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WANG HX, LI XY, DU CC, WANG XJ, JIN WJ, ZHANG YH. Characteristic analysis of prolactin and its receptor genes fromRana chensinensis and expression pattern during metamorphosis. TURK J ZOOL 2016. [DOI: 10.3906/zoo-1506-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wang J, Hou S, Huang W, Yang X, Zhu X, Liu X. Molecular cloning of prolactin receptor of the Peking duck. Poult Sci 2009; 88:1016-22. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Watson R, Demmer J, Baker E, Arcus V. Three-dimensional structure and ligand binding properties of trichosurin, a metatherian lipocalin from the milk whey of the common brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula. Biochem J 2007; 408:29-38. [PMID: 17685895 PMCID: PMC2049081 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalins are extracellular proteins (17-25 kDa) that bind and transport small lipophilic molecules. The three-dimensional structure of the first lipocalin from a metatherian has been determined at different values of pH both with and without bound ligands. Trichosurin, a protein from the milk whey of the common brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, has been recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli, refolded from inclusion bodies, purified and crystallized at two different pH values. The three-dimensional structure of trichosurin was solved by X-ray crystallography in two different crystal forms to 1.9 A (1 A=0.1 nm) and 2.6 A resolution, from crystals grown at low and high pH values respectively. Trichosurin has the typical lipocalin fold, an eight-stranded anti-parallel beta-barrel but dimerizes in an orientation that has not been seen previously. The putative binding pocket in the centre of the beta-barrel is well-defined in both high and low pH structures and is occupied by water molecules along with isopropanol molecules from the crystallization medium. Trichosurin was also co-crystallized with a number of small molecule ligands and structures were determined with 2-naphthol and 4-ethylphenol bound in the centre of the beta-barrel. The binding of phenolic compounds by trichosurin provides clues to the function of this important marsupial milk protein, which is highly conserved across metatherians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall P. Watson
- *Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92-019, Auckland, New Zealand
- †AgResearch Structural Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92-019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jerome Demmer
- ‡Halcyon Bioconsulting Limited, P.O. Box 89-106, Torbay, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Edward N. Baker
- *Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92-019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vickery L. Arcus
- †AgResearch Structural Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92-019, Auckland, New Zealand
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Western AH, Eckery DC, Demmer J, Juengel JL, McNatty KP, Fidler AE. Expression of the FcRn receptor (alpha and beta) gene homologues in the intestine of suckling brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) pouch young. Mol Immunol 2003; 39:707-17. [PMID: 12531282 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(02)00260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal IgG transporter FcRn consists of two chains, FcRn alpha and beta (also known as beta(2) microglobulin), and is involved in transferring IgG molecules across both mammary and intestinal epithelial cells. Developmental changes in FcRn IgG alpha and beta chain mRNA levels were investigated in the gut of brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) pouch young (PY) using Northern hybridisation. FcRn alpha transcripts were detected in the PY proximal intestine at all times examined, between days 1 and 195 of post-natal life, with increased levels detected from around day 110. The beta(2) microglobulin transcript levels in the PY proximal intestine were low to undetectable until day 110 of post-natal life and then increased dramatically after day 159. Both the FcRn alpha and beta gene transcripts were detected in a wide range of tissues in the adult possum (>365 days). Genomic sequences located 5' to the start of transcription of the FcRn alpha and beta(2) microglobulin genes were cloned and analysed for predicted cis-acting transcription control elements. Both the FcRn alpha and beta(2) microglobulin genomic sequences contained STAT5 binding motifs consistent with the transcription of both genes being modulated by prolactin. Using in situ hybridisation, the FcRn alpha and beta(2) microglobulin transcripts were localised to the epithelial cells of the PY intestine. However, no prolactin receptor transcripts were detected in the same epithelial cells suggesting that the observed changes in FcRn alpha and beta(2) microglobulin gene expression in the proximal intestine are not modulated directly by prolactin. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that changes in FcRn alpha and beta(2) microglobulin gene expression take place in the possum PY intestine to accommodate changes in maternal milk composition to meet the changing immunological demands of the PY.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Western
- AgResearch Wallaceville, Ward Street, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
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Dalrymple A, Edery M, Jabbour HN. Sequence and functional characterisation of the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) prolactin receptor: comparative homology with the human long-form prolactin receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2000; 167:89-97. [PMID: 11000523 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(00)00285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the cloning and in-vitro characterisation of the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) prolactin receptor cDNA. The marmoset prolactin receptor cDNA was generated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using adrenal RNA and primers designed from prolactin receptor conserved regions. Sequence analysis predicts a mature protein of 598 amino acids exclusive of the 24 amino acid signal peptide. The marmoset prolactin receptor cDNA shares 93 and 61% base pair, and 89 and 61% amino acid sequence homologies with the long form human and rat prolactin receptor cDNA, respectively. The marmoset prolactin receptor cDNA sequence retains all the receptor sequences that have been shown previously to be essential for ligand binding, structural integrity and signal transduction. Transfection of human 293 fibroblast cells with the marmoset prolactin receptor cDNA (three independent experiments) confirmed the expression of a receptor that has high binding affinity to human growth hormone (K(a)=3.6+/-0.07 nM(-1) and B(max)=7.55+/-2.06x10(-11) M) and human prolactin (K(a)=3.1+/-0.12 nM(-1) and B(max)=2.87+/-0.66x10(-11) M). Functionality of the receptor was assessed by co-transfection of 293 fibroblast cells with marmoset prolactin receptor cDNA and the Jak2 cDNA, or marmoset prolactin receptor and a Stat5 responsive element linked to the luciferase coding sequence. Incubation of the cells with 18 nM ovine prolactin resulted in rapid phosphorylation of Jak2 as ascertained by Western blotting. In addition, the marmoset prolactin receptor cDNA led to 9.06+/-0.47-fold induction of luciferase gene activity. This was comparable with the induction observed following transfection with the human prolactin receptor cDNA (8.55+/-0. 5-fold). In-vivo prolactin receptor expression in the marmoset monkey was assessed by ribonuclease protection assay and detected in a number of tissues including female reproductive organs. These data confirm the cloning and functionality of the marmoset prolactin receptor cDNA. The marmoset prolactin receptor shares a high sequence homology with the long-form human prolactin receptor, and both receptors bind hormones with comparable affinity and confer a similar intracellular response. The marmoset monkey may provide a useful tool to investigate the role of prolactin in primate reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dalrymple
- Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Centre for Reproductive Biology, 37 Chalmers Street, EH3 9ET, Edinburgh, UK
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Adamski FM, Demmer J. Immunological protection of the vulnerable marsupial pouch young: two periods of immune transfer during lactation in Trichosurus vulpecula (brushtail possum). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 24:491-502. [PMID: 10785274 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(00)00012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Marsupial young are born with an underdeveloped immune system and are dependent upon passively acquired immune protection provided by the mother's milk. Colostrum and milk samples were collected from the brushtail possum throughout lactation and the concentration of secretory IgA (sIgA), IgG and transferrin was determined by Western blotting. Two periods of immune transfer were identified. The first, a colostral phase, occurs immediately after birth and involves sIgA, IgG and transferrin. During the early lactation stage, pouch young receive milk of a unique composition as they undergo developmental changes in the pouch that occur in utero for eutherian mammals. At the end of this external gestation, the composition of the milk changes (switch phase) to resemble that of eutherian mammals in the late lactation phase. The second transfer of immunity consists of IgG and transferrin, and occurs during the switch phase prior to maturation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Adamski
- Reproduction Technologies Group, AgResearch Ruakura, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Adamski FM, King AT, Demmer J. Expression of the Fc receptor in the mammary gland during lactation in the marsupial Trichosurus vulpecula (brushtail possum). Mol Immunol 2000; 37:435-44. [PMID: 11090878 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(00)00065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
One of several functions described for the Fc receptor is regulation of IgG isotype transport into milk. The first marsupial homologues of the Fc receptor heavy and light chains, FcRn and beta-2 microglobulin, from the brushtail possum have been cloned and characterised. The level of FcRn mRNA in the possum mammary gland was highest at the start of lactation, and decreased slowly thereafter. Expression of FcRn mRNA did not increase during the switch phase when the concentration of IgG in milk is highest. In contrast, the level of beta-2 microglobulin mRNA in the mammary gland increased during the switch phase when milk IgG concentration also increases. This correlation between beta-2 microglobulin mRNA expression in the mammary gland with the time of active IgG-transfer into milk was also observed in the bovine and murine mammary gland. This suggests that expression of the Fc receptor in the mammary gland is controlled by the expression of beta-2 microglobulin and that its expression is upregulated during the period of highest IgG-transfer into milk.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Blotting, Northern
- Cattle
- Cloning, Molecular
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin G/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- Lactation/genetics
- Lactation/immunology
- Lactation/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/growth & development
- Mammary Glands, Animal/immunology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Marsupialia/genetics
- Marsupialia/immunology
- Marsupialia/metabolism
- Mice
- Milk/immunology
- Milk/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Binding
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Fc/chemistry
- Receptors, Fc/genetics
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- beta 2-Microglobulin/chemistry
- beta 2-Microglobulin/genetics
- beta 2-Microglobulin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Adamski
- Reproductive Technologies Group, AgResearch Ruakura, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Demmer J, Stasiuk SJ, Adamski FM, Grigor MR. Cloning and expression of the transferrin and ferritin genes in a marsupial, the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1445:65-74. [PMID: 10209259 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transferrin and ferritin cDNAs have been isolated and characterised from the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), the first marsupial examples of these genes. The transferrin cDNA encodes a 711 amino acid pre-protein which shows high levels of amino acid identity with eutherian transferrins (58-60%) and lactoferrins (54-56%). Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the possum transferrin has evolved independently along a pathway distinct from that of the eutherian transferrins and lactoferrins. Possum H-ferritin is a 182 residue protein which shares 86-94% amino acid identity with mammalian, avian and amphibian sequences. Ferritin mRNA was detected in all tissues tested, whereas transferrin was highly expressed in possum liver and mammary gland, and at lower levels in heart, testis and lung. In the possum mammary gland, ferritin mRNA was expressed throughout lactation with higher levels during the first 30 days which coincides with the high iron concentration of milk at this time. The transferrin gene was differentially expressed during lactation with peak mRNA levels detected during the first 6 days of lactation and after day 106 throughout late lactation. The pattern of transferrin mRNA expression in the mammary gland was identical to that of another whey protein, the late lactation protein, suggesting that the transcription of these genes may be regulated by a similar mechanism in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Demmer
- Dairy Science Group, AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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