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Wu R, Zhang J, Zou G, Li S, Wang J, Li X, Xu J. Diabetes Mellitus and Thyroid Cancers: Risky Correlation, Underlying Mechanisms and Clinical Prevention. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:809-823. [PMID: 38380275 PMCID: PMC10878320 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s450321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidences of thyroid cancer and diabetes are rapidly increasing worldwide. The relationship between thyroid cancer and diabetes is a popular topic in medicine. Increasing evidence has shown that diabetes increases the risk of thyroid cancer to a certain extent. This mechanism may be related to genetic factors, abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion, oxidative stress injury, hyperinsulinemia, elevated insulin-like growth factor-1 levels, abnormal secretion of adipocytokines, and increased secretion of inflammatory factors and chemokines. This article reviews the latest research progress on the relationship between thyroid cancer and diabetes, including the association between diabetes and the risk of developing thyroid cancer, its underlying mechanisms, and potential anti-thyroid cancer effects of hypoglycemic drugs. It providing novel strategies for the prevention, treatment, and improving the prognosis of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongqian Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The 1 Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junping Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The 1 Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guilin Zou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The 1 Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The 1 Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinying Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The 1 Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxinlei Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The 1 Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jixiong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The 1 Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
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Kushchayeva Y, Kushchayev S, Jensen K, Brown RJ. Impaired Glucose Metabolism, Anti-Diabetes Medications, and Risk of Thyroid Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030555. [PMID: 35158824 PMCID: PMC8833385 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary An epidemiologic link exists between obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and some cancers, such as breast cancer and colon cancer. The prevalence of obesity and diabetes is increasing, and additional epidemiologic data suggest that there may be a link between obesity and risk of thyroid abnormalities. Factors that may link obesity and diabetes with thyroid proliferative disorders include elevated circulating levels of insulin, increased body fat, high blood sugars, and exogenous insulin use. However, mechanisms underlying associations of obesity, diabetes, and thyroid proliferative disorders are not yet fully understood. The present manuscript reviews and summarizes current evidence of mechanisms and epidemiologic associations of obesity, insulin resistance, and use of anti-diabetes medications with benign and malignant proliferative disorders of the thyroid. Abstract The prevalence of obesity is progressively increasing along with the potential high risk for insulin resistance and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obesity is associated with increased risk of many malignancies, and hyperinsulinemia has been proposed to be a link between obesity and cancer development. The incidence of thyroid cancer is also increasing, making this cancer the most common endocrine malignancy. There is some evidence of associations between obesity, insulin resistance and/or diabetes with thyroid proliferative disorders, including thyroid cancer. However, the etiology of such an association has not been fully elucidated. The goal of the present work is to review the current knowledge on crosstalk between thyroid and glucose metabolic pathways and the effects of obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and anti-hyperglycemic medications on the risk of thyroid cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya Kushchayeva
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Sergiy Kushchayev
- Department of Radiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Kirk Jensen
- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Rebecca J. Brown
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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3
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Augenlicht A, Saiselet M, Decaussin-Petrucci M, Andry G, Dumont JE, Maenhaut C. MiR-7-5p inhibits thyroid cell proliferation by targeting the EGFR/MAPK and IRS2/PI3K signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2021; 12:1587-1599. [PMID: 34381564 PMCID: PMC8351599 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant expression of miRNAs is often correlated to tumor development. MiR-7-5p is a recently discovered downregulated miRNA in thyroid papillary carcinoma (PTC). The goal of this project was to characterize its functional role in thyroid tumorigenesis and to identify the targeted modulated pathways. MiR-7-5p overexpression following transfection in TPC1 and HT-ori3 cells decreased proliferation of the two thyroid cell lines. Analysis of global transcriptome modifications showed that miR-7-5p inhibits thyroid cell proliferation by modulating the MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways which are both necessary for normal thyroid proliferation and play central roles in PTC tumorigenesis. Several effectors of these pathways are indeed targets of miR-7-5p, among which EGFR and IRS2, two upstream activators. We confirmed the upregulation of IRS2 and EGFR in human PTC and showed the existence of a negative correlation between the decreased expression of miR-7-5p and the increased expression of IRS2 or EGFR. Our results thus support a tumor-suppressor activity of miR-7-5p. The decreased expression of miR-7-5p during PTC tumorigenesis might give the cells a proliferative advantage and delivery of miR-7-5p may represent an innovative approach for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Augenlicht
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Manuel Saiselet
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Myriam Decaussin-Petrucci
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Université Lyon 1, Pierre Benite Cedex 69495, France
| | - Guy Andry
- Surgery Department, J. Bordet Institute, Brussels 1000, Belgium
| | - Jacques E Dumont
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carine Maenhaut
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Sencar ME, Sakiz D, Calapkulu M, Hepsen S, Kizilgul M, Ozturk IU, Ucan B, Bayram M, Cagir BB, Akin S, Ozbek M, Cakal E. The Effect of Exenatide on Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid Volume. Eur Thyroid J 2019; 8:307-311. [PMID: 31934556 PMCID: PMC6944867 DOI: 10.1159/000501895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues are now widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Many binding sites for GLP-1 have been demonstrated in the specific tissue compartments of organs in-cluding the brain and thyroid. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exenatide treatment on thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid volume in diabetic patients without thyroid disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 46 diabetic patients without thyroid disease who were receiving exenatide treatment. Comparisons were made of total thyroid volume and serum concentrations of TSH at baseline and after 6 months of follow-up. RESULTS Of the 46 patients, 13 were excluded from the study, as they were unable to complete the treatment or left the follow-up process. After 6 months of exenatide treatment, the serum TSH concentration decreased significantly (from 2.3 [0.7-5.4] to 1.8 mIU/L [0.3-4.2], p= 0.007). There were no significant differences in thyroid volume (11.6 ± 9.0 vs. 12.1 ± 8.8 cm3, p = 0.19), free thyroxine (fT4), free tri-iodothyronine (fT3), and calcitonin levels before and after treatment. Thyroid volume was not affected by decreased TSH level (p:= 0.141) or a reduction in body mass index (BMI) (p > 0.05), and no correlation was detected between variation in TSH level and change in BMI (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Exenatide treatment for 6 months significantly decreased serum TSH concentration but did not affect thyroid volume in diabetic patients without thyroid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Erkam Sencar
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- *Muhammed Erkam Sencar, MD, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Sehit Omer Halisdemir Avenue, TR–06110 Ankara (Turkey), E-Mail
| | - Davut Sakiz
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Calapkulu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sema Hepsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Kizilgul
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ilknur Unsal Ozturk
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bekir Ucan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Bayram
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Busra Betul Cagir
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Safak Akin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ozbek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erman Cakal
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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5
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Kushchayeva YS, Kushchayev SV, Startzell M, Cochran E, Auh S, Dai Y, Lightbourne M, Skarulis M, Brown RJ. Thyroid Abnormalities in Patients With Extreme Insulin Resistance Syndromes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:2216-2228. [PMID: 30657911 PMCID: PMC6482021 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Insulin and leptin may increase growth and proliferation of thyroid cells, underlying an association between type 2 diabetes and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Patients with extreme insulin resistance due to lipodystrophy or insulin receptor mutations (INSR) are treated with high-dose insulin and recombinant leptin (metreleptin), which may increase the risk of thyroid neoplasia. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze thyroid structural abnormalities in patients with lipodystrophy and INSR mutations and to assess whether insulin, IGF-1, and metreleptin therapy contribute to the thyroid growth and neoplasia in this population. DESIGN Thyroid ultrasound characteristics were analyzed in 81 patients with lipodystrophy and 11 with INSR (5 homozygous; 6 heterozygous). Sixty patients were taking metreleptin. RESULTS The prevalence of thyroid nodules in children with extreme insulin resistance (5 of 30, 16.7%) was significantly higher than published prevalence for children (64 of 3202; 2%), with no difference between lipodystrophy and INSR. Body surface area-adjusted thyroid volume was larger in INSR homozygotes vs heterozygotes or lipodystrophy (10.4 ± 5.1, 3.9 ± 1.5, and 6.2 ± 3.4 cm2, respectively. Three patients with lipodystrophy and one INSR heterozygote had PTC. There were no differences in thyroid ultrasound features in patients treated vs not treated with metreleptin. CONCLUSION Children with extreme insulin resistance had a high prevalence of thyroid nodules, which were not associated with metreleptin treatment. Patients with homozygous INSR mutation had thyromegaly, which may be a novel phenotypic feature of this disease. Further studies are needed to determine the etiology of thyroid abnormalities in patients with extreme insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya S Kushchayeva
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Megan Startzell
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elaine Cochran
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sungyoung Auh
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yuhai Dai
- Clinical Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marissa Lightbourne
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Monica Skarulis
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rebecca J Brown
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Rebecca J. Brown, MD, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 6-5940, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892. E-mail:
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6
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Xie P, Wan XP, Bu Z, Diao EJ, Gong DQ, Zou XT. Changes in hormone profiles, growth factors, and mRNA expression of the related receptors in crop tissue, relative organ weight, and serum biochemical parameters in the domestic pigeon (Columba livia) during incubation and chick-rearing periods under artificial farming conditions. Poult Sci 2018; 97:2189-2202. [PMID: 29554306 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to determine the changes in concentrations of hormones and growth factors and their related receptor gene expressions in crop tissue, relative organ weight, and serum biochemical parameters in male and female pigeons during incubation and chick-rearing periods under artificial farming conditions. Seventy-eight pairs of 60-week-old White King pigeons with 2 fertile eggs per pair were randomly divided into 13 groups by different breeding stages. Serum prolactin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations in crop tissue homogenates were the highest in both male and female pigeons at 1 d of chick-rearing (R1), while epidermal growth factor (EGF) in female pigeons peaked at d 17 of incubation (I17) (P < 0.05). mRNA expression of the prolactin and EGF receptors in the crop tissue increased at the end of incubation and the early chick-rearing stage in both sexes. However, estrogen, progesterone, and growth hormone receptor expression each decreased during the early chick-rearing stage (P < 0.05). In male pigeons, IGF-1 receptor gene expression reached its peak at R7, while in female pigeons, it increased at the end of incubation. The relative weight of breast and abdominal fat in both sexes and thighs in the males was lowest at R7, and then gradually increased to the incubation period level. Serum total protein, albumin, and globulin concentrations increased to the highest levels at I17 (P < 0.05). Total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein reached their highest values at I17 in male pigeons and R25 in female pigeons (P < 0.05). In conclusion, hormones, growth factors, and their receptors potentially underlie pigeon crop tissue development. Changes in organs and serum biochemical profiles suggested their different breeding-cycle patterns with sexual effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Xie
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Safety and Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - X P Wan
- Feed Science Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Z Bu
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou 225125, China
| | - E J Diao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Safety and Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - D Q Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - X T Zou
- Feed Science Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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7
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Bellelli R, Vitagliano D, Federico G, Marotta P, Tamburrino A, Salerno P, Paciello O, Papparella S, Knauf JA, Fagin JA, Refetoff S, Troncone G, Santoro M. Oncogene-induced senescence and its evasion in a mouse model of thyroid neoplasia. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 460:24-35. [PMID: 28652169 PMCID: PMC5741508 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe a conditional doxycycline-dependent mouse model of RET/PTC3 (NCOA4-RET) oncogene-induced thyroid tumorigenesis. In these mice, after 10 days of doxycycline (dox) administration, RET/PTC3 expression induced mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) stimulation and a proliferative response which resulted in the formation of hyperplastic thyroid lesions. This was followed, after 2 months, by growth arrest accompanied by typical features of oncogene-induced senescence (OIS), including upregulation of p16INK4A and p21CIP, positivity at the Sudan black B, activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) markers γH2AX and pChk2 T68, and induction of p53 and p19ARF. After 5 months, about half of thyroid lesions escaped OIS and formed tumors that remained dependent on RET/PTC3 expression. This progression was accompanied by activation of AKT-FOXO1/3a pathway and increased serum TSH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bellelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Universita' Federico II c/o Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Via S Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Donata Vitagliano
- Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale, Seconda Universita' di Napoli, Via S Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Federico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Universita' Federico II c/o Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Via S Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Pina Marotta
- IRGS, Biogem, Via Camporeale, Ariano Irpino, 83031 Avellino, Italy
| | - Anna Tamburrino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Universita' Federico II c/o Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Via S Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Salerno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Universita' Federico II c/o Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Via S Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Orlando Paciello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Universita' Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples, Italy
| | - Serenella Papparella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Universita' Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples, Italy
| | - Jeffrey A Knauf
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - James A Fagin
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Committee on Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Giancarlo Troncone
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Universita' Federico II, Via S Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Santoro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Universita' Federico II c/o Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Via S Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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8
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Kyrilli A, Paternot S, Miot F, Corvilain B, Vassart G, Roger PP, Dumont JE. Commentary: Thyrotropin Stimulates Differentiation Not Proliferation of Normal Human Thyrocytes in Culture. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:214. [PMID: 28890710 PMCID: PMC5575448 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aglaia Kyrilli
- IRIBHM, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, Erasme University Hospital, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Françoise Miot
- IRIBHM, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernard Corvilain
- IRIBHM, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, Erasme University Hospital, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jacques E. Dumont
- IRIBHM, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Jacques E. Dumont,
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9
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Anil C, Kut A, Atesagaoglu B, Nar A, Bascil Tutuncu N, Gursoy A. Metformin Decreases Thyroid Volume and Nodule Size in Subjects with Insulin Resistance: A Preliminary Study. Med Princ Pract 2016; 25:233-6. [PMID: 26618447 PMCID: PMC5588367 DOI: 10.1159/000442821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of metformin on thyroid volume and nodule size. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Prospective data were gathered on 100 newly diagnosed subjects with insulin resistance (68 female, 32 male) between August 2008 and May 2010. Each subject followed a standard diet and exercise program, and received 1,700 mg/day of metformin therapy for 6 months. The height, weight, waist circumference (WC) and thyroid hormone levels of each subject were measured. Additionally, the dimensions of the thyroid lobes and maximum diameter of each thyroid nodule were determined by ultrasonography. BMI and thyroid volumes were also calculated. Insulin resistance was estimated by homeostasis model assessment. All these parameters were measured at the beginning and at the end of the treatment period. RESULTS BMI and WC decreased significantly after metformin therapy (34.5 ± 5.1 vs. 32.7 ± 4.8, p < 0.0001, and 106.3 ± 11.8 vs. 101.8 ± 19.0 cm, p = 0.008, respectively). Insulin resistance also decreased after metformin therapy (4.5 ± 1.9 vs. 2.9 ± 1.7, p < 0.0001). The mean thyroid volume (22.5 ± 11.2 vs. 20.3 ± 10.4 ml, p < 0.0001) and mean thyroid nodule size (12.9 ± 7.6 vs. 11.7 ± 7.2 mm, p < 0.0001) also decreased after treatment. CONCLUSION In subjects with insulin resistance, metformin therapy significantly decreased thyroid volume and nodule size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuneyd Anil
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
- *Cuneyd Anil, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, 5 Sokak No. 48, TR-06490 Bahcelievler, Ankara (Turkey), E-Mail
| | - Altug Kut
- Department of Family Medicine, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Asli Nar
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
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Cardoso-Weide L, Cardoso-Penha R, Costa M, Ferreira A, Carvalho D, Santisteban P. DuOx2 Promoter Regulation by Hormones, Transcriptional Factors and the Coactivator TAZ. Eur Thyroid J 2015; 4:6-13. [PMID: 25960956 PMCID: PMC4404926 DOI: 10.1159/000379749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of H2O2, which is essential to thyroid hormone synthesis, involves two NADPH oxidases: dual oxidases 1 and 2 (DuOx1 and DuOx2). A functional study with human DuOx genes and their 5'-flanking regions showed that DuOx1 and -2 promoters are different from thyroid-specific gene promoters. Furthermore, their transcriptional activities are not restricted to thyroid cells. While regulation of Tg (thyroglobulin) and TPO (thyroperoxidase) expression have been extensively studied, DuOx2 promoter regulation by hormones and transcriptional factors need to be more explored. Herein we investigated the role of TSH, insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), as well as the cAMP effect on DuOx2 promoter (ptx41) activity in transfected rat thyroid cell lines (PCCL3). We also assessed DuOx2 promoter activity in the presence of transcriptional factors crucial to thyroid development such as TTF-1 (thyroid transcription factor 1), PAX8, CREB, DREAM, Nkx2.5 and the coactivator TAZ in HeLa and HEK 293T-transfected cells. Our results show that TSH and forskolin, which increase cAMP in thyroid cells, stimulated DuOx2 promoter activity. IGF-1 led to pronounced stimulation, while insulin induction was not statistically different from DuOx2 promoter basal activity. All transcriptional factors selected for this work and coactivator TAZ, except DREAM, stimulated DuOx2 promoter activity. Moreover, Nkx2.5 and TAZ synergistically increased DuOx2 promoter activity. In conclusion, we show that DuOx2 expression is regulated by hormones and transcription factors involved in thyroid organogenesis and carcinogenesis, reinforcing the importance of the control of H2O2 generation in the thyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.C. Cardoso-Weide
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
- *L.C. Cardoso-Weide, Departamento de Patologia, 4° andar, sala 4, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rua Marques do Paraná, 303, Niterói, RJ 24033-900 (Brazil), E-Mail
| | - R.C. Cardoso-Penha
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, IBCCF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M.W. Costa
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - A.C.F. Ferreira
- NUMPEX, Polo de Xerém, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - D.P. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, IBCCF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P.S. Santisteban
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Spanish Council of Research-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Bertoni APS, Brum IS, Hillebrand AC, Furlanetto TW. Progesterone Upregulates Gene Expression in Normal Human Thyroid Follicular Cells. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:864852. [PMID: 26089899 PMCID: PMC4454767 DOI: 10.1155/2015/864852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer and thyroid nodules are more prevalent in women than men, so female sex hormones may have an etiological role in these conditions. There are no data about direct effects of progesterone on thyroid cells, so the aim of the present study was to evaluate progesterone effects in the sodium-iodide symporter NIS, thyroglobulin TG, thyroperoxidase TPO, and KI-67 genes expression, in normal thyroid follicular cells, derived from human tissue. NIS, TG, TPO, and KI-67 mRNA expression increased significantly after TSH 20 μUI/mL, respectively: 2.08 times, P < 0.0001; 2.39 times, P = 0.01; 1.58 times, P = 0.0003; and 1.87 times, P < 0.0001. In thyroid cells treated with 20 μUI/mL TSH plus 10 nM progesterone, RNA expression of NIS, TG, and KI-67 genes increased, respectively: 1.78 times, P < 0.0001; 1.75 times, P = 0.037; and 1.95 times, P < 0.0001, and TPO mRNA expression also increased, though not significantly (1.77 times, P = 0.069). These effects were abolished by mifepristone, an antagonist of progesterone receptor, suggesting that genes involved in thyroid cell function and proliferation are upregulated by progesterone. This work provides evidence that progesterone has a direct effect on thyroid cells, upregulating genes involved in thyroid function and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Santin Bertoni
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350/700, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ilma Simoni Brum
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Hillebrand
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tania Weber Furlanetto
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350/700, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- *Tania Weber Furlanetto:
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12
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Pessina P, Castillo V, Sartore I, Borrego J, Meikle A. Semiquantitative immunohistochemical marker staining and localization in canine thyroid carcinoma and normal thyroid gland. Vet Comp Oncol 2014; 14:e102-12. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Pessina
- Laboratorio de Técnicas Nucleares; Facultad de Veterinaria; Montevideo Uruguay
| | - V. Castillo
- Cátedra Clínica Médica Pequeños Animales, U. Endocrinología, Htal. Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - I. Sartore
- Laboratorio de Técnicas Nucleares; Facultad de Veterinaria; Montevideo Uruguay
| | - J. Borrego
- Instituto Veterinario de Oncología Comparada (IVOC); Valencia Spain
- Hospital Veterinario Facultad de Veterinaria y Ciencias Experimentales; Universidad Católica de Valencia “San Vicente Martir”; Valencia Spain
| | - A. Meikle
- Laboratorio de Técnicas Nucleares; Facultad de Veterinaria; Montevideo Uruguay
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13
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Pazaitou-Panayiotou K, Polyzos SA, Mantzoros CS. Obesity and thyroid cancer: epidemiologic associations and underlying mechanisms. Obes Rev 2013; 14:1006-22. [PMID: 24034423 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of thyroid cancer has been rising over the past few decades along with a parallel increase in obesity. Observational studies have provided evidence for a potential association between the two. By contrast, clinical data for a link between type 2 diabetes mellitus, a condition strongly associated with obesity, and thyroid cancer are limited and largely not supportive of such an association. Obesity leads to hypoadiponectinemia, a pro-inflammatory state, and insulin resistance, which, in turn, leads to high circulating insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels, thereby possibly increasing the risk for thyroid cancer. Thus, insulin resistance possibly plays a pivotal role in underlying the observed association between obesity and thyroid cancer, potentially leading to the development and/or progression of thyroid cancer, through its interconnections with other factors including insulin-like growth factor-1, adipocytokines/cytokines and thyroid-stimulating hormone. In this review, epidemiological and clinical evidence and potential mechanisms underlying the proposed association between obesity and thyroid cancer risk are reviewed. If the association between obesity and thyroid cancer demonstrated in observational studies proves to be causal, targeting obesity (and/or downstream mediators of risk) could be of importance in the prevention and management of thyroid cancer.
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14
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Expression of thyroid-specific transcription factors in thyroid carcinoma, contralateral thyroid lobe and healthy thyroid gland in dogs. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:108-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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15
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Roger PP, van Staveren WCG, Coulonval K, Dumont JE, Maenhaut C. Signal transduction in the human thyrocyte and its perversion in thyroid tumors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 321:3-19. [PMID: 19962425 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The study of normal signal transduction pathways regulating the proliferation and differentiation of a cell type allows to predict and to understand the perversions of these pathways which lead to tumorigenesis. In the case of the human thyroid cell, three cascades are mostly involved in tumorigenesis: The pathways and genetic events affecting them are described. Caveats in the use of models and the interpretation of results are formulated and the still pending questions are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre P Roger
- I.R.I.B.H.M., Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, Route de Lennik 808, B - 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
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16
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Gursoy A. Rising thyroid cancer incidence in the world might be related to insulin resistance. Med Hypotheses 2010; 74:35-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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18
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Hébrant A, Van Sande J, Roger PP, Patey M, Klein M, Bournaud C, Savagner F, Leclère J, Dumont JE, van Staveren WCG, Maenhaut C. Thyroid gene expression in familial nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism shows common characteristics with hyperfunctioning autonomous adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:2602-9. [PMID: 19383781 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-2191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Dominant activating mutations of the TSH receptor are the cause of familial nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism (FNAH) (inherited mutations affecting the whole gland since embryogenesis) and the majority of hyperfunctioning autonomous adenomas (AAs) (somatic mutations affecting only one cell later in the adulthood). OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was defining the functional and molecular phenotypes of FNAH and comparing them with the ones of AA. DESIGN Functional phenotypes were determined in vitro and molecular phenotypes by hybridization on microarray slides. PATIENTS Nine patients with FNAH were investigated, six for functional in vitro study of the tissue and five for gene expression. RESULTS Iodide metabolism, H(2)O(2), cAMP, and inositol phosphate generation in FNAH slices stimulated or not with TSH were normal. The mitogenic response of cultured FNAH thyrocytes to TSH was normal but more sensitive to the hormone. Gene expression profiles of FNAH and AAs showed that among 474 genes significantly regulated in FNAH, 93% were similarly regulated in AAs. Besides, 783 genes were regulated only in AAs. Bioinformatic analysis pointed out common down-regulations of genes involved in immune response, cell/cell and cell/matrix adhesions, and apoptosis. Pathways up-regulated only in AAs mainly involve diverse biosyntheses. These results are consonant with the larger growth of AAs than FNAH tissues. CONCLUSIONS Whether hereditary or somatic after birth, activating mutations of the TSH receptor have the same qualitative consequences on the thyroid cell phenotype, but somatic mutations in AAs have a much stronger effect than FNAH mutations. Both are variants of one disease: genetic hyperthyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Hébrant
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, School of Medicine, Free University of Brussels, campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Phosphorylated Insulin Like Growth Factor-I Receptor Expression and Its Clinico-Pathological Significance in Histologic Subtypes of Human Thyroid Cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234:372-86. [DOI: 10.3181/0809-rm-284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) is seen in a multitude of human thyroid cancers and correlates with poor prognosis. However, recent studies suggest that low phospho-IGF-IR (pIGF-IR) expression rather than its overexpression may be an indicator of poorly differentiated disease. No previous study has evaluated the expression of pIGF-IR to determine if activation or loss of expression of this receptor is associated with thyroid tumor progression. Accordingly, a quantitative immunohistochemical (IHC) method was used to evaluate the clinico-pathological significance of pIGF-IR expression in archival samples of human thyroid carcinomas. Quantitative analysis of pIGF-IR levels revealed a significant difference in the median index of pIGF-IR between different histological subtypes of thyroid cancer ( P < 0.001). Specifically, the median pIGF-IR index of differentiated thyroid cancers was significantly higher than the median index of other poorly differentiated thyroid cancer ( P < 0.001). This was further confirmed in individual tumor sections of thyroid carcinoma where anaplastic and differentiated components co-existed. No significant difference was noted in the pIGF-IR index of tumors grouped by size or stage but a trend towards lower mean pIGF-IR index was noted in older patients. Our data indicates that pIGF-IR is upregulated in a majority of follicular thyroid carcinomas, suggesting it may be a potential target for therapy for patients with this disease. In addition, since low pIGF-IR expression was found to correlate with aggressive human thyroid carcinoma, it also suggests that IGF-IR may not be needed for progression of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma possibly because other cell signaling pathways are activated, obviating the need for IGF-IR signaling. However, more mechanistic studies would be necessary to substantiate the possibility that pIGF-IR may be important for differentiation of thyroid tissues and is lost with disease progression.
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20
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Park YJ, Lee YJ, Kim SH, Joung DS, Kim BJ, So I, Park DJ, Cho BY. Ghrelin enhances the proliferating effect of thyroid stimulating hormone in FRTL-5 thyroid cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 285:19-25. [PMID: 18313206 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin regulates cell proliferation through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). We confirmed the expression of GHS-R in FRTL-5 thyroid cells and investigated the effects of ghrelin in thyrocytes using FRTL-5 cells. Ghrelin increased intracellular calcium levels but not intracellular cyclic AMP levels. Ghrelin activated Erk within 2min, then activated Akt and STAT3. Erk phosphorylation was inhibited by the calcium inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). Ghrelin alone did not stimulate FRTL-5 cell proliferation but enhanced the effects of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Pretreatment with TSH potentiates the growth effects of ghrelin in thyroid cells, and p66Shc, a growth factor receptor adaptor protein, might mediate these synergistic effects. Ghrelin phosphorylated TSH-induced p66Shc, which was inhibited by CPA. Ghrelin did not affect the proliferation of ARO cells, which showed no increased expression of p66Shc after TSH treatment. Thus, ghrelin-induced intracellular calcium signaling enhanced the TSH-induced proliferation of thyrocytes, possibly mediated by the p66Shc pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yeongeon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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21
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Costa MJ, Senou M, Van Rode F, Ruf J, Capello M, Dequanter D, Lothaire P, Dessy C, Dumont JE, Many MC, Van Sande J. Reciprocal negative regulation between thyrotropin/3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-mediated proliferation and caveolin-1 expression in human and murine thyrocytes. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 21:921-32. [PMID: 17202321 DOI: 10.1210/me.2006-0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of caveolins is down-regulated in tissue samples of human thyroid autonomous adenomas and in the animal model of this disease. Because several cell types present in thyroid express caveolins, it remained unclear if this down-regulation occurs in thyrocytes and which are the mechanism and role of this down-regulation in the tumor context. Here we show that prolonged stimulation of isolated human thyrocytes by TSH/cAMP/cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibits caveolins' expression. The expression of caveolins is not down-regulated by activators of other signaling pathways relevant to thyroid growth/function. Therefore, the down-regulation of caveolins' expression in autonomous adenomas is a direct consequence of the chronic activation of the TSH/cAMP pathway in thyrocytes. The down-regulation of caveolin-1 occurs at the mRNA level, with a consequent protein decrease. TSH/cAMP induces a transcription-dependent, translation-independent destabilization of the caveolin-1 mRNA. This effect is correlated to the known proliferative role of that cascade in thyrocytes. In vivo, thyrocytes of caveolin-1 knockout mice display enhanced proliferation. This demonstrates, for the first time, the in vivo significance of the specific caveolin-1 down-regulation by one mitogenic cascade and its relation to a human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Costa
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire, Campus Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, Building C, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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22
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Vandeput F, Zabeau M, Maenhaut C. Identification of differentially expressed genes in thyrotropin stimulated dog thyroid cells by the cDNA-AFLP technique. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005; 243:58-65. [PMID: 16225984 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In dog thyrocytes in primary culture, thyrotropin (TSH), through cAMP, positively controls proliferation and differentiation. As until now, the key events and the genes involved in the action of TSH remain largely uncharacterized, our goal was to identify new differentially expressed genes in TSH-induced thyroid proliferation. Using cDNA-AFLP, we visualized 105 different transcripts showing significant differential expression during the stimulation of dog thyrocytes with TSH for different times, in the presence of insulin. Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses confirmed the pattern expression of 5 clones encoding known proteins: thrombospondine 1, TNFr1, RhoE, RalB, and annexin A2. These regulations provide molecular counterparts of in vivo physiological effects of TSH: angiogenesis (decreased thrombospondin 1), decreased apoptosis (decreased TNFR1) and actin filament disruption, macropinocytosis and thyroid hormone secretion (decreased RhoE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Vandeput
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research IRIBHM, Free University of Brussels, Campus Erasme, Bldg. C, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
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23
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Krawiec L, Pizarro RA, Aphalo P, de Cavanagh EMV, Pisarev MA, Juvenal GJ, Policastro L, Bocanera LV. Role of peroxidase inhibition by insulin in the bovine thyroid cell proliferation mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:2607-14. [PMID: 15206926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Monolayer primary cultures of thyroid cells produce, in the presence of insulin, a cytosolic inhibitor of thyroid peroxidase (TPO), lacto peroxidase (LPO), horseradish peroxidase (HRPO) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). The inhibitor, localized in the cytosol, is thermostable and hydrophylic. Its molecular mass is less than 2 kDa. The inhibitory activity, resistant to proteolytic and nucleolytic enzymes, disappears with sodium metaperiodate treatment, as an oxidant of carbohydrates, supporting its oligosaccharide structure. The presence of inositol, mannose, glucose, the specific inhibition of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and the disappearance of peroxidase inhibition by alkaline phosphatase and alpha-mannosidase in purified samples confirms its chemical structure as inositol phosphoglycan-like. Purification by anionic interchange shows that the peroxidase inhibitor elutes like the two subtypes of inositol phosphoglycans (IPG)P and A, characterized as signal transducers of insulin action. Insulin significantly increases the concentration of the peroxidase inhibitor in a thyroid cell culture at 48 h. The addition of both isolated substances to a primary thyroid culture produces, after 30 min, a significant increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration in the medium, concomitantly with the disappearance of the GPX activity in the same conditions. The presence of insulin or anyone of both products, during 48 h, induces cell proliferation of the thyroid cell culture. In conclusion, insulin stimulates thyroid cell division through the effect of a peroxidase inhibitor, as its second messenger. The inhibition of GPX by its action positively modulates the H2O2 level, which would produce, as was demonstrated by other authors, the signal for cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- León Krawiec
- Argentine National Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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24
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Abstract
Thyrotropin (TSH) is considered the main regulator of thyrocyte differentiation and proliferation. Thus, the characterization of the different signaling pathways triggered by TSH on these cells is of major interest in order to understand the mechanisms implicated in thyroid pathology. In this review we focus on the different signaling pathways involved in TSH-mediated proliferation and their role in thyroid transformation and tumorigenesis. TSH mitogenic activities are mediated largely by cAMP, which in turn may activate protein kinase (PKA)-dependent and independent processes. We analyze the effects of increased cAMP levels and PKA activity during cell cycle progression and the role of this signaling pathway in thyroid tumor initiation. Alternative pathways to PKA in the cAMP-mediated proliferation appear to involve the small GTPases Rap1 and Ras. We analyze the Ras effectors (PI3K, RalGDS and Raf) that are thought to mediate its oncogenic activity, as well as the ability of Ras to induce apoptosis in thyrocytes. Finally, we discuss the activation of the PLC/PKC cascade by TSH in thyroid cells and the role of this signaling pathway in the TSH-mediated proliferation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Rivas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier # 4, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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25
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Goffard JC, Jin L, Mircescu H, Van Hummelen P, Ledent C, Dumont JE, Corvilain B. Gene expression profile in thyroid of transgenic mice overexpressing the adenosine receptor 2a. Mol Endocrinol 2003; 18:194-213. [PMID: 14563936 DOI: 10.1210/me.2003-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the TSH receptor leading to constitutive activation of the cAMP cascade are responsible for the development of hot nodules, if arising in a somatic cell, and nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism, when occurring in a germinal cell. An animal model of constitutive activation of the thyroid cAMP cascade has been obtained by generating transgenic mice expressing the adenosine receptor (Tg-A2aR) under the control of the thyroglobulin promoter. These mice develop huge goiters and die prematurely due to hyperthyroidism induced cardiac failure. To identify new genes involved in the tumorigenic pathway of the thyroid, we designed a protocol using microarray technology to study the differential expression, between normal and transgenic thyroid, of +/-13,000 genes. A total of 360 genes or expressed sequence tags showed a strong modulation with background corrected values of fluorescence superior to 2-fold change. The modulated genes were classified according to their proposed gene ontology functions. Approximately half of them were up-regulated. The function of the majority of these genes in thyroid physiology is still to be determined. Some of them, like IGF-I or IGF binding protein 3 or 5, may play an important role in the development of thyroid nodules through paracrine mechanisms. This study demonstrates the feasibility of sequentially following the cascade of events leading to the formation of benign tumors such as hot thyroid nodule or hyperfunctional goiter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Goffard
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine de l'Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
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26
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Vandeput F, Perpete S, Coulonval K, Lamy F, Dumont JE. Role of the different mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamilies in the stimulation of dog and human thyroid epithelial cell proliferation by cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate and growth factors. Endocrinology 2003; 144:1341-9. [PMID: 12639917 DOI: 10.1210/en.2001-211316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the role of the different classes of MAPKs, i.e. ERKs, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), and p38 MAPK in the proliferation of dog and human thyroid epithelial cells (thyrocytes) in primary cultures. In these cells, TSH, acting through cAMP, epidermal growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induce DNA synthesis. With the exception of HGF, all of these factors require the presence of insulin for mitogenic effects to be expressed. We found that TSH and forskolin are without effect on the phosphorylation and activity of the different classes of MAPKs. In contrast, all the cAMP-independent growth factors, whereas without effect on the phosphorylation and activity of JNKs and p38 MAPK, stimulated the ERKs. This effect was strong and sustained in response to HGF, epidermal growth factor and 12-myristate 13-acetate but weak and transient in response to insulin. Moreover, whereas in stimulated cells DNA synthesis was inhibited by PD 098059, an inhibitor of MAPK kinase 1 and consequently of ERKs, it was not modified by SB 203580, an inhibitor of p38 MAPK. Taken together, these data 1) exclude a role of JNKs and p38 MAPK in the proliferation of dog and human thyrocytes; 2) suggest that the mitogenic action of the cAMP-independent agents requires a strong and sustained activation of both ERKs and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B as realized by HGF alone or by the other agents together with insulin; and 3) show that TSH and cAMP do not activate ERKs but that the weak activation of ERKs by insulin is nevertheless necessary for DNA synthesis to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Vandeput
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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27
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Conlon I, Raff M. Differences in the way a mammalian cell and yeast cells coordinate cell growth and cell-cycle progression. J Biol 2003; 2:7. [PMID: 12733998 PMCID: PMC156598 DOI: 10.1186/1475-4924-2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2002] [Revised: 03/06/2003] [Accepted: 03/18/2003] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is widely believed that cell-size checkpoints help to coordinate cell growth and cell-cycle progression, so that proliferating eukaryotic cells maintain their size. There is strong evidence for such size checkpoints in yeasts, which maintain a constant cell-size distribution as they proliferate, even though large yeast cells grow faster than small yeast cells. Moreover, when yeast cells are shifted to better or worse nutrient conditions, they alter their size threshold within one cell cycle. Populations of mammalian cells can also maintain a constant size distribution as they proliferate, but it is not known whether this depends on cell-size checkpoints. RESULTS We show that proliferating rat Schwann cells do not require a cell-size checkpoint to maintain a constant cell-size distribution, as, unlike yeasts, large and small Schwann cells grow at the same rate, which depends on the concentration of extracellular growth factors. In addition, when shifted from serum-free to serum-containing medium, Schwann cells take many divisions to increase their size to that appropriate to the new condition, suggesting that they do not have cell-size checkpoints similar to those in yeasts. CONCLUSIONS Proliferating Schwann cells and yeast cells seem to use different mechanisms to coordinate their growth with cell-cycle progression. Whereas yeast cells use cell-size checkpoints, Schwann cells apparently do not. It seems likely that many mammalian cells resemble Schwann cells in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Conlon
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Cell Biology Unit, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Martin Raff
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Cell Biology Unit, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Dremier S, Coulonval K, Perpete S, Vandeput F, Fortemaison N, Van Keymeulen A, Deleu S, Ledent C, Clément S, Schurmans S, Dumont JE, Lamy F, Roger PP, Maenhaut C. The role of cyclic AMP and its effect on protein kinase A in the mitogenic action of thyrotropin on the thyroid cell. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 968:106-21. [PMID: 12119271 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP has been shown to inhibit cell proliferation in many cell types and to activate it in some. The latter has been recognized only lately, thanks in large part to studies on the regulation of thyroid cell proliferation in dog thyroid cells. The steps that led to this conclusion are outlined. Thyrotropin activates cyclic accumulation in thyroid cells of all the studied species and also phospholipase C in human cells. It activates directly cell proliferation in rat cell lines, dog, and human thyroid cells but not in bovine or pig cells. The action of cyclic AMP is responsible for the proliferative effect of TSH. It accounts for several human diseases: congenital hyperthyroidism, autonomous adenomas, and Graves' disease; and, by default, for hypothyroidism by TSH receptor defect. Cyclic AMP proliferative action requires the activation of protein kinase A, but this effect is not sufficient to explain it. Cyclic AMP action also requires the permissive effect of IGF-1 or insulin through their receptors, mostly as a consequence of PI3 kinase activation. The mechanism of these effects at the level of cyclin and cyclin-dependent protein kinases involves an induction of cyclin D3 by IGF-1 and the cyclic AMP-elicited generation and activation of the cyclin D3-CDK4 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dremier
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHN), Université of Brussels, School of Medicine, Campus Erasme, B 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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29
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Clément S, Refetoff S, Robaye B, Dumont JE, Schurmans S. Low TSH requirement and goiter in transgenic mice overexpressing IGF-I and IGF-Ir receptor in the thyroid gland. Endocrinology 2001; 142:5131-9. [PMID: 11713206 DOI: 10.1210/endo.142.12.8534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Through the cAMP signaling pathway, TSH stimulates thyroid follicular cell proliferation, differentiation, and function. Although the autocrine production of IGF-I in the thyroid gland suggests an important physiological function for this factor in these processes, the exact role of the IGF-I/IGF-I receptor system in vivo remains unclear. Although the mitogenic action of TSH requires the presence of IGF-I or insulin in primary culture of dog and human thyroid cells, IGF-I has an effect equal to and independent of the effect of TSH on cell proliferation in rat thyroid cell lines and may even be the main growth regulator in this case. To investigate the in vivo function of the IGF-I/IGF-I receptor system, transgenic mice overexpressing human IGF-I, IGF-I receptor, or both in the thyroid were generated. Adult transgenic mice did not present external signs of thyroid dysfunction, but mice overexpressing both transgenes had significantly increased gland weight and follicular lumen area. A decreased TSH level together with a slightly increased serum T(4) concentration and increased thyroidal iodine uptake were also observed, suggesting that IGF-I and IGF-I receptor stimulate thyroid function to some extent in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Clément
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Nucléaire, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium.
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30
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Kimura T, Van Keymeulen A, Golstein J, Fusco A, Dumont JE, Roger PP. Regulation of thyroid cell proliferation by TSH and other factors: a critical evaluation of in vitro models. Endocr Rev 2001; 22:631-56. [PMID: 11588145 DOI: 10.1210/edrv.22.5.0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
TSH via cAMP, and various growth factors, in cooperation with insulin or IGF-I stimulate cell cycle progression and proliferation in various thyrocyte culture systems, including rat thyroid cell lines (FRTL-5, WRT, PC Cl3) and primary cultures of rat, dog, sheep and human thyroid. The available data on cell signaling cascades, cell cycle kinetics, and cell cycle-regulatory proteins are thoroughly and critically reviewed in these experimental systems. In most FRTL-5 cells, TSH (cAMP) merely acts as a priming/competence factor amplifying PI3K and MAPK pathway activation and DNA synthesis elicited by insulin/IGF-I. In WRT cells, TSH and insulin/IGF-I can independently activate Ras and PI3K pathways and DNA synthesis. In dog thyroid primary cultures, TSH (cAMP) does not activate Ras and PI3K, and cAMP must be continuously elevated by TSH to directly control the progression through G(1) phase. This effect is exerted, at least in part, via the cAMP-dependent activation of the required cyclin D3, itself synthesized in response to insulin/IGF-I. This and other discrepancies show that the mechanistic logics of cell cycle stimulation by cAMP profoundly diverge in these different in vitro models of the same cell. Therefore, although these different thyrocyte systems constitute interesting models of the wide diversity of possible mechanisms of cAMP-dependent proliferation in various cell types, extrapolation of in vitro mechanistic data to TSH-dependent goitrogenesis in man can only be accepted in the cases where independent validation is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kimura
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHN), School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
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31
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Kineman RD, Teixeira LT, Amargo GV, Coschigano KT, Kopchick JJ, Frohman LA. The effect of GHRH on somatotrope hyperplasia and tumor formation in the presence and absence of GH signaling. Endocrinology 2001; 142:3764-73. [PMID: 11517152 DOI: 10.1210/endo.142.9.8382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Excessive GHRH stimulation leads to somatotrope hyperplasia and, ultimately, pituitary adenoma formation in the metallothionein promoter-driven human GHRH (hGHRH) transgenic mouse. This pituitary phenotype is similar to that observed in humans with ectopic production of GHRH. In both mice and man, GHRH hyperstimulation also results in dramatic increases in circulating GH and IGF-I. To determine whether GH/IGF-I modulates the development and growth rate of GHRH-induced pituitary tumors, pituitary growth and histology were evaluated in mice generated from cross-breeding metallothionein promoter-driven hGHRH transgenic mice with GH receptor binding protein (GHR) gene disrupted mice (GHR(-/-)). Expression of the hGHRH transgene in 2-month-old GHR intact (GHR(+)) mice resulted in the doubling of pituitary weight that was largely attributed to an increase in the number of GH-immunopositive cells. Pituitary weight of GHR(+) hGHRH mice did not significantly change between 2 and 6 months of age, whereas at 12 months, weights increased up to 100-fold those of GHR(+) pituitaries, and 70% of the glands contained grossly visible adenomas. All adenomas stained positively for GH, whereas some showed scattered PRL staining. Pituitaries of GHR(-/-) mice were half the size of those of GHR(+) mice. Although reduced in size, the histological features of GHR(-/-) mouse pituitaries were suggestive of somatotrope hyperplasia. Despite evidence of somatotrope hyperplasia, pituitaries from GHR(-/-) mice as old as 28 months of age were similar in size to those of 2-month-old mice and did not show signs of adenoma formation. Expression of the hGHRH transgene in GHR(-/-) mice did not significantly increase pituitary size between 2 and 6 months of age. However, at 12 months the majority of GHR(-/-), hGHRH pituitaries developed adenomas with mean pituitary weight and histological features similar to those of GHR(+), hGHRH mice. These observations demonstrate that intact GH signaling is not required for GHRH tumor formation. Although the majority of GHR(+), hGHRH and GHR(-/-), hGHRH pituitaries developed tumors by 12 months of age, a small subset remained morphologically indistinct from those at 2 months of age. These observations taken together with the fact that overt tumor formation is preceded by a static pituitary growth phase between 2 and 6 months, indicates that protective mechanisms are in place to maintain pituitary mass despite hGHRH hyperstimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Kineman
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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Abstract
The routine use of thyroid FNAB caused profound changes in the management of thyroid nodules. FNAB allows a prompt identification and treatment of thyroid malignancies and avoids unnecessary surgery in patients with benign lesions, improving quality of life in patients with thyroid nodules. Furthermore, FNAB provides guidance for the type of surgery and reduces costs of care. On average, standard FNAB is nondiagnostic in 25% to 40% of cases, which include inadequate specimens and indeterminate (suspicious) diagnoses. In addition, a small percentage of false-negative diagnoses occur, which are unavoidable and raise concern of a late diagnosis of cancer. To minimize the limitations of FNAB, every center should reach and maintain a high standard of expertise in all of the steps of smear preparation and interpretation. Alternative modes of sampling or sample preparation may result in a reduction of nondiagnostic samples and better accuracy. Every center should set up clinical guidelines tailored to their own FNAB results and including the evaluation of clinical data. More work is needed to increase the accuracy of FNAB in suspicious cases. Toward this goal a variety of molecular markers have been evaluated; although none of them are ideal, some are promising. More studies need to be carried out in larger series to further evaluate the accuracy of these markers in identifying specific cancer histotypes within the group of suspicious lesions. It is hoped that, in the near future, the routine use of a combination of these markers will cost-effectively improve the diagnosis of malignant nodules classified as suspicious on traditional cytology. Statistical methods such as bayesian analysis or neural networks can be advantageously used to integrate different relevant information derived from family and personal history, clinical data, cytologic results, and evaluation of molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Belfiore
- Cattedra di Endocrinologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Policlinico Mater Domini, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.
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Coelho CM, Leevers SJ. Do growth and cell division rates determine cell size in multicellular organisms? J Cell Sci 2000; 113 ( Pt 17):2927-34. [PMID: 10934032 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113.17.2927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in yeast have provided some clues to how cell size might be determined in unicellular eukaryotes; yet little attention has been paid to this issue in multicellular organisms. Reproducible cell sizes might be achieved in the dividing cells of multicellular organisms by the coordination of growth with cell division. Recently, mutations in genes encoding homologues of components of the mammalian insulin/phosphoinositide 3-kinase signalling pathway have been shown to affect organ growth and cell size during Drosophila melanogaster imaginal disc development. The data suggest that signalling through this pathway alters cell size because it primarily affects the growth of these organs (i.e. their increase in mass) and does not have a proportional impact on cell division. These observations are in keeping with the hypothesis that growth and cell division are regulated independently, and that cell size is just a consequence of the rate at which tissues grow and the cells within them divide. However, signalling through this pathway can affect cell cycle phasing and at least influence cell division. These interactions may provide a means of coordinating growth and cell division, such that cells divide only when they are above a minimum size.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Coelho
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, London W1P 8BT, UK
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Sautin Y, Takamura N, Shklyaev S, Nagayama Y, Ohtsuru A, Namba H, Yamashita S. Ceramide-induced apoptosis of human thyroid cancer cells resistant to apoptosis by irradiation. Thyroid 2000; 10:733-40. [PMID: 11041449 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2000.10.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) induces apoptosis through, in part, cell membrane breakdown signals. Ceramide and diacylglycerol (DAG) are released after IR exposure, which act as second messengers to induce proapoptotic and antiapoptotic signals, respectively. We have previously shown, however, that thyroid cells are relatively resistant to IR-induced apoptosis. To investigate the mechanism of thyroid cell resistance to IR-related apoptosis, we determined the effects of ceramide and its release following exposure of human thyroid cancer cell lines to IR. Exogenous C2-ceramide (10-100 microM) activated the apoptosis process in all cell lines used. Exogenous C2-ceramide also activated a stress kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase UNK). The apoptotic action of ceramide was attenuated by serum or simultaneous activation of protein kinases C and A by phorbol esters and forskolin. Furthermore, 2-5 Gy IR had a differential effect on ceramide and DAG release in human thyroid cells; a weak and transient release of ceramide but a strong and sustained release of DAG. Our results indicated that the radioresistance properties of thyroid cancer cells probably reflect the dominance of anti-apoptotic signals, evoked by growth factor(s) and DAG, which override the apoptotic effect of ceramide released by human thyroid cells on exposure to IR, in spite of activation of proapoptotic pathway downstream of ceramide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sautin
- Department of International Health and Radiation Research, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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35
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Van Keymeulen A, Roger PP, Dumont JE, Dremier S. TSH and cAMP do not signal mitogenesis through Ras activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 273:154-8. [PMID: 10873578 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ras activation by receptor tyrosine kinases or serpentine receptors is generally considered to be essential for G1 phase progression and mitogenesis. In the physiologically relevant model of primary dog thyrocytes, the accumulation of the GTP-bound form of Ras constituted an early convergence point of various mitogenic or comitogenic stimuli including EGF, HGF, phorbol esters, insulin and carbachol. By contrast, the basal level of GTP-Ras was slightly reduced by TSH and forskolin and did not increase during the TSH/cAMP-dependent progression into G1 phase. This rules out a role for the activation of Ras as a signal in the mitogenesis elicited by TSH via cAMP in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Van Keymeulen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHN), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, Brussels, B-1070, Belgium.
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36
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Dremier S, Vandeput F, Zwartkruis FJ, Bos JL, Dumont JE, Maenhaut C. Activation of the small G protein Rap1 in dog thyroid cells by both cAMP-dependent and -independent pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 267:7-11. [PMID: 10623565 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thyrotropin, through a cAMP-dependent pathway, stimulates function, differentiation, and proliferation of dog and human thyroid cells. Our previous findings suggested that, in addition to PKA activation, another cAMP-dependent mechanism is involved in TSH action. In this work, we assess whether the newly identified cAMP-Epac-Rap1 cascade is involved in TSH-cAMP-mediated effects in dog thyroid cells. We first demonstrate that TSH and forskolin strongly activate Rap1 in a PKA-independent manner. However, activation of Rap1 is not specific for TSH or cAMP. Indeed, carbachol, TPA, insulin, or EGF, which activate different cAMP-independent cascades, all independently activate Rap1. Rap1 is therefore a common step in all these cascades which exert various effects on proliferation, differentiation, and function of thyroid cells. Moreover, the microinjection of the Rap1 protein alone or in combination with the catalytic C subunit of PKA fails to induce proliferation or expression of thyroglobulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dremier
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHN), University Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Van Keymeulen A, Bartek J, Dumont JE, Roger PP. Cyclin D3 accumulation and activity integrate and rank the comitogenic pathways of thyrotropin and insulin in thyrocytes in primary culture. Oncogene 1999; 18:7351-9. [PMID: 10602491 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation of most normal cells depends on the synergistic interaction of several growth factors and hormones, but the cell cycle basis for this combined requirement remains largely uncharacterized. We have addressed the question of the requirement for insulin/IGF-1 also observed in many cell culture systems in the physiologically relevant system of primary cultures of dog thyroid epithelial cells stimulated by TSH, which exerts its mitogenic activity only via cAMP. The induction of cyclin A and cdc2, the phosphorylation of cdk2, the nuclear translocation of cdk4 and the assembly of cyclin D3-cdk4 complexes required the synergy of TSH and insulin. Cyclin D3 (the most abundant cyclin D) was necessary for the proliferation stimulated by TSH in the presence of insulin as shown by microinjection of a neutralizing antibody. Cyclin D3 accumulation and activity were differentially regulated by insulin and TSH, which points out this cyclin as an integrator that ranks these comitogenic pathways as supportive and activatory, respectively. Paradoxically TSH alone strongly repressed cyclin D3 accumulation. This inhibition was overridden by insulin, which markedly stimulated cyclin D3 mRNA and protein accumulation, but failed to assemble cyclin D3-cdk4 complexes in the absence of TSH. TSH unmasked the DCS-22 epitope of cyclin D3 and assembled cyclin D3-cdk4 in the presence of insulin. These data demonstrate that cyclin D synthesis and cyclin D-cdk assembly can be dissociated and complementarily regulated by different agents and signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Van Keymeulen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Deleu S, Pirson I, Clermont F, Nakamura T, Dumont JE, Maenhaut C. Immediate early gene expression in dog thyrocytes in response to growth, proliferation, and differentiation stimuli. J Cell Physiol 1999; 181:342-54. [PMID: 10497313 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199911)181:2<342::aid-jcp16>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In dog thyroid cells, insulin or IGF-1 induces cell growth and is required for the mitogenic action of TSH through cyclic AMP, of EGF, and of phorbol esters. HGF per se stimulates cell proliferation and is thus the only full mitogenic agent. TSH and cAMP enhance, whereas EGF phorbol esters and HGF repress differentiation expression. In this study, we have investigated for each factor and regulatory cascade of the intermediate step of immediate early gene induction, that is, c-myc, c-jun, jun D, jun B, c-fos, fos B, fra-1, fra-2, and egr1; fra-1 and fra-2 expressions were very low. TSH or forskolin increased the levels of c-myc, jun B, jun D, c-fos, and fos B while decreasing those of c-jun and egr1. Phorbol myristate ester stimulated the expression of all the genes. EGF and HGF stimulated the expression of all the genes except jun D and for EGF fos B. All these effects were obtained in the presence and in the absence of insulin, which shows that insulin is not necessary for the effects of the mitogens on immediate early gene expression. The definition of the repertoire of early immediate genes inductible by the various growth cascades provides a framework for the analysis of gene expression in tumors. (1) Insulin was able to induce all the protooncogenes investigated except fos B. This suggests that fos B could be the factor missing for insulin to induce mitogenesis. (2) No characteristic pattern of immediate early gene expression has been observed for insulin, which induces cell hypertrophy and is permissive for the action of the other growth factors. These effects are therefore not accounted for by a specific immediate early gene expression. On the other hand, insulin clearly enhances the effects of TSH, phorbol ester, and EGF on c-myc, junB, and c-fos expression. This suggests that the effect of insulin on mitogenesis might result from quantitative differences in the transcription complexes formed. (3) c-myc, c-fos, and jun B mRNA induction by all stimulating agents, whether inducing cell hypertrophy, or growth and dedifferentiation, or growth and differentiation, suggests that, although these expressions are not sufficient, they may be necessary for the various growth responses of thyroid cells. (4) The inhibition of c-jun and egr1 mRNA expression, and the marked induction of jun D mRNA appear to be specific features of the TSH cAMP pathway. They might be related to its differentiating action. (5) fos B, which is induced by TSH, forskolin, phorbol ester, and HGF but not by insulin, could be involved in the mitogenic action of the former factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Deleu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, School of Medicine, University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.
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