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Ai A, Tang Z, Liu Y, Yu S, Li B, Huang H, Wang X, Cao Y, Zhang W. Characterization and identification of human immortalized granulosa cells derived from ovarian follicular fluid. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:2167-2177. [PMID: 31452708 PMCID: PMC6704934 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular fluid serves a crucial role in follicular development and oocyte maturation. Increasing evidence indicates that follicular fluid is rich in proteins and functional cells. In addition to oocyte cells, follicular fluid contains granulosa, thecal and ovarian surface epithelial cells. Granulosa cells (GCs) represent the predominant somatic cell type of the ovarian follicle and are involved in steroidogenesis and folliculogenesis. However, the long-term culture of GCs in vitro remains challenging. The present study aimed to extend the culture of GCs in vitro. Human GCs were collected from the follicular fluid of patients included in an in vitro fertilization program and cultured in the presence of conditioned medium obtained from mouse embryonic fibroblasts. GCs were cultured for over a year and 130 passages, and the population doubling time was ~22 h. Cells presented epithelial-like morphology and a cobblestone-like appearance when they reached confluence. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that cells expressed CD29, CD166 and CD49f but not CD31, CD34, CD45, CD90, CD105 or CD13. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that cells expressed follicle stimulating hormone receptor, luteinizing hormone receptor and cytochrome P450 aromatase, which was confirmed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In the presence of androstenedione, cells secreted estradiol. In addition, estradiol level was further stimulated by dibutyryl cAMP treatment. In addition, intracellular cAMP and progesterone expression levels were upregulated by follicle stimulating hormone and/or human chorionic gonadotropin. Furthermore, cells survived in severe combined immunodeficiency mice following intra-ovarian injection. Histological analysis revealed that certain cells formed follicle-like structures. The results from the present study suggested that immortalized GCs may be a useful tool for further research on GC and improve the clinical application of drugs such as follicle-stimulating hormone or human chorionic gonadotropin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Ai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China.,Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Zhengya Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Yali Liu
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Sha Yu
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - He Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Xiangsheng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Yilin Cao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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Chang HM, Qiao J, Leung PCK. Oocyte-somatic cell interactions in the human ovary-novel role of bone morphogenetic proteins and growth differentiation factors. Hum Reprod Update 2016; 23:1-18. [PMID: 27797914 PMCID: PMC5155571 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmw039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Initially identified for their capability to induce heterotopic bone formation,
bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional growth factors that belong
to the transforming growth factor β superfamily. Using cellular and
molecular genetic approaches, recent studies have implicated intra-ovarian BMPs as
potent regulators of ovarian follicular function. The bi-directional communication
of oocytes and the surrounding somatic cells is mandatory for normal follicle
development and oocyte maturation. This review summarizes the current knowledge on
the physiological role and molecular determinants of these ovarian regulatory
factors within the human germline-somatic regulatory loop. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The regulation of ovarian function remains poorly characterized in humans because,
while the fundamental process of follicular development and oocyte maturation is
highly similar across species, most information on the regulation of ovarian
function is obtained from studies using rodent models. Thus, this review focuses
on the studies that used human biological materials to gain knowledge about human
ovarian biology and disorders and to develop strategies for preventing, diagnosing
and treating these abnormalities. SEARCH METHODS Relevant English-language publications describing the roles of BMPs or growth
differentiation factors (GDFs) in human ovarian biology and phenotypes were
comprehensively searched using PubMed and the Google Scholar database. The
publications included those published since the initial identification of BMPs in
the mammalian ovary in 1999 through July 2016. OUTCOMES Studies using human biological materials have revealed the expression of BMPs,
GDFs and their putative receptors as well as their molecular signaling in the
fundamental cells (oocyte, cumulus/granulosa cells (GCs) and theca/stroma cells)
of the ovarian follicles throughout follicle development. With the availability of
recombinant human BMPs/GDFs and the development of immortalized human cell lines,
functional studies have demonstrated the physiological role of intra-ovarian
BMPs/GDFs in all aspects of ovarian functions, from follicle development to
steroidogenesis, cell–cell communication, oocyte maturation, ovulation and
luteal function. Furthermore, there is crosstalk between these potent ovarian
regulators and the endocrine signaling system. Dysregulation or naturally
occurring mutations within the BMP system may lead to several female reproductive
diseases. The latest development of recombinant BMPs, synthetic BMP inhibitors,
gene therapy and tools for BMP-ligand sequestration has made the BMP pathway a
potential therapeutic target in certain human fertility disorders; however,
further clinical trials are needed. Recent studies have indicated that GDF8 is an
intra-ovarian factor that may play a novel role in regulating ovarian functions in
the human ovary. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Intra-ovarian BMPs/GDFs are critical regulators of folliculogenesis and human
ovarian functions. Any dysregulation or variations in these ligands or their
receptors may affect the related intracellular signaling and influence ovarian
functions, which accounts for several reproductive pathologies and infertility.
Understanding the normal and pathological roles of intra-ovarian BMPs/GDFs,
especially as related to GC functions and follicular fluid levels, will inform
innovative approaches to fertility regulation and improve the diagnosis and
treatment of ovarian disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsun-Ming Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100191, P.R. China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Room 317, 950 West 28 Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Jie Qiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Peter C K Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Room 317, 950 West 28 Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4
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Fransolet M, Henry L, Labied S, Noël A, Nisolle M, Munaut C. In vitro evaluation of the anti-apoptotic drug Z-VAD-FMK on human ovarian granulosa cell lines for further use in ovarian tissue transplantation. J Assist Reprod Genet 2015; 32:1551-9. [PMID: 26169075 PMCID: PMC4615917 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-015-0536-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Because ovarian granulosa cells are essential for oocyte survival, we examined three human granulosa cell lines as models to evaluate the ability of the pan-caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone (Z-VAD-FMK) to prevent primordial follicle loss after ovarian tissue transplantation. METHODS To validate the efficacy of Z-VAD-FMK, three human granulosa cell lines (GC1a, HGL5, COV434) were treated for 48 h with etoposide (50 μg/ml) and/or Z-VAD-FMK (50 μM) under normoxic conditions. To mimic the ischemic phase that occurs after ovarian fragment transplantation, cells were cultured without serum under hypoxia (1 % O(2)) and treated with Z-VAD-FMK. The metabolic activity of the cells was evaluated by WST-1 assay. Cell viability was determined by FACS analyses. The expression of apoptosis-related molecules was assessed by RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses. RESULTS Our assessment of metabolic activity and FACS analyses in the normoxic experiments indicate that Z-VAD-FMK protects granulosa cells from etoposide-induced cell death. When cells are exposed to hypoxia and serum starvation, their metabolic activity is reduced. However, Z-VAD-FMK does not provide a protective effect. In the hypoxic experiments, the number of viable cells was not modulated, and we did not observe any modifications in the expressions of apoptosis-related molecules (p53, Bax, Bcl-xl, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)). CONCLUSION The death of granulosa cell lines was not induced in our ischemic model. Therefore, a protective effect of Z-VAD-FMK in vitro for further use in ovarian tissue transplantation could not be directly confirmed. It will be of interest to potentially use Z-VAD-FMK in vivo in xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maïté Fransolet
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, GIGA-R, University of Liège, Tour de Pathologie (B23), Sart Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurie Henry
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, GIGA-R, University of Liège, Tour de Pathologie (B23), Sart Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital de la Citadelle, University of Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Soraya Labied
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital de la Citadelle, University of Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Agnès Noël
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, GIGA-R, University of Liège, Tour de Pathologie (B23), Sart Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Michelle Nisolle
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, GIGA-R, University of Liège, Tour de Pathologie (B23), Sart Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital de la Citadelle, University of Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Carine Munaut
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, GIGA-R, University of Liège, Tour de Pathologie (B23), Sart Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
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Hawkridge AM. The chicken model of spontaneous ovarian cancer. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 8:689-99. [PMID: 25130871 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The chicken is a unique experimental model for studying the spontaneous onset and progression of ovarian cancer (OVC). The prevalence of OVC in chickens can range from 5 to 35% depending on age, genetic strain, reproductive history, and diet. Furthermore, the chicken presents epidemiological, morphological, and molecular traits that are similar to human OVC making it a relevant experimental model for translation research. Similarities to humans include associated increased risk of OVC with the number of ovulations, common histopathological subtypes including high-grade serous, and molecular-level markers or pathways such as CA-125 expression and p53 mutation frequency. Collectively, the similarities between chicken and human OVC combined with a tightly controlled genetic background and predictable onset window provides an outstanding experimental model for studying the early events and progression of spontaneous OVC tumors under controlled environmental conditions. This review will cover the existing literature on OVC in the chicken and highlight potential opportunities for further exploitation (e.g. biomarkers, prevention, treatment, and genomics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Hawkridge
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Hu ZY, Tang LD, Zhang HY, Niu JY, Lou M. Clinicopathological significance of steroidogenic factor-1 expression in ovarian cancer versus ovarian sex cord stromal tumor. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:1429-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Feng YM, Liang GJ, Pan B, Qin XS, Zhang XF, Chen CL, Li L, Cheng SF, De Felici M, Shen W. Notch pathway regulates female germ cell meiosis progression and early oogenesis events in fetal mouse. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:782-91. [PMID: 24398584 DOI: 10.4161/cc.27708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical process of early oogenesis is the entry of mitotic oogonia into meiosis, a cell cycle switch regulated by a complex gene regulatory network. Although Notch pathway is involved in numerous important aspects of oogenesis in invertebrate species, whether it plays roles in early oogenesis events in mammals is unknown. Therefore, the rationale of the present study was to investigate the roles of Notch signaling in crucial processes of early oogenesis, such as meiosis entry and early oocyte growth. Notch receptors and ligands were localized in mouse embryonic female gonads and 2 Notch inhibitors, namely DAPT and L-685,458, were used to attenuate its signaling in an in vitro culture system of ovarian tissues from 12.5 days post coitum (dpc) fetus. The results demonstrated that the expression of Stra8, a master gene for germ cell meiosis, and its stimulation by retinoic acid (RA) were reduced after suppression of Notch signaling, and the other meiotic genes, Dazl, Dmc1, and Rec8, were abolished or markedly decreased. Furthermore, RNAi of Notch1 also markedly inhibited the expression of Stra8 and SCP3 in cultured female germ cells. The increased methylation status of CpG islands within the Stra8 promoter of the oocytes was observed in the presence of DAPT, indicating that Notch signaling is probably necessary for maintaining the epigenetic state of this gene in a way suitable for RA stimulation. Furthermore, in the presence of Notch inhibitors, progression of oocytes through meiosis I was markedly delayed. At later culture periods, the rate of oocyte growth was decreased, which impaired subsequent primordial follicle assembly in cultured ovarian tissues. Taken together, these results suggested new roles of the Notch signaling pathway in female germ cell meiosis progression and early oogenesis events in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Min Feng
- Laboratory of Germ Cell Biology; Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong; College of Animal Science and Technology; Qingdao Agricultural University; Qingdao, China
| | - Gui-Jin Liang
- Laboratory of Germ Cell Biology; Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong; College of Animal Science and Technology; Qingdao Agricultural University; Qingdao, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science; University of Guelph; Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xun-Si Qin
- Laboratory of Germ Cell Biology; Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong; College of Animal Science and Technology; Qingdao Agricultural University; Qingdao, China
| | - Xi-Feng Zhang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Wuhan Polytechnic University; Wuhan, China
| | - Chun-Lei Chen
- Laboratory of Germ Cell Biology; Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong; College of Animal Science and Technology; Qingdao Agricultural University; Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Li
- Laboratory of Germ Cell Biology; Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong; College of Animal Science and Technology; Qingdao Agricultural University; Qingdao, China
| | - Shun-Feng Cheng
- Laboratory of Germ Cell Biology; Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong; College of Animal Science and Technology; Qingdao Agricultural University; Qingdao, China
| | - Massimo De Felici
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention; University of Rome "Tor Vergata"; Rome, Italy
| | - Wei Shen
- Laboratory of Germ Cell Biology; Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong; College of Animal Science and Technology; Qingdao Agricultural University; Qingdao, China
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Miller S, Bhasin N, Urrego H, Moroz K, Rowan BG, Ramayya MS, Makridakis NM. Genetic and epigenetic alterations of steroidogenic factor‑1 in ovarian tumors. Int J Oncol 2012; 42:627-34. [PMID: 23291911 PMCID: PMC3583749 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), the product of the NR5A1 gene, is an essential transcription factor that is known to regulate steroidogenesis in ovarian epithelia, including the synthesis of progesterone, a suppressor of ovarian cancer. Expression of the SF-1 protein, a potential ovarian tumor suppressor, has been demonstrated in normal OSE cells, but is lost in most ovarian tumors and ovarian tumor cell lines. We examined loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and promoter methylation as potential mechanisms that may explain the loss of SF-1 protein in ovarian tumor tissues. Genotyping of three NR5A1 SNPs in matched tumor/normal tissues identified LOH in 16/36 (44%) of the ovarian tumors successfully analyzed, and somatic mutations (gain of allele) in 10% of the tumors. Furthermore, a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme method was used to demonstrate statistically significant (p<0.0001) increase in the frequency of NR5A1 gene methylation in ovarian tumors (36/46; 78%) versus normal ovaries (1/11; 9%). These data suggest that the SF-1 encoding gene exhibits frequent genetic (LOH/base substitution) and epigenetic (methylation) somatic alterations in ovarian tumors. These data also present novel molecular mechanisms that may explain the loss of SF-1 protein in ovarian tumors, and its potential role in ovarian carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Miller
- Ohio Department of Health, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
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Cells with stem cell characteristics in somatic compartments of the ovary. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:310859. [PMID: 23484108 PMCID: PMC3591217 DOI: 10.1155/2013/310859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antral follicular growth in the ovary is characterized by rapid expansion of granulosa cells accompanied by a rising complexity of their functionality. Within two weeks the number of human granulosa cells increases from less than 500,000 to more than 50 millions cells per follicle and differentiates into groups of cells with a variety of specialized functions involved in steroidogenesis, nursing the oocyte, and forming a functional syncitium. Both the rapid proliferation and different specialized functions of the granulosa cells can only be explained through the involvement of stem cells. However, luteinizing granulosa cells were believed to be terminally differentiated cells. Only recently, stem and progenitor cells with FSH-receptor activity were identified in populations of luteinizing granulosa cells obtained during oocyte collected for assisted reproduction. In the presence of the leukaemia-inhibiting factor (LIF), it was possible to culture a subpopulation of the luteinizing granulosa cells over prolonged time periods. Furthermore, when embedded in a matrix consisting of collagen type I, these cells continued to express the FSH receptor over prolonged time periods, developed globular formations that surrogated as follicle-like structures, providing a promising tool for reproductive biology.
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Mase Y, Ishibashi O, Ishikawa T, Takizawa T, Kiguchi K, Ohba T, Katabuchi H, Takeshita T, Takizawa T. MiR-21 is enriched in the RNA-induced silencing complex and targets COL4A1 in human granulosa cell lines. Reprod Sci 2012; 19:1030-40. [PMID: 22573493 DOI: 10.1177/1933719112442245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding small RNAs that play important roles in a variety of physiological and pathological events. In this study, we performed large-scale profiling of EIF2C2-bound miRNAs in 3 human granulosa-derived cell lines (ie, KGN, HSOGT, and GC1a) by high-throughput sequencing and found that miR-21 accounted for more than 80% of EIF2C2-bound miRNAs, suggesting that it was enriched in the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and played a functional role in human granulosa cell (GC) lines. We also found high expression levels of miR-21 in primary human GCs. Assuming that miR-21 target mRNAs are enriched in RISC, we performed cDNA cloning of EIF2C2-bound mRNAs in KGN cells. We identified COL4A1 mRNA as a miR-21 target in the GC lines. These data suggest that miR-21 is involved in the regulation of the synthesis of COL4A1, a component of the basement membrane surrounding the GC layer and granulosa-embedded extracellular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Mase
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Kawano Y, Zeineh K, Furukawa Y, Utsunomiya Y, Okamoto M, Narahara H. The Effects of Epidermal Growth Factor and Transforming Growth Factor-a on Secretion of Interleukin-8 and Growth-Regulated Oncogene-a in Human Granulosa-Lutein Cells. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2012; 73:189-94. [DOI: 10.1159/000331665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ishibashi O, Ali MM, Luo SS, Ohba T, Katabuchi H, Takeshita T, Takizawa T. Short RNA duplexes elicit RIG-I-mediated apoptosis in a cell type- and length-dependent manner. Sci Signal 2011; 4:ra74. [PMID: 22067459 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Short double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) induce type I interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immune responses. In functional studies with short interfering RNAs or synthetic mimics of microRNA precursors in vitro, we found that short dsRNAs readily induced apoptosis in cells derived from human granulosa cell tumors, but not in other cell types. Apoptosis was independent of the sequence of the dsRNA, but depended on its length, and was induced by 23- and 24-nucleotide (nt) dsRNAs, but not by shorter dsRNAs (< 22 nt) or by the long dsRNA polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. Microarray analysis revealed that apoptosis was accompanied by the increased expression of IFN-stimulated genes; however, several lines of evidence showed that IFNs did not directly induce apoptosis. Subsequent analyses revealed that the short dsRNAs increased the expression of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) through dsRNA-activated protein kinase (PKR). Although these dsRNAs bore 3' overhangs and nontriphosphate 5' termini, which are not thought to be RIG-I-activating structures, the dsRNAs bound to RIG-I and triggered proapoptotic signaling mostly by activating RIG-I, which was followed by activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38. Thus, we suggest that ligand recognition and subsequent signaling by RNA sensors are more complicated than previously believed. In addition, short dsRNAs may serve as pharmacological agents to target specific tumors, such as granulosa cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Ishibashi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Anatomy, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
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Wright JW, Pejovic T, Jurevic L, Bishop CV, Hobbs T, Stouffer RL. Ovarian surface epitheliectomy in the non-human primate: continued cyclic ovarian function and limited epithelial replacement. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:1422-30. [PMID: 21421661 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fifth leading cause of cancer deaths among women is ovarian cancer (OC), which originates primarily in the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) that surrounds the ovary. Permanent removal of the OSE could provide a novel strategy to substantially reduce OC risk, while retaining the benefits of ovarian function, including gameto- and steroidogenesis. It must be determined whether ovarian surface epitheliectomy (OSEx) carries deleterious side effects, including loss of menstrual cyclicity, infertility or scarring (e.g. adhesions), prior to any clinical application of this strategy. To achieve this, we selected the non-human primate, rhesus macaque, for long-term (12 month) studies on the effects of OSEx. METHODS Rhesus macaque females underwent OSEx by detergent treatment and were then monitored for menstrual cyclicity (menstruation, steroidogenesis and follicle development) and adverse side effects (tissue scarring or adhesions). Ovaries were collected at 6 or 12 months and examined for evidence of tissue damage, follicle rupture and regression of the corpus luteum. The ovarian surface was examined immunohistologically for signs of epithelial replacement, using markers for OSE and fimbrial epithelium (FE), a possible alternative source of pelvic tumors diagnosed as OC. RESULTS After OSEx, menstrual cycle length, estrogen and progesterone production, follicle rupture and luteal regression appeared normal. No evidence of adhesions was seen. At 6 and 12 months post-OSEx, the ovarian surface was sparsely populated by cells expressing OSE and FE markers. Proliferative activity in this population was notably low. CONCLUSIONS OSEx may provide a novel method to reduce the risk of OC, without sacrificing ovarian function, although the effects on fertility remain to be tested. The absence of epithelial replacement via enhanced proliferation suggests OSEx does not increase malignant potential. Complete and permanent OSEx may be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W Wright
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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Kossowska-Tomaszczuk K, Pelczar P, Güven S, Kowalski J, Volpi E, De Geyter C, Scherberich A. A Novel Three-Dimensional Culture System Allows Prolonged Culture of Functional Human Granulosa Cells and Mimics the Ovarian Environment. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:2063-73. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kossowska-Tomaszczuk
- Woman's Hospital, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pawel Pelczar
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sinan Güven
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Emanuela Volpi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christian De Geyter
- Woman's Hospital, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Scherberich
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Gautier T, Becker S, Drouineaud V, Ménétrier F, Sagot P, Nofer JR, von Otte S, Lagrost L, Masson D, Tietge UJF. Human luteinized granulosa cells secrete apoB100-containing lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:2245-52. [PMID: 20407020 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m005181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thus far, liver, intestine, heart, and placenta have been shown to secrete apolipoprotein (apo)B-containing lipoproteins. In the present study, we first investigated lipoproteins in human follicular fluid (FF), surrounding developing oocytes within the ovary, as well as in corresponding plasma samples (n = 12). HDL cholesterol within FF correlated well with plasma HDL cholesterol (r = 0.80, P < 0.01), whereas VLDL cholesterol did not, indicating that VLDL in FF might originate directly from the granulosa cells producing FF. Primary human granulosa cells expressed apoB, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, and apoE, but not the apoB-editing enzyme apobec-1. Using (3)H-leucine, we show that granulosa cells secrete apoB100-containing lipoproteins and that secretion can be stimulated by adding oleate to the medium (+83%). With electron microscopy, apoB-containing lipoproteins within the secretory pathway of human granulosa cells were directly visualized. Finally, we found a positive relationship between apoB levels in FF and improved fertility parameters in a population of 27 women undergoing in vitro fertilization. This study demonstrates that human granulosa cells assemble and secrete apoB100-containing lipoproteins, thereby identifying a novel cell type equipped with these properties. These results might have important implications for female infertility phenotypes as well as for the development of drugs targeting the VLDL production pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gautier
- Faculté de Médecine, INSERM UMR866 Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer, Dijon, France
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16
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Ramayya MS, Sheng M, Moroz K, Hill SM, Rowan BG. Human steroidogenic factor-1 (hSF-1) regulates progesterone biosynthesis and growth of ovarian surface epithelial cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 119:14-25. [PMID: 20045459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The majority of cancers derived from ovarian surface epithelial (OSE) cells are lethal. Estrogens promote proliferation of OSE cells, whereas progesterone inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of OSE cells. Human steroidogenic factor-1 (hSF-1) induction of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) gene, and the steroidogenic enzymes CYP11A1 and HSD3B2 is central to progesterone biosynthesis. Whereas hSF-1 and StAR are expressed in human ovarian surface epithelial (HOSE) cells, hSF-1 and StAR protein were not expressed in a panel of malignant ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV-3, BG-1, and Caov-3), and in human OSE cells immortalized by SV40 large T antigen (IOSE-121). Transient expression of hSF-1 in SKOV-3 cells activated the expression of StAR, p450scc and 3betaHSD-II mRNAs, and induced progesterone biosynthesis. Additionally, hSF-1 suppressed proliferation and promoted apoptosis of SKOV-3 cells and suppressed SKOV-3 cell growth induced by ERalpha and estradiol. These findings suggest that hSF-1 is central to progesterone biosynthesis in OSE cells. Human SF-1 may decrease OSE cancer cell numbers directly by apoptosis, and indirectly by opposing estradiol-induced proliferation. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis, that down-regulation of hSF-1 contributes to progression of ovarian epithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Ramayya
- Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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17
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Kawano Y, Furukawa Y, Fukuda J, Matsumoto H, Yuge A, Narahara H. The effects of platelet-activating factor on the secretion of interleukin-8 and growth-regulated oncogene alpha in human immortalized granulosa cell line (GC1a). Am J Reprod Immunol 2007; 58:434-9. [PMID: 17922696 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2007.00527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM To investigate the role of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in human ovulation, we studied the regulation of interleukin (IL)-8 and growth-regulated oncogene (GRO) alpha in cultured human immortalized granulosa cell line (GC1a). METHOD OF STUDY GC1a was cultured in serum-free medium, and incubated with carbamyl-PAF (C-PAF) and/or PAF receptor antagonist (WEB 2086). The supernatants were collected, and IL-8 and GRO alpha were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS After treatment with C-PAF, the levels of IL-8 and GROalpha increased in a time-dependent manner. The levels of IL-8 and GROalpha were significantly increased after treatment with C-PAF in a dose-dependent manner. However, the levels of IL-8 and GROalpha were significantly decreased by treatment with C-PAF and with increasing concentrations of WEB 2086. CONCLUSION Our data indicated that IL-8 and GROalpha were regulated by C-PAF. The results suggested that PAF may play an important role in human pre-ovulatory processes involving IL-8 and GROalpha production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kawano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan.
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Buz'Zard AR, Lau BHS. Pycnogenol reduces talc-induced neoplastic transformation in human ovarian cell cultures. Phytother Res 2007; 21:579-86. [PMID: 17357971 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Talc and poor diet have been suggested to increase the risk of developing ovarian cancer; which can be reduced by a diet rich in fruit and vegetables. Talc is ubiquitous despite concern about its safety, role as a possible carcinogen and known ability to cause irritation and inflammation. It was recently shown that Pycnogenol (Pyc; a proprietary mixture of water-soluble bioflavonoids extracted from French maritime pine bark) was selectively toxic to established malignant ovarian germ cells. This study investigated talc-induced carcinogenesis and Pyc-induced chemoprevention. Normal human epithelial and granulosa ovarian cell lines and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) were treated with talc, or pretreated with Pyc then talc. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and neoplastic transformation by soft agar assay were measured. Talc increased proliferation, induced neoplastic transformation and increased ROS generation time-dependently in the ovarian cells and dose-dependently in the PMN. Pretreatment with Pyc inhibited the talc-induced increase in proliferation, decreased the number of transformed colonies and decreased the ROS generation in the ovarian cells. The data suggest that talc may contribute to ovarian neoplastic transformation and Pyc reduced the talc-induced transformation. Taken together, Pyc may prove to be a potent chemopreventative agent against ovarian carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber R Buz'Zard
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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Okamura H, Katabuchi H, Nitta M, Ohtake H. Structural changes and cell properties of human ovarian surface epithelium in ovarian pathophysiology. Microsc Res Tech 2006; 69:469-81. [PMID: 16718660 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The surface epithelial cells of the ovary, which are modified peritoneal cells, form a single, focally pseudostratified layer. The Müllerian ducts differentiate after invagination of the coelomic mesothelium over the gonadal ridges during the 6th week of embryonic life. On the basis of the embryologically putative Müllerian potential of this epithelium, endometriosis can be explained by coelomic metaplasia from the peritoneum, including ovarian surface epithelium. Some pelvic endometriosis specimens have shown that epithelial cells on the ovary or pelvis are serially changed to endometriotic gland cells. Immunohistochemistry as well as scanning electron microscopy also reinforce the light-microscopical findings. A three-dimensional culture system demonstrated that human ovarian surface epithelial cells exhibited a glandular-stromal structure when they were cocultured with endometrial stromal cells in an estrogen-rich environment. Ovarian carcinomas in the epithelial-stromal category are thought to arise from the surface epithelium and its inclusions. The ovarian surface epithelium is physiologically involved in follicular rupture, oocyte release, and the subsequent repair of follicle wall during reproductive age. Simultaneously, ovulation may cause a loss of integrity of the surface epithelium, followed by accumulation of multiple mutations. The cortical invagination, surface stromal proliferation, and Müllerian differentiation of these cells are likely not to be an early step in the cancer development. However, the inclusion cysts are closely related with carcinogenesis because they are significantly more common in ovaries contralateral to those containing epithelial cancers than in control ovaries. As an in vitro study, ovarian carcinoma cell lines were established from simian virus 40 large T antigen-transformed human surface epithelial cells of the ovary. Further investigations of these cell lines may lead to insights into the preneoplastic and early stages of carcinomas. To clarify the pathogenesis of endometriosis and epithelial ovarian cancer, specifically designed studies of ovarian surface epithelium are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Okamura
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
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Nottola SA, Heyn R, Camboni A, Correr S, Macchiarelli G. Ultrastructural characteristics of human granulosa cells in a coculture system for in vitro fertilization. Microsc Res Tech 2006; 69:508-16. [PMID: 16718668 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of somatic cells for cocultures during in vitro fertilization (IVF) is currently finalized to obtain a higher number of healthy and viable embryos with a high potential of implantation. Among the different cell lines that can be used as feeder cells for cocultures, granulosa cells (GCs) are autologous cells, safe and easy to recover. The aim of the present study was to analyze the fine structure of human GCs used in a coculture system to evaluate, from a morphodynamic point of view, their role in supporting embryo development. GCs were collected during oocyte pick-up, 36 h after human chorionic gonadotropin administration, from patients undergoing IVF procedures, who had given their informed consent to be included in this protocol. After coculture, GCs were fixed and processed for light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). By LM, GCs appeared as clusters of loosely packed cells, irregularly rounded or polyhedral in shape, varying in diameter from 18 to 25 microm. Mitotic cells, as well as regressing elements (with pyknotic nuclei or dense cytoplasm) and cell fragments were occasionally observed. By TEM, the plasma membrane was irregular due to the presence of cytoplasmic evaginations. Linear and annular gap junctions between neighboring GCs were found. GC nuclei, rounded and eccentrically located, contained finely dispersed chromatin, one (often two) prominent nucleoli and, infrequently, peripheral patches of heterochromatin. Numerous organelles populated the GC cytoplasm, among them, mitochondria were rod-shaped or elongated, usually provided with tubular-vesicular cristae but occasionally showing atypical, longitudinally oriented cristae. Membranes of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi stacks and vesicles, secretory-like granules, cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), free ribosomes and polysomes, lysosomal-like bodies, microfilaments, and lipid droplets were also seen in the GC cytoplasm. In most cells, RER was scarcely represented and numerous lipid droplets filled the perinuclear space. On the contrary, some GCs contained an abundant RER and rare lipid droplets scattered in the cytoplasm. In conclusion, our data demonstrated the presence, in a coculture system, of GCs provided with ultrastructural characteristics typical of healthy, metabolically active, mostly steroidogenic cells. Protein-synthetic cells have also been detected. These data, evaluated at the light of biochemical and clinical studies, sustain the capability of human GCs cocultures to positively affect early embryo development in vitro by the secretion of steroids and proteins, putative "embryotrophic" factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania A Nottola
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy Pietro M. Motta, Department of Anatomy, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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21
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Symonds DA, Miller KP, Tomic D, Flaws JA. Effect of methoxychlor and estradiol on cytochrome p450 enzymes in the mouse ovarian surface epithelium. Toxicol Sci 2005; 89:510-4. [PMID: 16280380 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) is responsive to hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals, little information is available on the metabolizing capabilities of the OSE. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that the OSE is capable of expressing genes regulating phase I metabolism of estrogen and the estrogenic endocrine disruptor methoxychlor (MXC). To test this hypothesis, we isolated mouse OSE cells and cultured them with vehicle (dimethylsulfoxide; DMSO), 3 microM MXC, or 0.1 microM 17beta-estradiol (E2) +/- the anti-estrogen ICI 182,780 (1 microM) for 14 days. After culture, the cells were subjected to quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for cytochrome P450s (CYPs) 1A1, 1B1, 2C29, and 1A2, and estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha). Our results indicate that E2 and MXC did not alter the expression of CYP1A1 or CYP1A2. In contrast, E2 significantly increased expression of CYP1B1 compared to controls (DMSO = 0.93 +/- 0.1, E2 = 3.12 +/- 0.64 genomic equivalents (GE), n = 4, p < or = 0.01). The E2-induced increase in CYP1B1 was abolished by co-treatment with ICI 182,780 (0.41 +/- 0.17 GE). MXC treatment did not affect CYP1B1 expression. Both MXC and E2 increased expression of CYP2C29 (DMSO = 0.02 +/- 0.003; MXC = 0.04 +/- 0.008; E2 = 0.46 +/- 0.03 GE, n = 4, p < or = 0.05). MXC- and E2-induced elevations in CYP2C29 were abolished by co-treatment with ICI 182,780 (0.02 +/- 0.005; 0.02 +/- 0.07 GE). In addition, E2 increased ERalpha expression 15-fold compared to controls (DMSO = 1.10 +/- 0.09, E2 = 15.0 +/- 3.60 GE, n = 3, p < or = 0.05), and ICI 182,780 abolished the E2-induced increase in ERalpha expression (1.85 +/- 1.09 GE). MXC treatment did not affect ERalpha expression. These data indicate that the OSE expresses enzymes known to metabolize native and xenoestrogens and that MXC and E2 modulate expression of some of them through ER-linked mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Symonds
- Program in Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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22
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Rae MT, Hillier SG. Steroid signalling in the ovarian surface epithelium. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2005; 16:327-33. [PMID: 16054388 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human ovarian surface epithelium (HOSE) undergoes serial injury-repair with each ovulation, which is probably why most ovarian epithelial cancers arise there. Considering the proposed inflammatory aetiology of ovarian cancer, anti-inflammatory steroid signalling might be vital for HOSE regulation. HOSE cells express hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) enzymes that undertake prereceptor metabolism of bioinert steroidogenic precursors formed elsewhere in the body. Ovulation-associated cytokines activate anti-inflammatory cortisol from precursor cortisone in HOSE cells owing to up-regulation of the gene encoding 11betaHSD type 1 (HSD11B1) in vitro. Cortisol further enhances its own formation and action through augmentation of cytokine-induced HSD11B1 and glucocorticoid receptor gene expression. Understanding this feed-forward signalling process has implications for the improved diagnosis and treatment of inflammation-associated reproductive disease states such as ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Rae
- Centre for Reproductive Biology, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH16 4SB
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Syed V, Zhang X, Lau KM, Cheng R, Mukherjee K, Ho SM. Profiling estrogen-regulated gene expression changes in normal and malignant human ovarian surface epithelial cells. Oncogene 2005; 24:8128-43. [PMID: 16116479 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens regulate normal ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) cell functions but also affect epithelial ovarian cancer (OCa) development. Little is known about how estrogens play such opposing roles. Transcriptional profiling using a cDNA microarray containing 2400 named genes identified 155 genes whose expression was altered by estradiol-17beta (E2) in three immortalized normal human ovarian surface epithelial (HOSE) cell lines and 315 genes whose expression was affected by the hormone in three established OCa (OVCA) cell lines. All but 19 of the genes in these two sets were different. Among the 19 overlapping genes, five were found to show discordant responses between HOSE and OVCA cell lines. The five genes are those that encode clone 5.1 RNA-binding protein (RNPS1), erythrocyte adducin alpha subunit (ADD1), plexin A3 (PLXNA3 or the SEX gene), nuclear protein SkiP (SKIIP), and Rap-2 (rap-2). RNPS1, ADD1, rap-2, and SKIIP were upregulated by E2 in HOSE cells but downregulated by estrogen in OVCA cells, whereas PLXNA3 showed the reverse pattern of regulation. The estrogen effects was observed within 6-18 h of treatment. In silicon analyses revealed presence of estrogen response elements in the proximal promoters of all five genes. RNPS1, ADD1, and PLXNA3 were underexpressed in OVCA cell lines compared to HOSE cell lines, while the opposite was true for rap-2 and SKIIP. Functional studies showed that RNPS1 and ADD1 exerted multiple antitumor actions in OVCA cells, while PLXNA3 only inhibited cell invasiveness. In contrast, rap-2 was found to cause significant oncogenic effects in OVCA cells, while SKIIP promotes only anchorage-independent growth. In sum, gene profiling data reveal that (1) E2 exerts different actions on HOSE cells than on OVCA cells by affecting two distinct transcriptomes with few overlapping genes and (2) among the overlapping genes, a set of putative oncogenes/tumor suppressors have been identified due to their differential responses to E2 between the two cell types. These findings may explain the paradoxical roles of estrogens in regulating normal and malignant OSE cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viqar Syed
- Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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24
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Abd-Elaziz M, Moriya T, Akahira JI, Suzuki T, Sasano H. StAR and progesterone producing enzymes (3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochromes P450) in human epithelial ovarian carcinoma: immunohistochemical and real-time PCR studies. Cancer Sci 2005; 96:232-9. [PMID: 15819722 PMCID: PMC11158090 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme (3beta-HSD) are all involved in the transport of cholesterol and production of progesterone. In situ production of sex steroids including progesterone have been considered to play important roles in pathogenesis and/or development of common epithelial ovarian carcinomas. In this study, StAR, P450scc, and 3beta-HSD were immunolocalized in 100 cases of ovarian carcinoma and results were then correlated with clinicopathological and prognostic parameters of individual patients including status of progesterone receptor (PR) in tumor cells. Results of immunohistochemistry were further characterized by real-time PCR analysis in 20 cases of epithelial ovarian carcinomas in which frozen tissues were available for examination. StAR, P450scc, and 3beta-HSD immunoreactivity was detected predominately in the cytoplasm of carcinoma cells. Results of real-time PCR analysis were correlated with those of immunohistochemical studies. StAR, P450scc, and 3beta-HSD H scores demonstrated significant inversed statistical correlation with FIGO stage, residual size of the tumor, and Ki67 LI. A positive statistically significant correlation was detected between StAR H score and PR-B LI. Multivariate statistical analysis demonstrated that the status of intratumoral StAR, FIGO stage, and residual tumor size all turned out to be independent prognostic factors for the clinical outcome of the patient. The presence of StAR, a cholesterol transporter for steroidogenesis in human epithelial ovarian carcinoma, may reflect the ability of these tumors to produce progesterone in situ that could influence biological behavior of these tumors, especially through progesterone dependent inhibition of tumor cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Abd-Elaziz
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine and Tohoku University Hospital, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
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Kawano Y, Fukuda J, Itoh H, Takai N, Nasu K, Miyakawa I. The effect of inflammatory cytokines on secretion of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human granulosa cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2005; 52:124-8. [PMID: 15274652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2004.00198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM In order to investigate the role of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein -1 (MCP-1) in human ovulation, we studied the regulation of M-CSF and MCP-1 in cultured human granulosa cells. METHOD OF STUDY Immortalized granulosa cells (GC1a) were cultured in serum-free medium, and incubated with interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1 receptor antagonist (ra) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. The supernatants were collected, and M-CSF and MCP-1 were measured by ELISA. RESULTS The levels of M-CSF and MCP-1 were increased after treatment with IL-1alpha (1 nm) and TNF-alpha (1 nm) in a time-dependent manner. The levels of M-CSF and MCP-1 were significantly increased after treatment with IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha in a dose-dependent manner. However, the levels of M-CSF and MCP-1 were significantly decreased by treatment with IL-1alpha (1 nm) and/or increasing concentrations of IL-1 ra. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicated that M-CSF and MCP-1 were regulated by IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha. It was suggested that M-CSF and MCP-1 may play an important role in human preovulatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kawano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan.
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26
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Angelopoulos N, Goula A, Tolis G. The role of luteinizing hormone activity in controlled ovarian stimulation. J Endocrinol Invest 2005; 28:79-88. [PMID: 15816376 DOI: 10.1007/bf03345534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of LH in the natural menstrual cycle is undisputed. The active participation of LH in both steroidogenesis and ovulation is well established, but its potential effect on oocyte maturation in the issue of assisted reproduction protocols remains a topic of debate. Although several studies have added to our understanding of the specific actions of androgens in human follicular development, some discrepancies persist regarding their role in oocyte atresia. Clinical situations, where LH is either decreased or absent (e.g. in women with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism or LH-receptor gene mutations), provide important data supporting the necessity for a minimal amount of LH to evoke ovulation. Recent use of GnRH antagonists, which results in profound suppression of LH concentration, in combination with the pharmacological production of recombinant gonadotrophins, has attracted the attention of investigators. Identification of sub-fertilized women, in whom LH administration could be beneficial and should be indicated, is arousing ever more interest. Based on the available data in the literature, the aims of this review are to assess the role of both endogenous and exogenous LH activity in stimulated cycles, and to evaluate the effects of recombinant human LH supplementation on the ovarian hormonal milieu and on the main outcomes of controlled stimulated cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Angelopoulos
- Endocrine Department, "Hippokrateion" Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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27
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Havelock JC, Rainey WE, Carr BR. Ovarian granulosa cell lines. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2004; 228:67-78. [PMID: 15541573 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2004.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2004] [Accepted: 04/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The ovary is a complex endocrine gland responsible for production of sex steroids and is the source of fertilizable ova for reproduction. It also produces various growth factors, transcription factors and cytokines that assist in the complex signaling pathways of folliculogenesis. The ovary possesses two primary steroidogenic cell types. The theca cells (and to a lesser extent, the stroma) are responsible for androgen synthesis, and the granulosa cells are responsible for conversion of androgens to estrogens, as well as progesterone synthesis. These cells undergo a transformation in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, converting them from estrogen producing, to predominantly progesterone producing cells. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating these cells is essential in understanding the regulation of steroidogenesis and reproduction. Creation of appropriate in vitro cell model systems can provide important tools for the study of ovarian function. This has led to the development of ovarian steroidogenic cell lines in several laboratories. Developing theca cell lines has met with limited success. Conversely, numerous human and animal granulosa cell lines have been developed. This review will discuss the existing granulosa cell lines and their characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon C Havelock
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9032, USA
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Kawano Y, Fukuda J, Nasu K, Nishida M, Narahara H, Miyakawa I. Production of macrophage inflammatory protein-3α in human follicular fluid and cultured granulosa cells. Fertil Steril 2004; 82 Suppl 3:1206-11. [PMID: 15474097 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2004] [Revised: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3alpha in human ovulation. DESIGN Study of the levels of MIP-3alpha in serum and follicular fluid. The effects of interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1 receptor antagonist (RA), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha on the secretion of MIP-3alpha by primary cultured granulosa-lutein cells and an immortalized granulosa cell line (GC1a) were investigated. SETTING Research laboratory at a university medical school. PATIENT(S) Forty-six patients with sterility undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (i.v.f.-ET). INTERVENTION(S) Follicular fluid was obtained from study participants, and granulosa-lutein cells and GC1a were incubated with IL-1alpha, IL-1RA, or TNF-alpha for 4 to 32 hours. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The concentration of MIP-3alpha in human follicular fluid was measured and correlated with oocyte maturation. We also cultured granulosa cells and examined the regulation of MIP-3alpha production. The concentrations of MIP-3alpha in the serum, follicular fluid, and culture medium were measured using enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. RESULT(S) Concentrations of MIP-3alpha were significantly higher in the follicular fluid, but it was not detected in the serum. Concentrations of MIP-3alpha were statistically significantly higher in the follicular fluid containing mature oocytes than in follicular fluid containing immature oocytes. The production of MIP-3alpha was markedly increased over the basal level after treatment with IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha in a dose-dependent manner. The stimulatory effect of IL-1alpha was inhibited by IL-1RA. CONCLUSION(S) Our data suggest that MIP-3alpha was present in follicular fluid and correlated with oocyte maturation, and was regulated by IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha. Thus, MIP-3alpha may play an important role in the human preovulatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kawano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan.
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