis mites (0.04%; 1/2586). There was no statistical significance between different sex groups (p = 0.3316). Age affected the prevalence of Cystoisospora, T. cati, Giardia, and Alaria infections with prevalence decreasing as age increased (p < 0.0001). Statistical analyses also revealed significant differences by months; the higher prevalence of infection occurred from summer through fall (p = 0.0004). Overall, as the number of submittals increased, the prevalence of infection increased over the last 12 years (p < 0.0001). This study supports continuing the current practice of routine broad-spectrum anthelmintic and ectoparasitic treatments for client-owned cats as well as annual/biannual fecal examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nagamori
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States.
| | - Mark E Payton
- Department of Statistics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States.
| | - Emily Looper
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States.
| | - Hadley Apple
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States.
| | - Eileen M Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States.
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Ferreira R, Borges-Silva W, de Jesus RF, Gondim LFP. Development of Cystoisospora felis in Cell Culture and in vitro Formation of Monozoic Tissue Cysts. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:361. [PMID: 31681814 PMCID: PMC6805693 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystoisospora felis is a coccidian parasite commonly found in feces of domestic cats. Infection in cats occurs by ingestion of sporulated oocysts or consumption of rodents infected by the parasite. Scarce information is available about extraintestinal stages of C. felis in naturally infected intermediate hosts, as well as in cell culture. The aim of the current work was to investigate the development of C. felis in Vero cells (African green monkey kidney) and MDCK cells (Madin-Darby canine kidney). Cell monolayers were inoculated with mechanically released sporozoites of C. felis, and parasite growth was daily examined using light microscopy. After cell invasion, only parasitophorous vacuoles containing a single zoite were observed. Five days post-inoculation with sporozoites, unstained cell monolayers were evaluated by differential interference contrast (DIC), and also by Romanovsky stain using conventional light microscopy. Single zoites, each surrounded by a cyst wall, were observed by both methods. Multiplication by endodyogeny did not occur in any cell monolayer. Treatment of encysted parasites with HCl-pepsin for 15 min led to dissolution of the cyst wall and release of intact and motile zoites. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of in vitro production of monozoic tissue cysts of C. felis. As kittens commonly shed C. felis in their feces, oocysts are easily available for in vitro production of monozoic tissue cysts of the parasite. Development of C. felis in cell culture may be employed as a model on tissue cyst formation of Cystoisospora spp. and closely related coccidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Waléria Borges-Silva
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Rogério F de Jesus
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Luís F P Gondim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Intestinal Parasites in Cats from China. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:967238. [PMID: 26078975 PMCID: PMC4442275 DOI: 10.1155/2015/967238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of intestinal parasites in cats from China was largely unknown prior to this study. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of intestinal parasites in cats from central China and also identify risk factors for parasitism. Fecal samples from 360 cats were examined using sugar flotation procedure and fecal smear test by microscope. Cats had mixed two or three kinds of parasites infections. Of the 360 cats feces, intestinal parasites positive feces were 149 (41.39%). 64 (17.78%) were infected with Toxocara cati, 61 (16.94%) with Isospora felis, 41 (11.39%) with Isospora rivolta, 33 (9.17%) with Paragonimus, 23 (6.39%) with hookworms, 11 (3.06%) with Toxoplasma-like oocysts, 10 (2.78%) with Trichuris, 4 (1.11%) with lungworm, 2 (0.56%) with Sarcocystis, and 1 (0.28%) with Trematode. The cats' living outdoor was identified as risk factor by statistical analysis. These results provide relevant basic data for assessing the infection of intestinal parasites in cats from central region of China. In conclusion, there was high prevalence of intestinal parasites in cats from China.
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Efficacy of Emodepside/Toltrazuril Suspension (Procox® Oral Suspension for Dogs) against Mixed Experimental Isospora felis/Isospora rivolta Infection in Cats. Parasitol Res 2011; 109 Suppl 1:S29-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Tzannes S, Batchelor DJ, Graham PA, Pinchbeck GL, Wastling J, German AJ. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Isospora species infections in pet cats with clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease. J Feline Med Surg 2008; 10:1-8. [PMID: 17706446 PMCID: PMC10911146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the prevalence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Isospora species in cats showing signs of gastrointestinal disease. Records from a United Kingdom commercial diagnostic laboratory between December 2003 and December 2005 were reviewed. Of 1355 cats, Cryptosporidium species oocysts were found in 13 cats (1%), Giardia species trophozoites in 74 (6%), and Isospora felis oocysts in 46 (3%). In a second group of 48 cats, prevalence of Giardia species was 15% using an immunoassay for detection of antigen compared to 4% detected with microscopy. Prevalence of Giardia (9%) and Isospora (9%) species was higher in cats less than 6 months old. Gender and breed did not affect prevalence. There was a trend for Cryptosporidium and Isospora species infections to be detected in late autumn and early winter. Regional differences in prevalence were not detected. None of these organisms show a characteristic pattern of clinical signs. This study demonstrates that enteric protozoal infection is common in domestic cats showing signs of alimentary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Tzannes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst CH64 7TE, UK.
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Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Alimentary Tract. JUBB, KENNEDY & PALMER'S PATHOLOGY OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS 2007. [PMCID: PMC7155580 DOI: 10.1016/b978-070202823-6.50096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Vasilopulos RJ, Mackin AJ, Rickard LG, Pharr GT, Huston CL. Prevalence and Factors Associated With Fecal Shedding of Giardia spp. in Domestic Cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2006; 42:424-9. [PMID: 17088388 DOI: 10.5326/0420424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of cats shedding Giardia cysts (13.6%) in the present study was found to be higher than previously reported (1% to 11%) and may reflect a higher sensitivity for the diagnostic test used. The presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, coccidial oocysts, and a clinical history of chronic (>2 weeks) gastrointestinal signs were significantly associated with the presence of Giardia spp. cysts in the feces. There were no associations between the presence of Giardia spp. cysts and type of housing, acute gastrointestinal signs, vomiting, gender, source of cat (i.e., animal shelter versus private breeder), or gastrointestinal parasites other than Cryptosporidium spp. and intestinal coccidial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Vasilopulos
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762-6100, USA
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De Santis-Kerr AC, Raghavan M, Glickman NW, Caldanaro RJ, Moore GE, Lewis HB, Schantz PM, Glickman LT. Prevalence and risk factors for Giardia and coccidia species of pet cats in 2003-2004. J Feline Med Surg 2006; 8:292-301. [PMID: 16678461 PMCID: PMC10822243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence and risk factors for feline coccidia and Giardia species infections were estimated for cats visiting 434 Banfield hospitals in 40 states in 2003-2004. Evaluated were 631,021 cats making 1,456,712 office visits (encounters) and having 211,105 fecal examinations. The overall fecal prevalences of coccidia and Giardia species were 1.4% and 0.58%, respectively. Cats at increased risk of coccidia infection were under 4 years of age, intact, and seen during the summer, fall, and spring months compared to winter. Cats at increased risk of Giardia species infection were under 4 years of age. Those at decreased risk were mixed breed and seen during the summer, fall, and spring. The highest regional risk of coccidia and Giardia species infection was for cats in the East South Central region and Mountain region, respectively, compared to the South Pacific region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C De Santis-Kerr
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 725 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2027, USA.
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Chon SK, Kim NS. Evaluation of silymarin in the treatment on asymptomatic Giardia infections in dogs. Parasitol Res 2005; 97:445-51. [PMID: 16151741 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1462-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have reported previously the efficacy of antiprotozoal drugs against canine giardiasis (In press, Journal of Veterinary Clinic, the Korean Society of Veterinary Clinics). Fenbendazole was found to be the most efficacious for the treatment of canine giardiasis. There were no significant differences between the efficacy of albendazole and fenbendazole against canine giardiasis. On the other hand, the efficacy of metronidazole for the treatment of canine giardiasis, the efficacy was lower when compared to that of albendazole and fenbendazole. On the basis of these results, to evaluate clinical effect of silymarin, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of metronidazole alone, or combined with silymarin for 2 weeks for canine giardiasis. In addition, to observe effects on nutrition, we investigated the changes of body weight, the serum biochemical indicators for liver inflammation (GOT, GPT, NH3), the liver cell regeneration indicators (total protein, albumin) and the hematological changes during treatment (WBC, RBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC). The dogs were allocated to four groups; one group was treated with silymarin (3.5 mg/kg once a day, oral), another with metronidazole (50 mg/kg once a day, oral), and the other group with silymarin (3.5 mg/kg once a day, oral) plus metronidazole (50 mg/kg once a day, oral), while control group remained nontreated. The fecal samples from all the dogs were examined, using the ZSCT and giardia antigen test kit (SNAP(*) Giardia, IDEXX Laboratories), from each dog of each group for three times a week for 2 weeks. Dogs were considered to have giardiasis when one or more of the fecal samples had positive results for Giardia cysts. Seven days after treatment, the efficacy of silymarin plus metronidazole was found 79%, whereas that of metronidazole was 72%. Ten days post-treatment the efficacy of metronidazole plus silymarin (91%) was significantly different in comparison with that of metronidazole (75%). Two weeks post-treatment no cysts were detected in the fecal samples in the dogs of metronidazole or silymarin plus metronidazole-treated groups. Whereas, the fecal samples of all the dogs of the control and only silymarin-treated groups were giardia positive. Signs of side effects were not observed in silymarin plus metronidazole-treated dogs. But poor appetite and intermittent vomiting signs were observed in two dogs of the metronidazole-treated group that resolved when metronidazole administration was discontinued. The body weight of those treated with metronidazole was significantly decreased in comparison with those treated with silymarin and metronidazole plus silymarin. There were significant differences of body weight between the dogs treated with silymarin and metronidazole. Two weeks after metronidazole treatment, serum concentration of GOT, GPT and NH3 were significantly increased in comparison with those treated with silymarin. On the other hand, the serum concentration of GOT, GPT and NH3 were not significantly increased when treated with silymarin plus metronidazole compared to those treated with metronidazole. Serum total protein and albumin concentrations were decreased after metronidazole treatment as compared to those treated with silymarin and silymarin plus metronidazole. The concentrations of serum total protein and albumin decreased significantly in metronidazole-treated group as compared to that of treated with silymarin. The numbers of WBC and RBC did show significant differences in the dogs treated with metronidazole, while MCV, MCH were significant by different between silymarin and metronidazole-treated dogs. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in MCHC in any groups. These data suggest that silymarin, in supplement with antiprotozoal drugs, can influence the therapy of canine giardiasis.
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Abstract
Fecal testing is a common component of most gastrointestinal work-ups. A multitude of diagnostic techniques are available for identifying parasites and pathogens, or showing abnormalities of flora. Optimal fecal assessment involves careful formulation of a differential list based on signalment, history, and clinical signs. Tests should be selected and interpreted based on their relative sensitivity and specificity for specific conditions. It is essential to use effective testing methods for the etiologies of concern. This article reviews the plethora of diagnostic techniques available for fecal assessment. Indications, limitations, and issues of specimen handling for each technique are discussed. The optimal approach to the diagnosis of some common parasites, pathogens, abnormalities of flora, and metabolic conditions are covered.
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Serra CMB, Uchôa CMA, Coimbra RA. [Parasitological study with faecal samples of stray and domiciliated cats (Felis catus domesticus) from the Metropolitan Area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2003; 36:331-4. [PMID: 12908032 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822003000300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In a survey of 131 faecal samples from Rio de Janeiro domiciliated and stray cats, 63,4% were positive with a higher prevalence among stray animals. Ancylostoma sp (43.5%), Toxocara sp (19.1%), Cystoisospora sp (43.5%), Uncinaria sp (1.5%), Toxocaris leonine (7.6%), Giardia sp (6.1%) and Sarcocystis sp (0.8%) were found. This high prevalence suggests the need for improved control measures against cats to protect animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathia Maria Barrientos Serra
- Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
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McGlade TR, Robertson ID, Elliot AD, Thompson RCA. High prevalence of Giardia detected in cats by PCR. Vet Parasitol 2003; 110:197-205. [PMID: 12482648 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Microscopy, PCR and a Giardia CELISA test were used to determine the prevalence of Giardia in 40 faecal samples obtained from domestic cats in the Perth metropolitan area. A prevalence of 5, 80 and 60% was found by the tests, respectively. The results show that more sensitive techniques such as PCR may be necessary, and may yield more reliable results, in the detection of low levels of Giardia in domestic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R McGlade
- Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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Ellis JT, Holmdahl OJ, Ryce C, Njenga JM, Harper PA, Morrison DA. Molecular phylogeny of Besnoitia and the genetic relationships among Besnoitia of cattle, wildebeest and goats. Protist 2000; 151:329-36. [PMID: 11212893 DOI: 10.1078/s1434-4610(04)70031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge on parasites of the genus Besnoitia is sparse, which are classified in the subfamily Toxoplasmatinae of the phylum Apicomplexa. This arrangement hypotheses that Besnoitia represents the sister group to species such as Toxoplasma gondii and Hammondia hammondi. In order to test this hypothesis, phylogenetic analyses of 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) from Besnoitia, Hammondia, Isospora, Frenkelia, Eimeria, Neospora, Sarcocystis and Toxoplasma were performed. The 18S rDNA of Besnoitia besnoiti, Besnoitia jellisoni and Eimeria alabamensis were amplified by PCR and sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses by parsimony and maximum-likelihood methods showed Besnoitia to be reproducibly the sister group to a clade containing Hammondia, Neospora and Toxoplasma. Furthermore, Besnoitia of cattle, wildebeest and goats had identical ITS1 rDNA sequences, which questions the use of the taxon Besnoitia caprae to describe the Besnoitia found in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Ellis
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Coombs GH, Denton H, Brown SM, Thong KW. Biochemistry of the coccidia. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 1997; 39:141-226. [PMID: 9241816 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G H Coombs
- Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
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