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Liu T, Zhao N, Shi M, Shen Y, Mao C, Zhou X. Phage‐Derived Oncolytic Viruses with 3C from Seneca Valley Virus for Targeted Therapy of Cervical Cancer. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine Institute of Comparative Medicine Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture andAgri‐Product Safety the Ministry of Education of China Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China
| | - Ningwei Zhao
- Shimadzu Biomedical Research Laboratory Shanghai 200233 China
| | - Mingze Shi
- School of Life Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
| | - Yuanzhao Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine Institute of Comparative Medicine Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture andAgri‐Product Safety the Ministry of Education of China Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center University of Oklahoma 101 Stephenson Parkway Norman OK 73019‐5300 USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine Institute of Comparative Medicine Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture andAgri‐Product Safety the Ministry of Education of China Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China
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2
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Lantz O, Teyton L. Identification of T cell antigens in the 21st century, as difficult as ever. Semin Immunol 2022; 60:101659. [PMID: 36183497 PMCID: PMC10332289 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Identifying antigens recognized by T cells is still challenging, particularly for innate like T cells that do not recognize peptides but small metabolites or lipids in the context of MHC-like molecules or see non-MHC restricted antigens. The fundamental reason for this situation is the low affinity of T cell receptors for their ligands coupled with a level of degeneracy that makes them bind to similar surfaces on antigen presenting cells. Herein we will describe non-exhaustively some of the methods that were used to identify peptide antigens and briefly mention the high throughput methods more recently proposed for that purpose. We will then present how the molecules recognized by innate like T cells (NKT, MAIT and γδ T cells) were discovered. We will show that serendipity was instrumental in many cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lantz
- INSERM U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique, Institut Curie, Paris 75005, France; Centre d'investigation Clinique en Biothérapie Gustave-Roussy Institut Curie (CIC-BT1428) Institut Curie, Paris 75005, France
| | - Luc Teyton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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3
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Mantile F, Capasso A, De Berardinis P, Prisco A. Analysis of the Consolidation Phase of Immunological Memory within the IgG Response to a B Cell Epitope Displayed on a Filamentous Bacteriophage. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040564. [PMID: 32295280 PMCID: PMC7232419 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory can be defined as the ability to mount a response of greater magnitude and with faster kinetics upon re-encounter of the same antigen. We have previously reported that a booster dose of a protein antigen given 15 days after the first dose interferes with the development of memory, i.e., with the ability to mount an epitope-specific IgG response of greater magnitude upon re-encounter of the same antigen. We named the time-window during which memory is vulnerable to disruption a “consolidation phase in immunological memory”, by analogy with the memory consolidation processes that occur in the nervous system to stabilize memory traces. In this study, we set out to establish if a similar memory consolidation phase occurs in the IgG response to a B cell epitope displayed on a filamentous bacteriophage. To this end, we have analyzed the time-course of anti-β-amyloid IgG titers in mice immunized with prototype Alzheimer’s Disease vaccine fdAD(2-6), which consists of a fd phage that displays the B epitope AEFRH of β -amyloid at the N-terminus of the Major Capsid Protein. A booster dose of phage fdAD(2-6) given 15 days after priming significantly reduced the ratio between the magnitude of the secondary and primary IgG response to β-amyloid. This analysis confirms, in a phage vaccine, a consolidation phase in immunological memory, occurring two weeks after priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mantile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Angelo Capasso
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.M.); (A.C.)
| | | | - Antonella Prisco
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.M.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: (P.D.B.); (A.P.)
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4
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Sartorius R, D'Apice L, Prisco A, De Berardinis P. Arming Filamentous Bacteriophage, a Nature-Made Nanoparticle, for New Vaccine and Immunotherapeutic Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E437. [PMID: 31480551 PMCID: PMC6781307 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical use of bacteriophages as safe and inexpensive therapeutic tools is collecting renewed interest. The use of lytic phages to fight antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains is pursued in academic and industrial projects and is the object of several clinical trials. On the other hand, filamentous bacteriophages used for the phage display technology can also have diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Filamentous bacteriophages are nature-made nanoparticles useful for their size, the capability to enter blood vessels, and the capacity of high-density antigen expression. In the last decades, our laboratory focused its efforts in the study of antigen delivery strategies based on the filamentous bacteriophage 'fd', able to trigger all arms of the immune response, with particular emphasis on the ability of the MHC class I restricted antigenic determinants displayed on phages to induce strong and protective cytotoxic responses. We showed that fd bacteriophages, engineered to target mouse dendritic cells (DCs), activate innate and adaptive responses without the need of exogenous adjuvants, and more recently, we described the display of immunologically active lipids. In this review, we will provide an overview of the reported applications of the bacteriophage carriers and describe the advantages of exploiting this technology for delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Sartorius
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), 80131 CNR Naples, Italy
| | - Luciana D'Apice
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), 80131 CNR Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonella Prisco
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" (IGB), 80131 CNR Naples, Italy
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5
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Lotfi Z, Golchin M, Khalili-Yazdi A, Khalili M. Immunological properties of the SLLTEVET epitope of Influenza A virus in multiple display on filamentous M13 phage. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 65:76-80. [PMID: 31300131 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Small peptides require large carriers to stimulate the humoral immune system. The filamentous phages, such as M13, have been proposed as vectors for expressing and carrying these peptides on their capsid surface. M2e 2-9 (SLLTEVET) residues of the transmembrane protein M2 of Influenza A virus are conserved and considered as a suitable target for immunization against a wide range of Influenza A virus strains. Here, M2e (2-9) sequence of Influenza A virus was fused to the N-terminus of the major coat protein gpVIII of M13 phage and was used to immunize broiler chickens. The results showed that the SLLTEVET peptide on the surface of M13 phage was expressed, the hybrid phage was immunogenic and produced specific antibodies against M2e (2-9) in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinat Lotfi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Golchin
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Aliakbar Khalili-Yazdi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khalili
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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6
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Arab A, Behravan N, Razazn A, Barati N, Mosaffa F, Nicastro J, Slavcev R, Behravan J. The viral approach to breast cancer immunotherapy. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:1257-1267. [PMID: 30146692 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite years of intensive research, breast cancer remains the leading cause of death in women worldwide. New technologies including oncolytic virus therapies, virus, and phage display are among the most powerful and advanced methods that have emerged in recent years with potential applications in cancer prevention and treatment. Oncolytic virus therapy is an interesting strategy for cancer treatment. Presently, a number of viruses from different virus families are under laboratory and clinical investigation as oncolytic therapeutics. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have been shown to be able to induce and initiate a systemic antitumor immune response. The possibility of application of a multimodal therapy using a combination of the OV therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors and cancer antigen vaccination holds a great promise in the future of cancer immunotherapy. Display of immunologic peptides on bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) is also increasingly being considered as a new and strong cancer vaccine delivery strategy. In phage display immunotherapy, a peptide or protein antigen is presented by genetic fusions to the phage coat proteins, and the phage construct formulation acts as a protective or preventive vaccine against cancer. In our laboratory, we have recently tested a few peptides (E75, AE37, and GP2) derived from HER2/neu proto-oncogene as vaccine delivery modalities for the treatment of TUBO breast cancer xenograft tumors of BALB/c mice. Here, in this paper, we discuss the latest advancements in the applications of OVs and bacterial viruses display systems as new and advanced modalities in cancer immune therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Arab
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Atefeh Razazn
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nastaran Barati
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mosaffa
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jessica Nicastro
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Roderick Slavcev
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Mediphage Bioceuticals, Inc., MaRS Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Javad Behravan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Mediphage Bioceuticals, Inc., MaRS Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Gomes-Neto JF, Sartorius R, Canto FB, Almeida TS, Dias AA, Barbosa CHD, Melo GA, Oliveira AC, Aguiar PHN, Machado CR, de Matos Guedes HL, Santiago MF, Nóbrega A, De Berardinis P, Bellio M. Vaccination With Recombinant Filamentous fd Phages Against Parasite Infection Requires TLR9 Expression. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1173. [PMID: 29896197 PMCID: PMC5987186 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant filamentous fd bacteriophages (rfd) expressing antigenic peptides were shown to induce cell-mediated immune responses in the absence of added adjuvant, being a promising delivery system for vaccination. Here, we tested the capacity of rfd phages to protect against infection with the human protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas Disease. For this, C57BL/6 (B6) and Tlr9−/− mice were vaccinated with rfd phages expressing the OVA257–264 peptide or the T. cruzi-immunodominant peptides PA8 and TSKB20 and challenged with either the T. cruzi Y-OVA or Y-strain, respectively. We found that vaccination with rfd phages induces anti-PA8 and anti-TSKB20 IgG production, expansion of Ag-specific IFN-γ, TNF-α, and Granzyme B-producing CD8+ T cells, as well as in vivo Ag-specific cytotoxic responses. Moreover, the fd-TSKB20 vaccine was able to protect against mortality induced by a high-dose inoculum of the parasite. Although vaccination with rfd phages successfully reduced both parasitemia and parasite load in the myocardium of WT B6 mice, Tlr9−/− animals were not protected against infection. Thus, our data extend previous studies, demonstrating that rfd phages induce Ag-specific IgG and CD8+ T cell-mediated responses and confer protection against an important human parasite infection, through a TLR9-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- João F Gomes-Neto
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio B Canto
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thamyres S Almeida
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André A Dias
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Henrique D Barbosa
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme A Melo
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Oliveira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro-Henrique N Aguiar
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Machado
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Herbert L de Matos Guedes
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Polo Xerém, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Santiago
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alberto Nóbrega
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Bellio
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute for Vaccine Development and Technology (INCTV), CNPq-MCT, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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8
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Costa V, Righelli D, Russo F, De Berardinis P, Angelini C, D'Apice L. Distinct Antigen Delivery Systems Induce Dendritic Cells' Divergent Transcriptional Response: New Insights from a Comparative and Reproducible Computational Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030494. [PMID: 28245601 PMCID: PMC5372510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most successful and cost-effective method to prevent infectious diseases. However, many vaccine antigens have poor in vivo immunogenic potential and need adjuvants to enhance immune response. The application of systems biology to immunity and vaccinology has yielded crucial insights about how vaccines and adjuvants work. We have previously characterized two safe and powerful delivery systems derived from non-pathogenic prokaryotic organisms: E2 and fd filamentous bacteriophage systems. They elicit an in vivo immune response inducing CD8+ T-cell responses, even in absence of adjuvants or stimuli for dendritic cells’ maturation. Nonetheless, a systematic and comparative analysis of the complex gene expression network underlying such activation is missing. Therefore, we compared the transcriptomes of ex vivo isolated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells exposed to these antigen delivery systems. Significant differences emerged, especially for genes involved in innate immunity, co-stimulation, and cytokine production. Results indicate that E2 drives polarization toward the Th2 phenotype, mainly mediated by Irf4, Ccl17, and Ccr4 over-expression. Conversely, fd-scαDEC-205 triggers Th1 T cells’ polarization through the induction of Il12b, Il12rb, Il6, and other molecules involved in its signal transduction. The data analysis was performed using RNASeqGUI, hence, addressing the increasing need of transparency and reproducibility of computational analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Costa
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Dario Righelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Aziendali-Management & Innovation Systems/DISA-MIS, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Russo
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Piergiuseppe De Berardinis
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Claudia Angelini
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Luciana D'Apice
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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9
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Aghebati-Maleki L, Bakhshinejad B, Baradaran B, Motallebnezhad M, Aghebati-Maleki A, Nickho H, Yousefi M, Majidi J. Phage display as a promising approach for vaccine development. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:66. [PMID: 27680328 PMCID: PMC5041315 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages are specific antagonists to bacterial hosts. These viral entities have attracted growing interest as optimal vaccine delivery vehicles. Phages are well-matched for vaccine design due to being highly stable under harsh environmental conditions, simple and inexpensive large scale production, and potent adjuvant capacities. Phage vaccines have efficient immunostimulatory effects and present a high safety profile because these viruses have made a constant relationship with the mammalian body during a long-standing evolutionary period. The birth of phage display technology has been a turning point in the development of phage-based vaccines. Phage display vaccines are made by expressing multiple copies of an antigen on the surface of immunogenic phage particles, thereby eliciting a powerful and effective immune response. Also, the ability to produce combinatorial peptide libraries with a highly diverse pool of randomized ligands has transformed phage display into a straightforward, versatile and high throughput screening methodology for the identification of potential vaccine candidates against different diseases in particular microbial infections. These libraries can be conveniently screened through an affinity selection-based strategy called biopanning against a wide variety of targets for the selection of mimotopes with high antigenicity and immunogenicity. Also, they can be panned against the antiserum of convalescent individuals to recognize novel peptidomimetics of pathogen-related epitopes. Phage display has represented enormous promise for finding new strategies of vaccine discovery and production and current breakthroughs promise a brilliant future for the development of different phage-based vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leili Aghebati-Maleki
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Babak Bakhshinejad
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ali Aghebati-Maleki
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Nickho
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Jafar Majidi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Huai Y, Dong S, Zhu Y, Li X, Cao B, Gao X, Yang M, Wang L, Mao C. Genetically Engineered Virus Nanofibers as an Efficient Vaccine for Preventing Fungal Infection. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:786-94. [PMID: 26890982 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans (CA) is a kind of fungus that can cause high morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. However, preventing CA infection in these patients is still a daunting challenge. Herein, inspired from the fact that immunization with secreted aspartyl proteinases 2 (Sap2) can prevent the infection, it is proposed to use filamentous phage, a human-safe virus nanofiber specifically infecting bacteria (≈900 nm long and 7 nm wide), to display an epitope peptide of Sap2 (EPS, with a sequence of Val-Lys-Tyr-Thr-Ser) on its side wall and thus serve as a vaccine for preventing CA infection. The engineered virus nanofibers and recombinant Sap2 (rSap2) are then separately used to immunize mice. The humoral and cellular immune responses in the immunized mice are evaluated. Surprisingly, the virus nanofibers significantly induce mice to produce strong immune response as rSap2 and generate antibodies that can bind Sap2 and CA to inhibit the CA infection. Consequently, immunization with the virus nanofibers in mice dramatically increases the survival rate of CA-infected mice. All these results, along with the fact that the virus nanofibers can be mass-produced by infecting bacteria cost-effectively, suggest that virus nanofibers displaying EPS can be a vaccine candidate against fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Huai
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics School of Life Sciences Northeast Normal University 5268 Renmin Street Changchun City Jilin Province 130024 China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center University of Oklahoma 101 Stephenson Parkway Norman OK 73019‐5300 USA
| | - Shuai Dong
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics School of Life Sciences Northeast Normal University 5268 Renmin Street Changchun City Jilin Province 130024 China
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center University of Oklahoma 101 Stephenson Parkway Norman OK 73019‐5300 USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center University of Oklahoma 101 Stephenson Parkway Norman OK 73019‐5300 USA
| | - Binrui Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center University of Oklahoma 101 Stephenson Parkway Norman OK 73019‐5300 USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics School of Life Sciences Northeast Normal University 5268 Renmin Street Changchun City Jilin Province 130024 China
| | - Mingying Yang
- Institute of Applied Bioresource Research College of Animal Science Zhejiang University Yuhangtang Road 866 Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics School of Life Sciences Northeast Normal University 5268 Renmin Street Changchun City Jilin Province 130024 China
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center University of Oklahoma 101 Stephenson Parkway Norman OK 73019‐5300 USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
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11
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Stimulation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity by Using Filamentous Bacteriophage fd Targeted to DEC-205. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:585078. [PMID: 26380324 PMCID: PMC4563097 DOI: 10.1155/2015/585078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous bacteriophage fd, codisplaying antigenic determinants and a single chain antibody fragment directed against the dendritic cell receptor DEC-205, is a promising vaccine candidate for its safety and its ability to elicit innate and adaptive immune response in absence of adjuvants. By using a system vaccinology approach based on RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis, we describe a relevant gene modulation in dendritic cells pulsed with anti-DEC-205 bacteriophages fd. RNA-Seq data analysis indicates that the bacteriophage fd virions are sensed as a pathogen by dendritic cells; they activate the danger receptors that trigger an innate immune response and thus confer a strong adjuvanticity that is needed to obtain a long-lasting adaptive immune response.
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12
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Henry KA, Arbabi-Ghahroudi M, Scott JK. Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:755. [PMID: 26300850 PMCID: PMC4523942 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For the past 25 years, phage display technology has been an invaluable tool for studies of protein-protein interactions. However, the inherent biological, biochemical, and biophysical properties of filamentous bacteriophage, as well as the ease of its genetic manipulation, also make it an attractive platform outside the traditional phage display canon. This review will focus on the unique properties of the filamentous bacteriophage and highlight its diverse applications in current research. Particular emphases are placed on: (i) the advantages of the phage as a vaccine carrier, including its high immunogenicity, relative antigenic simplicity and ability to activate a range of immune responses, (ii) the phage's potential as a prophylactic and therapeutic agent for infectious and chronic diseases, (iii) the regularity of the virion major coat protein lattice, which enables a variety of bioconjugation and surface chemistry applications, particularly in nanomaterials, and (iv) the phage's large population sizes and fast generation times, which make it an excellent model system for directed protein evolution. Despite their ubiquity in the biosphere, metagenomics work is just beginning to explore the ecology of filamentous and non-filamentous phage, and their role in the evolution of bacterial populations. Thus, the filamentous phage represents a robust, inexpensive, and versatile microorganism whose bioengineering applications continue to expand in new directions, although its limitations in some spheres impose obstacles to its widespread adoption and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A. Henry
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, OttawaON, Canada
| | - Mehdi Arbabi-Ghahroudi
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, OttawaON, Canada
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, GuelphON, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, OttawaON, Canada
| | - Jamie K. Scott
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BCCanada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, BurnabyBC, Canada
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13
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Dor-On E, Solomon B. Targeting glioblastoma via intranasal administration of Ff bacteriophages. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:530. [PMID: 26074908 PMCID: PMC4445050 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) are ubiquitous viruses that control the growth and diversity of bacteria. Although they have no tropism to mammalian cells, accumulated evidence suggests that phages are not neutral to the mammalian macro-host and can promote immunomodulatory and anti-tumorigenic activities. Here we demonstrate that Ff phages that do not display any proteins or peptides could inhibit the growth of subcutaneous glioblastoma tumors in mice and that this activity is mediated in part by lipopolysaccharide molecules attached to their virion. Using the intranasal route, a non-invasive approach to deliver therapeutics directly to the CNS, we further show that phages rapidly accumulate in the brains of mice and could attenuate progression of orthotopic glioblastoma. Taken together, this study provides new insight into phages non-bacterial activities and demonstrates the feasibility of delivering Ff phages intranasally to treat brain malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Dor-On
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Beka Solomon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University Tel-Aviv, Israel
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14
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Sartorius R, D'Apice L, Trovato M, Cuccaro F, Costa V, De Leo MG, Marzullo VM, Biondo C, D'Auria S, De Matteis MA, Ciccodicola A, De Berardinis P. Antigen delivery by filamentous bacteriophage fd displaying an anti-DEC-205 single-chain variable fragment confers adjuvanticity by triggering a TLR9-mediated immune response. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 7:973-88. [PMID: 25888235 PMCID: PMC4520660 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous bacteriophage fd particles delivering antigenic determinants via DEC-205 (fdsc-αDEC) represent a powerful delivery system that induces CD8+ T-cell responses even when administered in the absence of adjuvants or maturation stimuli for dendritic cells. In order to investigate the mechanisms of this activity, RNA-Sequencing of fd-pulsed dendritic cells was performed. A significant differential expression of genes involved in innate immunity, co-stimulation and cytokine production was observed. In agreement with these findings, we demonstrate that induction of proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferon by fdsc-αDEC was MYD88 mediated and TLR9 dependent. We also found that fdsc-αDEC is delivered into LAMP-1-positive compartments and co-localizes with TLR9. Thus, phage particles containing a single-strand DNA genome rich in CpG motifs delivered via DEC-205 are able to intercept and trigger the active TLR9 innate immune receptor into late endosome/lysosomes and to enhance the immunogenicity of the displayed antigenic determinants. These findings make fd bacteriophage a valuable tool for immunization without administering exogenous adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Sartorius
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy
| | - Luciana D'Apice
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Trovato
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy
| | - Fausta Cuccaro
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy
| | - Valerio Costa
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Manuel Marzullo
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Carmelo Biondo
- Department of Pediatric, Gynecological, Microbiological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sabato D'Auria
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy Institute of Food Science, National Council of Research, Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Alfredo Ciccodicola
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy Department of Science and Technology, University Parthenope of Naples, Naples, Italy
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15
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Roehnisch T, Then C, Nagel W, Blumenthal C, Braciak T, Donzeau M, Böhm T, Bourquin C, Oduncu F. Chemically linked phage idiotype vaccination in the murine B cell lymphoma 1 model. J Transl Med 2013; 11:267. [PMID: 24152874 PMCID: PMC3819179 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background B cell malignancies are characterized by clonal expansion of B cells expressing tumor-specific idiotypes on their surface. These idiotypes are ideal target antigens for an individualized immunotherapy. However, previous idiotype vaccines mostly lacked efficiency due to a low immunogenicity of the idiotype. The objective of the present study was the determination of the feasibility, safety and immunogenicity of a novel chemically linked phage idiotype vaccine. Methods In the murine B cell lymphoma 1 model, tumor idiotypes were chemically linked to phage particles used as immunological carriers. For comparison, the idiotype was genetically expressed on the major phage coat protein g8 or linked to keyhole limpet hemocynanin. After intradermal immunizations with idiotype vaccines, tolerability and humoral immune responses were assessed. Results Feasibility and tolerability of the chemically linked phage idiotype vaccine was demonstrated. Vaccination with B cell lymphoma 1 idiotype expressing phage resulted in a significant survival benefit in the murine B cell lymphoma 1 protection model (60.2 ± 23.8 days vs. 41.8 ± 1.6 days and 39.8 ± 3.8 days after vaccination with wild type phage or phosphate buffered saline, respectively). Superior immunogenicity of the chemically linked phage idiotype vaccine compared to the genetically engineered phage idiotype and keyhole limpet hemocynanin-coupled idiotype vaccine was demonstrated by significantly higher B cell lymphoma 1 idiotype-specific IgG levels after vaccination with chemically linked phage idiotype. Conclusion We present a novel, simple, time- and cost-efficient phage idiotype vaccination strategy, which represents a safe and feasible therapy and may produce a superior immune response compared to previously employed idiotype vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fuat Oduncu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336, Munich, Germany.
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16
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Prisco A, De Berardinis P. Filamentous bacteriophage fd as an antigen delivery system in vaccination. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:5179-5194. [PMID: 22606037 PMCID: PMC3344273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13045179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides displayed on the surface of filamentous bacteriophage fd are able to induce humoral as well as cell-mediated immune responses, which makes phage particles an attractive antigen delivery system to design new vaccines. The immune response induced by phage-displayed peptides can be enhanced by targeting phage particles to the professional antigen presenting cells, utilizing a single-chain antibody fragment that binds dendritic cell receptor DEC-205. Here, we review recent advances in the use of filamentous phage fd as a platform for peptide vaccines, with a special focus on the use of phage fd as an antigen delivery platform for peptide vaccines in Alzheimer's Disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Prisco
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
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17
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Trovato M, Krebs SJ, Haigwood NL, De Berardinis P. Delivery strategies for novel vaccine formulations. World J Virol 2012; 1:4-10. [PMID: 24175206 PMCID: PMC3782264 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v1.i1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in vaccine design is to identify antigen presentation and delivery systems capable of rapidly stimulating both the humoral and cellular components of the immune system to elicit a strong and sustained immunity against different viral isolates. Approaches to achieve this end involve live attenuated and inactivated virions, viral vectors, DNA, and protein subunits. This review reports the state of current antigen delivery, and focuses on two innovative systems recently established at our labs. These systems are the filamentous bacteriophage fd and an icosahedral scaffold formed by the acyltransferase component (E2 protein) of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of Bacillus stearothermophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Trovato
- Maria Trovato, Piergiuseppe De Berardinis, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Naples 80131, Italy
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18
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van Houten NE, Henry KA, Smith GP, Scott JK. Engineering filamentous phage carriers to improve focusing of antibody responses against peptides. Vaccine 2010; 28:2174-2185. [PMID: 20056188 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous bacteriophage are highly immunogenic particles that can be used as carrier proteins for peptides and presumably other haptens and antigens. Our previous work demonstrated that the antibody response was better focused against a synthetic peptide if it was conjugated to phage as compared to the classical carrier, ovalbumin. We speculated that this was due, in part, to the relatively low surface complexity of the phage. Here, we further investigate the phage as an immunogenic carrier, and the effect reducing its surface complexity has on the antibody response against peptides that are either displayed as recombinant fusions to the phage coat or are chemically conjugated to it. Immunodominant regions of the minor coat protein, pIII, were removed from the phage surface by excising its N1 and N2 domains (Delta3 phage variant), whereas immunodominant epitopes of the major coat protein, pVIII, were altered by reducing the charge of its surface-exposed N-terminal residues (Delta8 phage variant). Immunization of mice revealed that the Delta3 variant was less immunogenic than wild-type (WT) phage, whereas the Delta8 variant was more immunogenic. The immunogenicity of two different peptides was tested in the context of the WT and Delta3 phage in two different forms: (i) as recombinant peptides fused to pVIII, and (ii) as synthetic peptides conjugated to the phage surface. One peptide (MD10) in its recombinant form produced a stronger anti-peptide antibody response fused to the WT carrier compared to the Delta3 phage carrier, and did not elicit a detectable anti-peptide response in its synthetic form conjugated to either phage carrier. This trend was reversed for a different peptide (4E10(L)), which did not produce a detectable anti-peptide antibody response as a recombinant fusion; yet, as a chemical conjugate to Delta3 phage, but not WT phage, it elicited a highly focused anti-peptide antibody response that exceeded the anti-carrier response by approximately 65-fold. The results suggest that focusing of the antibody response against synthetic peptides can be improved by decreasing the antigenic complexity of the phage surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke E van Houten
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Kevin A Henry
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - George P Smith
- Division of Biological Sciences, Tucker Hall, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211-7400, USA
| | - Jamie K Scott
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
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19
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Sartorius R, Pisu P, D'Apice L, Pizzella L, Romano C, Cortese G, Giorgini A, Santoni A, Velotti F, De Berardinis P. The use of filamentous bacteriophage fd to deliver MAGE-A10 or MAGE-A3 HLA-A2-restricted peptides and to induce strong antitumor CTL responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:3719-28. [PMID: 18322177 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.6.3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of tumor-associated Ag-derived peptides in a high immunogenic form represents one of the key issues for effective peptide-based cancer vaccine development. We report herein the ability of nonpathogenic filamentous bacteriophage fd virions to deliver HLA-A2-restricted MAGE-A10(254-262)- or MAGE-A3(271-279)-derived peptides and to elicit potent specific CTL responses in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, human anti-MAGE-A3(271-279)-specific CTLs were able to kill human MAGE-A3(+) tumor cells, even if these cells naturally express a low amount of MAGE-A3(271-279) peptide-HLA epitope surface complexes and are usually not recognized by CTLs generated by conventional stimulation procedures. MAGE-A3(271-279)-specific/CD8(+) CTL clones were isolated from in vitro cultures, and their high avidity for Ag recognition was assessed. Moreover, in vivo tumor protection assay showed that vaccination of humanized HHD (HLA-A2.1(+)/H2-D(b+)) transgenic mice with phage particles expressing MAGE-A3(271-279)-derived peptides hampered tumor growth. Overall, these data indicate that engineered filamentous bacteriophage virions increase substantially the immunogenicity of delivered tumor-associated Ag-derived peptides, thus representing a novel powerful system for the development of effective peptide-based cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Sartorius
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
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20
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Ulivieri C, Citro A, Ivaldi F, Mascolo D, Ghittoni R, Fanigliulo D, Manca F, Baldari CT, Li Pira G, Del Pozzo G. Antigenic properties of HCMV peptides displayed by filamentous bacteriophages vs. synthetic peptides. Immunol Lett 2008; 119:62-70. [PMID: 18538862 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several efforts have been invested in the identification of CTL and Th epitopes, as well as in the characterization of their immunodominance and MHC restriction, for the generation of a peptide-based HCMV vaccine. Small synthetic peptides are, however, poor antigens and carrier proteins are important for improving the efficacy of synthetic peptide vaccines. Recombinant bacteriophages appear as promising tools in the design of subunit vaccines. To investigate the antigenicity of peptides carried by recombinant bacteriophages we displayed different HCMV MHCII restricted peptides on the capsid of filamentous bacteriophage (fd) and found that hybrid bacteriophages are processed by human APC and activate HCMV-specific CD4 T-cells. Furthermore we constructed a reporter T-cell hybridoma expressing a chimeric TCR comprising murine alphabeta constant regions and human variable regions specific for the HLA-A2 restricted immunodominant NLV peptide of HCMV. Using the filamentous bacteriophage as an epitope carrier, we detected a more robust and long lasting response of the reporter T-cell hybridoma compared to peptide stimulation. Our results show a general enhancement of T-cell responses when antigenic peptides are carried by phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ulivieri
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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21
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Mascolo D, Barba P, De Berardinis P, Di Rosa F, Del Pozzo G. Phage display of a CTL epitope elicits a long-term in vivo cytotoxic response. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2007; 50:59-66. [PMID: 17391361 PMCID: PMC7110391 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2007.00229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Revised: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Ovalbumin(257-264) CTL epitope on the major coat protein of the filamentous bacteriophage in different antigen formulations was displayed and the immune response in C57BL6/J mice studied. The display of single cytotoxic epitope on the surface of the virion is sufficient to induce priming and sustain long-term major histocompatibility complex class I restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes response in vivo. The filamentous bacteriophage is a versatile carrier able to display simultaneously either single or multiple epitopes and can elicit a cellular response carrying very little peptide (<1.5 microg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Mascolo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati Traverso’, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Barba
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati Traverso’, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Di Rosa
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati Traverso’, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Del Pozzo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati Traverso’, CNR, Naples, Italy
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22
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D'Apice L, Sartorius R, Caivano A, Mascolo D, Del Pozzo G, Di Mase DS, Ricca E, Li Pira G, Manca F, Malanga D, De Palma R, De Berardinis P. Comparative analysis of new innovative vaccine formulations based on the use of procaryotic display systems. Vaccine 2006; 25:1993-2000. [PMID: 17239998 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A T helper epitope was expressed in three innovative delivery vehicles recently developed in our laboratories and based respectively, on the filamentous bacteriophage fd, the E2 protein from the PDH complex of Bacillus stearothermophilus and the protein CotC of Bacillus subtilis spores. Studies of antigenicity and immunogenicity were performed by using a specific T cell hybridoma and by priming mononuclear cells isolated from the venous blood of human donors. The results indicate that the E2 system is the best suited for inducing a specific immune response towards a CD4 T cell epitope. Importantly, TCR clonal analysis demonstrated the persistence over years of a previously described antigen specific clonotype and its presence correlates with the immunogenic strength of the antigen delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana D'Apice
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, C.N.R.,Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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23
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Wang G, Sun M, Fang J, Yang Q, Tong H, Wang L. Protective immune responses against systemic candidiasis mediated by phage-displayed specific epitope of Candida albicans heat shock protein 90 in C57BL/6J mice. Vaccine 2006; 24:6065-73. [PMID: 16842891 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Specific epitope (DEPAGE) of Candida albicans heat shock protein 90 (SE-CA-HSP90) was successfully expressed on the surface of filamentous phage fd, fused to the major coat protein pVIII. Protective immune responses mediated by hybrid-phage expressing SE-CA-HSP90 in C57BL/6J mice were evaluated in this paper. The results showed that hybrid-phage particles induced the specific antibody response against SE-CA-HSP90, enhanced delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, natural killer (NK) cell activity and concanavalin A (ConA)-induced splenocyte proliferation. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that hybrid-phage-immunized mice had fewer colony forming unites (CFU) in the kidneys compared with wild-type phage-immunized mice and TE (1.0mM EDTA, 0.01M Tris-HCl, pH 8.0)-injected mice and showed statistically significant survival advantage over TE-injected group. In conclusion, the results suggest that the hybrid-phage displaying SE-CA-HSP90 may be considered as a potential candidate for producing vaccines against systemic candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130024, People's Republic of China
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24
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Fang J, Wang G, Yang Q, Song J, Wang Y, Wang L. The potential of phage display virions expressing malignant tumor specific antigen MAGE-A1 epitope in murine model. Vaccine 2006; 23:4860-6. [PMID: 16029917 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Accepted: 05/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The tumor specific antigen epitope melanoma antigen A1(161--169) (MAGE-A1(161--169)) was displayed on the major protein (p VIII) of the filamentous bacteriophage (fd). The immune responses of the phage display particles expressing MAGE-A1(161--169) in mice were studied. Using phage display particles as vaccine was effective in affording protection from tumor growth, inducing growth control of established tumors and prolonging survival of tumor-bearing mice. The hybrid phage particles elicited MAGE-A1(161--169) specific CTL responses, NK activity and DTH. Our results showed that the phage display particles might be a new vaccine candidate for tumor-associated antigen epitope in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Nanguan District, Changchun 130024, PR China
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25
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van Houten N, Zwick M, Menendez A, Scott J. Filamentous phage as an immunogenic carrier to elicit focused antibody responses against a synthetic peptide. Vaccine 2006; 24:4188-200. [PMID: 16488517 PMCID: PMC1974903 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Revised: 12/31/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous bacteriophage are widely used as immunogenic carriers for "phage-displayed" recombinant peptides. Here we report that they are an effective immunogenic carrier for synthetic peptides. The f1.K phage was engineered to have an additional Lys residue near the N-terminus of the major coat protein, pVIII, so as to enhance access to chemical cross-linking agents. The dimeric synthetic peptide, B2.1, was conjugated to f1.K (f1.K/B2.1) in high copy number and compared as an immunogen to B2.1 conjugated to ovalbumin (OVA/B2.1) and to phage-displayed, recombinant B2.1 peptide. All immunogens were administered without adjuvant. The serum antibody titers were measured against: the peptide, the carrier, and, if appropriate, the cross-linker. All immunogens elicited anti-peptide antibody titers, with those elicited by OVA/B2.1 exceeding those by f1.K/B2.1; both titers were greater than that elicited by recombinant B2.1 phage. Comparison of the anti-peptide and anti-carrier antibody responses showed that f1.K/B2.1 elicited a more focused anti-peptide antibody response than OVA/B2.1. The anti-peptide antibody response against f1.K/B2.1 was optimized for the injection route, dose and adjuvant. Dose and adjuvant did not have a significant effect on anti-peptide antibody titers, but a change in injection route from intraperitoneal (IP) to subcutaneous (SC) enhanced anti-peptide antibody titers after seven immunizations. The optimized anti-peptide antibody response exceeded the anti-carrier one by 21-fold, compared to 0.07-fold elicited by OVA/B2.1. This indicates that phage as a carrier can focus the antibody response against the peptide. The results are discussed with respect to the advantages of phage as an alternative to traditional carrier proteins for synthetic peptides, carbohydrates and haptens, and to further improvements in phage as immunogenic carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - J.K. Scott
- *Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 778 782 5658; fax: +1 778 782 5583. E-mail address: (J.K. Scott)
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26
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Zanghi CN, Lankes HA, Bradel-Tretheway B, Wegman J, Dewhurst S. A simple method for displaying recalcitrant proteins on the surface of bacteriophage lambda. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:e160. [PMID: 16224099 PMCID: PMC1258178 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gni158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage lambda (λ) permits the display of many foreign peptides and proteins on the gpD major coat protein. However, some recombinant derivatives of gpD are incompatible with the assembly of stable phage particles. This presents a limitation to current λ display systems. Here we describe a novel, plasmid-based expression system in which gpD deficient λ lysogens can be co-complemented with both wild-type and recombinant forms of gpD. This dual expression system permits the generation of mosaic phage particles that contain otherwise recalcitrant recombinant gpD fusion proteins. Overall, this improved gpD display system is expected to permit the expression of a wide variety of peptides and proteins on the surface of bacteriophage λ and to facilitate the use of modified λ phage vectors in mammalian gene transfer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine N. Zanghi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 672, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Heather A. Lankes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 672, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Birgit Bradel-Tretheway
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 672, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jessica Wegman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 672, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Stephen Dewhurst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 672, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Cancer Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and DentistryRochester, NY 14642, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 585 275 3216; Fax: +1 585 473 2361;
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27
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Del Pozzo G, Mascolo D, Prisco A, Barba P, Anzisi A, Guardiola J. Lack of patent liver autoimmunity after breakage of tolerance in a mouse model. Int Immunol 2003; 15:1173-81. [PMID: 13679387 PMCID: PMC7108624 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxg119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report in this work that a cellular and humoral autoreactive response can be induced against liver-specific self-determinants by repeated immunization with a chimeric tissue-specific self-antigen carrying a heterologous T(h) epitope. Epitope spreading rendering the autoimmune reaction independent of the presence of the cognate heterologous help is also demonstrated. Although neutrophil infiltrates can be demonstrated in the livers of treated mice, no clinical sign of organ damage is observed. These findings suggest that breakage of tolerance by this means leads the process only up to the next checkpoint in the progression of autoimmune disease and that further events are required to precipitate functional organ impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Del Pozzo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati Traverso, via G. Marconi 10, 80125, Naples, Italy.
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Domingo GJ, Caivano A, Sartorius R, Barba P, Bäckström M, Piatier-Tonneau D, Guardiola J, De Berardinis P, Perham RN. Induction of specific T-helper and cytolytic responses to epitopes displayed on a virus-like protein scaffold derived from the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex. Vaccine 2003; 21:1502-9. [PMID: 12615447 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The icosahedral protein scaffold (1.5MDa) generated by self-assembly of the catalytic domains of the dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase core of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex from Bacillus stearothermophilus has been engineered to display 60 copies of one or more peptide epitopes on a single molecule (E2DISP). An E2DISP scaffold displaying pep23, a 15-residue B- and T-helper epitope from the reverse transcriptase of HIV-1, was able to induce a pep23-specific T-helper response in cell lines in vitro. The same scaffold displaying both pep23 and peptide RT2, a nine-residue CTL epitope from HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, was able to prime an RT2-specific CD8(+) T-cell response in human cell lines in vitro and in HLA-A2 transgenic mice in vivo. This was accompanied by a humoral antibody response specific for E2DISP-presented epitopes. Thus, the icosahedral acetyltransferase core constitutes a simple and flexible scaffold for multiple epitope display with access to both cellular and humoral immune response pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo J Domingo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, UK
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29
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Gaubin M, Fanutti C, Mishal Z, Durrbach A, De Berardinis P, Sartorius R, Del Pozzo G, Guardiola J, Perham RN, Piatier-Tonneau D. Processing of filamentous bacteriophage virions in antigen-presenting cells targets both HLA class I and class II peptide loading compartments. DNA Cell Biol 2003; 22:11-8. [PMID: 12590733 DOI: 10.1089/104454903321112451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Virions of filamentous bacteriophage fd are capable of displaying multiple copies of peptide epitopes and generating powerful immune responses to them. To investigate the antigen processing mechanisms in human B cell lines used as antigen presenting cells, the major coat protein (pVIII) in intact virions was fluorescently labeled, and its localization in various intracellular compartments was followed using confocal microscopy. We show that the virions were taken up and processed to yield peptides that reach both the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II compartment and the endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover, when exposed to bacteriophages displaying a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope from the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), B cells were lysed by specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. This confirms that filamentous bacteriophage virions are capable of being taken up and processed efficiently by MHC class I and class II pathways, even in nonprofessional antigen presenting cells. These remarkable features explain, at least in part, the unexpected ability of virions displaying foreign T-cell epitopes to prime strong T-helper-dependent CTL responses. These findings have important implications for the development of peptide-based vaccines, using filamentous bacteriophage virions as scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Gaubin
- Génomique Fonctionnelle et Biologie Systémique en Santé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Villejuif, France
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30
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Guardiola J, De Berardinis P, Sartorius R, Fanutti C, Perham RN, Del Pozzo G. Phage display of epitopes from HIV-1 elicits strong cytolytic responses in vitro and in vivo. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 495:291-8. [PMID: 11774581 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0685-0_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Guardiola
- International Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, Naples, Italy
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31
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Wu Y, Wan Y, Bian J, Zhao J, Jia Z, Zhou L, Zhou W, Tan Y. Phage display particles expressing tumor-specific antigens induce preventive and therapeutic anti-tumor immunity in murine p815 model. Int J Cancer 2002; 98:748-53. [PMID: 11920646 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of phage display particles expressing tumor antigen P1A35-43 in inducing protective and therapeutic anti-tumor immune responses were studied. A protective immune response against a lethal progressive P815 mastocytoma tumor cell challenge was established after subcutaneous injection of phage display particles. Furthermore, the vaccine suppressed growth of pre-existing tumors. Immunization with the hybrid phage particles elicited P1A(35-43) specific CTL responses and a Th1-dominated immune response with phage particle-specific secretion of IFN-gamma but not IL-4. Our results indicate that phage display particles might be a useful vaccine form for tumor-associated antigen epitopes in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhang Wu
- The Institute of Immunology, The Third Medicine University, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China.
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32
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Monette M, Opella SJ, Greenwood J, Willis AE, Perham RN. Structure of a malaria parasite antigenic determinant displayed on filamentous bacteriophage determined by NMR spectroscopy: implications for the structure of continuous peptide epitopes of proteins. Protein Sci 2001; 10:1150-9. [PMID: 11369853 PMCID: PMC2374004 DOI: 10.1110/ps.35901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The NANP repeating sequence of the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum was displayed on the surface of fd filamentous bacteriophage as a 12-residue insert (NANP)(3) in the N-terminal region of the major coat protein (pVIII). The structure of the epitope determined by multidimensional solution NMR spectroscopy of the modified pVIII protein in lipid micelles was shown to be a twofold repeat of an extended and non-hydrogen-bonded loop based on the sequence NPNA, demonstrating that the repeating sequence is NPNA, not NANP. Further, high resolution solid-state NMR spectra of intact hybrid virions containing the modified pVIII proteins demonstrate that the peptides displayed on the surface of the virion adopt a single, stable conformation; this is consistent with their pronounced immunogenicity as well as their ability to mimic the antigenicity of their native parent proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monette
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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33
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De Berardinis P, Sartorius R, Fanutti C, Perham RN, Del Pozzo G, Guardiola J. Phage display of peptide epitopes from HIV-1 elicits strong cytolytic responses. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18:873-6. [PMID: 10932158 DOI: 10.1038/78490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although much effort has been expended on evaluating recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides as immunogens, they have generally proved incapable of inducing an efficient cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response. Filamentous bacteriophage fd can display multiple copies of foreign peptides in the N-terminal region of its major coat protein pVIII, 2,700 copies of which make up the virus capsid. Here we show that fd virions displaying peptide RT2 (ILKEPVHGV), corresponding to residues 309-317 of the reverse transcriptase (RTase) of HIV-1, are able to prime a CTL response specific for this HIV-1 epitope in human cell lines. Successful priming also requires a T-helper epitope, pep23 (KDSWTVNDIQKLVGK), corresponding to residues 249-263 of HIV-1 RTase. Supplying this by displaying it on either the same or a separate bacteriophage virion led to activation of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. Likewise, HLA-A2 transgenic mice immunized with bacteriophage virions displaying peptide RT2 were shown to mount an effective, specific anti-HIV-RT2 CTL response. This unexpected ability to elicit a designated cytolytic T-cell response, in addition to a B-cell response, has important implications for access to the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loading compartment and the development of recombinant vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- P De Berardinis
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry Enzymology CNR, Naples, Italy.
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Bonomi G, Moschella F, Ombra MN, Del Pozzo G, Granier C, De Berardinis P, Guardiola J. Modulation of TCR recognition of MHC class II/peptide by processed remote N- and C-terminal epitope extensions. Hum Immunol 2000; 61:753-63. [PMID: 10980386 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(00)00147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
N- and C-terminal extensions of naturally processed MHC class II-bound peptides may affect TCR recognition. In fact, residues immediately flanking the minimal epitope on either side can contact the MHC groove and modify the interaction with a TCR. We report now that residues much farther away from the peptide core can also modulate TCR recognition in a functional antigen presentation system. To show this, we isolated from the same donor DR5-restricted T cell clones, specific for the HIV-1 RT(248-262) sequence and differing in their ability to respond to recombinant antigens obtained by insertion of the epitope in different positions of schistosomal, human, or murine glutathione-S-transferase (GST). We found that the reactivity profile of individual clones was related to their TCR fine specificity, suggesting that processing can generate determinants focused onto the same epitope, but antigenically distinct. In addition, we analyzed the response of this panel of T-helper cell clones against GST-derived recombinant antigens in which the epitope was flanked by stretches of polyalanine or polyserine on either side. These spacers had different effects on TCR recognition suggesting that secondary structures outside the core peptide may influence MHC/epitope complex recognition over a distance of 15-30 residues from the determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bonomi
- International Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, Naples, Italy.
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35
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Prisco A, Bonomi G, Moschella F, Ombra MN, De Berardinis P, Guardiola J. In vitro immunization with a recombinant antigen carrying the HIV-1 RT248-262 determinant inserted at different locations results in altered TCRVB region usage. Hum Immunol 1999; 60:755-63. [PMID: 10527382 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(99)00055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunodominance or cripticity of a peptide-borne determinant may be influenced by the protein context in which the epitope is embedded. In this frame, we previously showed that certain human T cell clones, derived from different donors, may differentially recognize the RT248-262 helper determinant depending on whether it is provided to the presenting cells as a synthetic peptide or as a recombinant carrier protein to which the sequence of interest is fused. We now report that, upon in vitro immunization of human PBL with autologous APC, the epitope-specific TCRVB repertoire obtained when selection is applied by pulsing the APC with the cognate synthetic peptide is different from that found when a recombinant protein is used in which the antigenic sequence is placed at either a N-terminal or C-terminal location of the GST carrier. As the TCRVB distribution is not a function of the APC used, we propose that processing of different recombinant molecules containing the same epitope may generate MHC/peptide complexes which, being antigenically diverse, may recruit distinct TCR specificities. These findings may be relevant for evaluating and predicting the immunogenic potential of subunit vaccines based on synthetic peptides or on recombinant proteins as compared to the native antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prisco
- International Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Naples, Italy
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