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Hassen JY, Debella A, Eyeberu A, Mussa I. Prevalence and concentration of aflatoxin M 1 in breast milk in Africa: a meta-analysis and implication for the interface of agriculture and health. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16611. [PMID: 39025909 PMCID: PMC11258143 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is one of the many distinct forms of food that can be contaminated with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). They may be consumed by eating contaminated foods, such as contaminated meat and crops, which would then be present in breast milk and cause health problems, including nervous system disorders and cancers of the lungs, liver, kidneys, and urinary tract. However, the prevalently inconsistent explanation of prevalence and concentration remains a big challenge. Thus, this meta-analysis was conducted to determine the prevalence and concentration of harmful chemicals in breast milk in an African context. The databases MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for both published and unpublished research. To conduct the analysis, the collected data were exported to Stata version 18. The results were shown using a forest plot and a prevalence with a 95% confidence interval (CI) using the random-effects model. The Cochrane chi-square (I2) statistics were used to measure the studies' heterogeneity, and Egger's intercept was used to measure publication bias. This review included twenty-eight studies with 4016 breast milk samples and newborns. The analysis showed the overall prevalence and concentration of aflatoxin M1 in breast milk were 53% (95% CI 40, 65; i2 = 98.26%; P = 0.001). The pooled mean aflatoxin M1 concentration in breast milk was 93.02 ng/l. According to this study, the eastern region of Africa was 62% (95% CI 39-82) profoundly affected as compared to other regions of the continent. In subgroup analysis by publication year, the highest level of exposure to aflatoxins (68%; 95% CI 47-85) was observed among studies published from 2010 to 2019. This finding confirmed that more than half of lactating women's breast milk was contaminated with aflatoxin M1 in Africa. The pooled mean aflatoxin M1 concentration in breast milk was 93.02 ng/l. According to this study, the eastern region of Africa was profoundly affected compared with other regions. Thus, the government and all stakeholders must instigate policies that mitigate the toxicity of aflatoxins in lactating women, fetuses, and newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemal Y Hassen
- Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Adera Debella
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Addis Eyeberu
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Ibsa Mussa
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
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2
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Falize C, Savage M, Jeanes YM, Dyall SC. Evaluating the relationship between the nutrient intake of lactating women and their breast milk nutritional profile: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:1196-1224. [PMID: 38053371 PMCID: PMC10918524 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523002775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Maternal diet influences breast milk nutritional profile; however, it is unclear which nutrients and contaminants are particularly responsive to short- and long-term changes in maternal intake, and the impact of specific exclusion diets, such as vegan or vegetarian. This study systematically reviewed the literature on the effects of maternal nutrient intake, including exclusion diets, on both the nutrient and contaminant content of breast milk. The electronic databases, PubMed, CENTRAL, Web of Science and CINALH were systematically searched until 4 June 2023, with additionally searches of reference lists (PROSPERO, CRD42020221577). The quality of the studies was examined using Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Eighty-eight studies (n 6577) met the search criteria. Due to high heterogeneity, meta-analysis was not possible. There was strong evidence of response to maternal intakes for DHA and EPA, vitamins A, E and K, iodine and Se in breast milk composition, some evidence of response for α-linolenic acid, B vitamins, vitamin C and D, ovalbumin, tyrosine and contaminants, and insufficient evidence to identify the effects arachidonic acid, Cu, Fe, Zn and choline. The paucity of evidence and high heterogeneity among studies reflects the need for more high-quality trials. However, this review identified the importance of maternal intake in the nutritional content of breast milk for a wide range of nutrients and supports the recommendation for supplementation of DHA and vitamin B12 for those on restrictive diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Falize
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - M. Savage
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Yvonne M. Jeanes
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Simon C. Dyall
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
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3
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Zhang P, Jiang G, Ma C, Wang Y, Yan E, He L, Guo J, Zhang X, Yin J. Dietary supplementation of laminarin improves the reproductive performance of sows and the growth of suckling piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:114. [PMID: 37689725 PMCID: PMC10493022 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00920-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal nutrition is essential in keeping a highly efficient production system in the pig industry. Laminarin has been shown to improve antioxidant capacity, reduce the inflammatory response, and favor the homeostasis of intestinal microbiota. However, the effect of dietary supplementation of laminarin on the reproductive performance of sows and the growth of suckling offspring remains unknown. METHODS A total of 40 Landrace × Yorkshire multiparous sows on d 85 of gestation, similar in age, body weight (BW), parity and reproductive performance, were randomly divided into four dietary treatments with 10 sows per treatment, receiving a control diet (basal pregnancy or lactating diets) and a basal diet supplemented with 0.025%, 0.05% and 0.10% laminarin, respectively. The experiment lasted from d 85 of gestation to d 21 of lactation. RESULTS Laminarin supplementation linearly increased number born alive per litter (P = 0.03), average daily feed intake (ADFI, P < 0.01), and total milk yield of sows during the lactation of 1-21 d (P = 0.02). Furthermore, maternal laminarin supplementation increased the average daily gain (ADG) of piglets while tending to reduce the culling and death rate before weaning. In addition, alterations to the composition of colostrum and milk, as well as to serum inflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulins of sows were observed. The fecal microbiota profile of sows supported the improvement of reproductive performance in sows and the growth performance in suckling offspring. CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementation of laminarin during late pregnancy and lactation could significantly improve reproductive performance of sows and growth performance of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guoyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chenghong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yubo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Enfa Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Linjuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianxin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingdong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Tomaszewska A, Jeleniewska A, Porębska K, Królikowska K, Rustecka A, Lipińska-Opałka A, Będzichowska A, Zdanowski R, Aleksandrowicz K, Kloc M, Kalicki B. Immunomodulatory Effect of Infectious Disease of a Breastfed Child on the Cellular Composition of Breast Milk. Nutrients 2023; 15:3844. [PMID: 37686876 PMCID: PMC10490220 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the content of immune components in milk is influenced by the mother's health and also by the infant she feeds. We aimed to evaluate the effect of a child's respiratory tract infection on the cellular composition of breast milk (neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and their subpopulations). Twenty-six breastfeeding mothers whose children were hospitalized for respiratory tract infections were enrolled in the study. The control group consisted of 23 mothers of healthy children. Regarding the children, baseline laboratory blood tests were performed, and nasal swabs were taken for the presence of RS virus. In the next step, milk samples were collected from the mothers to assess the cellular composition of the milk, including neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and their subpopulations. Significantly higher percentages of T lymphocytes (helper and cytotoxic lymphocytes) were observed in the milk of the studied mothers. There was a significantly higher percentage of milk lymphocytes in the group of affected children with confirmed RSV etiology than in children with excluded RSV etiology. A significant positive correlation was observed between the duration of infection and the percentage of milk NK cells and between milk CD19 lymphocytes and the child's serum leukocytosis. This study may provide evidence of a link between cells in breast milk and disease in the breastfed infant. The severity of the infection, its duration, and the etiological agent of the infection may affect the cellular composition of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Tomaszewska
- Department of Paediatrics, Nephrology and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (A.L.-O.); (A.B.); (B.K.)
| | - Alicja Jeleniewska
- Department of Paediatrics, Nephrology and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (A.L.-O.); (A.B.); (B.K.)
| | - Klaudia Porębska
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (R.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - Katarzyna Królikowska
- Department of Paediatrics, Nephrology and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (A.L.-O.); (A.B.); (B.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Rustecka
- Department of Paediatrics, Nephrology and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (A.L.-O.); (A.B.); (B.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Lipińska-Opałka
- Department of Paediatrics, Nephrology and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (A.L.-O.); (A.B.); (B.K.)
| | - Agata Będzichowska
- Department of Paediatrics, Nephrology and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (A.L.-O.); (A.B.); (B.K.)
| | - Robert Zdanowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (R.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - Karolina Aleksandrowicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (R.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - Małgorzata Kloc
- Transplant Immunology, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Genetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bolesław Kalicki
- Department of Paediatrics, Nephrology and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (A.L.-O.); (A.B.); (B.K.)
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Sokołowska EM, Jassem-Bobowicz JM, Drążkowska I, Świąder Z, Domżalska-Popadiuk I. Gestational Hypertension and Human Breast Milk Composition in Correlation with the Assessment of Fetal Growth-A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102404. [PMID: 37242287 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS 1 in 10 pregnant women is diagnosed with gestational hypertension. Increasing evidence suggests that preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and gestational hypertension may affect human breast milk's lactogenesis and percentage composition. We aimed to examine whether there is any significant influence of gestational hypertension on the composition of macronutrients in human breast milk and to assess its correlation with fetal growth. METHODS A total of 72 breastfeeding women (34 diagnosed with gestational hypertension and 38 normotensive women during pregnancy) were recruited to the study at the Division of Neonatology, Medical University of Gdańsk, between June and December 2022. Milk samples were collected between the 3rd and 6th day of lactogenesis. Samples were analyzed using the Miris HMA™ Human Milk Analyzer (Upsala, Sweden), which evaluates the milk composition's energy, fat, carbohydrate and protein quantity. In addition, we assessed the children's anthropometric measurements (birth weight, body length and head circumference at birth). We used logistic regression to estimate the adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. RESULTS The mean (±standard deviation) macronutrient composition per 10 mL of milk in the GH group was 2.5 g (±0.9) of fat, 1.7 g (±0.3) of true protein, 7.7 g (±0.3) of carbohydrates and 63.2 g (±8.1) of energy, in the normotensive women group 1.0 g (±0.9) of fat, 1.7 g (±0.3) of true protein, 7.3 g (±0.4) of carbohydrates and 57.9 g (±8.6) of energy content, respectively. The fat composition was higher in the PIH group by a mean of 0.6 g (p < 0.005). Gestational hypertension had a positive, significant correlation with birth weight (p < 0.013) and the mother's pre-pregnancy weight (p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we found significant differences between milk composition in postpartum women with gestational hypertension compared to healthy, normotensive women. Human milk from women with gestational hypertension was found to contain a higher composition of fat, carbohydrates and energy in comparison to healthy women. Our aim is to further evaluate this correlation, as well as to assess the growth rate of newborns in order to determine the need for individualized formulas for women with pregnancy-induced hypertension, those with poor lactogenesis and those who cannot or choose not to breastfeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Magdalena Sokołowska
- Scientific Students' Circle, Division of Neonatology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Izabela Drążkowska
- Division of Neonatology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Świąder
- Scientific Students' Circle, Division of Neonatology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
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Kim J, Nguyen MTT, Kim Y, Jung JA, Li D, To MXH, Nguyen HKT, Van Le T, Israr B, An HJ, Kim J. Dynamic stability of cholesterol and desmosterol in human milk from four Asian countries. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:1513-1522. [PMID: 36278138 PMCID: PMC9582050 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is one of the functional nutrients in human milk, which is indispensable for infant growth. In this study, the concentration of cholesterol and desmosterol in human milk from four Asian countries (n = 578), including Korea, China, Vietnam, and Pakistan, were investigated. The average cholesterol concentrations of Korea and China were similar ranging between 90.2-91.6 mg/L, but those from Vietnam and Pakistan were higher at 113.8 and 175.7 mg/L, respectively. The relative standard deviations were 31-36%, except for Pakistan (51%), showing a broad distribution of 48 to 612 mg/L. Desmosterol concentrations were similar, ranging between 11.2 and 12.8 mg/L except for Pakistan, which was lower than other countries at 9.4 mg/L. In addition, the cholesterol and desmosterol concentrations during the lactation periods were not significantly different in all four Asian countries. Mothers' BMI did not significantly impact the cholesterol and desmosterol concentration in maternal milk within the same country. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-022-01141-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Korea
| | - My Tuyen Thi Nguyen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Korea
- College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho, 900000 Vietnam
| | - Yongki Kim
- Maeil Innovation Center, Maeil Dairies Co., Ltd., 63 Jinwiseo‐ro, Jinwi‐myeon, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi‐do Korea
| | - Ji A. Jung
- Maeil Innovation Center, Maeil Dairies Co., Ltd., 63 Jinwiseo‐ro, Jinwi‐myeon, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi‐do Korea
| | - Dan Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun, 130022 China
| | - Mai Xuan Hong To
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, 700000 Vietnam
| | - Huynh Khanh Trang Nguyen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, 700000 Vietnam
| | - Thanh Van Le
- Faculty of Nursing and Medical Technology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, 700000 Vietnam
| | - Beenish Israr
- Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Home Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
| | - Hyun Joo An
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Korea
| | - Jaehan Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Korea
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Qiao W, Chen J, Zhang M, Wang Y, Yang B, Zhao J, Jiang T, Chen L. A cohort study of vitamins contents in human milk from maternal-infant factors. Front Nutr 2022; 9:993066. [PMID: 36147300 PMCID: PMC9486404 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.993066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk vitamin content is an important indicator to evaluate the nutritional composition of human milk. This paper investigates the influence of maternal and infant factors on the dynamics of human milk vitamin content. A total of 147 mother-infant pairs from 3 different cities (north-south distribution) in China were selected and 9 major vitamins were measured in 332 human milk samples. The three vitamins (vitamin A, β-carotene, and pantothenic acid) showed significant downward trends with lactation period (| r | > 0.3, p < 0.05). The lactation period factor could explain the negative variation of vitamin A (21.2%) and pantothenic acid (9.5%). The factors of lactation period and oils intake could jointly explain variations of β-carotene (11.8%). (Registration number: NCT02658500).
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicang Qiao
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jingyao Chen
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yaling Wang
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Baoyu Yang
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Junying Zhao
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- South Asia Branch of National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Tiemin Jiang
- South Asia Branch of National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- South Asia Branch of National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
- *Correspondence: Lijun Chen
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8
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Juncker HG, Ruhé EJM, Korosi A, van Goudoever JB, van Gils MJ, van Keulen BJ. Maternal Stress and Human Milk Antibodies During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Nutr 2022; 9:923501. [PMID: 35845768 PMCID: PMC9280861 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.923501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in human milk might protect the breastfed infant against COVID-19. One of the factors that may influence human milk antibodies is psychological stress, which is suggested to be increased in lactating women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective To determine whether psychological stress is increased in lactating women during the COVID-19 pandemic, and if maternal stress is associated with the level of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in human milk. Design Population-based prospective cohort study. Setting Data collection took place in the Netherlands between October 2020 and February 2021. Participants Lactating women living in the Netherlands were eligible to participate in this study. In total, 2310 women were included. Exposures Stress exposure during the COVID-19 pandemic was determined using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) questionnaire and maternal lifetime stress was determined by the Life Stressor Checklist – revised (LSC-r) questionnaire. Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s) Stress experience during the COVID-19 pandemic was compared with a pre-pandemic cohort. SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in human milk were measured using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) with the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. The association between maternal stress and human milk antibodies was determined using a multiple regression model. Results The PSS score of lactating mothers was not increased during the pandemic compared to the PSS score in the prepandemic cohort. Six hundred ninety-one participants had SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and were included in the regression models to assess the association between maternal stress and human milk antibodies. No association was found between PSS scores and human milk antibodies. In contrast, the LSC-r score was negatively associated with SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA in human milk (β = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.96–0.997, p = 0.03). Conclusions and Relevance Our results suggest that lactating women in the Netherlands did not experience higher stress levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. Breastfed infants of mothers with high chronic stress levels receive lower amounts of antibodies through human milk, which possibly makes them more vulnerable to respiratory infections. This emphasizes the importance of psychological wellbeing during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G. Juncker
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences - Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eliza J. M. Ruhé
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences - Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johannes B. van Goudoever
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Johannes B. van Goudoever
| | - Marit J. van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Britt J. van Keulen
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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9
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Cheema AS, Stinson LF, Rea A, Lai CT, Payne MS, Murray K, Geddes DT, Gridneva Z. Human Milk Lactose, Insulin, and Glucose Relative to Infant Body Composition during Exclusive Breastfeeding. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113724. [PMID: 34835980 PMCID: PMC8625960 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) components may influence infant growth and development. This study aimed to investigate relationships between infant body composition (BC) and HM lactose, insulin, and glucose (concentrations and calculated daily intakes (CDI)) as well as 24-h milk intake and maternal BC at 3 months postpartum. HM samples were collected at 2 months postpartum. Infant and maternal BC was assessed with bioimpedance spectroscopy. Statistical analysis used linear regression accounting for infant birth weight. 24-h milk intake and CDI of lactose were positively associated with infant anthropometry, lean body mass and adiposity. Higher maternal BC measures were associated with lower infant anthropometry, z-scores, lean body mass, and adiposity. Maternal characteristics including BC and age were associated with concentrations and CDI of HM components, and 24-h milk intake. In conclusion, 24-h intake of HM and lactose as well as maternal adiposity are related to development of infant BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali S. Cheema
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (A.S.C.); (L.F.S.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
| | - Lisa F. Stinson
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (A.S.C.); (L.F.S.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
| | - Alethea Rea
- Mathematics and Statistics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia;
| | - Ching Tat Lai
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (A.S.C.); (L.F.S.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
| | - Matthew S. Payne
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, UWA Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;
- Women and Infants Research Foundation, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Kevin Murray
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Donna T. Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (A.S.C.); (L.F.S.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
| | - Zoya Gridneva
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (A.S.C.); (L.F.S.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-6488-4467
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10
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Effects of early life adversity on maternal effort and glucocorticoids in wild olive baboons. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-021-03056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Huang S, Qi Z, Ma S, Li G, Long C, Yu Y. A critical review on human internal exposure of phthalate metabolites and the associated health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 279:116941. [PMID: 33756240 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) are popular synthetic chemicals used as plasticizers and solvents for various products, such as polyvinyl chloride or personal care products. Human exposure to PAEs is associated with various diseases, resulting in PAE biomonitoring in humans. Inhalation, dietary ingestion, and dermal absorption are the major human exposure routes. However, estimating the actual exposure dose of PAEs via an external route is difficult. As a result, estimation by internal exposure has become the popular analytical methods to determine the concentrations of phthalate metabolites (mPAEs) in human matrices (such as urine, serum, breast milk, hair, and nails). The various exposure sources and patterns result in different composition profiles of PAEs in biomatrices, which vary from country to country. Nevertheless, the mPAEs of diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP), and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are predominant in the urine. These mPAEs have greater potential health risks for humans. Children have been observed to exhibit higher exposure risks to several mPAEs than adults. Besides age, other influencing factors for phthalate exposure are gender, jobs, and residential areas. Although many studies have reported biological monitoring of PAEs, only a few reviews that adequately summarized the reports are available. The current review appraised available studies on mPAE quantitation in human biomatrices and estimated the dose and health risks of phthalate exposure. While some countries lack biomonitoring data, some countries' data do not reflect the current PAE exposure. Thence, future studies should involve frequent PAE biomonitoring to accurately estimate human exposure to PAEs, which will contribute to health risk assessments of human exposure to PAEs. Such would aid the formulation of corresponding regulations and restrictions by the government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senyuan Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Chaoyang Long
- Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510430, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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12
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Krpan M, Major N, Šatalić Z, Hruškar M. Human breast milk, infant formula, and follow-up milks comparison by electronic tongue. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1556/066.2020.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHuman breast milk, infant formula, and follow-up milks were tested by a commercial electronic tongue (αAstree, Alpha MOS) with the aim to determine taste diversity, since it has been recently shown that infants exposed to different tastes early in life, develop different food preference at a later age. Human milk (36 samples) were obtained from 13 lactating women, while 12 samples of infant formula and 14 samples of follow-up milk were obtained from the Croatian market and opened prior to analysis. Human breast milk samples showed a much higher diversity than both infant formulae and follow-up milks. These results suggest that breast-fed infants are exposed to a broader sensory experience, while formula fed infants are exposed to less diverse taste. Future studies will probably answer how this influences later food choice, taste preferences, and consequently, risk of obesity and other chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Krpan
- 1Department of Food Quality Control, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - N. Major
- 2Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Karla Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia
| | - Z. Šatalić
- 1Department of Food Quality Control, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M. Hruškar
- 1Department of Food Quality Control, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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13
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Human Milk-Fed Piglets Have a Distinct Small Intestine and Circulatory Metabolome Profile Relative to That of Milk Formula-Fed Piglets. mSystems 2021; 6:6/1/e01376-20. [PMID: 33563783 PMCID: PMC7883546 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01376-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exclusive HM feeding for newborns is recommended at least for the first 6 months of life. However, when breastfeeding is not possible, MF is recommended as a substitute. The impact of human milk (HM) feeding compared with cow’s milk formula (MF) feeding on small intestinal and circulatory metabolome patterns has not been fully investigated. Therefore, 2-day-old male piglets were fed HM or MF (n = 26/group) from postnatal day 2 (PND 2) through 21 and were weaned to a solid diet until PND 51. The small intestine (gastrointestinal [GI]) contents, serum, and urine were collected from subsets of piglets at PND 21 and PND 51. Samples were subjected to primary metabolomics analyses at the West Coast Metabolomics Center, UC Davis. The metabolome data assessment and the statistical analyses were performed with MetaboAnalyst software. Compared with MF feeding, at PND 21, HM feeding resulted in a higher abundance of fucose in the jejunum and urine and a greater concentration of myo-inositol in serum. In HM-fed piglets, 1,5-anhydroglucitol was higher in the duodenum, serum, and urine at PND 21. Additionally, the HM group had higher levels of urinary kynurenic acid at PND 21. Correlations between bacterial genera and altered metabolites in ileum revealed that Turicibacter sp. and Campylobacter sp. were positively correlated with maltotriose and panose at PND 21, while ileal Campylobacter sp. was negatively correlated with fumaric acid. At PND 51, no significant metabolites were identified between HM and MF diet groups. The metabolites associated with the neonatal diets may serve as the substrates and signals that contribute to the physiological effects in HM and MF during infancy, with a subset reflecting diet-associated differences in microbial metabolism and ecology. IMPORTANCE Exclusive HM feeding for newborns is recommended at least for the first 6 months of life. However, when breastfeeding is not possible, MF is recommended as a substitute. Due to the challenges associated with sample collection from infants fed HM or MF, their gut metabolism is poorly understood. Thus, an established piglet model from our team was used to determine the metabolite profile in relation to host, diet, and microbiota. The current study is the first to provide novel insights across the small intestine metabolism and its association with circulatory metabolites in the HM group relative to the MF group at the weaning and postweaning period. Data also demonstrate that during the neonatal period, diet, host, and microbial metabolism contribute to the lumen and circulatory metabolite profile. Furthermore, small intestinal lumen metabolome can be tracked in the urine as a biomarker of dietary differences, which would be a useful tool for clinical interventions.
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Ratsika A, Codagnone MC, O’Mahony S, Stanton C, Cryan JF. Priming for Life: Early Life Nutrition and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Nutrients 2021; 13:423. [PMID: 33525617 PMCID: PMC7912058 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes colonize the human body during the first moments of life and coexist with the host throughout the lifespan. Intestinal microbiota and their metabolites aid in the programming of important bodily systems such as the immune and the central nervous system during critical temporal windows of development, with possible structural and functional implications throughout the lifespan. These critical developmental windows perinatally (during the first 1000 days) are susceptible timepoints for insults that can endure long lasting effects on the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Environmental and parental factors like host genetics, mental health, nutrition, delivery and feeding mode, exposure to antibiotics, immune activation and microbiota composition antenatally, are all factors that are able to modulate the microbiota composition of mother and infant and may thus regulate important bodily functions. Among all these factors, early life nutrition plays a pivotal role in perinatal programming and in the modulation of offspring microbiota from birth throughout lifespan. This review aims to present current data on the impact of early life nutrition and microbiota priming of important bodily systems and all the factors influencing the microbial coexistence with the host during early life development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ratsika
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; (A.R.); (M.C.C.); (S.O.); (C.S.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Martin C. Codagnone
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; (A.R.); (M.C.C.); (S.O.); (C.S.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Siobhain O’Mahony
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; (A.R.); (M.C.C.); (S.O.); (C.S.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; (A.R.); (M.C.C.); (S.O.); (C.S.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy P61 C996, Ireland
| | - John F. Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; (A.R.); (M.C.C.); (S.O.); (C.S.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
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15
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Jendras G, Monizi M, Neinhuis C, Lautenschläger T. Plants, food and treatments used by BaKongo tribes in Uíge (northern Angola) to affect the quality and quantity of human breast milk. Int Breastfeed J 2020; 15:88. [PMID: 33097071 PMCID: PMC7583195 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-020-00329-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angola has one of the highest annual under-five mortality rates in in the world and malnutrition poses a severe problem in the country. This study is the first to focus on the traditional knowledge of plants, foods, and treatments used by the local population in the province of Uíge to affect the quality and quantity of human breast milk, since decades of independence and civil war impeded ethnobotanical studies in this area. Methods This study was conducted in eight municipalities in the province of Uíge, Northern Angola in February and March 2018. In 265 semi-structured interviews, 360 informants in 40 rural villages were asked about plants, food, and treatments used to affect the quality and quantity of human breast milk. Additionally, information on child mortality and the duration of breastfeeding were collected. Whenever possible, plant specimens were collected for later identification. To determine the local importance of the collected plants, food, and treatments, the Relative Frequency of Citations was calculated. Results Most women reported to have no problems with their breast milk production. The duration of breastfeeding meets the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). Across all use categories, 69 plants from 36 plant families, and 21 other foods and treatments could be identified. Conclusions The study shows an overview of a variety of plants, foods, and treatments used by mothers as galactagogues, to “clean” or to reduce their breast milk and those which they avoided to use during the lactation period. There is great potential for further research into this traditional knowledge. Also, further analysis of some of the plants could be of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Jendras
- Department of Biology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mawunu Monizi
- University of Kimpa Vita, Province of Uíge, Rua Henrique Freitas No. 1, Bairro Popular, Uíge, Angola
| | - Christoph Neinhuis
- Department of Biology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thea Lautenschläger
- Department of Biology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
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16
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Amaral Y, Marano D, Abranches A, Silva L, Nehab S, Costa AC, Moreira ME. Do chronic noncommunicable diseases modify the macronutrient composition of human milk? Int J Food Sci Nutr 2020; 72:219-225. [PMID: 32633176 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2020.1780568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the impact of excess body weight, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension on the nutritional composition of human milk. This cohort study was conducted at a tertiary public health unit in the city of Rio de Janeiro from March 2016 to February 2018. The data were collected in two stages (96 hours and one month after delivery). The macronutrients (carbohydrate, protein, lipid) and total energy were determined using the MIRIS® equipment. The level of significance was 5%. Higher protein content was observed in the nutritional composition of colostrum in women with diabetes mellitus. A higher protein and energy content was observed in the milk of mothers with excessive body weight. The energy content was higher in the milk of mothers with excessive body weight. Increased protein content in the human milk of women with excessive body weight or diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Amaral
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniele Marano
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andrea Abranches
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leila Silva
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sylvia Nehab
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Costa
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisabeth Moreira
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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17
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Ekeanyanwu CL, Alisi CS, Ekeanyanwu RC. Levels of Aflatoxin M1 and selected heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Fe, As, and Hg) in the breast milk of lactating mothers in South Eastern, Nigeria. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Whitfield KC, Shahab-Ferdows S, Kroeun H, Sophonneary P, Green TJ, Allen LH, Hampel D. Macro- and Micronutrients in Milk from Healthy Cambodian Mothers: Status and Interrelations. J Nutr 2020; 150:1461-1469. [PMID: 32211800 PMCID: PMC7269724 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Except for low thiamin content, little is known about vitamins or macronutrients in milk from Cambodian mothers, and associations among milk nutrients. OBJECTIVES We measured fat-soluble vitamins (FSVs) and water-soluble vitamins (WSVs), and macronutrients, and explored internutrient associations in milk from Cambodian mothers. METHODS Milk from women (aged 18-45 y, 3-27 wk postpartum, n = 68) who participated in a thiamin-fortification trial were analyzed for vitamins B-2 (riboflavin, FAD), B-3 (nicotinamide), B-5, B-6 (pyridoxal, pyridoxine), B-7, B-12, A, E [α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol (γ-TPH)], carotenoids, carbohydrate (CHO), fat, and protein. Milk vitamin B-1 [thiamin, thiamin monophosphate (TMP), thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)] was previously assessed for fortification effects. Milk nutrient concentrations were compared with the Adequate Intake (AI) values for infants aged 0-6 mo. Pearson correlation was used to examine internutrient associations after excluding nutrients affected by fortification. RESULTS Fortification increased thiamin and B-1 and decreased γ-TPH. Less than 40% of milk samples met the AIs for all vitamins, and 10 samples did not reach any AI values for the analyzed nutrients. CHO, fat, and energy values were met in 1.5-11.8%, and protein in 48.5%, of the samples. Whereas fat, protein, and energy were related (all r < 0.5; P < 0.001) and associated with FSVs and WSVs, CHO correlated only with some WSVs. TPP was not correlated with B-1 vitamers, but with other WSVs (r = 0.28-0.58; P < 0.019). All FSVs, except α-carotene, were correlated with each other (r = 0.42-0.98; P < 0.002). TPP, FAD, B-2, and B-3 were associated with almost all FSVs (r = 0.24-0.63; P < 0.044). CONCLUSIONS Cambodian women might not provide sufficient nutrients to their exclusively breastfeeding infants. Besides thiamin, all other vitamins measured were much lower than the AI. There were many strong correlations among macronutrients and vitamins; the extent to which these are explained by maternal diet, milk volume, maternal physiology, or genetics requires additional exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyly C Whitfield
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Setareh Shahab-Ferdows
- USDA/ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hou Kroeun
- Helen Keller International Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Prak Sophonneary
- National Nutrition Programme, Maternal and Child Health Centre, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Timothy J Green
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lindsay H Allen
- USDA/ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Hampel
- USDA/ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Sánchez C, Fente C, Barreiro R, López-Racamonde O, Cepeda A, Regal P. Association between Breast Milk Mineral Content and Maternal Adherence to Healthy Dietary Patterns in Spain: A Transversal Study. Foods 2020; 9:foods9050659. [PMID: 32443751 PMCID: PMC7278811 DOI: 10.3390/foods9050659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of breast milk is influenced by many factors, some of which dependent on the mother and others on the child. Changes in lactation and other factors depending on the mother's physiology and anthropometric characteristics, as well as her nutritional status and diet, are of key importance. Breast milk minerals have been extensively studied with highly uneven results. In this work, a comparison will made with data across the world. To understand the factors that might explain the disparity, several minerals (Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Se and I) have been analyzed using ICP-MS in a set of human milk samples (n = 75). The samples had an identical geographical origin (Galicia, in northwestern Spain) but different lactation circumstances, including maternal anthropometric data, lactating time, newborn sex and maternal adherence to healthy dietary patterns (Mediterranean Diet, MD, or Atlantic Diet, AD). The required concentrations of essential elements reported in the literature are similar to those found in these Spanish women. A univariate approach revealed that factors such as lactating time, body mass index (BMI) and newborn sex have a significant influence in breastmilk mineral content. According to multivariate linear regression analysis, minerals in milk are particularly associated with lactating time, but also with newborn sex, maternal BMI, age and diet pattern in some cases. More precisely, these results suggest that the iron and selenium concentrations in the milk of Galician donors may be positively influenced by maternal adherence to AD and MD, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sánchez
- Pharmacy Faculty, Campus Monteprincipe, San Pablo-CEU University, 28668 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Cristina Fente
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (R.B.); (O.L.-R.); (A.C.); (P.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-600-942349
| | - Rocío Barreiro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (R.B.); (O.L.-R.); (A.C.); (P.R.)
| | - Olga López-Racamonde
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (R.B.); (O.L.-R.); (A.C.); (P.R.)
- Midwifery Service at San Roque Health Center, SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saúde), 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Alberto Cepeda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (R.B.); (O.L.-R.); (A.C.); (P.R.)
| | - Patricia Regal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (R.B.); (O.L.-R.); (A.C.); (P.R.)
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20
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Trinta VDO, Padilha PDC, Petronilho S, Santelli RE, Braz BF, Freire AS, Saunders C, Rocha HFD, Sanz-Medel A, Fernández-Sánchez ML. Total metal content and chemical speciation analysis of iron, copper, zinc and iodine in human breast milk using high-performance liquid chromatography separation and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection. Food Chem 2020; 326:126978. [PMID: 32413760 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to quantify essential trace elements (iron, copper, zinc and iodine) and establish their speciation in human milk. Both the element and the species are important in new-born nutrition. Colostrum, and transitional and mature milks (25) were collected from 18 mothers of pre-term or full-term infants. Concentrations of the target elements were determined using ICP-MS. For speciation, HPLC coupled to ICP-MS was employed. Total contents of the micronutrients varied in mothers of pre-term (Fe = 0.997, Cu = 0.506, Zn = 4.15 and I = 0.458 mg L-1) and mothers of full-term (Fe = 0.733, Cu = 0.234, Zn = 2.91 and I = 0.255 mg L-1) infants. Fe, Cu and Zn were associated with biomolecules with high molecular mass compounds, such as immunoglobulins, albumin and lactoferrin whilst iodine was only found as iodide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia de Oliveira Trinta
- Maternity School of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Professional Master's Program in Perinatal Health, Rua das Laranjeiras, 180, CEP 22.240-000 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Carvalho Padilha
- Maternity School of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Professional Master's Program in Perinatal Health, Rua das Laranjeiras, 180, CEP 22.240-000 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco J, 2° andar, Cidade Universitária, CEP 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sonaly Petronilho
- Maternity School of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Professional Master's Program in Perinatal Health, Rua das Laranjeiras, 180, CEP 22.240-000 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Erthal Santelli
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, CT, Bloco A, 5° andar, Cidade Universitária, CEP 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics - INCTBio, CEP 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Bernardo Ferreira Braz
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, CT, Bloco A, 5° andar, Cidade Universitária, CEP 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics - INCTBio, CEP 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Aline Soares Freire
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, CT, Bloco A, 5° andar, Cidade Universitária, CEP 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics - INCTBio, CEP 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Saunders
- Maternity School of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Professional Master's Program in Perinatal Health, Rua das Laranjeiras, 180, CEP 22.240-000 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco J, 2° andar, Cidade Universitária, CEP 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hélio Fernandes da Rocha
- Medical School, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco K, 2° andar, Cidade Universitária, CEP 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Sanz-Medel
- Physical and Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Karcz K, Królak-Olejnik B. Vegan or vegetarian diet and breast milk composition - a systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1081-1098. [PMID: 32319307 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1753650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
It is known that nutritional composition of breast milk is, to a certain extent, related to maternal diet. The question of nutritional adequacy of mothers' milk is often raised whenever a vegetarian or vegan diet during the lactation process is concerned. For this reason, in some countries, the recruitment of vegan lactating women as milk donors is excluded by milk banks. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize existing knowledge on variability of specific nutrients in breastmilk of mothers adhering to a plant-based diet. The databases, including MEDLINE (Pubmed) and Scopus, were used to identify relevant publications. Data extraction and analysis were conducted following a PRISMA protocol. Thirteen publications concerning the impact of dietary pattern and levels of animal-origin food intake on breast milk composition were included. The systematic review has shown that all non-vegetarian, vegetarian and vegan mothers produce breast milk of comparable nutritional value. Several differences are primarily attributed to fatty acids and some micro-components, primarily vitamin B12. Regardless of dietary choices, nourishment and adequate nutrition have a significant impact on human milk composition - on the basis of the current evidence, vegetarian and vegan mothers are capable of producing nutritionally valuable milk for their infants, as far as the appropriate supplementation compensating for breastfeeding mother's nutritional requirements is provided. Dietary choices should not be a permanent exclusion criterion for donor candidates in human milk banks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Karcz
- Department and Clinic of Neonatology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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22
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Impact of Holder pasteurization on essential elements from human donor milk: Total contents and protein-binding profiles. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2019.103395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Azagra-Boronat I, Tres A, Massot-Cladera M, Franch À, Castell M, Guardiola F, Pérez-Cano FJ, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ. Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 supplementation in rats during pregnancy and lactation affects mammary milk composition. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:2982-2992. [PMID: 32008776 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 has shown immunomodulatory action and reduction of infections; therefore, it is suggested to be appropriate for use in early life. The present study aimed to assess the effects of the supplementation of L. fermentum CECT5716 in rats during gestation and lactation periods on the composition of some mammary milk components such as microbiota, fatty acid (FA) profile, and immunoglobulins. Wistar rats were supplemented by oral gavage with 1010 cfu/d of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 (n = 6) or vehicle (n = 6) for 5 wk, comprising the 3 wk of gestation and the first 2 wk of lactation. At the end of the intervention, milk, mammary glands, and cecal contents were obtained for the tracking of the probiotic strain by nested PCR-quantitative PCR. Additionally, milk samples were used for the analysis of microbiota by 16S rRNA sequencing, FA by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector, and immunoglobulin by Luminex (Luminex Corporation, Austin, TX). Although L. fermentum CECT5716 administration did not modify the overall composition of milk microbiota, the strain was detected in 50% of the milk samples of rats supplemented with the probiotic. Moreover, probiotic administration induced beneficial changes in the FA composition of milk by increasing total PUFA, including linoleic and α-linolenic acids, and decreasing the proportion of palmitic acid. Finally, the milk of the rats treated with the probiotic showed a 2-fold increase of IgA levels. The supplementation with L. fermentum CECT5716 during pregnancy and lactation periods improved the milk composition of FA and immunoglobulins. These effects were not linked to the presence of the strain in milk, thus suggesting that the mechanism is connected to intestinal compartment. These findings provide novel insight into a potential new approach for infants to benefit from better nutrition, development of a healthy immune system and microbiota, and protection from gastrointestinal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Azagra-Boronat
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, Santa Coloma de Gramenet 08921, Spain
| | - Alba Tres
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, Santa Coloma de Gramenet 08921, Spain; Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Torribera Food Science Campus, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet 08921, Spain
| | - Malén Massot-Cladera
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, Santa Coloma de Gramenet 08921, Spain
| | - Àngels Franch
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, Santa Coloma de Gramenet 08921, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, Santa Coloma de Gramenet 08921, Spain
| | - Francesc Guardiola
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, Santa Coloma de Gramenet 08921, Spain; Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Torribera Food Science Campus, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet 08921, Spain
| | - Francisco J Pérez-Cano
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, Santa Coloma de Gramenet 08921, Spain.
| | - M José Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, Santa Coloma de Gramenet 08921, Spain
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Leghi GE, Netting MJ, Middleton PF, Wlodek ME, Geddes DT, Muhlhausler BS. The impact of maternal obesity on human milk macronutrient composition: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12040934. [PMID: 32230952 PMCID: PMC7231188 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity has been associated with changes in the macronutrient concentration of human milk (HM), which have the potential to promote weight gain and increase the long-term risk of obesity in the infant. This article aimed to provide a synthesis of studies evaluating the effects of maternal overweight and obesity on the concentrations of macronutrients in HM. EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest databases were searched for relevant articles. Two authors conducted screening, data extraction, and quality assessment independently. A total of 31 studies (5078 lactating women) were included in the qualitative synthesis and nine studies (872 lactating women) in the quantitative synthesis. Overall, maternal body mass index (BMI) and adiposity measurements were associated with higher HM fat and lactose concentrations at different stages of lactation, whereas protein concentration in HM did not appear to differ between overweight and/or obese and normal weight women. However, given the considerable variability in the results between studies and low quality of many of the included studies, further research is needed to establish the impact of maternal overweight and obesity on HM composition. This is particularly relevant considering potential implications of higher HM fat concentration on both growth and fat deposition during the first few months of infancy and long-term risk of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela E. Leghi
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia;
| | - Merryn J. Netting
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (M.J.N.); (P.F.M.)
- Discipline of Paediatrics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Philippa F. Middleton
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (M.J.N.); (P.F.M.)
| | - Mary E. Wlodek
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Donna T. Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Beverly S. Muhlhausler
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia;
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8305-0697
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An J, Kim YY, Cho HD, Kim J, Lee JY, Lee Y, Jo E, Lee J, Cha S, Han SB. Development and investigation of a QuEChERS-based method for determination of phthalate metabolites in human milk. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 181:113092. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Di Benedetto MG, Bottanelli C, Cattaneo A, Pariante CM, Borsini A. Nutritional and immunological factors in breast milk: A role in the intergenerational transmission from maternal psychopathology to child development. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 85:57-68. [PMID: 31129231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal psychopathologies affect more than 25% of women during and after their gestational period. These psychiatric disorders can potentially determine important biological variations in their organisms, affecting many different physiological and metabolic pathways. Of relevance, any of these changes occurring in the mother can alter the normal composition of breast milk, particularly the concentration of nutritional and inflammatory components, which play a role in child brain functioning and development. Indeed, there is evidence showing that changes in milk composition can contribute to cognitive impairments and alterations in mental abilities in children. This review aims to shed light on the unique intergenerational role played by breast milk composition, from maternal psychopathologies to child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Di Benedetto
- Section of Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology & Perinatal Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Chiara Bottanelli
- Section of Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology & Perinatal Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Annamaria Cattaneo
- Section of Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology & Perinatal Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK; Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Carmine Maria Pariante
- Section of Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology & Perinatal Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK; Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Borsini
- Section of Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology & Perinatal Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK.
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Abstract
The purpose of the present review is to describe how human physiology at very low carbohydrate intakes relates to the criteria for nutritional essentiality. Although we did not limit ourselves to one particular type or function of carbohydrates, we did primarily focus on glucose utilisation as that function was used to determine the recommended daily allowance. In the general population, the human body is able to endogenously synthesise carbohydrates, and does not show signs of deficiency in the absence of dietary carbohydrates. However, in certain genetic defects, such as glycogen storage disease type I, absence of dietary carbohydrates causes abnormalities that are resolved with dietary supplementation of carbohydrates. Therefore, dietary carbohydrates may be defined as conditionally essential nutrients because they are nutrients that are not required in the diet for the general population but are required for specific subpopulations. Ketosis may be considered a physiological normal state due to its occurrence in infants in addition to at very low carbohydrate intakes. Although sources of dietary carbohydrates can provide beneficial micronutrients, no signs of micronutrient deficiencies have been reported in clinical trials of low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets. Nonetheless, more research is needed on how micronutrient requirements can change depending on the dietary and metabolic context. More research is also needed on the role of dietary fibre during a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet as the beneficial effects of dietary fibre were determined on a standard diet and several studies have shown beneficial effects of decreasing non-digestible carbohydrates.
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The Determinants of the Human Milk Metabolome and Its Role in Infant Health. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10020077. [PMID: 32093351 PMCID: PMC7074355 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is needed for optimal growth as it satisfies both the nutritional and biological needs of an infant. The established relationship between breastfeeding and an infant’s health is attributable to the nutritional and non-nutritional, functional components of human milk including metabolites such as the lipids, amino acids, biogenic amines and carbohydrates. These components have diverse roles, including protecting the infant against infections and guiding the development of the infant’s immature immune system. In this review, we provide an in-depth and updated insight into the immune modulatory and anti-infective role of human milk metabolites and their effects on infant health and development. We also review the literature on potential determinants of the human milk metabolome, including maternal infectious diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus and mastitis.
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Associations of Breast Milk Microbiota, Immune Factors, and Fatty Acids in the Rat Mother-Offspring Pair. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020319. [PMID: 31991792 PMCID: PMC7071194 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to analyze the rat breast milk profile of fatty acids (FA), immunoglobulins (Ig), microbiota, and their relationship, and to further assess their associations in the mother–offspring pair. Dams were monitored during the three weeks of gestation, allowed to deliver at term, and followed during two weeks of lactation. At the end of the study, milk was obtained from the dams for the analysis of fatty acids, microbiota composition, immunoglobulins, and cytokines. Moreover, the cecal content and plasma were obtained from both the dams and pups to study the cecal microbiota composition and the plasmatic levels of fatty acids, immunoglobulins, and cytokines. Rat breast milk lipid composition was ~65% saturated FA, ~15% monounsaturated FA, and ~20% polyunsaturated FA. Moreover, the proportions of IgM, IgG, and IgA were ~2%, ~88%, and ~10%, respectively. Breast milk was dominated by members of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes phyla. In addition, forty genera were shared between the milk and cecal content of dams and pups. The correlations performed between variables showed, for example, that all IgGs subtypes correlated between the three compartments, evidencing their association in the mother-milk-pup line. We established the profile of FA, Ig, and the microbiota composition of rat breast milk. Several correlations in these variables evidenced their association through the mother-milk-pup line. Therefore, it would be interesting to perform dietary interventions during pregnancy and/or lactation that influence the quality of breast milk and have an impact on the offspring.
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Micronutrient-fortified infant cereal improves Hb status and reduces iron-deficiency anaemia in Indian infants: an effectiveness study. Br J Nutr 2020; 123:780-791. [PMID: 31896356 PMCID: PMC7054248 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519003386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anaemia affects approximately 69 % of Indian children aged 6–12 months, with Fe deficiency (ID) being a common cause. The effectiveness of micronutrient-fortified infant cereal in improving Fe status and neurodevelopment was evaluated in non-anaemic and mildly anaemic Indian infants. An intervention group (IC) enrolled at age 6 months consumed 50 g/d of rice-based cereal providing 3·75 mg Fe/d as ferrous fumarate for 6 months (n 80) and was compared with a matched static cross-sectional control group (CG) without intervention enrolled at age 12 months (n 80). Mean Hb was higher in IC (118·1 (sd 10·2) g/l) v. CG (109·5 (sd 16·4) g/l) at age 12 months (adjusted mean difference: 9·7 g/l; 95 % CI 5·1, 14·3; P < 0·001), while geometric mean serum ferritin tended to be higher (27·0 (–1 sd 13·4, +1 sd 54·4) v. 20·3 (–1 sd 7·5, +1 sd 55·0) ng/ml); P = 0·085) and soluble transferrin receptor was lower (1·70 (–1 sd 1·19, +1 sd 2·43) v. 2·07 (–1 sd 1·29, +1 sd 3·33) mg/l; P = 0·014). Anaemia (23 v. 45 %; P = 0·007) and ID (17 v. 40 %; P = 0·003) were lower in IC v. CG. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Third Edition scores for language (P = 0·003), motor development (P = 0·018), social-emotional (P = 0·004) and adaptive behaviour (P < 0·001), but not cognitive development (P = 0·980), were higher in IC v. CG. No significant difference in anthropometric Z-scores was observed between the groups. Consuming a micronutrient-fortified infant cereal daily for 6 months during complementary feeding promoted better Fe status while reducing the risk for anaemia and ID and was associated with superior neurodevelopmental scores.
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Fernández-Menéndez S, Peixoto RR, Fernández-Colomer B, Suarez-Rodríguez M, Sanz-Medel A, Fernández-Sánchez ML. Effect of holder pasteurisation on total concentrations and iron-binding profiles of holo -lactoferrin used as fortifier in donor human milk. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.104564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Cabezuelo MT, Zaragozá R, Barber T, Viña JR. Role of Vitamin A in Mammary Gland Development and Lactation. Nutrients 2019; 12:E80. [PMID: 31892157 PMCID: PMC7019238 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A (all-trans-retinol), its active derivatives retinal and retinoic acid, and their synthetic analogues constitute the group of retinoids. It is obtained from diet either as preformed vitamin A or as carotenoids. Retinal plays a biological role in vision, but most of the effects of vitamin A are exerted by retinoic acid, which binds to nuclear receptors and regulates gene transcription. Vitamin A deficiency is an important nutritional problem, particularly in the developing world. Retinol and carotenoids from diet during pregnancy and lactation influence their concentration in breast milk, which is important in the long term, not only for the offspring, but also for maternal health. In this study, we review the role of vitamin A in mammary gland metabolism, where retinoid signaling is required not only for morphogenesis and development of the gland and for adequate milk production, but also during the weaning process, when epithelial cell death is coupled with tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Teresa Cabezuelo
- Department of Physiology, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- University Hospital Doctor Peset, Gaspar Aguilar, 90, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Zaragozá
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology-INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Barber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.B.); (J.R.V.)
| | - Juan R. Viña
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.B.); (J.R.V.)
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Moirasgenti M, Doulougeri K, Panagopoulou E, Theodoridis T. Psychological stress reduces the immunological benefits of breast milk. Stress Health 2019; 35:681-685. [PMID: 31691465 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Our study aimed to assess the impact of maternal psychological stress on the immunological components of breast milk. Eighty-nine women participated in the study. We assessed general stress, postpartum-specific stress, negative affectivity, salivary cortisol of mother, and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels of breast milk 4-6 weeks after delivery. Controlling for the effects of women's age, weight, number, and duration of feedings, postpartum-specific stress was related to reduced sIgA concentration (R2 = .206, beta = -.275, p = .020). This study suggests that the established link between psychological stress and immunity may also extend to the immunity of the newborn by reducing the immunological benefits of breast milk. It also suggests that breastfeeding might be a potential mechanism of the relationship between maternal stress and the health of the offspring. Findings highlight the need for interventions addressing women during the postpartum period, in order to ensure the mother's well-being and the infant's optimal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Moirasgenti
- Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Karolina Doulougeri
- Department of Education and Social Policy, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Leite JA, Migotto AM, Landgraf M, Quintal VS, Gut JA, Tadini CC. Pasteurization efficiency of donor human milk processed by microwave heating. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Astolfi ML, Protano C, Schiavi E, Marconi E, Capobianco D, Massimi L, Ristorini M, Baldassarre ME, Laforgia N, Vitali M, Canepari S, Mastromarino P. A prophylactic multi-strain probiotic treatment to reduce the absorption of toxic elements: In-vitro study and biomonitoring of breast milk and infant stools. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104818. [PMID: 31279184 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Potential exposure to toxic elements initially occurs during gestation and after birth via breast milk, which is the principal source of nutrients for infants during the first months of life. In this study, we evaluated whether maternal oral supplementation with a multi-strain probiotic product can protect infants from exposure to arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) via breast milk. In-vitro studies of the bacterial strains present in this probiotic product showed a high bacterial tolerance for As, Cd, Hg, and Pb, and good binding capacity for Cd, Hg, and Pb (72%, 81%, and 64%, respectively) within 1 h of contact. We evaluated concentrations (5 mg L-1 for Cd and Pb, and 2 mg L-1 for Hg) that largely exceeded the provisional tolerable weekly intake of these toxic elements via food or water applicable for human consumption. Changes in the levels of these elements in breast milk and newborn stools were evaluated in the control (orally supplemented with placebo) and experimental (orally supplemented with probiotic) groups at birth (t0), 15 days (t15), and 30 days (t30) after delivery. Elemental analysis of breast milk did not show significant differences between the control and experimental groups at different stages of lactation; however, stool samples obtained from newborns of mothers supplemented with the probiotic product showed that Cd levels were significantly reduced (by 26%) at t15 compared with the levels of the controls. Our data did not show an association between concentration of toxic elements in breast milk and that in newborn stools. Indeed, the concentration of Cd, Hg, and Pb in breast milk decreased during the lactation period, whereas the levels of these elements in newborn stools were stable over time. Although our in-vitro data indicate that the consortium of these probiotic strains can absorb toxic compounds, this study was limited by its small sample size and potential uncontrolled confounding effects, such as maternal diet and lifestyle. Therefore, we could not confirm whether prophylactic use of this probiotic product can reduce the absorption of toxic elements. The risk assessment in the studied population evidenced a margin of exposure (MOE) of 1, or between 1 and 10 for Pb, and lower than 50 for As. This poses a potential risk for breastfed infants, indicating that interventions aimed to avoid breastfeeding-related health risks remain a major challenge in public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Astolfi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Schiavi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Marconi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Capobianco
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Massimi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Ristorini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Elisabetta Baldassarre
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Section of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Laforgia
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Section of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Canepari
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Mastromarino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
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Ramnarine RS, Poklis JL, Wolf CE. Determination of Cannabinoids in Breast Milk Using QuEChERS and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 43:746-752. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Use of marijuana and cannabinoids has been on the rise in recent years, including in childbearing women. This has resulted in cannabinoids being more frequently identified in breast milk as a result of its high lipid content and cannabinoids having a high lipophilicity, thereby exposing the breastfeeding infant to cannabinoids and other marijuana constituents. Presented is a method for the analysis of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN) and cannabidiol (CBD) in breast milk. THC, CBN, CBD and their isotopically labeled standards were extracted from breast milk using a modified QuEChERS method and analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. As a result of the high lipid content of breast milk, saponification of the lipids was necessary to improve overall extraction efficiency. The process efficiency percentage for THC, CBD and CBN are 55%, 80% and 25%, respectively. The recovery percentage for THC, CBD and CBN are 95%, 118% and 85%, respectively. The matrix effect percentage for THC, CBD and CBN are 53%, 66% and 26%, respectively. Linearity was assessed from 1 to 100 ng/mL for THC, CBN and CBD and had r2 > 0.996. Validation controls were prepared at 1, 3, 20, 80 and 300 ng/mL (dilution control), and the bias was determined to be less than ±20% with %CVs <15% for all controls. Due to the limited access of genuine breast milk for routinely preparing matrix matched calibration and control materials, Enfamil® Premium™ Newborn Infant Formula (0–3 months) was evaluated as a breast milk substitute. No significant differences were observed for THC, CBN and CBD using either breast milk or formula as the matrix; thus, it was determined to be an acceptable breast milk matrix substitute. The modified QuEChERS method was determined to be a robust, reliable method for the determination of THC, CBN and CBD in breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea S Ramnarine
- Humphrey Fellowship Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Trinidad and Tobago Forensic Science Centre, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
| | | | - Carl E Wolf
- Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Alves Peixoto RR, Bianchi Codo CR, Lacerda Sanches V, Guiraldelo TC, Ferreira da Silva F, Ribessi RL, Martins Marba ST, Cadore S. Trace mineral composition of human breast milk from Brazilian mothers. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 54:199-205. [PMID: 31109612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk is a dynamic food and some important differences in composition can be found between the milk from preterm and terms infants. Additionally, in some situations, the mother's own milk is unavailable and the use of milk from human milk banks is considered as the most appropriate substitute. In this way, concentrations of trace elements (Ba, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Sr, and Zn) were determined in human milk, considering the differences about preterm and term human milk and its processing in a human milk bank. METHODS A total of 156 samples were analyzed, which were divided in three groups: samples collected at the hospital at bedside (BS, 60 samples) from mothers of preterm infants and samples from mothers of term infants collected in a human milk bank without pasteurization (WP, 49 samples) and pasteurized by the Holder procedure (P, 47 samples). The analyzes were conducted by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after the treatment of the samples with acid mineralization assisted by microwave radiation. RESULTS Concentrations varied in a range of 0.6-88.2 μg/L for Ba, 78.6-954.5 μg/L for Cu, 24.2-5229.2 μg/L for Fe, 0.4-42.6 μg/L for Mn, 0.1-39.1 μg/L for Mo, 2.5-70.6 μg/L for Se, 8.9-187.5 μg/L for Sr and 76.3-17727.2 μg/L for Zn. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between preterm (BS) and term human milk (WP and P) for Ba, Cu, Mo, Se, and Zn, whereas the processing of the donated milk by Holder pasteurization did not influence the concentration of the studied trace elements. The milk of term infants does not attend the recommended daily intake (RDI) of Zn and for preterm infants the RDI of Fe and Mn is not achieved. CONCLUSIONS The higher concentrations of Cu, Mo, Se and Zn observed in milk from mothers of preterm infants indicate that the milk to be offered for these high-risk neonates in neonatal intensive care units should contain higher levels of these trace elements. Besides, considering the RDI, the milk of term infants should be fortified with Zn, whereas the milk of preterm infants should be fortified with Fe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vitor Lacerda Sanches
- Institute of Chemistry - State University of Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Ferreira da Silva
- Agilent Technologies Brasil, Av. Dr. Marcos Penteado Ulhoa, 939, 6460-040, Barueri, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Luis Ribessi
- Institute of Chemistry - State University of Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Solange Cadore
- Institute of Chemistry - State University of Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Fakhri Y, Ghorbani R, Taghavi M, Keramati H, Amanidaz N, Moradi B, Nazari SH, Shariatifar N, Khaneghah AM. Concentration and Prevalence of Aflatoxin M 1 in Human Breast Milk in Iran: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Carcinogenic Risk Assessment: A Review. J Food Prot 2019; 82:785-795. [PMID: 30995144 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This meta-analysis was designed to review the published reports regarding the concentration and/or prevalence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in human breast milk in Iran. The carcinogenic risk for Iranian infants consuming this milk was estimated with the hazard index. The PubMed and Scopus databases and the Scientific Information Database were screened for relevant studies between 1995 and 2017, and 11 of the 112 collected studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The mean (95% confidence interval) concentration of AFM1 was 5.85 ng/L (4.54 to 7.15 ng/L), which was lower than the European Union standard (25 ng/L). The mean prevalence of AFM1 in breast milk in Iran was 42% (11 to 77%). The estimated daily intakes for male and female infants were 0.02 to 5.57 ng/kg and 0.02 to 3.68 ng/kg of body weight per day, respectively. The rank order of estimated daily intake for both male and female infants according to age was 1 week > 1 month > 6 months > 12 months. The hazard index for all age groups of infants in all provinces in Iran was less than 1. Therefore, infants in Iran were not considered at carcinogenic risk from AFM1 in human breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadolah Fakhri
- 1 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheb Ghorbani
- 2 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Taghavi
- 3 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Hassan Keramati
- 2 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Nazak Amanidaz
- 4 Environmental Health Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan, Iran
| | - Bigard Moradi
- 5 Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Simin Hagh Nazari
- 6 Department Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- 7 Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- 8 Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 80, 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5769-0004 )
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Maier T, Kerbs A, Fruk L, Slater NKH. Iron delivery from liquid-core hydrogels within a therapeutic nipple shield. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 131:119-126. [PMID: 30710620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To aid oral therapeutic administration to infants, a novel delivery technology, referred to as a Therapeutic Nipple Shield (TNS), was previously developed. It consists of a silicone nipple shield device and a dosage form containing a therapeutic (or Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)) to enable delivery during breastfeeding. A range of dosage forms were investigated in past literature, but sufficient API release into human milk had not been achieved. The presented work illustrates the delivery of iron sulphate pentahydrate from liquid-core sodium alginate hydrogels, inserted into a commercially available ultra-thin silicone nipple shield into human milk during in-vitro breastfeeding simulation. Release of iron was quantified employing absorbance measurements of a salicylic assay. An absolute recovery of 44.35 ± 5.43% of loaded iron(III)sulphate pentahydrate was obtained after 10.58 ± 0.09 g of human milk had passed through the nipple shield. This finding is superior to previous investigations involving the delivery of zinc from rapidly disintegrating tablets and non-woven fibres within a TNS. Due to their superior delivery properties, ease of fabrication and cost-efficiency, liquid-core sodium alginate hydrogels consequently represent a promising dosage form for use as part of the TNS. Further improvements can be made to enhance handling stability and shelf-life characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Maier
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, West Cambridge Site, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom; University of Cambridge, Department of Paediatrics, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Antonina Kerbs
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, West Cambridge Site, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | - Ljiljana Fruk
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, West Cambridge Site, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel K H Slater
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, West Cambridge Site, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
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Pajewska-Szmyt M, Sinkiewicz-Darol E, Gadzała-Kopciuch R. The impact of environmental pollution on the quality of mother's milk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:7405-7427. [PMID: 30687894 PMCID: PMC6447517 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Breastfeeding is a gold standard of neonate nutrition because human milk contains a lot of essential compounds crucial for proper development of a child. However, milk is also a biofluid which can contain environmental pollution, which can have effects on immune system and consequently on the various body organs. Polychlorinated biphenyls are organic pollutants which have been detected in human milk. They have lipophilic properties, so they can penetrate to fatty milk and ultimately to neonate digestive track. Another problem of interest is the presence in milk of heavy metals-arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury-as these compounds can lead to disorders in production of cytokines, which are important immunomodulators. The toxicants cause stimulation or suppression of this compounds. This can lead to health problems in children as allergy, disorders in the endocrine system, end even neurodevelopment delay and disorder. Consequently, correlations between pollutants and bioactive components in milk should be investigated. This article provides an overview of environmental pollutants found in human milk as well as of the consequences of cytokine disorder correlated with presence of heavy metals. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Pajewska-Szmyt
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin St, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 4 Wileńska St, PL-87100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Elena Sinkiewicz-Darol
- Ludwik Rydygier Provincial Polyclinic Hospital in Toruń, Human Milk Bank, Św. Józefa 53-59, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
- Human Milk Bank Foundation, 128J Podkowy St, 04-937, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Gadzała-Kopciuch
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin St, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 4 Wileńska St, PL-87100, Toruń, Poland.
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Fujita M, Ruvalcaba NP, Wander K, Corbitt M, Brindle E. Buffered or impaired: Maternal anemia, inflammation and breast milk macronutrients in northern Kenya. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 168:329-339. [PMID: 30575959 PMCID: PMC6352968 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal anemia has adverse consequences for the mother-infant dyad. To evaluate whether and how milk nutrient content may change in ways that could "buffer" infants against the conditions underlying maternal anemia, this study assessed associations between milk macronutrients and maternal iron-deficiency anemia (IDA), non-iron-deficiency anemia (NIDA), and inflammation. METHODS A secondary analysis of cross-sectional data and milk from northern Kenya was conducted (n = 204). The combination of hemoglobin and transferrin receptor defined IDA/NIDA. Elevated serum C-reactive protein defined acute inflammation. The effects of IDA, NIDA, and inflammation on milk macronutrients were evaluated in regression models. RESULTS IDA (β = 0.077, p = .022) and NIDA (β = 0.083, p = .100) predicted higher total protein (ln). IDA (β = -0.293, p = .002), NIDA (β = -0.313, p = .047), and inflammation (β = -0.269, p = .007) each predicted lower fat (ln); however, anemia accompanying inflammation predicted higher fat (β = 0.655, p = .007 for IDA and β = 0.468, p = .092 for NIDA). NIDA predicted higher lactose (β = 1.020, p = .003). CONCLUSIONS Milk macronutrient content both increases and decreases in the presence of maternal anemia and inflammation, suggesting a more complicated and dynamic change than simple impairment of nutrient delivery during maternal stress. Maternal fat delivery to milk may be impaired under anemia. Mothers may buffer infant nutrition against adverse conditions or poor maternal health by elevating milk protein (mothers with IDA/NIDA), lactose (mothers with NIDA), or fat (mothers with anemia and inflammation). This study demonstrates the foundational importance of maternal micronutrient health and inflammation or infection for advancing the ecological understanding of human milk nutrient variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Fujita
- Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University
- Biomarker Laboratory for Anthropological Research, Michigan State University
| | - Nerli Paredes Ruvalcaba
- Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University
- Biomarker Laboratory for Anthropological Research, Michigan State University
| | - Katherine Wander
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (SUNY)
- Laboratory for Anthropometry and Biomarkers, Binghamton University (SUNY)
| | - Mary Corbitt
- Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University
- Biomarker Laboratory for Anthropological Research, Michigan State University
| | - Eleanor Brindle
- Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington
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42
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Mu C, Cai Z, Bian G, Du Y, Ma S, Su Y, Liu L, Voglmeir J, Huang R, Zhu W. New Insights into Porcine Milk N-Glycome and the Potential Relation with Offspring Gut Microbiome. J Proteome Res 2018; 18:1114-1124. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Köhler R, Lambert C, Biesalski HK. Animal-based food taboos during pregnancy and the postpartum period of Southeast Asian women - A review of literature. Food Res Int 2018; 115:480-486. [PMID: 30599968 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper gives an overview of the various taboos on animal products and the reasons behind such practices among women in the member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), while they are pregnant, during their postpartum period, and while breastfeeding. Three data search engines, Google® Scholar, PubMed and Scopus, were used one after the other, to generate the papers for this review. The online searches using the term food taboo, its synonyms, and truncations, in combination with the terms pregnancy, postpartum, and breastfeeding, and with the country name, were conducted from January to February 2017. In total, 28 papers were pooled and included in this review. The taboos and the justification for avoidance were collated and grouped per their occurrence, and according to the country where they are practiced. Nine papers provided information on the food taboos during pregnancy, 16 on postpartum food taboos, and six on breastfeeding. The food taboos included various river or seafood, meat from terrestrial animals, and derived products like fish paste, blood and internal organs. Healthcare providers should be aware of the food taboos being adhered to in the region to provide the right information and guidance to the women practicing them. There is a need to educate the public in general, and women, in particular, about the risk of malnutrition when food taboos are followed, and to support their nutritional requirements during pregnancy and the postpartum period by promoting dietary diversification. More research could be conducted to fill in the gap in information with regards to the food taboos and their impact in some of the ASEAN members. Culture-sensitive health interventions based on timely research work can contribute to the attainment of the sustainable development goal of reducing the maternal and under-five mortality ratios in Southeast Asia.
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Macronutrient and micronutrient composition of breast milk from women of different ages and dietary habits in Shanghai area. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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45
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Astolfi ML, Marconi E, Protano C, Vitali M, Schiavi E, Mastromarino P, Canepari S. Optimization and validation of a fast digestion method for the determination of major and trace elements in breast milk by ICP-MS. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1040:49-62. [PMID: 30327113 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Breast milk guarantees all the nutrients required by infants during their first few months of life and remains the most important food source for their health and growth. However, the mother may transfer potentially toxic chemicals to the suckling infant through breastfeeding. The aim of this study was to optimize and validate a fast method for the determination of a total content of 34 elements (Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Si, Sn, Sr, Te, Ti, Tl, U, V, and Zn) in liquid and lyophilized breast milk. The samples were subjected to HNO3:H2O2 (2:1) digestion in an open vessel heated in a water bath (WBD; 80 °C) and subsequently analysed by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry equipped with a collision-reaction interface. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated in terms of selectivity, detection and quantification limits, linearity, accuracy, and robustness by using standard reference materials and filed samples of breast milk. Compared to microwave-assisted acid digestion, the proposed open vessel digestion allows a significant reduction in treatment time and sample manipulation, while maintaining a similar analytical performance. Masses of 0.5 g of breast milk were efficiently digested with the WBD treatment allowing a residual carbon content lower than 60 mg L-1 and a residual acidity lower than 0.87 mol L-1 in final digested samples. Thus, it shows great potential for application to routine analysis. The method provides satisfactory detection limits and good performance (trueness and recovery percentages 80-111%; coefficient of variation <10%; and relative repeatability <15%) and allows a high sample throughput for multi-elemental determination in human biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Astolfi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Marconi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Schiavi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Mastromarino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Canepari
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
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Berger PK, Fields DA, Demerath EW, Fujiwara H, Goran MI. High-Fructose Corn-Syrup-Sweetened Beverage Intake Increases 5-Hour Breast Milk Fructose Concentrations in Lactating Women. Nutrients 2018; 10:E669. [PMID: 29795005 PMCID: PMC6024711 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the effects of consuming a high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-sweetened beverage on breast milk fructose, glucose, and lactose concentrations in lactating women. At six weeks postpartum, lactating mothers (n = 41) were randomized to a crossover study to consume a commercially available HFCS-sweetened beverage or artificially sweetened control beverage. At each session, mothers pumped a complete breast milk expression every hour for six consecutive hours. The baseline fasting concentrations of breast milk fructose, glucose, and lactose were 5.0 ± 1.3 µg/mL, 0.6 ± 0.3 mg/mL, and 6.8 ± 1.6 g/dL, respectively. The changes over time in breast milk sugars were significant only for fructose (treatment × time, p < 0.01). Post hoc comparisons showed the HFCS-sweetened beverage vs. control beverage increased breast milk fructose at 120 min (8.8 ± 2.1 vs. 5.3 ± 1.9 µg/mL), 180 min (9.4 ± 1.9 vs. 5.2 ± 2.2 µg/mL), 240 min (7.8 ± 1.7 vs. 5.1 ± 1.9 µg/mL), and 300 min (6.9 ± 1.4 vs. 4.9 ± 1.9 µg/mL) (all p < 0.05). The mean incremental area under the curve for breast milk fructose was also different between treatments (14.7 ± 1.2 vs. -2.60 ± 1.2 µg/mL × 360 min, p < 0.01). There was no treatment × time interaction for breast milk glucose or lactose. Our data suggest that the consumption of an HFCS-sweetened beverage increased breast milk fructose concentrations, which remained elevated up to five hours post-consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige K Berger
- Department of Preventive Medicine, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - David A Fields
- Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences Center, The University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73019, USA.
| | - Ellen W Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, The University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Hideji Fujiwara
- School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Michael I Goran
- Department of Preventive Medicine, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Abstract
The WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 mo of life to promote optimal infant health and development. Understanding the micro- and macronutrient concentrations of human milk and how each nutrient fluctuates with lactational stage, maternal factors, and supplementation is imperative for supporting good breastfeeding practices. Where maternal undernutrition compromises human milk quality, a thorough awareness of the effectiveness of interventions can direct efforts to achieve both maternal and infant nutrient sufficiency. This review of current knowledge covers trends in nutrient concentrations over the course of lactation and describes the influence of maternal intake, status, supplementation, and other factors on human milk concentrations of each nutrient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphna K Dror
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Lindsay H Allen
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
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48
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Mercer KE, Bhattacharyya S, Diaz-Rubio ME, Piccolo BD, Pack LM, Sharma N, Chaudhury M, Cleves MA, Chintapalli SV, Shankar K, Ronis MJJ, Yeruva L. Infant Formula Feeding Increases Hepatic Cholesterol 7α Hydroxylase (CYP7A1) Expression and Fecal Bile Acid Loss in Neonatal Piglets. J Nutr 2018; 148:702-711. [PMID: 30053282 PMCID: PMC6857617 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the postnatal feeding period, formula-fed infants have higher cholesterol synthesis rates and lower circulating cholesterol concentrations than their breastfed counterparts. Although this disparity has been attributed to the uniformly low dietary cholesterol content of typical infant formulas, little is known of the underlying mechanisms associated with this altered cholesterol metabolism phenotype. Objective We aimed to determine the molecular etiology of diet-associated changes in early-life cholesterol metabolism with the use of a postnatal piglet feeding model. Methods Two-day-old male and female White-Dutch Landrace piglets were fed either sow milk (Sow group) or dairy-based (Milk group; Similac Advance powder) or soy-based (Soy group; Emfamil Prosobee Lipil powder) infant formulas until day 21. In addition to measuring serum cholesterol concentrations, hepatic and intestinal genes involved in enterohepatic circulation of cholesterol and bile acids were analyzed by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Bile acid concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in serum, liver, and feces. Results Compared with the Sow group, hepatic cholesterol 7α hydroxylase (CYP7A1) protein expression was 3-fold higher in the Milk group (P < 0.05) and expression was 10-fold higher in the Soy group compared with the Milk group (P < 0.05). Likewise, fecal bile acid concentrations were 3-fold higher in the Soy group compared with the Milk group (P < 0.05). Intestinal mRNA expression of fibroblast factor 19 (Fgf19) was reduced in the Milk and Soy groups, corresponding to 54% and 67% decreases compared with the Sow group. In the Soy group, small heterodimer protein (SHP) protein expression was 30% lower compared with the Sow group (P < 0.05). Conclusions These results indicate that formula feeding leads to increased CYP7A1 protein expression and fecal bile acid loss in neonatal piglets, and this outcome is linked to reduced efficacy in inhibiting CYP7A1 expression through FGF19 and SHP transcriptional repression mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Neha Sharma
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin J J Ronis
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Laxmi Yeruva
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR
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Kinetics of lactose fermentation in milk with kombucha starter. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 26:1229-1234. [PMID: 30249321 PMCID: PMC9298567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of new, non-conventional starter culture on the kinetics of the lactose transformation during milk fermentation by kombucha, at pH 5.8; 5.4; 5.1; 4.8; and 4.6, at two different temperatures 37 °C and 42 °C. Milk fermentation at 42 °C lasted significantly shorter (about 5 h, 30 min) compared to the fermentation at 37 °C. Changes of lactose concentration at the both temperatures are consisting of two retaining stages and very steep decline in–between. The analysis of the rate curves showed that the reaction rate passes through the maximum after 9 h, 30 min at 37 °C and after 4 h at 42 °C. The sigmoidal saturation curve indicates a complex kinetics of lactose fermentation by kombucha starter.
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50
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Codo CRB, Caldas JPDS, Peixoto RRA, Sanches VL, Guiraldelo TC, Cadore S, Marba STM. COMPOSIÇÃO ELETROLÍTICA E MINERAL DO LEITE DE LACTANTES A TERMO PRÉ E PÓS-PASTEURIZAÇÃO E DE LEITE CRU DE MÃES DE RECÉM-NASCIDOS PRÉ-TERMO. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2018; 36:141-147. [PMID: 29489930 PMCID: PMC6038785 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/;2018;36;2;00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar e comparar as concentrações de eletrólitos e minerais no leite humano em três grupos: amostras analisadas antes e após pasteurização de lactantes doadoras a termo e amostra de leite cru colhida à beira do leito de mães de recém-nascidos pré-termo. Métodos: Estudo descritivo de corte transversal. Foram dosadas concentrações de cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P), magnésio (Mg), sódio (Na) e potássio (K) em amostras aleatórias de leite humano nos três grupos. As amostras foram analisadas por mineralização ácida assistida por radiação micro-ondas e posteriormente por espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado e expressas em mg/L, com cálculo de médias e desvio padrão. A comparação entre os grupos foi feita por análise de variância (ANOVA)/teste de Tukey. Nível de significância aceito de 5%. Resultados: Observou-se redução significante dos teores de Ca (259,4±96,8 vs. 217,0±54,9; p=0,003), P (139,1±51,7 vs. 116,8±33,3; p=0,004) e K (580,8±177,1 vs. 470,9±109,4; p<0,0001) após a pasteurização. As amostras de leite cru colhidas à beira do leito apresentaram teores estatisticamente mais elevados de Na (2 vezes) do que o leite a termo de doadora. Ca e P só atingiriam a ingestão recomendada pela European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition se o leite materno fosse ofertado em volume de 60 mL a cada 3 horas. Concentrações de Mg não diferiram entre os grupos. Conclusões: Houve uma redução significativa de Ca, P e K nas amostras após pasteurização e os valores de Na no leite cru coletado à beira do leito foram superiores àqueles pré-pasteurização.
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