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Moghaddami R, Mahdipour M, Ahmadpour E. Inflammatory pathways of Toxoplasmagondii infection in pregnancy. Travel Med Infect Dis 2024; 62:102760. [PMID: 39293589 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2024.102760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), an obligate intracellular parasite, is considered as an opportunistic infection and causes toxoplasmosis in humans and animals. Congenital toxoplasmosis can influence pregnancy and cause mild to severe consequences for the fetal and neonatal. During early T. gondii infection, neutrophils as the most abundant white blood cells provide a front line of defense mechanism against infection. The activated dendritic cells are then responsible for initiating an inflammatory response via T-helper 1 (Th1) cells. As part of its robust immune response, the infected host cells produce interferon (IFN-γ). IFN-γ inhibits T. gondii replication and promotes its transformation from an active form to tissue cysts. Although anti- T. gondii antibodies play an important role in infection control, T-helper 2 (Th2) immune response, can facilitate the growth and proliferation of T. gondii in the host cell. In pregnant women infected with T. gondii, the expression of cytokines may vary and in response diverse outcomes are expected. Cytokine profiles serve as valuable indicators for estimating the patho-immunological effects of T. gondii infection. This demonstrates the intricate relationship between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as their influence on the various pregnancy outcomes in T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Moghaddami
- Department of Plant, Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahdipour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Vicenzetto C, Giordani AS, Menghi C, Baritussio A, Peloso Cattini MG, Pontara E, Bison E, Rizzo S, De Gaspari M, Basso C, Thiene G, Iliceto S, Marcolongo R, Caforio ALP. The Role of the Immune System in Pathobiology and Therapy of Myocarditis: A Review. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1156. [PMID: 38927363 PMCID: PMC11200507 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of the immune system in myocarditis onset and progression involves a range of complex cellular and molecular pathways. Both innate and adaptive immunity contribute to myocarditis pathogenesis, regardless of its infectious or non-infectious nature and across different histological and clinical subtypes. The heterogeneity of myocarditis etiologies and molecular effectors is one of the determinants of its clinical variability, manifesting as a spectrum of disease phenotype and progression. This spectrum ranges from a fulminant presentation with spontaneous recovery to a slowly progressing, refractory heart failure with ventricular dysfunction, to arrhythmic storm and sudden cardiac death. In this review, we first examine the updated definition and classification of myocarditis at clinical, biomolecular and histopathological levels. We then discuss recent insights on the role of specific immune cell populations in myocarditis pathogenesis, with particular emphasis on established or potential therapeutic applications. Besides the well-known immunosuppressive agents, whose efficacy has been already demonstrated in human clinical trials, we discuss the immunomodulatory effects of other drugs commonly used in clinical practice for myocarditis management. The immunological complexity of myocarditis, while presenting a challenge to simplistic understanding, also represents an opportunity for the development of different therapeutic approaches with promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Vicenzetto
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Andrea Silvio Giordani
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Caterina Menghi
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Anna Baritussio
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Maria Grazia Peloso Cattini
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Elena Pontara
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Elisa Bison
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Stefania Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Pathology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy (G.T.)
| | - Monica De Gaspari
- Cardiovascular Pathology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy (G.T.)
| | - Cristina Basso
- Cardiovascular Pathology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy (G.T.)
| | - Gaetano Thiene
- Cardiovascular Pathology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy (G.T.)
| | - Sabino Iliceto
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Renzo Marcolongo
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Alida Linda Patrizia Caforio
- Cardiology and Cardioimmunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (C.V.); (R.M.)
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Li Y, Huang L, Cai Z, Deng W, Wang P, Su H, Wu Y, Shen H. A Study of the Immunoregulatory Function of TLR3 and TLR4 on Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Ankylosing Spondylitis. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1398-1412. [PMID: 31456484 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Li
- Department of Orthopedics and Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Orthopedics and Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaopeng Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen University Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen Deng
- Center for Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen University Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongjun Su
- Center for Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanfeng Wu
- Center for Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiyong Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen University Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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Morris G, Berk M, Galecki P, Maes M. The emerging role of autoimmunity in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/cfs). Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:741-56. [PMID: 24068616 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization classifies myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/cfs) as a nervous system disease. Together with other diseases under the G93 heading, ME/cfs shares a triad of abnormalities involving elevated oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), activation of immuno-inflammatory pathways, and mitochondrial dysfunctions with depleted levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. There is also abundant evidence that many patients with ME/cfs (up to around 60 %) may suffer from autoimmune responses. A wide range of reported abnormalities in ME/cfs are highly pertinent to the generation of autoimmunity. Here we review the potential sources of autoimmunity which are observed in people with ME/cfs. The increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α, and increased levels of nuclear factor-κB predispose to an autoimmune environment. Many cytokine abnormalities conspire to produce a predominance of effector B cells and autoreactive T cells. The common observation of reduced natural killer cell function in ME/cfs is a source of disrupted homeostasis and prolonged effector T cell survival. B cells may be pathogenic by playing a role in autoimmunity independent of their ability to produce antibodies. The chronic or recurrent viral infections seen in many patients with ME/cfs can induce autoimmunity by mechanisms involving molecular mimicry and bystander activation. Increased bacterial translocation, as observed in ME/cfs, is known to induce chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. Low ATP production and mitochondrial dysfunction is a source of autoimmunity by inhibiting apoptosis and stimulating necrotic cell death. Self-epitopes may be damaged by exposure to prolonged O&NS, altering their immunogenic profile and become a target for the host's immune system. Nitric oxide may induce many faces of autoimmunity stemming from elevated mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization and blockade of the methionine cycle with subsequent hypomethylation of DNA. Here we also outline options for treatment involving rituximab and endotherapia.
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