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Labouesse MA, Cola RB, Patriarchi T. GPCR-Based Dopamine Sensors-A Detailed Guide to Inform Sensor Choice for In vivo Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8048. [PMID: 33126757 PMCID: PMC7672611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how dopamine (DA) encodes behavior depends on technologies that can reliably monitor DA release in freely-behaving animals. Recently, red and green genetically encoded sensors for DA (dLight, GRAB-DA) were developed and now provide the ability to track release dynamics at a subsecond resolution, with submicromolar affinity and high molecular specificity. Combined with rapid developments in in vivo imaging, these sensors have the potential to transform the field of DA sensing and DA-based drug discovery. When implementing these tools in the laboratory, it is important to consider there is not a 'one-size-fits-all' sensor. Sensor properties, most importantly their affinity and dynamic range, must be carefully chosen to match local DA levels. Molecular specificity, sensor kinetics, spectral properties, brightness, sensor scaffold and pharmacology can further influence sensor choice depending on the experimental question. In this review, we use DA as an example; we briefly summarize old and new techniques to monitor DA release, including DA biosensors. We then outline a map of DA heterogeneity across the brain and provide a guide for optimal sensor choice and implementation based on local DA levels and other experimental parameters. Altogether this review should act as a tool to guide DA sensor choice for end-users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A. Labouesse
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Reto B. Cola
- Anatomy and Program in Neuroscience, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland;
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Patriarchi
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Kubota M, Moriguchi S, Takahata K, Nakajima S, Horita N. Treatment effects on neurometabolite levels in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies. Schizophr Res 2020; 222:122-132. [PMID: 32505446 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there is growing evidence of alterations in the neurometabolite status associated with the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, how treatments influence these metabolite levels in patients with schizophrenia remains poorly studied. METHODS We conducted a literature search using Embase, Medline, and PsycINFO to identify proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies that compared neurometabolite levels before and after treatment in patients with schizophrenia. Six neurometabolites (glutamate, glutamine, glutamate + glutamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, N-acetylaspartate, myo-inositol) and six regions of interest (frontal cortex, temporal cortex, parieto-occipital cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, hippocampus) were investigated. RESULTS Thirty-two studies (n = 773 at follow-up) were included in our meta-analysis. Our results demonstrated that the frontal glutamate + glutamine level was significantly decreased (14 groups; n = 292 at follow-up; effect size = -0.35, P = 0.0003; I2 = 22%) and the thalamic N-acetylaspartate level was significantly increased (7 groups; n = 184 at follow-up; effect size = 0.47, P < 0.00001; I2 = 0%) after treatment in schizophrenia patients. No significant associations were found between neurometabolite changes and age, gender, duration of illness, duration of treatment, or baseline symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS The current results suggest that glutamatergic neurometabolite levels in the frontal cortex and neuronal integrity in the thalamus in schizophrenia might be modified following treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kubota
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Sho Moriguchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T1R8, Canada
| | - Keisuke Takahata
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University Graduate School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T1R8, Canada; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University Graduate School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Horita
- Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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Oda Y, Fujita Y, Oishi K, Nakata Y, Takase M, Niitsu T, Kanahara N, Shirayama Y, Hashimoto K, Iyo M. Alterations in glutamatergic signaling in the brain of dopamine supersensitivity psychosis and non-supersensitivity psychosis model rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:3027-3036. [PMID: 28744562 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4695-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term administration of antipsychotics is known to induce dopamine supersensitivity psychosis (DSP). Although the mechanism of DSP involves mainly a compensatory upregulation of dopamine D2 receptors, the precise mechanisms underlying DSP are unknown. It is known that glutamatergic signaling plays a key role in psychosis. We thus conducted this study to investigate whether glutamatergic signaling plays a role in the development of DSP. METHODS Haloperidol (0.75 mg/kg/day for 14 days) or vehicle was administered to rats via osmotic mini-pump. Haloperidol-treated rats were divided into groups of DSP rats and non-DSP rats based on locomotion data. Tissue levels of glutamate, glutamine, glycine, L-serine, D-serine, and GABA and the protein expressions of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) in the rat brain regions were examined. RESULTS In the DSP rats, the ratio of GABA to glutamate was significantly increased. In addition, the ratio of L-serine to glycine was increased. The striatal expressions of GAD and SHMT2 in the DSP rats were significantly increased. In contrast, the striatal expression of NMDAR2B in the non-DSP rats was significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that glutamatergic signaling is relatively decreased to GABA in DSP rats. Our results also showed that excessive doses of haloperidol can induce striatal NMDAR hypofunction in non-DSP rats, which could prevent the formation of tardive dyskinesia but cause treatment resistance. In view of the need for therapeutic strategies for treatment-resistant schizophrenia, further research exploring our present findings is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Oda
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Yuko Fujita
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kengo Oishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakata
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takase
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tomihisa Niitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Kanahara
- Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Shirayama
- Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, 3426-3 Anesaki, Ichihara, Chiba, 290-0111, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
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Konopaske GT, Bolo NR, Basu AC, Renshaw PF, Coyle JT. Time-dependent effects of haloperidol on glutamine and GABA homeostasis and astrocyte activity in the rat brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 230:57-67. [PMID: 23660600 PMCID: PMC3797182 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Schizophrenia is a severe, persistent, and fairly common mental illness. Haloperidol is widely used and is effective against the symptoms of psychosis seen in schizophrenia. Chronic oral haloperidol administration decreased the number of astrocytes in the parietal cortex of macaque monkeys (Konopaske et al., Biol Psych 63:759-765, 2008). Since astrocytes play a key role in glutamate metabolism, chronic haloperidol administration was hypothesized to modulate astrocyte metabolic function and glutamate homeostasis. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the effects of chronic haloperidol administration on astrocyte metabolic activity and glutamate, glutamine, and GABA homeostasis. METHODS We used ex vivo ¹³C magnetic resonance spectroscopy along with high-performance liquid chromatography after [1-¹³C]glucose and [1,2-¹³C]acetate administration to analyze forebrain tissue from rats administered oral haloperidol for 1 or 6 months. RESULTS Administration of haloperidol for 1 month produced no changes in ¹³C labeling of glutamate, glutamine, or GABA, or in their total levels. However, a 6-month haloperidol administration increased ¹³C labeling of glutamine by [1,2-¹³C]acetate. Moreover, total GABA levels were also increased. Haloperidol administration also increased the acetate/glucose utilization ratio for glutamine in the 6-month cohort. CONCLUSIONS Chronic haloperidol administration in rats appears to increase forebrain GABA production along with astrocyte metabolic activity. Studies exploring these processes in subjects with schizophrenia should take into account the potential confounding effects of antipsychotic medication treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn T. Konopaske
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicolas R. Bolo
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alo C. Basu
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Perry F. Renshaw
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Joseph T. Coyle
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Collins-Praino LE, Podurgiel SJ, Kovner R, Randall PA, Salamone JD. Extracellular GABA in globus pallidus increases during the induction of oral tremor by haloperidol but not by muscarinic receptor stimulation. Behav Brain Res 2012; 234:129-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Enhanced GABAergic tone in the ventral pallidum: memory of unpleasant experiences? Neuroscience 2011; 196:131-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Regulation of Orofacial Movement: Amino Acid Mechanisms and Mutant Models. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385198-7.00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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8
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Tomiyama K, Song L, Kobayashi M, Kinsella A, Kanematsu T, Hirata M, Koshikawa N, Waddington JL. Orofacial movements in phospholipase C-related catalytically inactive protein-1/2 double knockout mice: Effect of the GABAergic agent diazepam and the D(1) dopamine receptor agonist SKF 83959. Synapse 2010; 64:714-20. [PMID: 20340178 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Orofacial movements are regulated by D(1)-like dopamine receptors interacting with additional mechanisms. Phospholipase C-related catalytically inactive protein (PRIP) regulates cell surface expression of GABA(A) receptors containing a gamma2 subunit. Mutant mice with double knockout of PRIP-1 and PRIP-2 were used to investigate aspects of GABAergic regulation of orofacial movements and interactions with D(1) mechanisms. Vertical jaw movements, tongue protrusions and movements of the head and vibrissae were reduced in PRIP-1/2 double knockouts. The GABA(A)ergic agent diazepam reduced movements of the head and vibrissae; these effects were unaltered in PRIP-1/2 double knockouts. The D(1)-like agonist SKF 83959 induced vertical jaw movements, incisor chattering, and movements of the head and vibrissae that were unaltered in PRIP-1/2 double knockouts. However, SKF 83959-induced tongue protrusions were reduced in PRIP-1/2 double knockouts. PRIP-mediated regulation of GABA(A)ergic receptor mechanisms influences topographically distinct aspects of orofacial movement and interacts with D(1) receptor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Tomiyama
- Advanced Research Institute for the Sciences and Humanities, Nihon University, Tokyo 102, Japan.
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Sundström I, Arts J, Westerlund D, Andrén PE. In vivo investigation of brain and systemic ketobemidone metabolism. Analyst 2009; 135:405-13. [PMID: 20098777 DOI: 10.1039/b917940b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ketobemidone metabolites have previously been identified in urine and plasma; here we show, for the first time, that norketobemidone and ketobemidone N-oxide are present in in vivo microdialysate from rat brain (striatum) after reverse microdialysis, suggesting striatal metabolism of ketobemidone. Ketobemidone metabolites were also identified in in vivo microdialysate samples from brain and blood, as well as in urine from rats, after subcutaneous administration of ketobemidone. Three Phase I metabolites (norketobemidone, ketobemidone N-oxide and hydroxymethoxyketobemidone) and three Phase II metabolites (glucuronic acid conjugates of ketobemidone, norketobemidone and hydroxymethoxyketobemidone) were identified in the microdialysates after subcutaneous administration. Coupled capillary liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and SPE (boronate)-MS/MS were utilized for the analysis of the biological samples. The Phase I metabolites were identified by comparing the retention times and tandem mass spectra of the microdialysates with synthetic standards. The Phase II metabolites were identified by determination of exact masses and by comparing the tandem mass spectra of the microdialysates with those of synthetic standards for the aglycones. Hydroxyketobemidone, a catechol-type Phase I metabolite, was selectively isolated by solid-phase boronate-complexation but identified in urine alone. This work demonstrated that the in vivo microdialysis technique in combination with LC-MS/MS can be used to study the local metabolism of a drug in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingela Sundström
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Medical Mass Spectrometry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Box 583, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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Buck K, Voehringer P, Ferger B. Rapid analysis of GABA and glutamate in microdialysis samples using high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 182:78-84. [PMID: 19505500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been established for the rapid and reliable determination of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in brain microdialysates. The microdialysis samples were analysed using a HILIC (hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography) column, which is able to retain the polar amino acid neurotransmitters. The mobile phase consisted of a binary gradient elution profile comprising 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile. GABA, glutamate as well as the respective internal standards [D(6)]-GABA and [D(5)]-glutamate were detected by a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in the positive electrospray ionisation mode within a running time of 3 min. The linearity ranged from 1 nM to 10 microM for GABA and 10 nM to 10 microM for glutamate. The limit of quantitation was found to be 1 nM for GABA and 10nM for glutamate (injection volume 10 microl). The present LC-MS/MS method was compared to the classical method for analysis of GABA and glutamate using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fluorescence detection (FD). Eventually, the feasibility of the LC-MS/MS method was demonstrated using in vivo microdialysis in rats by monitoring changes of the extracellular concentrations of GABA and glutamate in the globus pallidus following stimulation with potassium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Buck
- Department of CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach, Germany
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Sundström I, Andrén PE, Westerlund D. Method development for identification of ketobemidone metabolites in microdialysate samples by coupled-column capillary liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1189:503-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rebec GV, Sun W. Neuronal substrates of relapse to cocaine-seeking behavior: role of prefrontal cortex. J Exp Anal Behav 2006; 84:653-66. [PMID: 16596984 PMCID: PMC1389785 DOI: 10.1901/jeab.2005.105-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The return to drug seeking, even after prolonged periods of abstinence, is a defining feature of cocaine addiction. The neural circuitry underlying relapse has been identified in neuropharmacological studies of experimental animals, typically rats, and supported in brain imaging studies of human addicts. Although the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), which has long been implicated in goal-directed behavior, plays a critical role in this circuit, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) appears to process the events that directly trigger relapse: exposure to acute stress, cues previously associated with the drug, and the drug itself. In this paper, we review animal models of relapse and what they have revealed about the mechanisms underlying the involvement of the NAcc and PFC in cocaine-seeking behavior. We also present electrophysiological data from PFC illustrating how the hedonic, motor, motivational, and reinforcing effects of cocaine can be analyzed at the neuronal level. Our preliminary findings suggest a role for PFC in processing information related to cocaine seeking but not the hedonic effects of the drug. Further use of this recording technology can help dissect the functions of PFC and other components of the neural circuitry underlying relapse.
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Ossowska K, Konieczny J, Wardas J, Pietraszek M, Kuter K, Wolfarth S, Pilc A. An influence of ligands of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes on parkinsonian-like symptoms and the striatopallidal pathway in rats. Amino Acids 2006; 32:179-88. [PMID: 16699817 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Several data indicate that inhibition of glutamatergic transmission may be important to alleviate of parkinsonian symptoms. Therefore, the aim of the present paper is to review recent studies on the search for putative antiparkinsonian-like effects of mGluR ligands and their brain targets. In order to inhibit glutamatergic transmission, the group I mGluRs (mGluR1 and mGluR5) were blocked, and group II (mGluR2/3) or III (mGluR4/7/8) mGluRs were activated. Systemic or intrastriatal administration of group I mGluR antagonists (mGluR5 - MPEP, MTEP; mGluR1 - AIDA) was found to inhibit parkinsonian-like symptoms (catalepsy, muscle rigidity) in rats. MPEP administered systemically and mGluR1 antagonists (AIDA, CPCCOEt, LY367385) injected intrastriatally reversed also the haloperidol-increased proenkephalin (PENK) mRNA expression in the striatopallidal pathway. Similarly, ACPT-1, a group III mGluR agonist, administered into the striatum, globus pallidus or substantia nigra inhibited the catalepsy. Intrastriatal injection of this compound reduced the striatal PENK expression induced by haloperidol. In contrast, a group II mGluR agonist (2R,4R-APDC) administered intrastriatally reduced neither PENK expression nor the above-mentioned parkinsonian-like symptoms. Moreover, a mixed mGluR8 agonist/AMPA antagonist, (R,S)-3,4-DCPG, administered systemically evoked catalepsy and enhanced both the catalepsy and PENK expression induced by haloperidol. The results reviewed in this article seem to indicate that group I mGluR antagonists or some agonists of group III may possess antiparkinsonian properties, and point at the striatopallidal pathway as a potential target of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ossowska
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
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Klintenberg R, Andrén PE. Altered extracellular striatal in vivo biotransformation of the opioid neuropeptide dynorphin A(1-17) in the unilateral 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2005; 40:261-270. [PMID: 15706626 DOI: 10.1002/jms.754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The in vivo biotransformation of dynorphin A(1-17) (Dyn A) was studied in the striatum of hemiparkinsonian rats by using microdialysis in combination with nanoflow reversed-phase liquid chromatography/electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The microdialysis probes were implanted into both hemispheres of unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rats. Dyn A (10 pmol microl(-1)) was infused through the probes at 0.4 microl min(-1) for 2 h. Samples were collected every 30 min and analyzed by mass spectrometry. The results showed for the first time that there was a difference in the Dyn A biotransformation when comparing the two corresponding sides of the brain. Dyn A metabolites 1-8, 1-16, 5-17, 10-17, 7-10 and 8-10 were detected in the dopamine-depleted striatum but not in the untreated striatum. Dyn A biotransformed fragments found in both hemispheres were N-terminal fragments 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-11, 1-12 and 1-13, C-terminal fragments 2-17, 3-17, 4-17, 7-17 and 8-17 and internal fragments 2-5, 2-10, 2-11, 2-12, and 8-15. The relative levels of these fragments were lower in the dopamine-depleted striatum. The results imply that the extracellular in vivo processing of the dynorphin system is being disturbed in the 6-OHDA-lesion animal model of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecka Klintenberg
- Laboratory for Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry and Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 583, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Correa M, Wisniecki A, Betz A, Dobson DR, O'Neill MF, O'Neill MJ, Salamone JD. The adenosine A2A antagonist KF17837 reverses the locomotor suppression and tremulous jaw movements induced by haloperidol in rats: possible relevance to parkinsonism. Behav Brain Res 2004; 148:47-54. [PMID: 14684247 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(03)00178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that adenosine A2A receptors modulate the activity of striatal neurons, and that antagonists of this receptor may have actions in various animal models related to motor function. Four experiments were conducted to study the effects of systemic injections of the adenosine A2A antagonist KF17837 on the behavioral effects produced by repeated administration of the dopamine (DA) antagonist haloperidol. In the first two experiments, it was shown that repeated 0.5 mg/kg haloperidol severely suppressed open-field locomotor activity, and that KF17837 (0.0-20.0 mg/kg) did not significantly increase open-field locomotor activity. The third experiment demonstrated that injections of KF17837 (0.0-20.0 mg/kg) completely reversed the suppression of locomotion induced by haloperidol, and also increased rearing behavior in haloperidol-treated rats. Previous research has reported that haloperidol induces tremulous jaw movements that have many of the characteristics of parkinsonian tremor. The fourth experiment demonstrated that i.p. injections of KF17837 (0.0-20.0 mg/kg) also suppressed haloperidol-induced tremulous jaw movements. Taken together, the results of these experiments indicate that adenosine A2A antagonism can reverse the locomotor suppression and tremulous movements induced by DA antagonism. This profile of activity is consistent with the hypothesis that antagonism of adenosine A2A receptors can result in an antiparkinsonian effect in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Correa
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A converging body of evidence implicates the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. METHODS The authors review neuroscience literature and clinical studies investigating the role of the GABA system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. First, a background on the GABA system is provided, including GABA pharmacology and neuroanatomy of GABAergic neurons. Results from basic science schizophrenia animal models and human studies are reviewed. The role of GABA in cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia is then presented, followed by a discussion of GABAergic compounds used in monotherapy or adjunctively in clinical schizophrenia studies. RESULTS In basic studies, reductions in GABAergic neuronal density and abnormalities in receptors and reuptake sites have been identified in several cortical and subcortical GABA systems. A model has been developed suggesting GABA's role (including GABA-dopamine interactions) in schizophrenia. In several clinical studies, the use of adjunctive GABA agonists was associated with greater improvement in core schizophrenia symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in the GABA neurotransmitter system are found in clinical and basic neuroscience schizophrenia studies as well as animal models and may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The interaction of GABA with other well-characterized neurotransmitter abnormalities remains to be understood. Future studies should elucidate the potential therapeutic role for GABA ligands in schizophrenia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Wassef
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Room 2C-07, Houston-Harris County Psychiatric Center, 2800 South MacGregor Way, Houston, TX 77021, USA.
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Wisniecki A, Correa M, Arizzi MN, Ishiwari K, Salamone JD. Motor effects of GABA(A) antagonism in globus pallidus: studies of locomotion and tremulous jaw movements in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003; 170:140-9. [PMID: 12827348 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-003-1521-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2002] [Accepted: 04/16/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although most rodent studies related to parkinsonian symptoms have focused on locomotion, tremulous jaw movements also have been used as a rodent model of tremor for investigating the circuitry of the basal ganglia. OBJECTIVE There are multiple pathways involved in the generation of parkinsonian symptoms. The globus pallidus is a basal ganglia relay nucleus, and the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of pallidal GABA antagonism on locomotion and tremulous jaw movements. METHODS Suppression of locomotion and induction of tremulous jaw movements were produced by repeated (i.e., 14 day) systemic administration of the dopamine D2 antagonist haloperidol, and by acute systemic injection of the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine. The GABA(A) antagonist bicuculline was injected into the globus pallidus, and its effects on locomotion in haloperidol- and pilocarpine-treated rats were assessed in the first group of experiments. In the second group of experiments, the effects of intrapallidal infusions of bicuculline on haloperidol- and pilocarpine-induced jaw movements were observed. RESULTS Pallidal GABA antagonism stimulated locomotion when no other treatment was present, and also when animals were coadministered haloperidol or pilocarpine. Bicuculline suppressed haloperidol-induced jaw movements in a dose-related manner, and had no effect on pilocarpine-induced jaw movements. CONCLUSIONS These results support the notion that there are distinct pathways conveying basal ganglia outflow and demonstrate that the striatopallidal pathway is involved in the generation of the haloperidol-induced tremulous jaw movements. These findings are consistent with some features of current models of basal ganglia function and may lead to an understanding of the specific mechanisms that generate parkinsonian symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wisniecki
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA
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Wardas J, Pietraszek M, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. SCH 58261, a selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, decreases the haloperidol-enhanced proenkephalin mRNA expression in the rat striatum. Brain Res 2003; 977:270-7. [PMID: 12834887 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02759-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the striatum, dopamine D(2) receptors are co-localized with adenosine A(2A) receptors on the GABAergic neurons of the striopallidal pathway. Moreover, blockade of A(2A) receptors has been previously shown to suppress parkinsonian-like symptoms (catalepsy, akinesia, muscle rigidity) in rodent and primate models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Since it is believed that main motor symptoms of PD are due to the overactivity of the GABAergic striopallidal pathway, the aim of the present study was to find out whether SCH 58261, a selective antagonist of the adenosine A(2A) receptors, is capable of counteracting both the catalepsy and the enhancement of proenkephalin (PENK) mRNA expression in the rat striatum, induced by haloperidol administered at 1.5 mg/kg s.c. 3 times, every 3 h. Systemic administration of SCH 58261 (5 mg/kg i.p., 3 times, every 3 h, 10 min before haloperidol), partially decreased the haloperidol-induced catalepsy and the increase in the PENK mRNA expression in both dorsolateral and ventrolateral parts of the striatum at all three examined levels. No such changes were seen in the medial striatum and in the nucleus accumbens. Moreover, SCH 58261 given alone did not influence the level of PENK mRNA in any examined part of the striatum. The present results suggest that similarly to other A(2A) receptor antagonists, SCH 58261 normalizes activity of the striopallidal pathway, enhanced by blockade of dopamine D(2) receptors with haloperidol, which may result in recovery of motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Wardas
- Department of NeuroPsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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Ossowska K, Wardas J, Pietraszek M, Konieczny J, Wolfarth S. The striopallidal pathway is involved in antiparkinsonian-like effects of the blockade of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in rats. Neurosci Lett 2003; 342:21-4. [PMID: 12727308 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the influence of the blockade of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) on the haloperidol-induced catalepsy and proenkephalin mRNA expression in the rat striatum. Bilateral, intrastriatal injection of AIDA ((RS)-1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid, 3-15 microg/0.5 microl), a selective antagonist of group I mGluRs, inhibited catalepsy induced by haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg i.p.). Repeated intrastriatal AIDA administrations (3 x 15 microg/0.5 microl, 3 h apart) counteracted the haloperidol-induced (3 x 1.5 mg/kg s.c., 3 h apart) increase in the proenkephalin mRNA expression in that structure. The present study indicates that the blockade of the striatal group I mGluRs may inhibit parkinsonian akinesia by normalizing the function of the striopallidal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Ossowska
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
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Wardas J, Pietraszek M, Wolfarth S, Ossowska K. The role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in regulation of striatal proenkephalin expression: implications for the therapy of Parkinson′s disease. Neuroscience 2003; 122:747-56. [PMID: 14622918 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Overactivity of the striatopallidal pathway, associated with an enhancement of enkephalin expression, has been suggested to contribute to the development of parkinsonian symptoms. The aim of the present study was to examine whether the blockade of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors: subtypes 1 and 5 (mGluR1/5), or stimulation of group II: subtypes 2 and 3 (mGluR2/3) may normalize enkephalin expression in the striatopallidal pathway in an animal model of parkinsonism. The proenkephalin mRNA level measured by in situ hybridization in the striatum was increased by pretreatments with haloperidol (1.5 mg/kg s.c., three times, 3 h apart). Triple (3 h apart), bilateral, intrastriatal administration of selective antagonists of mGluR1: (S)-(+)-alpha-amino-4-carboxy-2-methylbenzeneacetic acid (3 x 5 microg/0.5 microl) or 7-(hydroxyimino)cyclopropa[b]chromen-1a-carboxylate (3 x 2.5 microg/0.5 microl), reversed the haloperidol-induced increases in proenkephalin mRNA levels in the rostral and central regions of the striatum. Similarly, repeated (6 times, 1.5 h apart), systemic injections of an antagonist of mGluR5, 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (6 x 10 mg/kg i.p.) counteracted an increase in the striatal proenkephalin mRNA expression elicited by haloperidol. None of the abovementioned antagonists of mGluR1 and mGluR5 per se influenced the proenkephalin expression. Differential effects were induced by agonists of the group II mGluRs, viz. (2S,2'R,3'R)-2-(2',3'-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine administered intraventricularly (3 times at 0.1-0.2 microg/4 microl, 3 h apart) increased both the normal and haloperidol-increased proenkephalin mRNA level, whereas (2R,4R)-4-aminopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate injected intrastriatally (3 times at 15 microg/0.5 microl, 3 h apart) was ineffective. The present study indicates that the blockade of striatal glutamate receptors belonging to the group I (mGluR1 and mGluR5) but not stimulation of the group II mGluRs may normalize the function of the striatopallidal pathway in an animal model of parkinsonism, which may be important for future antiparkinsonian therapy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wardas
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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21
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See RE, Berglind WJ, Krentz L, Meshul CK. Convergent evidence from microdialysis and presynaptic immunolabeling for the regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid release in the globus pallidus following acute clozapine or haloperidol administration in rats. J Neurochem 2002; 82:172-80. [PMID: 12091478 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.00974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs (APDs) have been primarily characterized for their effects on dopaminergic terminal regions in the brain, especially within the corpus striatum. Efferent GABA pathways are the primary outflow of striatal processing via their projections to the substantia nigra and the globus pallidus (GP). In the current study, we analyzed changes in pallidal GABA function following acute APD administration by means of in vivo microdialysis, followed by immunolabeling of presynaptic GABA terminal density in the contralateral hemisphere of the same animals. Acute administration of the atypical APD, clozapine (10 or 30 mg/kg, s.c.), produced a dose-dependent decrease in extracellular GABA. A corresponding dose-dependent increase in the density of presynaptic terminal GABA immunolabeling in the GP was found. In contrast, the typical APD, haloperidol (1 or 3 mg/kg, s.c.), had no significant effects on either measure, although a non-significant increase in extracellular GABA and decrease in the density of GABA terminal immunolabeling was noted. Paw retraction tests conducted during the time of microdialysis showed that haloperidol produced a typical pattern of highly pronounced motor impairment, while clozapine showed an atypical profile of minimal catalepsy. These complementary results obtained from in vivo neurochemistry and presynaptic neurotransmitter labeling suggest that systemic clozapine suppresses neuronal GABA release within the GP. This decrease in released pallidal GABA may play a role in the low motor side-effect liability of atypical APDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald E See
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Turrone P, Remington G, Nobrega JN. The vacuous chewing movement (VCM) model of tardive dyskinesia revisited: is there a relationship to dopamine D(2) receptor occupancy? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2002; 26:361-80. [PMID: 12034136 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(02)00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a late side effect of long-term antipsychotic use in humans, and the vacuous chewing movement (VCM) model has been used routinely to study this movement disorder in rats. Recent receptor occupancy studies in humans and rats have found that antipsychotics given in doses which lead to moderate levels of D(2) receptor blockade can achieve optimal clinical response while minimizing the emergence of acute motor side effects. This suggests that clinicians may have been using inappropriately high doses of antipsychotics. A review of the existing VCM literature indicates that most animal studies have similarly employed antipsychotic doses that are high, i.e. doses that lead to near complete D(2) receptor saturation. To verify whether the incidence or severity of VCMs would decrease with lower antipsychotic doses, we conducted initial experiments with different doses of haloperidol (HAL) given either as repeated daily injections or as depot injections over the course of several weeks. Our results demonstrate that (1) the incidence of VCMs is significantly related to HAL dose, and (2) significant levels of VCMs only emerge when haloperidol is continually present. These findings are consistent with the possibility that total D(2) occupancy, as well as 'transience' of receptor occupation, may be important in the development of late-onset antipsychotic-induced dyskinetic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Turrone
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada.
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See RE, Berglind WJ. Decreased pallidal GABA following reverse microdialysis with clozapine, but not haloperidol. Neuroreport 2001; 12:3655-8. [PMID: 11726768 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200112040-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Changes in striatopallidal GABA are believed to play a significant role in the motor side effects produced by antipsychotic drugs (APDs). In the current study, we measured extracellular GABA in the globus pallidus (GP) of rats. GABA release was partially impulse- and Ca2+-dependent, as evidenced by decreased efflux following tetrodotoxin (TTX) or removal of Ca2+. In addition, GABA release was significantly increased by high K+ (100 mM KCl) stimulation. Reverse dialysis of the atypical APD, clozapine (1-100 microM), produced a concentration dependent decrease in extracellular GABA. In contrast, the typical APD, haloperidol (1-100 microM), had no significant effect on GABA levels. These results suggest that clozapine has direct actions within the GP, while the effects of haloperidol are most likely mediated through its effects in the striatum. The clozapine-induced decrease in pallidal GABA may account for its low motor side effect liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E See
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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