1
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Huntoon K, Anderson SK, Ballman KV, Twohy E, Dooley K, Jiang W, An Y, Li J, von Roemeling C, Qie Y, Ross OA, Cerhan JH, Whitton AC, Greenspoon JN, Parney IF, Ashman JB, Bahary JP, Hadjipanayis C, Urbanic JJ, Farace E, Khuntia D, Laack NN, Brown PD, Roberge D, Kim BYS. Association of circulating markers with cognitive decline after radiation therapy for brain metastasis. Neuro Oncol 2023; 25:1123-1131. [PMID: 36472389 PMCID: PMC10237411 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent phase III trial (NCT01372774) comparing use of stereotactic radiosurgery [SRS] versus whole-brain radiation therapy [WBRT] after surgical resection of a single brain metastasis revealed that declines in cognitive function were more common with WBRT than with SRS. A secondary endpoint in that trial, and the primary objective in this secondary analysis, was to identify baseline biomarkers associated with cognitive impairment after either form of radiotherapy for brain metastasis. Here we report our findings on APOE genotype and serum levels of associated proteins and their association with radiation-induced neurocognitive decline. METHODS In this retrospective analysis of prospectively collected samples from a completed randomized clinical trial, patients provided blood samples every 3 months that were tested by genotyping and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and results were analyzed in association with cognitive impairment. RESULTS The APOE genotype was not associated with neurocognitive impairment at 3 months. However, low serum levels of ApoJ, ApoE, or ApoA protein (all P < .01) and higher amyloid beta (Aβ 1-42) levels (P = .048) at baseline indicated a greater likelihood of neurocognitive decline at 3 months after SRS, whereas lower ApoJ levels were associated with decline after WBRT (P = .014). CONCLUSIONS Patients with these pretreatment serum markers should be counseled about radiation-related neurocognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Huntoon
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - S Keith Anderson
- Alliance Statistics and Data Management Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Karla V Ballman
- Alliance Statistics and Data Management Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Erin Twohy
- Alliance Statistics and Data Management Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Katharine Dooley
- Alliance Statistics and Data Management Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas,USA
| | - Yi An
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale-New Haven Hospital, North Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas,USA
| | | | - Yaqing Qie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jane H Cerhan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anthony C Whitton
- Department of Radiation Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey N Greenspoon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian F Parney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jonathan B Ashman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix/Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Jean-Paul Bahary
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - James J Urbanic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Elana Farace
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deepak Khuntia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Precision Cancer Specialists and Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Nadia N Laack
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Paul D Brown
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - David Roberge
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Betty Y S Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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2
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Laffoon SB, Doecke JD, Roberts AM, Vance JA, Reeves BD, Pertile KK, Rumble RL, Fowler CJ, Trounson B, Ames D, Martins R, Bush AI, Masters CL, Grieco PA, Dratz EA, Roberts BR. Analysis of plasma proteins using 2D gels and novel fluorescent probes: in search of blood based biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Proteome Sci 2022; 20:2. [PMID: 35081972 PMCID: PMC8790928 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-021-00185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Australian Imaging and Biomarker Lifestyle (AIBL) study of aging is designed to aid the discovery of biomarkers. The current study aimed to discover differentially expressed plasma proteins that could yield a blood-based screening tool for Alzheimer's disease. METHODS The concentration of proteins in plasma covers a vast range of 12 orders of magnitude. Therefore, to search for medium to low abundant biomarkers and elucidate mechanisms of AD, we immuno-depleted the most abundant plasma proteins and pre-fractionated the remaining proteins by HPLC, prior to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The relative levels of approximately 3400 protein species resolved on the 2D gels were compared using in-gel differential analysis with spectrally resolved fluorescent protein detection dyes (Zdyes™). Here we report on analysis of pooled plasma samples from an initial screen of a sex-matched cohort of 72 probable AD patients and 72 healthy controls from the baseline time point of AIBL. RESULTS We report significant changes in variants of apolipoprotein E, haptoglobin, α1 anti-trypsin, inter-α trypsin inhibitor, histidine-rich glycoprotein, and a protein of unknown identity. α1 anti-trypsin and α1 anti-chymotrypsin demonstrated plasma concentrations that were dependent on APOE ε4 allele dose. Our analysis also identified an association with the level of Vitamin D binding protein fragments and complement factor I with sex. We then conducted a preliminary validation study, on unique individual samples compared to the discovery cohort, using a targeted LC-MS/MS assay on a subset of discovered biomarkers. We found that targets that displayed a high degree of isoform specific changes in the 2D gels were not changed in the targeted MS assay which reports on the total level of the biomarker. CONCLUSIONS This demonstrates that further development of mass spectrometry assays is needed to capture the isoform complexity that exists in theses biological samples. However, this study indicates that a peripheral protein signature has potential to aid in the characterization of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B. Laffoon
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA
- Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton South, VIC Australia
| | - James D. Doecke
- Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO and Cooperative Research Centre of Mental Health, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4029 Australia
| | - Anne M. Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory School of Medicine, 4001 Rollins Research Building, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory School of Medicine, 4001 Rollins Research Building, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | | | - Benjamin D. Reeves
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA
| | - Kelly K. Pertile
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Rebecca L. Rumble
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Chris J. Fowler
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Brett Trounson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - David Ames
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Ralph Martins
- Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton South, VIC Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton South, VIC Australia
| | - Colin L. Masters
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton South, VIC Australia
| | - Paul A. Grieco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA
| | - Edward A. Dratz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA
| | - Blaine R. Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory School of Medicine, 4001 Rollins Research Building, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory School of Medicine, 4001 Rollins Research Building, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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Hanif S, Muhammad P, Niu Z, Ismail M, Morsch M, Zhang X, Li M, Shi B. Nanotechnology‐Based Strategies for Early Diagnosis of Central Nervous System Disorders. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Hanif
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
| | - Pir Muhammad
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
| | - Zheng Niu
- Province's Key Lab of Brain Targeted Bionanomedicine School of Pharmacy Henan University Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
| | - Muhammad Ismail
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
| | - Marco Morsch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Macquarie University Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research Macquarie University NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Xiaoju Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Henan Provincial People's Hospital Zhengzhou Henan 450003 China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine The Third Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510630 China
| | - Bingyang Shi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine & Health & Human Sciences Macquarie University NSW 2109 Australia
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de Castro AA, Soares FV, Pereira AF, Polisel DA, Caetano MS, Leal DHS, da Cunha EFF, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Ramalho TC. Non-conventional compounds with potential therapeutic effects against Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 19:375-395. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1608823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A. de Castro
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Flávia V. Soares
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Ander F. Pereira
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Daniel A. Polisel
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Melissa S. Caetano
- Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniel H. S. Leal
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
- Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, São Mateus, Brazil
| | - Elaine F. F. da Cunha
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Teodorico C. Ramalho
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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5
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Next-generation biomarker discovery in Alzheimer's disease using metabolomics - from animal to human studies. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:1525-1546. [PMID: 30198770 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex disease driven mainly by neuronal loss due to accumulation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid β aggregates in the brain. The diagnosis of AD currently relies on clinical symptoms while the disease can only be confirmed at autopsy. The few available biomarkers allowing for diagnosis are typically detected many years after the onset of the disease. New diagnostic approaches, particularly in easily-accessible biofluids, are essential. By providing an exhaustive information of the phenotype, metabolomics is an ideal approach for identification of new biomarkers. This review investigates the current position of metabolomics in the field of AD research, focusing on animal and human studies, and discusses the improvements carried out over the past decade.
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6
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Plasma MCP-1 and Cognitive Decline in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Two-year Follow-up Study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1280. [PMID: 29352259 PMCID: PMC5775300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19807-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, also known as chemokine CCL2) is a vital chemokine that mediates inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We analyzed the associations between the baseline plasma MCP-1 level, longitudinal cognitive changes, and genetic effects of CCL2 rs1024611 and its receptor, CC-chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) rs1799864, in AD. In total, 310 AD patients and 66 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients were followed for 2 years, and 120 controls were recruited at baseline for comparison. After adjusting for covariates using one-way analysis of covariance, AD patients had higher plasma MCP-1 levels compared with MCI patients and controls, and severe AD patients had the highest levels. After adjusting for covariates using generalized estimating equation analysis, the results showed that the baseline MCP-1 level was significantly correlated with changes in the two-year Mini-Mental Status Examination (p = 0.046). The A allele of CCR2 rs1799864 was associated with a higher MCP-1 level in AD and MCI patients. In conclusion, plasma MCP-1 might reflect the risk and disease course of AD. A higher plasma MCP-1 level is associated with greater severity and faster cognitive decline. Additionally, the CCR2 polymorphism may play a role in the regulation of MCP-1/CCR2 signaling in AD.
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7
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Ma F, Li Q, Zhou X, Zhao J, Song A, Li W, Liu H, Xu W, Huang G. Effects of folic acid supplementation on cognitive function and Aβ-related biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2017; 58:345-356. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1598-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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de Leeuw FA, Peeters CFW, Kester MI, Harms AC, Struys EA, Hankemeier T, van Vlijmen HWT, van der Lee SJ, van Duijn CM, Scheltens P, Demirkan A, van de Wiel MA, van der Flier WM, Teunissen CE. Blood-based metabolic signatures in Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2017; 8:196-207. [PMID: 28951883 PMCID: PMC5607205 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Identification of blood-based metabolic changes might provide early and easy-to-obtain biomarkers. Methods We included 127 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and 121 control subjects with cerebrospinal fluid biomarker-confirmed diagnosis (cutoff tau/amyloid β peptide 42: 0.52). Mass spectrometry platforms determined the concentrations of 53 amine compounds, 22 organic acid compounds, 120 lipid compounds, and 40 oxidative stress compounds. Multiple signatures were assessed: differential expression (nested linear models), classification (logistic regression), and regulatory (network extraction). Results Twenty-six metabolites were differentially expressed. Metabolites improved the classification performance of clinical variables from 74% to 79%. Network models identified five hubs of metabolic dysregulation: tyrosine, glycylglycine, glutamine, lysophosphatic acid C18:2, and platelet-activating factor C16:0. The metabolite network for apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 negative AD patients was less cohesive compared with the network for APOE ε4 positive AD patients. Discussion Multiple signatures point to various promising peripheral markers for further validation. The network differences in AD patients according to APOE genotype may reflect different pathways to AD. Multiple metabolic signatures point to peripheral AD markers for future validation. AD may be described by changes in the metabolism of amines and oxidative stressors. APOE ε4-driven AD and non- APOE ε4-driven AD represent different biochemical pathways. Network analyses of metabolomics data enable the study of metabolic changes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca A de Leeuw
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carel F W Peeters
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje I Kester
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amy C Harms
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eduard A Struys
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman W T van Vlijmen
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium.,Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ayşe Demirkan
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A van de Wiel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Mathematics, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Kim YS, Lee KJ, Kim H. Serum tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 levels in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Psychogeriatrics 2017; 17:224-230. [PMID: 28130814 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation has been recognized as a feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is believed to share several pathological features with AD. The aim of the present study was to compare serum cytokine levels between patients with AD, subjects with MCI, and healthy controls, and to assess the correlation between cytokine levels and cognitive performance in these subjects. METHODS Participants included 35 patients with AD, 29 subjects with MCI, and 28 healthy controls from the Department of Psychiatry of IIlsan Paik Hospital in South Korea. Demographic and neuropsychological information were obtained, and peripheral cytokine levels, specifically tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 levels, were measured for all subjects. RESULTS After adjustment for age, a significant difference in IL-6 levels (P = 0.045), but not in TNF-α (P = 0.082) levels, was observed among the three groups. IL-6 levels were higher in patients with AD than in subjects with MCI and healthy controls. TNF-α and IL-6 levels negatively and positively correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination and Global Deterioration Scale scores, respectively. TNF-α and IL-6 levels were also positively correlated with each other. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that serum IL-6 levels of patients with AD might be higher than those of subjects with MCI and healthy controls. Serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels might be negatively correlated with cognitive function, and we suspect that serum IL-6 levels could be biomarkers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Sup Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Kang Joon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
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10
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Rahman MR, Tajmim A, Ali M, Sharif M. Overview and Current Status of Alzheimer's Disease in Bangladesh. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2017; 1:27-42. [PMID: 30480227 PMCID: PMC6159651 DOI: 10.3233/adr-170012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurological disorder with economic, social, and medical burdens which is acknowledged as leading cause of dementia marked by the accumulation and aggregation of amyloid-β peptide and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) protein and concomitant dementia, neuron loss and brain atrophy. AD is the most prevalent neurodegenerative brain disorder with sporadic etiology, except for a small fraction of cases with familial inheritance where familial forms of AD are correlated to mutations in three functionally related genes: the amyloid-β protein precursor and presenilins 1 and 2, two key γ-secretase components. The common clinical features of AD are memory impairment that interrupts daily life, difficulty in accomplishing usual tasks, confusion with time or place, trouble understanding visual images and spatial relationships. Age is the most significant risk factor for AD, whereas other risk factors correlated with AD are hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, smoking, obesity, and diabetes. Despite decades of research, there is no satisfying therapy which will terminate the advancement of AD by acting on the origin of the disease process, whereas currently available therapeutics only provide symptomatic relief but fail to attain a definite cure and prevention. This review also represents the current status of AD in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rashidur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore, Bangladesh
| | - Afsana Tajmim
- Department of Pharmacy, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore, Bangladesh
| | - Mostakim Sharif
- Department of Pharmacy, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore, Bangladesh
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Schmidt MF, Freeman KB, Windham BG, Griswold ME, Kullo IJ, Turner ST, Mosley TH. Associations Between Serum Inflammatory Markers and Hippocampal Volume in a Community Sample. J Am Geriatr Soc 2016; 64:1823-9. [PMID: 27549073 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.14283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify associations between inflammatory biomarkers and hippocampal volume (HV) and to examine effect modification according to sex, race, and age. DESIGN Cross-sectional analyses using generalized estimating equations to account for familial clustering; standardized β-coefficients adjusted for age, sex, race, and education. SETTING Community cohorts in Jackson, Mississippi and Rochester, Minnesota. PARTICIPANTS The Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy study. MEASUREMENTS C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 (sTNFR-1) and 2 (sTNFR-2) from peripheral blood were measured in a sample of 773 non-Hispanic whites (61% women, aged 60.2 ± 9.8) and 514 African Americans (70% women, aged 63.9 ± 8.1) who also underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging. Biomarkers were standardized and compared according to sex, race and age with HV. RESULTS In the full sample, higher sTNFR-1 and sTNFR-2 were associated with smaller HV. Each standard deviation (SD) increase in sTNFR-1 was associated with 59.1 mm(3) (95% confidence interval (CI) = -101.4 to -16.7 mm(3) ) smaller HV and each SD increase in sTNFR-2 associated with 48.8 mm(3) (95% CI = -92.2 to -5.3 mm(3) ) smaller HV. Relationships were stronger for sTNFR-2 in men (HV = -116.6 mm(3) for each SD increase, 95% CI = -201.0 to -32.1) than women (HV = -26.0 per SD increase, 95% CI = -72.4-20.5) and sTNFR-1 in non-Hispanic whites (HV = -84.7 mm(3) per SD increase, 95% CI = -142.2 to -27.1) than African Americans (HV = -14.1 mm(3) per SD increase, 95% CI = -78.3-50.1). Associations between IL-6 or CRP and HV were not supported. CONCLUSION Higher levels of sTNFRs were associated cross-sectionally with smaller hippocampi. Longitudinal data are needed to determine whether these biomarkers may help to identify risk of late-life cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike F Schmidt
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Kevin B Freeman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Beverly G Windham
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Michael E Griswold
- Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Iftikhar J Kullo
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Stephen T Turner
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.
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12
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Lista S, O'Bryant SE, Blennow K, Dubois B, Hugon J, Zetterberg H, Hampel H. Biomarkers in Sporadic and Familial Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:291-317. [PMID: 26401553 DOI: 10.3233/jad-143006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are sporadic (sAD) or inherited in a non-Mendelian fashion, and less than 1% of cases are autosomal-dominant. Forms of sAD do not exhibit familial aggregation and are characterized by complex genetic and environmental interactions. Recently, the expansion of genomic methodologies, in association with substantially larger combined cohorts, has resulted in various genome-wide association studies that have identified several novel genetic associations of AD. Currently, the most effective methods for establishing the diagnosis of AD are defined by multi-modal pathways, starting with clinical and neuropsychological assessment, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, and brain-imaging procedures, all of which have significant cost- and access-to-care barriers. Consequently, research efforts have focused on the development and validation of non-invasive and generalizable blood-based biomarkers. Among the modalities conceptualized by the systems biology paradigm and utilized in the "exploratory biomarker discovery arena", proteome analysis has received the most attention. However, metabolomics, lipidomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics have recently become key modalities in the search for AD biomarkers. Interestingly, biomarker changes for familial AD (fAD), in many but not all cases, seem similar to those for sAD. The integration of neurogenetics with systems biology/physiology-based strategies and high-throughput technologies for molecular profiling is expected to help identify the causes, mechanisms, and biomarkers associated with the various forms of AD. Moreover, in order to hypothesize the dynamic trajectories of biomarkers through disease stages and elucidate the mechanisms of biomarker alterations, updated and more sophisticated theoretical models have been proposed for both sAD and fAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lista
- AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Sid E O'Bryant
- Institute for Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Research & Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Hugon
- Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche (CMRR) Paris Nord Ile-de-France, Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis Lariboisière - Fernand Widal, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 07, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin (IFM), Inserm UMR_S 839, Paris, France
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Harald Hampel
- AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
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Jung IY, Lee EH, Suh AY, Lee SJ, Lee H. Oligonucleotide-based biosensors for in vitro diagnostics and environmental hazard detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2383-406. [PMID: 26781106 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide-based biosensors have drawn much attention because of their broad applications in in vitro diagnostics and environmental hazard detection. They are particularly of interest to many researchers because of their high specificity as well as excellent sensitivity. Recently, oligonucleotide-based biosensors have been used to achieve not only genetic detection of targets but also the detection of small molecules, peptides, and proteins. This has further broadened the applications of these sensors in the medical and health care industry. In this review, we highlight various examples of oligonucleotide-based biosensors for the detection of diseases, drugs, and environmentally hazardous chemicals. Each example is provided with detailed schematics of the detection mechanism in addition to the supporting experimental results. Furthermore, future perspectives and new challenges in oligonucleotide-based biosensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Young Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Young Suh
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukjin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
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Fominykh V, Onufriev MV, Vorobyeva A, Brylev L, Yakovlev AA, Zakharova MN, Gulyaeva NV. Increased S-nitrosothiols are associated with spinal cord injury in multiple sclerosis. J Clin Neurosci 2016; 28:38-42. [PMID: 26778356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disorder associated with inflammation, demyelination and axonal damage. In search of potential biomarkers of spinal cord lesions in MS related to nitric oxide metabolites, we measured total nitrite and nitrate levels, and protein-bound nitrotyrosine and S-nitrosothiol concentrations in the serum of MS patients at different stages of the disease. Sixty-eight patients and 36 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Total nitrite and nitrate levels were augmented in relapsing-remitting MS, while increased S-nitrosothiol concentrations were found both in relapsing-remitting and secondary-progressive MS. Further analysis demonstrated that S-nitrosothiol levels were selectively increased in patients with spinal cord injury. The data suggest that high S-nitrosothiol concentration may be a potential serum biomarker for spinal cord injury in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Fominykh
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity & Neurophysiology RAS, Department of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Butlerov Street 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia.
| | - Mikhail V Onufriev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity & Neurophysiology RAS, Department of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Butlerov Street 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Anna Vorobyeva
- Research Center of Neurology Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Neuroinfection Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lev Brylev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity & Neurophysiology RAS, Department of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Butlerov Street 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Alexander A Yakovlev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity & Neurophysiology RAS, Department of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Butlerov Street 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Maria N Zakharova
- Research Center of Neurology Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Neuroinfection Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V Gulyaeva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity & Neurophysiology RAS, Department of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Butlerov Street 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia
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15
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El-Bakry S, Mostapha W. Galantamine therapy for alzheimer’s disease by introducing nanodrug delivery systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4103/1110-1105.193013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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16
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Association of the C47T Polymorphism in SOD2 with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease in Carriers of the APOEε4 Allele. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:746329. [PMID: 26696693 PMCID: PMC4678069 DOI: 10.1155/2015/746329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important part in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), the prodromal phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent evidence shows that polymorphisms in the SOD2 gene affect the elimination of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in mitochondria. The aim of this study was to determine whether the functional rs4880 SNP in the SOD2 gene is a risk factor associated with aMCI and sporadic AD. 216 subjects with aMCI, 355 with AD, and 245 controls have been studied. The SNP rs4880 of the SOD2 gene was genotyped by RT-PCR and the APOE genotype was determined by PCR and RFLPs. Different multinomial logistic regression models were used to determine the risk levels for aMCI and AD. Although the T allele of the SOD2 rs4880 SNP gene (rs4880-T) is not an independent risk for aMCI or AD, this allele increases the risk to aMCI patients carrying at least one APOEε4 allele. Moreover, rs4880-T allele and APOEε4 allele combination has been found to produce an increased risk for AD compared to aMCI reference patients. These results suggest that APOEε4 and rs4880-T genotype may be a risk for aMCI and a predictor of progression from aMCI to AD.
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Fourier A, Portelius E, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Quadrio I, Perret-Liaudet A. Pre-analytical and analytical factors influencing Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarker variability. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 449:9-15. [PMID: 26141614 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A panel of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers including total Tau (t-Tau), phosphorylated Tau protein at residue 181 (p-Tau) and β-amyloid peptides (Aβ42 and Aβ40), is frequently used as an aid in Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis for young patients with cognitive impairment, for predicting prodromal AD in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects, for AD discrimination in atypical clinical phenotypes and for inclusion/exclusion and stratification of patients in clinical trials. Due to variability in absolute levels between laboratories, there is no consensus on medical cut-off value for the CSF AD signature. Thus, for full implementation of this core AD biomarker panel in clinical routine, this issue has to be solved. Variability can be explained both by pre-analytical and analytical factors. For example, the plastic tubes used for CSF collection and storage, the lack of reference material and the variability of the analytical protocols were identified as important sources of variability. The aim of this review is to highlight these pre-analytical and analytical factors and describe efforts done to counteract them in order to establish cut-off values for core CSF AD biomarkers. This review will give the current state of recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Fourier
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Hôpitaux de Lyon, Lyon, France; University of Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, BioRan, Lyon, France
| | - Erik Portelius
- Clinical, Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical, Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical, Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Isabelle Quadrio
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Hôpitaux de Lyon, Lyon, France; University of Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, BioRan, Lyon, France
| | - Armand Perret-Liaudet
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Hôpitaux de Lyon, Lyon, France; University of Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, BioRan, Lyon, France; Société Française de Biologie Clinique (SFBC), Alzheimer Biomarkers group co-coordination, France.
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18
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The roles of biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:182303. [PMID: 24949424 PMCID: PMC4053273 DOI: 10.1155/2014/182303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This paper aims to examine whether biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidants could be useful biomarkers in AD, which might form the bases of future clinical studies. Methods. PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science were systematically queried to obtain studies with available data regarding markers of oxidative stress and antioxidants from subjects with AD. Results and Conclusion. Although most studies show elevated serum markers of lipid peroxidation in AD, there is no sufficient evidence to justify the routine use of biomarkers as predictors of severity or outcome in AD.
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Nahavandi S, Baratchi S, Soffe R, Tang SY, Nahavandi S, Mitchell A, Khoshmanesh K. Microfluidic platforms for biomarker analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1496-514. [PMID: 24663505 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51124c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers have been described as characteristics, most often molecular, that provide information about biological states, whether normal, pathological, or therapeutically modified. They hold great potential to assist diagnosis and prognosis, monitor disease, and assess therapeutic effectiveness. While a few biomarkers are routinely utilised clinically, these only reflect a very small percentage of all biomarkers discovered. Numerous factors contribute to the slow uptake of these new biomarkers, with challenges faced throughout the biomarker development pipeline. Microfluidics offers two important opportunities to the field of biomarkers: firstly, it can address some of these developmental obstacles, and secondly, it can provide the precise and complex platform required to bridge the gap between biomarker research and the biomarker-based analytical device market. Indeed, adoption of microfluidics has provided a new avenue for advancement, promoting clinical utilisation of both biomarkers and their analytical platforms. This review will discuss biomarkers and outline microfluidic platforms developed for biomarker analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Nahavandi
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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20
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Komatsu T, Lee MCI. Oxidative Stress and Periodontal Disease in Down Syndrome. STUDIES ON PERIODONTAL DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9557-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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21
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Kapaki E, Paraskevas GP, Emmanouilidou E, Vekrellis K. The diagnostic value of CSF α-synuclein in the differential diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies vs. normal subjects and patients with Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81654. [PMID: 24282614 PMCID: PMC3840054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of α-synuclein (α-syn) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with synucleinopathy has yielded promising but inconclusive results. The aim of the present study was to determine the diagnostic value of α-syn as a biological marker for Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) vs. normal subjects and patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), after strict control of several recognized confounders. Sixteen patients with DLB, 18 patients with AD and 22 age- and sex-matched normal controls (CTRL) were recruited. The levels of total α-syn in CSF were measured using a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. There was a significant increase of CSF α-syn levels in DLB patients as compared to the CTRL and AD groups (P= 0.049 and 0.01 respectively). ROC analysis revealed that increased α-syn was 81.8% specific for the discrimination of DLB vs. CTRL and 90% vs. AD. However, sensitivity was lower (56.2 % and 50% respectively). These findings provide evidence for a possible diagnostic role of α-syn as a surrogate biomarker for DLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Kapaki
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
| | - George P. Paraskevas
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Emmanouilidou
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kostas Vekrellis
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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22
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O'Bryant SE, Xiao G, Edwards M, Devous M, Gupta VB, Martins R, Zhang F, Barber R. Biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease among Mexican Americans. J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 34:841-9. [PMID: 23313927 DOI: 10.3233/jad-122074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mexican Americans are the fastest aging segment of the U.S. population, yet little scientific literature exists regarding the Alzheimer's disease (AD) among this segment of the population. The extant literature suggests that biomarkers of AD will vary according to race/ethnicity though no prior work has explicitly studied this possibility. The aim of this study was to create a serum-based biomarker profile of AD among Mexican American. METHODS Data were analyzed from 363 Mexican American participants (49 AD and 314 normal controls) enrolled in the Texas Alzheimer's Research & Care Consortium (TARCC). Non-fasting serum samples were analyzed using a luminex-based multi-plex platform. A biomarker profile was generated using random forest analyses. RESULTS The biomarker profile of AD among Mexican Americans was different from prior work from non-Hispanic populations with regards to the variable importance plots. In fact, many of the top markers were related to metabolic factors (e.g., FABP, GLP-1, CD40, pancreatic polypeptide, insulin-like-growth factor, and insulin). The biomarker profile was a significant classifier of AD status yielding an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, and specificity of 0.77, 0.92, and 0.64, respectively. Combining biomarkers with clinical variables yielded a better balance of sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSION The biomarker profile for AD among Mexican American cases is significantly different from that previously identified among non-Hispanic cases from many large-scale studies. This is the first study to explicitly examine and provide support for blood-based biomarkers of AD among Mexican Americans. Areas for future research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sid E O'Bryant
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA. Sid.O’
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Wang Y, Zhou TH, Zhi Z, Barakat A, Hlatky L, Querfurth H. Multiple effects of β-amyloid on single excitatory synaptic connections in the PFC. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:129. [PMID: 24027495 PMCID: PMC3759796 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prefrontal cortex (PFC) is recognized as an AD-vulnerable region responsible for defects in cognitive functioning. Pyramidal cell (PC) connections are typically facilitating (F) or depressing (D) in PFC. Excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) were recorded using patch-clamp from single connections in PFC slices of rats and ferrets in the presence of β-amyloid (Aβ). Synaptic transmission was significantly enhanced or reduced depending on their intrinsic type (facilitating or depressing), Aβ species (Aβ 40 or Aβ 42) and concentration (1-200 nM vs. 0.3-1 μ M). Nanomolar Aβ 40 and Aβ 42 had opposite effects on F-connections, resulting in fewer or increased EPSP failure rates, strengthening or weakening EPSPs and enhancing or inhibiting short-term potentiation [STP: synaptic augmentation (SA) and post-tetanic potentiation (PTP)], respectively. High Aβ 40 concentrations induced inhibition regardless of synaptic type. D-connections were inhibited regardless of Aβ species or concentration. The inhibition induced with bath application was hard to recover by washout, but a complete recovery was obtained with brief local application and prompt washout. Our data suggests that Aβ 40 acts on the prefrontal neuronal network by modulating facilitating and depressing synapses. At higher levels, both Aβ 40 and Aβ 42 inhibit synaptic activity and cause irreversible toxicity once diffusely accumulated in the synaptic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China ; Steward St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts Medical School, Tufts University Boston, MA, USA
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Fiolaki A, Tsamis KI, Milionis HJ, Kyritsis AP, Kosmidou M, Giannopoulos S. Atherosclerosis, biomarkers of atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Int J Neurosci 2013; 124:1-11. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.821988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Justino DD, Lage ALA, Souto DEP, da Silva JV, Torres Pio dos Santos W, de Cássia Silva Luz R, Damos FS. Study of the effects of surface pKa and electron transfer kinetics of electroactive 4-nitrothiophenol/4-mercaptobenzoic acid binary SAM on the simultaneous determination of epinephrine and uric acid. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gupta VB, Sundaram R, Martins RN. Multiplex biomarkers in blood. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2013; 5:31. [PMID: 23795953 PMCID: PMC3707019 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the field of blood biomarker discovery will help in identifying Alzheimer's disease in its preclinical stage, allowing treatment to be initiated before irreversible damage occurs. This review discusses some recent past and current approaches being taken by researchers in the field. Individual blood biomarkers have been unsuccessful in defining the disease pathology, progression and thus diagnosis. This directs to the need for discovering a multiplex panel of blood biomarkers as a promising approach with high sensitivity and specificity for early diagnosis. However, it is a great challenge to standardize a worldwide blood biomarker panel due to the innate differences in the population tested, nature of the samples and methods utilised in different studies across the globe. We highlight several issues that result in the lack of reproducibility in this field of research currently faced by researchers. Several important measures are summarized towards the end of the review that can be taken to minimize the variability among various centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veer Bala Gupta
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's disease Research & Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, 6027 Australia
| | - Ramani Sundaram
- Centre for Ageing and Alzheimer's, Nightingales, Bangalore, 560043 India
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's disease Research & Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, 6027 Australia ; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital), Perth, WA, 6009 Australia ; Suite 22, Hollywood Medical Centre, 85 Monash Ave, Nedlands, WA, 6009 Australia
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27
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Deletion of Abca7 increases cerebral amyloid-β accumulation in the J20 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 2013; 33:4387-94. [PMID: 23467355 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4165-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter A7 (ABCA7) is expressed in the brain and has been detected in macrophages, microglia, and neurons. ABCA7 promotes efflux of lipids from cells to apolipoproteins and can also regulate phagocytosis and modulate processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) to generate the Alzheimer's disease (AD) amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. Genome-wide association studies have indicated that ABCA7 single nucleotide polymorphisms confer increased risk for late-onset AD; however, the role that ABCA7 plays in the brain in the AD context is unknown. In the present study, we crossed ABCA7-deficient (A7(-/-)) mice with J20 amyloidogenic mice to address this issue. We show that ABCA7 loss doubled insoluble Aβ levels and thioflavine-S-positive plaques in the brain. This was not related to changes in APP processing (assessed by analysis of full-length APP and the APP β C-terminal fragment). Apolipoprotein E regulates cerebral Aβ homeostasis and plaque load; however, the apolipoprotein E concentration was not altered by ABCA7 loss. Spatial reference memory was significantly impaired in both J20 and J20/A7(-/-) mice compared with wild-type mice; however, there were no cognitive differences between J20 and J20/A7(-/-) mice. There were also no major differences detected in hippocampal or plaque-associated microglial/macrophage markers between J20 and J20/A7(-/-) mice, whereas the capacity for bone marrow-derived macrophages derived from A7(-/-) mice to take up oligomeric Aβ was reduced by 51% compared with wild-type mice. Our results suggest that ABCA7 plays a role in the regulation of Aβ homeostasis in the brain and that this may be related to altered phagocyte function.
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Abstract
Alzheimer′s disease (AD) represents a highly common form of dementia, but can be diagnosed in the earlier stages before dementia onset. Early diagnosis is crucial for successful therapeutic intervention. The introduction of new diagnostic biomarkers for AD is aimed at detecting underlying brain pathology. These biomarkers reflect structural or biochemical changes related to AD. Examination of cerebrospinal fluid has many drawbacks; therefore, the search for sensitive and specific blood markers is ongoing. Investigation is mainly focused on upstream processes, among which oxidative stress in the brain is of particular interest. Products of oxidative stress may diffuse into the blood and evaluating them can contribute to diagnosis of AD. However, results of blood oxidative stress markers are not consistent among various studies, as documented in this review. To find a specific biochemical marker for AD, we should concentrate on specific metabolic products formed in the brain. Specific fluorescent intermediates of brain lipid peroxidation may represent such candidates as the composition of brain phospholipids is unique. They are small lipophilic molecules and can diffuse into the blood stream, where they can then be detected. We propose that these fluorescent products are potential candidates for blood biomarkers of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Skoumalová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles University in Prague, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Porcellini E, Ianni M, Carbone I, Franceschi M, Licastro F. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 promoter polymorphism and plasma levels in alzheimer's disease. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2013; 10:6. [PMID: 23432970 PMCID: PMC3610278 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-10-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Neurodegenerative disorders such Alzheimer's disease (AD) are often characterized by senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangle. In addition, reactive astrogliosis, microglia activation and a chronic inflammation are found in AD brain. Activated microglia has been reported to express a large number of beta chemokines including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). The potential role of MCP-1 in AD pathogenesis is supported by the over expression of MCP-1 associated with an increase of amyloid deposition in transgenic mice. MCP-1 protein may be regulated by a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) occurring at position −2518 of the MCP-1 gene promoter. In this paper we correlated the A-2518G MCP-1 SNP distribution in three different populations: AD, control and MCI (mild cognitive impairment) population to evaluate whether this SNP might be a risk factor for AD or for MCI-AD conversion. MCP-1 plasma levels were also measured and correlated to the cognitive impairment (CIND) and AD risk. Results No differences in genotype distribution and allele frequencies of A-2518G MCP-1 SNP among AD patients, MCI subjects and controls were observed even after APOEe4 variation adjustment with logistic regression. However in MCI subjects, followed up for two years, this SNP appears to influence the progression of the disease; being the G allele slightly more frequent in MCI patients that developed AD. MCP-1 plasma levels were different among CIND (cognitive impairment but no dementia), AD and controls. The MCP-1 A-2518G promoter polymorphism did not affect MCP-1 plasma levels within the three populations. Conclusions MCP-1 G allele did not affect the risk of AD, but slightly influenced MCI conversion to AD and MCP-1 plasma levels were increased in subjects with preclinical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Porcellini
- DIMES, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Via S, Giacomo 14, Bologna, 40126, Italy.
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del Campo M, Mollenhauer B, Bertolotto A, Engelborghs S, Hampel H, Simonsen AH, Kapaki E, Kruse N, Le Bastard N, Lehmann S, Molinuevo JL, Parnetti L, Perret-Liaudet A, Sáez-Valero J, Saka E, Urbani A, Vanmechelen E, Verbeek M, Visser PJ, Teunissen C. Recommendations to standardize preanalytical confounding factors in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers: an update. Biomark Med 2013; 6:419-30. [PMID: 22917144 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.12.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's (AD) or Parkinson's disease (PD) is needed to slow down or halt the disease at the earliest stage. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers can be a good tool for early diagnosis. However, their use in clinical practice is challenging due to the high variability found between centers in the concentrations of both AD CSF biomarkers (Aβ42, total tau and phosphorylated tau) and PD CSF biomarker (α-synuclein). Such a variability has been partially attributed to different preanalytical procedures between laboratories, thus highlighting the need to establish standardized operating procedures. Here, we merge two previous consensus guidelines for preanalytical confounding factors in order to achieve one exhaustive guideline updated with new evidence for Aβ42, total tau and phosphorylated tau, and α-synuclein. The proposed standardized operating procedures are applicable not only to novel CSF biomarkers in AD and PD, but also to biomarkers for other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta del Campo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neurology Laboratory, VU University medical center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Petre BA, Ulrich M, Stumbaum M, Bernevic B, Moise A, Döring G, Przybylski M. When is mass spectrometry combined with affinity approaches essential? A case study of tyrosine nitration in proteins. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:1831-1840. [PMID: 22907170 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine nitration in proteins occurs under physiologic conditions and is increased at disease conditions associated with oxidative stress, such as inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Identification and quantification of tyrosine-nitrations are crucial for understanding nitration mechanism(s) and their functional consequences. Mass spectrometry (MS) is best suited to identify nitration sites, but is hampered by low stabilities and modification levels and possible structural changes induced by nitration. In this insight, we discuss methods for identifying and quantifying nitration sites by proteolytic affinity extraction using nitrotyrosine (NT)-specific antibodies, in combination with electrospray-MS. The efficiency of this approach is illustrated by identification of specific nitration sites in two proteins in eosinophil granules from several biological samples, eosinophil-cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN). Affinity extraction combined with Edman sequencing enabled the quantification of nitration levels, which were found to be 8 % and 15 % for ECP and EDN, respectively. Structure modeling utilizing available crystal structures and affinity studies using synthetic NT-peptides suggest a tyrosine nitration sequence motif comprising positively charged residues in the vicinity of the NT- residue, located at specific surface- accessible sites of the protein structure. Affinities of Tyr-nitrated peptides from ECP and EDN to NT-antibodies, determined by online bioaffinity- MS, provided nanomolar K(D) values. In contrast, false-positive identifications of nitrations were obtained in proteins from cystic fibrosis patients upon using NT-specific antibodies, and were shown to be hydroxy-tyrosine modifications. These results demonstrate affinity- mass spectrometry approaches to be essential for unequivocal identification of biological tyrosine nitrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brînduşa-Alina Petre
- Steinbeis Research and Transfer Center for Biopolymer Analysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Fominykh VV, Onufriev MV, Kaimovskii IL, Guz DV, Guekht AB, Zakharova MN, Gulyaeva NV. Enzyme immunoassay for detection of protein-bound nitrotyrosine in brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid: Methodological issues. NEUROCHEM J+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712412030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yang MH, Yang YH, Lu CY, Jong SB, Chen LJ, Lin YF, Wu SJ, Chu PY, Chung TW, Tyan YC. Activity-dependent neuroprotector homeobox protein: A candidate protein identified in serum as diagnostic biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. J Proteomics 2012; 75:3617-29. [PMID: 22554909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia of late life. To enhance our understanding of AD proteome, the serum proteins were analyzed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) combined with nano-high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (nano-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) followed by peptide fragmentation patterning. In this study, six protein spots with differential expression were identified. Five up-regulated proteins were identified as actin, apolipoprotein A-IV (Apo A-IV), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 (ITIH4), alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), and antithrombin-III (AT-III); one protein, activity-dependent neuroprotector homeobox protein (ADNP) was down-regulated in AD patients. These proteins with differential expression in the serum may serve as potential indicators of AD. Our results suggested that ADNP may play an important role in slowing the progression of clinical symptoms of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
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Uslu S, Akarkarasu ZE, Ozbabalik D, Ozkan S, Colak O, Demirkan ES, Ozkiris A, Demirustu C, Alatas O. Levels of amyloid beta-42, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1554-9. [PMID: 22437436 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0750-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid β42 (Aβ42) and proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) have been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). Our aim was to examine whether the changes in these parameters would be able to discriminate the patients with AD from those with VaD and from healthy individuals. We have analyzed the levels of Aβ42, IL-6 and TNF-α in the serum of newly diagnosed 28 AD patients, 16 VaD patients and 26 healthy non-demented controls. We also investigated whether there is an association between Aβ42, IL-6 and TNF-α levels and mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scores and body mass indexes (BMI) of patients. Our data showed a significant decrease in serum Aβ-42 levels in AD patients compared to VaD patients and controls. Levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were not different between AD patients, VaD patients and controls. We observed a correlation between Aβ-42 levels and MMSE scores and BMI levels in both AD and VaD patients. However, Aβ-42 levels were not correlated with IL-6 and TNF-α levels. Significantly lower levels of Aβ42 found in the serum of AD patients than that of VaD patients and controls suggests that it can be a specific biochemical marker for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Uslu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Eskişehir Osmangazi, Eskisehir, Turkey.
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Kork F, Gentsch A, Holthues J, Hellweg R, Jankowski V, Tepel M, Zidek W, Jankowski J. A biomarker for severity of Alzheimer’s disease:1H-NMR resonances in cerebrospinal fluid correlate with performance in mini-mental-state-exam. Biomarkers 2012; 17:36-42. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2011.635806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Obasi CN, Cruickshanks KJ, Nondahl DM, Klein BEK, Klein R, Nieto FJ, Shankar A, Fischer ME, Tsai MY, Chappell R. Association of Biomarkers for Inflammation, Endothelial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress with Cognitive Impairment. The Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study (EHLS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 1:169-173. [PMID: 23814681 DOI: 10.5455/oams.031212.br.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual biomarkers of inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been associated with cognitive impairment. This study explored whether a combination of biomarkers could prospectively identify those who developed cognitive decline. METHODS Biomarkers were obtained during the baseline examination of the Beaver Dam Eye Study (1988-90), and cognitive status was assessed during the 5-year follow-up examination of the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study (1998-2000). Cognitive impairment was defined as a score of < 24 points on the Mini-Mental State Examination or self- or proxy report of Alzheimer Disease or dementia. Among those with cognitive data, interleukin-6, isoprostanes, protein carbonyl, soluble inter-cellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 were available for 950 participants and 2,336 had high sensitivity C-reactive protein. RESULTS Biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction were not associated with cognitive impairment. There was a weak inverse association between higher levels of protein carbonyl content and cognitive impairment (OR, 0.8 per quartile of protein carbonyl content, p=0.045 unadjusted for multiple comparisons). This was not significant on multiple testing and may have been a chance finding. CONCLUSION We found that many markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction were not associated with cognitive impairment. An inverse association with carbonyl protein, a marker of oxidative stress needs further confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidi N Obasi
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI USA
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Humpel C, Hochstrasser T. Cerebrospinal fluid and blood biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease. World J Psychiatry 2011; 1:8-18. [PMID: 24175162 PMCID: PMC3782169 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v1.i1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to an ever aging society and growing prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the challenge to meet social and health care system needs will become increasingly difficult. Unfortunately, a definite ante mortem diagnosis is not possible. Thus, an early diagnosis and identification of AD patients is critical for promising, early pharmacological interventions as well as addressing health care needs. The most advanced and most reliable markers are β-amyloid, total tau and phosphorylated tau in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In blood, no single biomarker has been identified despite an intense search over the last decade. The most promising approaches consist of a combination of several blood-based markers increasing the reliability, sensitivity and specificity of the AD diagnosis. However, contradictory data make standardized testing methods in longitudinal and multi-center studies extremely difficult. In this review, we summarize a range of the most promising CSF and blood biomarkers for diagnosing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Humpel
- Christian Humpel, Tanja Hochstrasser, Laboratory for Psychiatry and Experimental Alzheimer's Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Davinelli S, Intrieri M, Russo C, Di Costanzo A, Zella D, Bosco P, Scapagnini G. The "Alzheimer's disease signature": potential perspectives for novel biomarkers. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2011; 8:7. [PMID: 21933389 PMCID: PMC3192749 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-8-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive and neurodegenerative disorder which involves multiple molecular mechanisms. Intense research during the last years has accumulated a large body of data and the search for sensitive and specific biomarkers has undergone a rapid evolution. However, the diagnosis remains problematic and the current tests do not accurately detect the process leading to neurodegeneration. Biomarkers discovery and validation are considered the key aspects to support clinical diagnosis and provide discriminatory power between different stages of the disorder. A considerable challenge is to integrate different types of data from new potent approach to reach a common interpretation and replicate the findings across studies and populations. Furthermore, long-term clinical follow-up and combined analysis of several biomarkers are among the most promising perspectives to diagnose and manage the disease. The present review will focus on the recent published data providing an updated overview of the main achievements in the genetic and biochemical research of the Alzheimer's disease. We also discuss the latest and most significant results that will help to define a specific disease signature whose validity might be clinically relevant for future AD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy.
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Blood-based protein biomarkers for diagnosis and classification of neurodegenerative diseases: current progress and clinical potential. Mol Diagn Ther 2011; 15:83-102. [PMID: 21623645 DOI: 10.1007/bf03256398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biomarker research is a rapidly advancing field in medicine. Recent advances in genomic, genetic, epigenetic, neuroscientific, proteomic, and metabolomic knowledge and technologies have opened the way to thriving research. In the most general sense, a biomarker refers to any useful characteristic that can be measured and used as an indicator of a normal biologic process, a pathogenic process, or a pharmacologic response to a therapeutic agent. Despite the extensive resources concentrated on this area, there are very few biomarkers currently available that qualify and are satisfactorily validated for mental disorders, and there is still a major lack of biomarkers for typifying neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. This article provides an overview of this field of research and focuses on recent advances in biomarker research in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Kim SM, Song J, Kim S, Han C, Park MH, Koh Y, Jo SA, Kim YY. Identification of peripheral inflammatory markers between normal control and Alzheimer's disease. BMC Neurol 2011; 11:51. [PMID: 21569380 PMCID: PMC3120663 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-11-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple pathogenic factors may contribute to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Peripheral blood markers have been used to assess biochemical changes associated with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and involved in their pathophysiology. Methods Plasma samples and clinical data were obtained from participants in the Ansan Geriatric Study (AGE study). Plasma concentrations of four candidate biomarkers were measured in the normal control (NC), MCI, and AD group: interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Body mass index (BMI), MMSE (Mini Mental State Examination), CDR(Clinical Dementia Rating) score and homocystein level were recorded with social and demographic information. Results Total of 59 subjects were randomly selected for this analysis [NC (n = 21), MCI(n = 20) and AD(n = 18)]. In demographic data, educational year was correlated with the diagnosis states (p < 0.0001). No significant differences in cardiovascular disease, BMI and use of NSAIDs were found in MCI or AD group compared with NC group, respectively. The involvement of inflammatory illness or conditions in subjects, WBC count, fibrinogen and homocystein of the three groups, but no significant differences were found in each groups. The plasma IL-8 level was lower in MCI and AD patients compared with the normal control group (respectively, p < 0.0001). The MCI and AD patients had similar MCP-1, IL-10, and TNF-α level. Conclusions Our study suggests the existence of an independent and negative relationship between plasma IL-8 levels and functional status in MCI and AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam-Moon Kim
- Center for Biomedical Science, Division of Brain Diseases, National Institute of Health in Korea (KNIH), Osong Health Technology Administration Complex 643 Yeonje-ri, Gangoe-myeon, Chungcheongbuk-do, 363-951, Republic of Korea
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Oxidative Stress in Phenylketonuria: What is the Evidence? Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 31:653-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Brambilla D, Le Droumaguet B, Nicolas J, Hashemi SH, Wu LP, Moghimi SM, Couvreur P, Andrieux K. Nanotechnologies for Alzheimer's disease: diagnosis, therapy, and safety issues. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 7:521-40. [PMID: 21477665 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the most common form of dementia worldwide, affecting more than 35 million people. Advances in nanotechnology are beginning to exert a significant impact in neurology. These approaches, which are often based on the design and engineering of a plethora of nanoparticulate entities with high specificity for brain capillary endothelial cells, are currently being applied to early AD diagnosis and treatment. In addition, nanoparticles (NPs) with high affinity for the circulating amyloid-β (Aβ) forms may induce "sink effect" and improve the AD condition. There are also developments in relation to in vitro diagnostics for AD, including ultrasensitive NP-based bio-barcodes, immunosensors, as well as scanning tunneling microscopy procedures capable of detecting Aβ(1-40) and Aβ(1-42). However, there are concerns regarding the initiation of possible NP-mediated adverse events in AD, thus demanding the use of precisely assembled nanoconstructs from biocompatible materials. Key advances and safety issues are reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Brambilla
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie, Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Kouris I, Tsirmpas C, Mougiakakou SG, Iliopoulou D, Koutsouris D. E-Health towards ecumenical framework for personalized medicine via Decision Support System. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2011; 2010:2881-5. [PMID: 21095976 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2010.5626308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present manuscript is to present the advances performed in medicine using a Personalized Decision Support System (PDSS). The models used in Decision Support Systems (DSS) are examined in combination with Genome Information and Biomarkers to produce personalized result for each individual. The concept of personalize medicine is described in depth and application of PDSS for Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) and Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) are analyzed. Parameters extracted from genes, biomarkers, nutrition habits, lifestyle and biological measurements feed DSSs, incorporating Artificial Intelligence Modules (AIM), to provide personalized advice, medication and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kouris
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechneiou Str., 15780 Zografou, Greece.
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Dr Guşanu M, Petre BA, Przybylski M. Epitope motif of an anti-nitrotyrosine antibody specific for tyrosine-nitrated peptides revealed by a combination of affinity approaches and mass spectrometry. J Pept Sci 2011; 17:184-91. [PMID: 21308874 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitration of tyrosine residues has been shown to be an important oxidative modification in proteins and has been suggested to play a role in several diseases such as atherosclerosis, asthma, lung and neurodegenerative diseases. Detection of nitrated proteins has been mainly based on the use of nitrotyrosine-specific antibodies. In contrast, only a small number of nitration sites in proteins have been unequivocally identified by MS. We have used a monoclonal 3-NT-specific antibody, and have synthesized a series of tyrosine-nitrated peptides of prostacyclin synthase (PCS) in which a single specific nitration site at Tyr-430 had been previously identified upon reaction with peroxynitrite17. The determination of antibody-binding affinity and specificity of PCS peptides nitrated at different tyrosine residues (Tyr-430, Tyr-421, Tyr-83) and sequence mutations around the nitration sites provided the identification of an epitope motif containing positively charged amino acids (Lys and/or Arg) N-terminal to the nitration site. The highest affinity to the anti-3NT-antibody was found for the PCS peptide comprising the Tyr-430 nitration site with a K(D) of 60 nM determined for the peptide, PCS(424-436-Tyr-430NO(2) ); in contrast, PCS peptides nitrated at Tyr-421 and Tyr-83 had substantially lower affinity. ELISA, SAW bioaffinity, proteolytic digestion of antibody-bound peptides and affinity-MS analysis revealed highest affinity to the antibody for tyrosine-nitrated peptides that contained positively charged amino acids in the N-terminal sequence to the nitration site. Remarkably, similar N-terminal sequences of tyrosine-nitration sites have been recently identified in nitrated physiological proteins, such as eosinophil peroxidase and eosinophil-cationic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Dr Guşanu
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Biopolymer Structure Analysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Tsutsui H, Maeda T, Min JZ, Inagaki S, Higashi T, Kagawa Y, Toyo'oka T. Biomarker discovery in biological specimens (plasma, hair, liver and kidney) of diabetic mice based upon metabolite profiling using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 412:861-72. [PMID: 21185819 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of diabetic patients has recently been increasing worldwide. Diabetes is a multifactorial disorder based on environmental factors and genetic background. In many cases, diabetes is asymptomatic for a long period and the patient is not aware of the disease. Therefore, the potential biomarker(s), leading to the early detection and/or prevention of diabetes mellitus, are strongly required. However, the diagnosis of the prediabetic state in humans is a very difficult issue, because the lifestyle is variable in each person. Although the development of a diagnosis method in humans is the goal of our research, the extraction and structural identification of biomarker candidates in several biological specimens (i.e., plasma, hair, liver and kidney) of ddY strain mice, which undergo naturally occurring diabetes along with aging, were carried out based upon a metabolite profiling study. METHODS The low-molecular-mass compounds including metabolites in the biological specimens of diabetic mice (ddY-H) and normal mice (ddY-L) were globally separated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) using different reversed-phase columns (i.e., T3-C18 and HS-F5) and detected by electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS). The biomarker candidates related to diabetes mellitus were extracted from a multivariate statistical analysis, such as an orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), followed by a database search, such as ChemSpider, KEGG and HMDB. RESULTS Many metabolites and unknown compounds in each biological specimen were detected as the biomarker candidates related to diabetic mellitus. Among them, the elucidation of the chemical structures of several possible metabolites, including more than two biological specimens, was carried out along with the comparison of the tandem MS/MS analyses using authentic compounds. One metabolite was clearly identified as N-acetyl-L-leucine based upon the MS/MS spectra and the retention time on the chromatograms. CONCLUSIONS N-acetyl-L-leucine is an endogenous compound included in all biological specimens (plasma, hair, liver and kidney). Therefore, this metabolite appears to be a potential biomarker candidate related to diabetes. Although the structures of other biomarker candidates have still not yet determined, the present approach based upon a metabolite profiling study using UPLC-ESI-TOF-MS could be helpful for understanding the abnormal state of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhito Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Global COE Program, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Maetzler W, Berg D. Biomarkers of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Biomarkers 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470918562.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Anoop A, Singh PK, Jacob RS, Maji SK. CSF Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20721349 PMCID: PMC2915796 DOI: 10.4061/2010/606802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia that affects several million people worldwide. The major neuropathological hallmarks of AD are the presence of extracellular amyloid plaques that are composed of Aβ40 and Aβ42 and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), which is composed of hyperphosphorylated protein Tau. While the amyloid plaques and NFT could define the disease progression involving neuronal loss and dysfunction, significant cognitive decline occurs before their appearance. Although significant advances in neuroimaging techniques provide the structure and physiology of brain of AD cases, the biomarker studies based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma represent the most direct and convenient means to study the disease progression. Biomarkers are useful in detecting the preclinical as well as symptomatic stages of AD. In this paper, we discuss the recent advancements of various biomarkers with particular emphasis on CSF biomarkers for monitoring the early development of AD before significant cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Anoop
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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Galasko D, Montine TJ. Biomarkers of oxidative damage and inflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Biomark Med 2010; 4:27-36. [PMID: 20383271 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.09.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative damage and inflammation are important features of the brain pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Oxidative damage can be found in membranes (lipid peroxidation), proteins (nitrosylation and other post-translational changes) and nucleic acids. Inflammatory changes include activation of microglia and astrocytes, with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Not all of these changes are specific to AD, and occur in other neurodegenerative disorders. Both oxidative stress and inflammation are potential therapeutic targets in AD, and biomarkers could help to identify and monitor key pathways in patients with AD. This article summarizes progress in developing cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers related to oxidative stress and inflammation, problems and pitfalls related to systemic (blood- or urine-based) biomarkers in this area, and future research directions and applications.
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Mueller SG, Weiner MW, Thal LJ, Petersen RC, Jack CR, Jagust W, Trojanowski JQ, Toga AW, Beckett L. Ways toward an early diagnosis in Alzheimer's disease: the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Alzheimers Dement 2009; 1:55-66. [PMID: 17476317 PMCID: PMC1864941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2005.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 699] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing life expectancy in developed countries, the incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and thus its socioeconomic impact are growing. Increasing knowledge over the last years about the pathomechanisms involved in AD allow for the development of specific treatment strategies aimed at slowing down or even preventing neuronal death in AD. However, this requires also that (1) AD can be diagnosed with high accuracy, because non-AD dementias would not benefit from an AD-specific treatment; (2) AD can be diagnosed in very early stages when any intervention would be most effective; and (3) treatment efficacy can be reliably and meaningfully monitored. Although there currently is no ideal biomarker that would fulfill all these requirements, there is increasing evidence that a combination of currently existing neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood biomarkers can provide important complementary information and thus contribute to a more accurate and earlier diagnosis of AD. The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) is exploring which combinations of these biomarkers are the most powerful for diagnosis of AD and monitoring of treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne G. Mueller
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Michael W. Weiner
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Neurology, Psychiatry and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- * Corresponding author. Tel.: 415-221-4810 ext 3642; Fax: 415-668-2864. E-mail address: (M. Weiner)
| | - Leon J. Thal
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Ronald C. Petersen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Clifford R. Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - William Jagust
- School of Public Health and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | | | - Arthur W. Toga
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Laurel Beckett
- Department of Public Health Science, University of California, Davis, USA
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Chalbot S, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Fladby T, Grundke-Iqbal I, Iqbal K. Cerebrospinal fluid secretory Ca2+-dependent phospholipase A2 activity is increased in Alzheimer disease. Clin Chem 2009; 55:2171-9. [PMID: 19850632 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.130286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phospholipase A(2) (PLA2) family comprises multiple isoenzymes that vary in their physicochemical properties, cellular localizations, calcium sensitivities, and substrate specificities. Despite these differences, PLA2s share the ability to catalyze the synthesis of the precursors of the proinflammatory mediators. To investigate the potential of PLA2 as a biomarker in screening neuroinflammatory disorders in both clinical and research settings, we developed a PLA2 assay and determined the predominant types of PLA2 activity in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). METHODS We used liposomes composed of a fluorescent probe (bis-Bodipy FL C11-PC [1,2-bis-(4,4- difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-undecanoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine]) and 1,2-dioleoyl-l-alpha-phosphatidylcholine as a substrate to measure CSF PLA2 activity in a 96-well microtiter plate format. We established the type of CSF PLA2 activity using type-specific inhibitors of PLA2. RESULTS Using 5 microL CSF per assay, our PLA2 activity assay was reproducible with CVs <15% in 2 CSF samples and for recombinant secretory Ca(2+)-dependent PLA2 (sPLA2) in concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 1 micromol/L. This PLA2 assay allowed identification of sPLA2 activity in lumbar CSF from healthy individuals 20-77 years old that did not depend on either sex or age. Additionally, CSF sPLA2 activity was found to be increased (P = 0.0008) in patients with Alzheimer disease. CONCLUSIONS Adult human CSF has sPLA2 activity that can be measured reliably with the assay described. This enzyme activity in the CSF is independent of both sex and age and might serve as a valuable biomarker of neuroinflammation, as we demonstrated in Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Chalbot
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York 10314-6399, USA
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