1
|
Axente RE, Stan M, Chitescu CL, Nitescu VG, Vlasceanu AM, Baconi DL. Application of Ionic Liquids as Mobile Phase Additives for Simultaneous Analysis of Nicotine and Its Metabolite Cotinine in Human Plasma by HPLC-DAD. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041563. [PMID: 36838551 PMCID: PMC9960693 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine and cotinine are very polar basic molecules, which makes it difficult to analyze them by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), especially in biological samples. Additives with an ionic character have been traditionally used in RPLC as silanol suppressors. The aim of our study was to investigate the potential of selected ionic liquids in improving chromatographic performance in comparison with common additives. The experimental design was conducted using the following ionic liquids as the mobile phase modifiers: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, BMIM[BF4] and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate BMIM[PF6], with a C18 chromatographic column. The separation of these alkaloids on silica-based RPLC stationary phases was successfully conducted by the addition of BMIM[BF4] in an acetonitrile:phosphate-buffer-based mobile phase in a pH range of 2.3-5.2. The presented chromatographic method can be used as alternative for monitoring studies or pharmacokinetic application necessary for the evaluation of tobacco smoke exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxana E. Axente
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 800010 Galati, Romania
| | - Miriana Stan
- Department of Toxicology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 20021 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Carmen L. Chitescu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 800010 Galati, Romania
| | - Viorela G. Nitescu
- Ward ATI—Toxicology, Pediatric Clinic 2, Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children Grigore Alexandrescu, 011743 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Vlasceanu
- Department of Toxicology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 20021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela L. Baconi
- Department of Toxicology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 20021 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alhusban AA, Hammad AM, Alzaghari LF. Simple HPLC method for simultaneous quantification of nicotine and cotinine levels in rat plasma after exposure to two different tobacco products. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2022.01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Development and validation of a selective analytical method to accurately and precisely quantify nicotine and cotinine levels in rat's plasma after exposure to tobacco cigarettes and tobacco water-pipe.
Methods
An easy HPLC-Photodiode-Array Detection (PDA) method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of nicotine and cotinine levels in plasma of 15 rats (10 rats after tobacco products exposure and 5 control rats). Nicotine and cotinine were extracted in one step from plasma using acetonitrile and concentrated to lowest volume using nitrogen stream.
Results
The developed method offered a rapid analysis time of 14 min with single step of analytes extraction from rat's plasma with recovery percentage range between 93 and 95% and excellent linearity with correlation factor more than 0.994 with analytical range between 50 and 1000 ng mL−1 and LOD of 25 ng mL−1 and 23 ng mL−1 for nicotine and cotinine, respectively. The analysis of rat's plasma after 28 days of exposure to tobacco cigarettes and tobacco water-pipe revealed that the average concentrations of 376 ng mL−1 for cotinine and 223 ng mL−1 for nicotine were obtained after tobacco cigarettes exposure, and 220 ng mL−1 for cotinine and 192 ng mL−1 for nicotine after tobacco water-pipe exposure.
Conclusion
Higher nicotine and cotinine levels were found in plasma after tobacco cigarettes exposure than water-pipe exposure which may have potential undesirable effects on passive smokers in both cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ala A. Alhusban
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Alaa M. Hammad
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Lujain F. Alzaghari
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Soeroso NN, Zain-Hamid R, Sinaga BYM, Sadewa AH, Syafiuddin T, Syahruddin E, Tann G, Mutiara E. Genetic Polymorphism of CYP2A6 and Its Relationship with Nicotine Metabolism in Male Bataknese Smokers Suffered from Lung Cancer in Indonesia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:1199-1205. [PMID: 30087722 PMCID: PMC6062282 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) is known as an enzyme which is responsible for the metabolism of chemical compounds. AIM This study aimed to analyse the relationship between CYP2A6 gene polymorphism with nicotine metabolism rates and lung cancer incidence among smokers of Batak ethnic group in Indonesia. METHODS This study was a case-control study involving 140 research subjects through a purposive sampling technique from three hospitals in Medan, Indonesia. An examination of nicotine metabolism rates was conducted for all subjects using the 3HC/cotinine ratio parameter with LC-MS/MS technique. The examination of the CYP2A6 gene was performed with PCR-RFLP. Data were analysed with Conditional Logistic Regression test using Epi Info 7.0 software. RESULTS The allele frequencies of CYP2A6*1A, CYP2A6*1B, and CYP2A6*4A found were 44.3%, 48.9%, and 6.8%, respectively. The *1B allele showed the highest metabolism rate. It is found that slow metabolizer individuals were 5.49 times more likely to develop lung cancer (P = 0.01, 95%CI 1.2-24.8). CONCLUSION Among the Bataknese smokers studied, the CYP2A6*1B allele was found to be the most common allele and showed the highest rate of nicotine metabolism. However, the results show the insignificant relationship among CYP2A6 genetic polymorphism, nicotine metabolism, and lung cancer incidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noni Novisari Soeroso
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sumatera Utara, Jl. Dr Mansyur No.5 Medan 20155, Indonesia
| | - Rozaimah Zain-Hamid
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sumatera Utara, Jl. Dr Mansyur No.5 Medan 20155, Indonesia
| | - Bintang Y M Sinaga
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sumatera Utara, Jl. Dr Mansyur No.5 Medan 20155, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Hamim Sadewa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Farmako Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Tamsil Syafiuddin
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sumatera Utara, Jl. Dr Mansyur No.5 Medan 20155, Indonesia
| | - Elisna Syahruddin
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jl. Persahabatan Raya No.1, Jakarta 13230, Indonesia
| | - Gino Tann
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sumatera Utara, Jl. Dr Mansyur No.5 Medan 20155, Indonesia
| | - Erna Mutiara
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, University of Sumatera Utara, Jl. Dr Mansyur No.5 Medan 20155, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zandonai T, Chiamulera C, Mancabelli A, Falconieri D, Diana M. A Preliminary Investigation on Smokeless Tobacco Use and Its Cognitive Effects Among Athletes. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:216. [PMID: 29593541 PMCID: PMC5857588 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Among athletes, an increasing use of nicotine via smokeless tobacco has been reported. However, there are currently unanswered questions about whether the use by athletes is due to nicotine’s addictive properties and/or to benefits in physical and cognitive performance (e.g., decision-making). In this original article we reported about, (i) snus-induced reinforcing effects among snus-user athletes (Survey) and (ii) the effects of snus on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in snus-user skiers (Experimental study). IGT is an experimental neuropsychological task that has been previously used on athletes and addicts to test decision-making. Methods: Survey: data were collected with the modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire (mCEQ) that was administered to 61 winter sport athlete snus-users in Northern Italy. Experimental study: IGT data included: amount of money earned, number of choices from advantageous and disadvantageous decks and overall net score. Eighteen male snus-users were tested under satiety or after 12-h abstinence conditions according to a crossover design. Results: Survey: the comparison between occasional vs. regular snus-users showed a statistically significant difference in satisfaction (P = 0.0088), calm (P = 0.0252), and enjoyment (P = 0.0001) mCEQ items suggesting a snus intake/effect relationship. Experimental study: significantly higher IGT net scores were found during the first 20 choice cards after abstinence vs. satiety conditions (P = 0.0024). Conclusion: In the Survey, regular snus use induces greater satisfaction and psychological reward than occasional use. In the Experimental study, snus intake might produce an early and transient cognitive improvement on IGT in abstinent snus-users, presumably acting as a withdrawal relief.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Zandonai
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cristiano Chiamulera
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alberto Mancabelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Danilo Falconieri
- Department of Animal Biology and Ecology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Diana
- "G.Minardi" Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shehata M, Azab S, Fekry A, Ameer M. Nano-TiO2 modified carbon paste sensor for electrochemical nicotine detection using anionic surfactant. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 79:589-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
6
|
Stelmach R, Fernandes FLA, Carvalho-Pinto RM, Athanazio RA, Rached SZ, Prado GF, Cukier A. Comparison between objective measures of smoking and self-reported smoking status in patients with asthma or COPD: are our patients telling us the truth? J Bras Pneumol 2015; 41:124-32. [PMID: 25972966 PMCID: PMC4428849 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132015000004526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Smoking prevalence is frequently estimated on the basis of self-reported smoking status. That can lead to an underestimation of smoking rates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the difference between self-reported smoking status and that determined through the use of objective measures of smoking at a pulmonary outpatient clinic. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving 144 individuals: 51 asthma patients, 53 COPD patients, 20 current smokers, and 20 never-smokers. Smoking status was determined on the basis of self-reports obtained in interviews, as well as through tests of exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) and urinary cotinine. RESULTS: All of the asthma patients and COPD patients declared they were not current smokers. In the COPD and asthma patients, the median urinary cotinine concentration was 167 ng/mL (range, 2-5,348 ng/mL) and 47 ng/mL (range, 5-2,735 ng/mL), respectively (p < 0.0001), whereas the median eCO level was 8 ppm (range, 0-31 ppm) and 5 ppm (range, 2-45 ppm), respectively (p < 0.05). In 40 (38%) of the patients with asthma or COPD (n = 104), there was disagreement between the self-reported smoking status and that determined on the basis of the urinary cotinine concentration, a concentration > 200 ng/mL being considered indicative of current smoking. In 48 (46%) of those 104 patients, the self-reported non-smoking status was refuted by an eCO level > 6 ppm, which is also considered indicative of current smoking. In 30 (29%) of the patients with asthma or COPD, the urinary cotinine concentration and the eCO level both belied the patient claims of not being current smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that high proportions of smoking pulmonary patients with lung disease falsely declare themselves to be nonsmokers. The accurate classification of smoking status is pivotal to the treatment of lung diseases. Objective measures of smoking could be helpful in improving clinical management and counseling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Stelmach
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil. Department of Pulmonology, Instituto do Coração - InCor, Heart Institute - University of São Paulo School of Medicine Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederico Leon Arrabal Fernandes
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil. Department of Pulmonology, Instituto do Coração - InCor, Heart Institute - University of São Paulo School of Medicine Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina Maria Carvalho-Pinto
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil. Department of Pulmonology, Instituto do Coração - InCor, Heart Institute - University of São Paulo School of Medicine Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Abensur Athanazio
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil. Department of Pulmonology, Instituto do Coração - InCor, Heart Institute - University of São Paulo School of Medicine Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samia Zahi Rached
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil. Department of Pulmonology, Instituto do Coração - InCor, Heart Institute - University of São Paulo School of Medicine Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Faibischew Prado
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil. Department of Pulmonology, Instituto do Coração - InCor, Heart Institute - University of São Paulo School of Medicine Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto Cukier
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil. Department of Pulmonology, Instituto do Coração - InCor, Heart Institute - University of São Paulo School of Medicine Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Takahashi K, Yokota SI, Tatsumi N, Fukami T, Yokoi T, Nakajima M. Cigarette smoking substantially alters plasma microRNA profiles in healthy subjects. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:154-60. [PMID: 23726802 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are receiving attention as potential biomarkers of various diseases, including cancers, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cardiovascular disease. However, it is unknown whether the levels of circulating miRNAs in a healthy subject might vary with external factors in daily life. In this study, we investigated whether cigarette smoking, a habit that has spread throughout the world and is a risk factor for various diseases, affects plasma miRNA profiles. We determined the profiles of 11 smokers and 7 non-smokers by TaqMan MicroRNA array analysis. A larger number of miRNAs were detected in smokers than in non-smokers, and the plasma levels of two-thirds of the detected miRNAs (43 miRNAs) were significantly higher in smokers than in non-smokers. A principal component analysis of the plasma miRNA profiles clearly separated smokers and non-smokers. Twenty-four of the miRNAs were previously reported to be potential biomarkers of disease, suggesting the possibility that smoking status might interfere with the diagnosis of disease. Interestingly, we found that quitting smoking altered the plasma miRNA profiles to resemble those of non-smokers. These results suggested that the differences in the plasma miRNA profiles between smokers and non-smokers could be attributed to cigarette smoking. In addition, we found that an acute exposure of ex-smokers to cigarette smoke (smoking one cigarette) did not cause a dramatic change in the plasma miRNA profile. In conclusion, we found that repeated cigarette smoking substantially alters the plasma miRNA profile, interfering with the diagnosis of disease or signaling potential smoking-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Takahashi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jung S, Lee IS, Kim SB, Moon CS, Jung JY, Kang YA, Park MS, Kim YS, Kim SK, Chang J, Kim EY. Urine Cotinine for Assessing Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Korean: Analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2012; 73:210-8. [PMID: 23166556 PMCID: PMC3492421 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2012.73.4.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The level of urine cotinine is an indicator of tobacco smoke exposure. The purpose of this study is to investigate urine cotinine for the purpose of assessing the smoking status of Korean smokers and non-smokers exposed to tobacco smoke. Methods The subjects were identified from the 2007-2009 and the 2010 data sets of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). They were assigned as non-smokers, current smokers and ex-smokers. Non-smokers were also divided into three subset groups according to the duration of smoke exposure. Each group was stratified by gender prior to analysis. Results The median value of urine cotinine in the male current smokers was 1,221.93 ng/mL which was the highest among all groups. The difference between levels of urine cotinine for male and the female groups was statistically significant (p<0.01). In the female group, passive smoke exposure groups reported higher urine cotinine levels than non-exposure groups (p=0.01). The cutoff point for the discrimination of current smokers from non-smokers was 95.6 ng/mL in males and 96.8 ng/mL in females. The sensitivity and specificity were 95.2% and 97.1%, respectively, in males, 96.1% and 96.5% in females. However, the determination of urine cotinine level was not useful in distinguishing between passive smoke exposure groups and non-exposure groups. Conclusion Urine cotinine concentration is a useful biomarker for discriminating non-smokers from current smokers. However, careful interpretation is necessary for assessing passive smoke exposure by urine cotinine concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sungmo Jung
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Narkowicz S, Polkowska Ż, Namieśnik J. Analysis of Markers of Exposure to Constituents of Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS). Crit Rev Anal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2012.629948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
10
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine at a low concentration was suggested as a new topical drug for clinical application. It has been reported to be capable of enhancing skin wound healing. This study was designed to assess the effect of nicotine administration at a low dose on bone regeneration using a rabbit model of mandibular distraction osteogenesis. METHODS Twenty New Zealand white rabbits were randomly assigned to nicotine group and control group. A total of 0.75 g, 60-day time release, nicotine pellets or placebos were implanted in the neck subcutaneous tissue of the rabbits. The nicotine or placebo exposure time for all the animals was 7 weeks. Unilateral mandibular distraction osteogenesis was performed. Five animals in each group were killed on week 2 and week 4 of consolidation, respectively. The mandibular samples were subjected to radiographic, histologic, and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Nicotine at low dose showed no significant effect on the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and on the radiodensity of bone regeneration. However, the delayed bone healing was detected in the nicotine group by histologic examination. CONCLUSIONS These findings imply a potential risk of compromised bone healing in patients taking nicotine medication. Further clinical studies are necessary to assess the risk of nicotine medication on reconstructive surgery.
Collapse
|
11
|
Rapid and sensitive determination of nicotine in formulations and biological fluid using micellar liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2397-402. [PMID: 20732834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine can be determined in pharmaceuticals and biological fluids by micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) using a C18 column, a mobile phase containing sodium dodecyl sulphate 0.15M-6% (v/v) pentanol-NaH(2)PO(4) 0.01 M (pH 6)-KCl 0.001 M, with electrochemical detection at 0.8 V. In the optimization step, the influence of the modifiers propanol, butanol and pentanol, and the voltage has been studied. With the proposed method the analysis time is below than 8 min, linearity better than 0.999, limits of detection and quantification (ng/ml) was 4 and 12 respectively, repeatability and intermediate precision below 1.8%, and all these parameters are adequate for the quantification of nicotine in chewing gum, dermal patches, tobacco and serum samples either by a pharmacologist, pathologist or toxicologist.
Collapse
|
12
|
[An inhalation chamber model for controlled studies of tobacco smoke toxicity in rodents]. Arch Bronconeumol 2010; 46:455-8. [PMID: 20624668 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking is a serious worldwide public health problem. Animal models act as a bridge between laboratory and human studies. The models applied are difficult to reproduce because of the use of different types of inhalation chambers and mainly because of the lack of continuous monitoring of smoke concentration. OBJECTIVE To develop an inhalation chamber for rats (with only the nose exposed) in which the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) can be maintained and monitored constantly. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male Wistar rats weighing 250g were exposed to 50ppm CO produced by the smoke from a filter-free cigarette. The animals were submitted to a single 2-h exposure and then sacrificed at 0, 4, 24 and 48h. The control group was left restrained inside the small perpendicular chambers, receiving only 5L/min of compressed air. RESULTS The model was able to increase HbCO levels immediately after the end of exposure (p<0.001), with a decrease being observed from 2h onwards when compared to the levels of the control group. Plasma cotinine increased immediately after exposure, and showed still detectable levels at 2 and 4h (p<0.05). CONCLUSION We conclude that the presented inhalation chamber system is able to maintain a controlled CO concentration in a model in which small animals are exposed to the inhalation of cigarette smoke, permitting well-controlled studies, as well as investigations involving other toxic gases and air pollutants.
Collapse
|
13
|
Petersen GO, Leite CE, Chatkin JM, Thiesen FV. Cotinine as a biomarker of tobacco exposure: development of a HPLC method and comparison of matrices. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:516-21. [PMID: 20155742 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco dependence reaches one-third of the world population, and is the second leading cause of death around the world. Cotinine, a major metabolite of nicotine, is the most appropriate parameter to evaluate tobacco exposure and smoking status due to its higher stability and half-life when compared to nicotine. The procedure involves liquid-liquid extraction, separation on a RP column (Zorbax XDB C(8)), isocratic pump (0.5 mL/min of water-methanol-sodium acetate (0.1 M)-ACN (50:15:25:10, v/v/v/v), 1.0 mL of citric acid (0.034 M) and 5.0 mL of triethylamine for each liter) and HPLC-UV detection (261 nm). The analytical procedure proved to be sensitive, selective, precise, accurate and linear (r>0.99) in the range of 5-500.0 ng/mL for cotinine. 2-Phenylimidazole was used as the internal standard. The LOD was 0.18 ng/mL and the LOQ was 5.0 ng/mL. All samples from smoking volunteers were collected simultaneously to establish a comparison between serum, plasma, and urine. The urinary cotinine levels were normalized by the creatinine and urine density. A significant correlation was found (p<0.01) between all matrices. Results indicate that the urine normalization by creatinine or density is unnecessary. This method is considered reliable for determining cotinine in serum and plasma of smokers and in environmental tobacco smoke exposure.
Collapse
|
14
|
Shakleya DM, Huestis MA. Simultaneous and sensitive measurement of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and norcotinine in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3537-42. [PMID: 19748838 PMCID: PMC2763023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and norcotinine in human plasma was developed and fully validated. Potential endogenous and exogenous interferences were extensively evaluated and limits of quantification were determined by decreasing analyte concentration. Analytical ranges were 1-500 ng/mL for nicotine and cotinine, 5-500 ng/mL for trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and norcotinine. Mean intra- and inter-assay analytical recoveries were between 101.9 and 116.8%, and intra- and inter-assay imprecision were less than 11% RSD for all analytes: parameters were evaluated at three different concentrations across the linear range of the assay. Extraction efficiency was > or = 70% for all analytes. This validated method is useful for the determination of nicotine and metabolites in human plasma to support research on the role of nicotine biomarkers on neuronal systems mediating cognitive and affective processes and to differentiate active, passive and environmental exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diaa M. Shakleya
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
López CM, Sassone AH, Rodriguez Girault ME, Lenzken CS, Villaamil Lepori EC, Roses OE. Quantification of Cotinine in Plasma and Urine by HPLC‐UV Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200028146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. M. López
- a Chair of Toxicology and Legal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Buenos Aires , Junín 956, 7° piso, 1113, Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - A. H. Sassone
- a Chair of Toxicology and Legal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Buenos Aires , Junín 956, 7° piso, 1113, Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - M. E. Rodriguez Girault
- a Chair of Toxicology and Legal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Buenos Aires , Junín 956, 7° piso, 1113, Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - C. S. Lenzken
- a Chair of Toxicology and Legal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Buenos Aires , Junín 956, 7° piso, 1113, Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - E. C. Villaamil Lepori
- a Chair of Toxicology and Legal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Buenos Aires , Junín 956, 7° piso, 1113, Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - O. E. Roses
- a Chair of Toxicology and Legal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Buenos Aires , Junín 956, 7° piso, 1113, Buenos Aires , Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wu CT, Chen PY, Chen JG, Suryanarayanan V, Ho KC. Detection of nicotine based on molecularly imprinted TiO2-modified electrodes. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 633:119-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
17
|
Togna AR, Latina V, Orlando R, Togna GI. Cigarette smoke inhibits adenine nucleotide hydrolysis by human platelets. Platelets 2009; 19:537-42. [PMID: 18979366 DOI: 10.1080/09537100802272626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a recognized risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and thrombotic events. In athero-thrombotic diseases, the extracellular adenine nucleotides play an important role by triggering a range of effects such as the recruitment and activation of platelets, endothelial cell activation and vasoconstriction. NTPDase, a plasma membrane-bound enzyme, is the most relevant enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of extracellular tri- and di-phosphate nucleotides to adenosine monophosphate, which is further degraded by 5'ectonucleotidase to the anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory mediator adenosine. Thus, the preserved activity of these enzymes, regulating the extracellular concentrations of nucleotides, is critical in thromboregulatory functions. In the present in vitro study, performed on human platelets suspended in undiluted or diluted aqueous cigarette smoke extract (aCSE), we demonstrated that undiluted and 1 : 2 diluted aCSE is able to significantly reduce ADP hydrolysis (-24% and 12%, respectively) by intact human platelets. ATP degradation was also reduced (-31%) by undiluted aCSE. Conversely, aCSE did not alter platelet AMP hydrolysis. Results obtained by using N-acetylcysteine, a thiol-containing antioxidant, suggest that stable oxidants present in aCSE are responsible for the platelet NTPDase inhibition induced by aCSE. The decreased adenine nucleotide degradation could play a significant role in the extensive platelet activation and vascular inflammation observed in chronic smokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Togna
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Vittorio Erspamer, University of Rome La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Prenatal to early postnatal nicotine exposure impairs central chemoreception and modifies breathing pattern in mouse neonates: a probable link to sudden infant death syndrome. J Neurosci 2009; 28:13907-17. [PMID: 19091979 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4441-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine is a neuroteratogen and is the likely link between maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Osmotic minipumps were implanted in 5-7 d CF1 pregnant mice to deliver nicotine bitartrate (60 mg Kg(-1) day(-1)) or saline (control) solutions for up to 28 d. Prenatal to early postnatal nicotine exposure did not modify the number of newborns per litter or their postnatal growth; however, nicotine-exposed neonates hypoventilated and had reduced responses to hypercarbia (inhalation of air enriched with 10% CO(2) for 20 min) and hypoxia (inhalation of 100% N(2) for 20 s) at postnatal days 0-3 (P0-P3). In contrast, at postnatal day 8, nicotine-exposed neonates were indistinguishable from controls. Isolated brainstem-spinal cord preparations obtained from P0 to P3 nicotine-exposed neonates showed fictive respiration with respiratory cycles longer and more irregular than those of controls, as indicated by high short- and long-term variability in Poincaré plots. In addition, their responses to acidification were reduced, indicating compromise of central chemoreception. Furthermore, the cholinergic contribution to central chemosensory responses switched from muscarinic receptor to nicotinic receptor-based mechanisms. No significant astrogliosis was detectable in the ventral respiratory group of neurons with glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry. These results indicate that nicotine exposure affects the respiratory rhythm pattern generator and causes a decline in central chemoreception during early postnatal life. Consequently, breathing would become highly vulnerable, failing to respond to chemosensory demands. Such impairment could be related to the ventilatory abnormalities observed in SIDS.
Collapse
|
19
|
Zielińska-Danch W, Wardas W, Sobczak A, Szołtysek-Bołdys I. Estimation of urinary cotinine cut-off points distinguishing non-smokers, passive and active smokers. Biomarkers 2007; 12:484-96. [PMID: 17701747 DOI: 10.1080/13547500701421341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
An objective assessment of exposure to tobacco smoke may be accomplished by means of examining particular biomarkers in body fluids. The most common biomarker of tobacco smoke exposure is urinary, or serum, cotinine. In order to distinguish non-smokers from passive smokers and passive smokers from active smokers, it is necessary to estimate cotinine cut-off points. The objective of this article was to apply statistical distribution of urinary cotinine concentration to estimate cut-off points distinguishing the three above-mentioned groups. The examined group consisted of 327 volunteers (187 women and 140 men) who were ethnically homogenous inhabitants of the same urban agglomeration (Sosnowiec, Poland). The values which enabled differentiation of the examined population into groups and subgroups were as follows: 50 microg l(-1) (differentiation of non-smokers from passive smokers), 170 microg l(-1) (to divide the group of passive smokers into two subgroups: minimally and highly exposed to environmental tobacco smoke), 550 microg l(-1) (differentiation of passive smokers from active smokers), and 2100 microg l(-1) (to divide group of active smokers into two subgroups: minimally and highly exposed to tobacco smoke). The results suggest that statistical distribution of urinary cotinine concentration is useful for estimating urinary cotinine cut-off points and for assessing the smoking status of persons exposed to tobacco smoke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Zielińska-Danch
- Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Jagiellonska, Poland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kowalski P, Marszałł M, Olędzka I, Czarnowski W. Comparative Evaluation of CE and HPLC for Determination of Cotinine in Human Urine. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
21
|
Winiarczyk B, Namysłowski G, Oleksiak M. [The concentration of the chosen smoke toxicity biomarkers among smokers suffering from larynx cancer]. Otolaryngol Pol 2007; 61:39-46. [PMID: 17605417 DOI: 10.1016/s0030-6657(07)70381-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An incidence of laryngeal cancer is strongly connected with exposure to tobacco smoke containing dozens of carcinogens. Genotoxic agents such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons present in tobacco smoke are responsible for lesions of structure DNA and formation of DNA adducts by metabolically activated intermediates. Detecting the presence of DNA adducts in human tissues is therefore, a tool for studies of cancer. An evidence demonstrates that DNA adducts are useful markers of carcinogen exposure. The aim of this work was estimation of relationship between cigarette smoke exposure, determined as urinary cotinine and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene concentration, and number of aromatic-DNA adducts in blood lymphocytes. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study group consisted of 60 men at the age of 45 up to 65 years - 20 healthy non-smokers, 20 healthy current smokers and 20 current smokers with primary larynx cancer, which was classified histopathologically as squamous cell carcinoma. The cotinine and 1-hydroxypyrene were determined in the urine with high performance liquid chromatography. Analysis of DNA adducts was performed by the 32P - postlabelling method. RESULTS Urinary cotinine concentration in healthy smokers and cancer subjects in comparison with non-smokers was significant higher than in non-smokers, respectively, 29- and 31-fold higher but differences between healthy and sicks smokers were insignificant. Concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine of healthy and cancer subjects was significantly higher (9- and 10-fold higher, respectively) compared with non-smokers. The highest level of aromatic-DNA adducts was found in lympfocytes of healthy smokers but differences between number of adducts in healthy smokers compared with non-smokers (+35%) and cancer subjects (+7,1%) were insignificant. The Pearson's coefficient (r) for the correlation between aromatic-DNA level and urinary cotinine or 1-hydroxypyrene concentration were significant only in cancer subjects group (r = 0,676, p = 0,011 and r = 0,465, p = 0,039, respectivelly). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that cotinine and 1-hydroxypyrene concentration in urine are useful biomarkers of the tobacco smoke exposure. In contrast the levels of aromatic-DNA adducts in lymphocytes are not suitable for that purpose. It seems that none of investigated compounds are the risk predictor of larynx cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Winiarczyk
- Oddzial Laryngologii, Szpital Specjalistyczny w Dabrowie Górniczej
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Peamkrasatam S, Sriwatanakul K, Kiyotani K, Fujieda M, Yamazaki H, Kamataki T, Yoovathaworn K. In vivo evaluation of coumarin and nicotine as probe drugs to predict the metabolic capacity of CYP2A6 due to genetic polymorphism in Thais. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2007; 21:475-84. [PMID: 17220563 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.21.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The association between the distribution characteristics of CYP2A6 catalytic activities toward nicotine and coumarin, and the frequency distribution of CYP2A6 variant alleles reported was estimated in 120 healthy Thais. The distributions of the subjects as classified by the amounts of 7-hydroxycoumarin (7-OHC) excreted in the urine and by cotinine/nicotine ratio in the plasma were clearly bimodal. However, the numbers of apparently poor metabolizers for coumarin and nicotine were different. The inter-individual variability in the in vivo dispositions of coumarin and nicotine closely related to the CYP2A6 genetic polymorphism. There was a close correlation between the rate of 7-OHC excretion in the urine and cotinine/nicotine ratio in the plasma among subjects (R=0.92, p<0.001). The frequency of CYP2A6 allele found in the present study was: CYP2A6*1A=32% (95% CI, 22.1-39.4%), CYP2A6*1B=27% (95% CI, 19.4-33.5%), CYP2A6*9=20% (95% CI, 17.6-23.3%), CYP2A6*4=14% (95% CI, 9.6-17.8%), CYP2A6*7=5% (95% CI, 3.7-9.4%), CYP2A6*10=2% (95% CI, 0.8-5.1%). Subjects having CYP2A6*1A/*1B were found to have a higher rate of 7-OHC excretion, as well as a higher cotinine/nicotine ratio in the plasma compared with those of the other genotypes. In contrast, subjects with CYP2A6*4/*7 and CYP2A6*7/*7 almost lacked any cotinine formation, whereas urinary 7-OHC was still detectable. CYP2A6*9 allele clearly resulted in reduced enzyme activities. Despite the absence of the homozygote for CYP2A6*10 allele, the presence of CYP2A6*10 allele significantly decreased the enzyme activities. The results of the present study demonstrate that in vivo phenotyping of CYP2A6 using nicotine and coumarin are not metabolically equivalent. Nicotine is a better probe according to its specificity, while coumarin is still valuable to be used for a routine CYP2A6 phenotyping since the test employs a non-invasive method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sompop Peamkrasatam
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Papadoyannis IN, Samanidou VF, Stefanidou PG. CLINICAL ASSAY OF NICOTINE AND ITS METABOLITE, COTININE, IN BODY FLUIDS BY HPLC FOLLOWING SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120014006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. N. Papadoyannis
- a Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - V. F. Samanidou
- a Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - P. G. Stefanidou
- a Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fukami T, Nakajima M, Sakai H, McLeod HL, Yokoi T. CYP2A7 polymorphic alleles confound the genotyping of CYP2A6*4A allele. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2006; 6:401-12. [PMID: 16636685 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6 metabolizes nicotine to cotinine. Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2A6 contribute to the interindividual variability of nicotine metabolism. We encountered some subjects possessing two copies of the CYP2A6 gene, although they were genotyped as heterozygotes of the CYP2A6*4A allele (entire CYP2A6 gene deleted allele). From the subjects, we found CYP2A7 polymorphic alleles (CYP2A7*1B, CYP2A7*1C, and CYP2A7*1D) in which the sequences in the 3'-flanking region were converted to the corresponding CYP2A6 sequences, being confused with the CYP2A6*4A. These allele frequencies in European-Americans (n=187) were 1.3, 2.1, 0.3%, respectively, but these were very rare in African-Americans (n=176), Japanese (n=184), and Koreans (n=209). By an improved genotyping method, the allele frequency of CYP2A6*4A of 3.7% in European-Americans was corrected to 0%. The comprehensible and reliable genotyping method developed in this study would be useful to evaluate associations between the genotype and phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Fukami
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ferrari MFR, Fior-Chadi DR. Chronic nicotine administration. Analysis of the development of hypertension and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Brain Res Bull 2006; 72:215-24. [PMID: 17452284 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Among numerous neurotransmitters involved in central cardiovascular control, glutamate is one of the most studied transmitters that are related to nicotine considering its release and its postsynaptic regulation. However, there are no conclusive studies about nicotine effects on glutamatergic system and its relevance on hypertension development, which can help to understand the role of these two systems in that pathology. In this context, the objective of the present study is to evaluate the effects of systemic chronic nicotine exposure on hypertension development as well as the interaction between nicotine and the glutamatergic system in normotensive and neurogenic hypertensive rats. By means of high performance liquid chromatograph, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and binding techniques, glutamatergic system was evaluated in SHR and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats treated with nicotine, delivered subcutaneously through nicotine pellets, for 8 weeks. The most important findings in this study were that (1) moderate doses of nicotine accelerated the onset and increased blood pressure in SHR but not in WKY rats, (2) the nicotine dosage and time of treatment employed did not affect body weight, (3) chronic nicotine treatment differentially affected glutamatergic system in normotensive and hypertensive rats, and (4) spontaneously hypertensive rats seem to be more sensitive to peripherally administered nicotine than Wistar Kyoto rats considering blood pressure and glutamatergic neurotransmission changes. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that a moderate dose of nicotine accelerates the onset and exacerbates hypertension in the SHR and that might be, at least in part, related to the modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merari F R Ferrari
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, n.321, Cidade Universitária-São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Saldanha JB, Pimentel SP, Casati MZ, Sallum AW, Sallum EA, Nociti FHJ. Histologic evaluation of the effect of nicotine administration on bone regeneration. A study in dogs. Braz Oral Res 2005; 18:345-9. [PMID: 16089268 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242004000400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the histometric impact of nicotine on bone regeneration of surgically created alveolar ridge defects in dogs. Sixteen mongrel dogs were used. One defect was surgically created unilaterally in the mandible, and left to heal spontaneously. The animals were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: Group 1--control (n = 8) and Group 2--subcutaneous nicotine administration (2 mg/kg) twice a day (n = 8). After 4 months, the animals were sacrificed and the specimens routinely processed for semi-serial decalcified sections. Bone height (BH), bone width (BW), bone density (BD), and bone area (BA) of the newly-formed bone were evaluated. Intergroup analysis (Mann-Whitney rank sum test) showed that regardless of the presence of nicotine, no significant differences were observed regarding bone width (BW), bone area (BA) and bone height (BH) (p > 0.05). On the other hand, it was demonstrated that nicotine administration significantly influenced the proportion of mineralized tissue within the limits of the newly-formed bone (BD) (p < 0.001). Within the limits of the present study, it can be concluded that nicotine might affect but not prevent bone healing in defects left to heal spontaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Bezerra Saldanha
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fukami T, Nakajima M, Higashi E, Yamanaka H, McLeod HL, Yokoi T. A novel CYP2A6*20 allele found in African-American population produces a truncated protein lacking enzymatic activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:801-8. [PMID: 15993850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Revised: 05/14/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human CYP2A6 is a cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform responsible for the metabolism of nicotine, coumarin, tegafur, and valproic acid, and metabolic activation of nitrosamines. Genetic polymorphisms of the CYP2A6 gene are a major causal factor of the large interindividual differences in nicotine metabolism. In the present study, we identified a novel allele, termed CYP2A6*20, in an African-American population. The allele possesses the deletion of two nucleotides in exon 4 resulting in a frame-shift from codon 196 and an early stop codon at 220 (exon 5) as well as three synonymous SNPs of G51A (G51A in cDNA), T5684C (T1191C), and C6692G (C1546G, 3'-untranslated region). The allele frequency in the African-American population (n=96) was 1.6% (95% confidence interval, 0.6-4.5%). In contrast, the CYP2A6*20 allele was not found in Caucasians (European-American) (n=185), Japanese (n=184) and Korean (n=209) populations. To investigate the effects of the polymorphism on the enzymatic activities, we expressed a wild type or variant (deletion of two nucleotides) CYP2A6 together with NADPH-CYP reductase in Escherichia coli. SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analyses demonstrated that truncated CYP2A6 protein was produced from the variant allele, although detected mRNA was the predicted size by reverse transcriptional-polymerase chain reaction. Coumarin 7-hydroxylation and nicotine C-oxidation, which are typical CYP2A6 activities, were completely abolished in the E. coli membrane expressing the variant allele. In vivo nicotine metabolism was evaluated using the cotinine/nicotine ratio 2 h after the chewing of one piece of nicotine gum. Two CYP2A6*1/CYP2A6*20 heterozygotes and a single CYP2A6*17/CYP2A6*20 heterozygote revealed lower cotinine/nicotine ratios compared with CYP2A6*1/CYP2A6*1 subjects (1.6 and 4.5, and 1.8 versus 9.5+/-5.4, n=52, respectively). We found a novel CYP2A6*20 allele in African-American subjects which codes a truncated protein lacking enzymatic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chang YL, Tsai PL, Chou YC, Tien JH, Tsai TH. Simultaneous determination of nicotine and its metabolite, cotinine, in rat blood and brain tissue using microdialysis coupled with liquid chromatography: Pharmacokinetic application. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1088:152-7. [PMID: 16130745 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the disposition of nicotine in the brain is important because the neuropharmacological effects from nicotine exposure are centrally predominated. The aim of the present study was to develop a rapid and simple method for the simultaneous determination of unbound nicotine and its main metabolite, cotinine, in rat blood and brain tissue. We coupled a multiple sites microdialysis sampling technique with HPLC-UV system to characterize the pharmacokinetics of both nicotine and cotinine. Microdialysis probes were inserted into the jugular vein/right atrium and brain striatum of Sprague-Dawley rats, and nicotine (2 mg/kg, i.v.) was administered via the femoral vein. Dialysates were collected every 10 min and injected directly into a HPLC system. Both nicotine and cotinine were separated by a phenyl-hexyl column (150 mm x 4.6 mm) from dialysates within 12 min. The mobile phase consisted of an acetonitrile-methanol-20 mM monosodium phosphate buffer (55:45:900, v/v/v, pH adjusted to 5.1) with a flow-rate of 1 ml/min. The wavelength of the UV detector was set at 260 nm. The limit of quantification for nicotine and cotinine were 0.25 microg/ml and 0.05 microg/ml, respectively. Intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy of both measurements fell well within the predefined limits of acceptability. The blood and brain concentration-time profile of nicotine and cotinine suggests that nicotine is easily to get into the central nervous system and cotinine exhibits a long retention time and accumulates in blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Lih Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fukami T, Nakajima M, Higashi E, Yamanaka H, Sakai H, McLeod HL, Yokoi T. CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVELCYP2A6POLYMORPHIC ALLELES (CYP2A6*18ANDCYP2A6*19) THAT AFFECT ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY. Drug Metab Dispos 2005; 33:1202-10. [PMID: 15900015 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.105.004994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2A6 gene are known as a causal factor of the interindividual differences in nicotine metabolism. We found three novel CYP2A6 alleles. The CYP2A6(*)18A allele has a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of A5668T (A1175T, Y392F) in exon 8. The CYP2A6(*)18B allele has synonymous SNPs of G51A (G51A), T5684C (T1191C), and T5702C (T1209C) in addition to A5668T (A1175T, Y392F). The CYP2A6(*)19 allele has the SNPs of A5668T (A1175T, Y392F), T6354C (intron 8), and T6558C (T1412C, I471T) as well as the conversion with the CYP2A7 sequence in the 3'-untranslated region, in which the latter two changes correspond to CYP2A6(*)7. Ethnic differences in the frequencies of these alleles were observed between whites, African-Americans, Japanese, and Koreans. Wild or variant CYP2A6 (CYP2A6(*)18, CYP2A6(*)19, and CYP2A6(*)7) were expressed in Escherichia coli. For coumarin 7-hydroxylation and 5-fluorouracil formation from tegafur, the K(m) values were increased, and V(max) values were decreased in CYP2A6.18 compared with those in CYP2A6.1, resulting in decreased clearance to 50 and 35% of that of the wild type, respectively. The K(m) and V(max) values for nicotine C-oxidation were both increased, resulting in no change of clearance. In CYP2A6.19, the effects on the coumarin 7-hydroxylation and 5-fluorouracil formation (increased K(m) and decreased V(max)) were prominent, resulting in decreased clearance to 8% of those of the wild type. For nicotine C-oxidation, the K(m) and V(max) values were both decreased, resulting in decreased clearance to 30% of that of the wild type. The changes of the kinetics in CYP2A6.19 were similar to those in CYP2A6.7. In vivo nicotine metabolism was evaluated in whites (n = 56) and Koreans (n = 40). Although the CYP2A6(*)18 and CYP2A6(*)19 alleles were found only heterozygously, a subject with CYP2A6(*)7/CYP2A6(*)19 showed a lower cotinine/nicotine ratio of the plasma concentration compared with homozygotes of the CYP2A6(*)1A, supporting the in vitro results that the CYP2A6(*)19 allele leads to decreased enzymatic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bozikas VP, Niopas I, Kafantari A, Kanaze FI, Gabrieli C, Melissidis P, Gamvrula K, Fokas K, Karavatos A. No increased levels of the nicotine metabolite cotinine in smokers with schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005; 29:1-6. [PMID: 15610938 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of smoking cigarettes has repeatedly been found to be greater in schizophrenia as compared with other psychiatric patients and the general population. Patients with schizophrenia have been found to engage in heavy smoking and consumption of higher doses of nicotine, probably by deeper inhalation of cigarettes. The aim of the current study was to assess nicotine exposure through smoking by measuring urinary cotinine, the major nicotine metabolite, in a group of smokers from Greece of smokers with schizophrenia and smokers from the general population. Participants were current smokers and belonged to one of two groups: 35 patients with schizophrenia and 48 healthy controls matched in age, education, and gender. The quantitative analysis of cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine, in urine samples was performed by a modified high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Patients with schizophrenia who smoke presented a significantly larger time interval between last cigarette smoked and urine sample collection, as well as a significantly higher average number of cigarettes consumed daily than normal smokers. Urinary cotinine levels of patients with schizophrenia who smoke did not significantly differ from that of normal smokers when adjusted for average number of cigarettes per day and time interval between last cigarette smoked and urine collection. These results suggest that patients with schizophrenia did not present higher nicotine exposure through smoking compared with smokers from the community. The pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic properties of nicotine, as well as patient medications of the patients may explain our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis P Bozikas
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dhar P. Measuring tobacco smoke exposure: quantifying nicotine/cotinine concentration in biological samples by colorimetry, chromatography and immunoassay methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 35:155-68. [PMID: 15030890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2003] [Accepted: 01/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Procedures to assess tobacco smoke exposure are reviewed and biomarkers used for determining the smoking status of an individual are compared. Methods used to extract these biomarkers from saliva, urine, and blood and the advantages and disadvantages of the assays are discussed. Finally, the procedures used to measure the levels of cortisol, a stress hormone speculated to be linked to nicotine metabolism, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Dhar
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at New Paltz, New Paltz, NY 12561, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Taylor PJ, Forrest KK, Landsberg PG, Mitchell C, Pillans PI. The Measurement of Nicotine in Human Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Ther Drug Monit 2004; 26:563-8. [PMID: 15385840 DOI: 10.1097/00007691-200410000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The authors describe a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry method for the measurement of nicotine in human plasma. Samples (500 microL) with added deuterium-labeled d3-nicotine as an internal standard (IS) were treated with a 2-step process of ether extraction (6 mL) followed by back-extraction into 0.1% formic acid (50 microL). Chromatography was performed on a phenyl Novapak column with a mobile phase consisting of 50% 10 mM ammonium formate (pH 3.3) and acetonitrile (50:50, vol/vol). A flow rate of 0.2 mL/min resulted in a total analysis time of 5 minutes per sample. Mass spectrometric detection was by selected reactant monitoring (nicotine m/z 163.2 --> 130.2; IS m/z 166.2 --> 87.2). The assay was linear from 0.5 to 100 microg/L (r > 0.993, n = 9). The accuracy and imprecision of the method for quality control samples were 87.5% to 113% and <10.2%, respectively. Interday accuracy and imprecision at the limit of quantification (0.5 microg/L) was 113% and 7.2% (n = 4). The process efficiency for nicotine in plasma was >75%. The method described has good process efficiency, stabilized nicotine, avoided concentration steps, and most importantly minimized potential contamination. Further, we have established that water-based standards and controls are interchangeable with plasma-based samples. This method was used successfully to measure the pharmacokinetic profiles of subjects involved in the development of an aerosol inhalation drug delivery system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Taylor
- Department of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane QLD 4102, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Stolker ALAM, Niesing W, Hogendoorn EA, Bisoen Rambali A, Vleeming W. Determination of nicotine and cotinine in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1020:35-43. [PMID: 14661755 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed for the efficient determination of nicotine and cotinine in rat plasma samples originating from nicotine exposure studies. Nicotine and cotinine were extracted from plasma samples with dichloromethane and concentrated to minimum volume with nitrogen stream. The volatility of nicotine was prevented by the addition of hydrochloric acid to the organic solvent during evaporation. The samples were analysed using liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. For quantification, the deuterated internal standards were added and the most intensive MS-MS ion of the analyte and internal standards were monitored. For confirmatory analysis, two specific MS-MS ions, viz. m/z 132 and 106 for nicotine and m/z 80 and 98 for cotinine, were monitored and the ratios between the ions were calculated and compared with those of standards. The ratios have to be within the tolerances of the EU criteria. The limit of identification of the developed method was 1 microg/l. The repeatability ranged from 5 to 12% (R.S.D.) for nicotine and from 3 to 5% for cotinine at the concentration level of 1-60 microg/l (n = 4).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alida Linda A M Stolker
- Laboratory for Organic-Analytical Chemistry, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
César Neto JB, de Souza AP, Barbieri D, Moreno H, Sallum EA, Nociti FH. Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 May Be Involved With Increased Bone Loss Associated With Experimental Periodontitis and Smoking: A Study in Rats. J Periodontol 2004; 75:995-1000. [PMID: 15341358 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2004.75.7.995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking has been associated with periodontitis severity and is considered a risk factor for its development. It has been reported that matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) produced by host cells plays a major role in periodontal tissue destruction. Thus, the present study tested, in rats, the hypothesis that local increased levels of MMP-2 would be associated with the enhanced periodontitis-related bone loss after intermittent cigarette smoke inhalation (CSI). METHODS Twenty-seven adult male Wistar rats were used. A ligature was placed around one of the mandibular first molars of each animal and they were randomly assigned to the following control (N = 13) or CSI (N = 14) group. Sixty days later, the animals were sacrificed, the gingival tissues harvested, and the specimens processed for decalcified sections. Extracts from the gingival tissues were prepared and assayed for MMP-2 expression. RESULTS Intergroup comparisons (unligated sites) showed that CSI might directly affect alveolar bone (0.16 +/- 0.03 mm2 versus 0.24 +/- 0.09 mm2 for non-smokers and smokers, respectively; P = 0.001). Moreover, CSI significantly enhanced bone loss resulting from experimental periodontitis (0.64 +/- 0.36 mm2 versus 1.50 +/- 0.50 mm2 for non-smokers and smokers, respectively; P<0.05). In addition, zymography demonstrated that CSI also enhanced both MMP-2 levels and activity in the gingival tissues around ligated teeth. CONCLUSION Within the limits of the present investigation, it can be assumed that the effect of CSI on MMP-2 levels and activity may account for the increased periodontitis progression rate observed in smokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Batista César Neto
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry at Piracicaba, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Saldanha JB, Pimentel SP, Casati MZ, Sallum EA, Barbieri D, Moreno HJ, Nociti FHJ. Guided Bone Regeneration May Be Negatively Influenced by Nicotine Administration: A Histologic Study in Dogs. J Periodontol 2004; 75:565-71. [PMID: 15152821 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2004.75.4.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A series of animal and in vitro data confirms that nicotine impairs bone healing, diminishes osteoblast function, and causes autogenous bone graft morbidity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of nicotine on the healing of bone defects treated by the guided bone regeneration (GBR) principle. METHODS Sixteen mongrel dogs were used. One defect was surgically created bilaterally and randomly assigned as an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membrane site or a non-membrane control site. The animals were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: group 1, placebo (n = 8) and group 2, subcutaneous administration of nicotine (2 mg/kg) twice daily (n = 8). After 4 months, the animals were sacrificed and the specimens routinely processed for semi-serial decalcified sections. The evaluated parameters were bone height, bone width, bone density, and bone area of newly formed bone. RESULTS Intergroup analysis (Kruskal-Wallis) showed that membrane-protected defects in the placebo group demonstrated an increased bone area when compared to membrane-protected defects in the nicotine group and non-membrane sites, regardless of nicotine administration (P < 0.05). In addition, nicotine administration significantly affected bone density in membrane- and non-membrane-protected sites (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Within the limits of the present study, nicotine might affect, but not prevent, bone healing in defects treated by guided bone regeneration. The mechanisms of this effect should be investigated further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana B Saldanha
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry at Piracicaba, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Page-Sharp M, Hale TW, Hackett LP, Kristensen JH, Ilett KF. Measurement of nicotine and cotinine in human milk by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 796:173-80. [PMID: 14552828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for the determination of nicotine and cotinine in human milk was developed using an extraction by liquid-liquid partition combined with back extraction into acid, and followed by reverse-phase chromatography with UV detection of analytes. The assay was linear up to 500 microg/l for both nicotine and cotinine. Intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) were <10% (25-500 microg/l) for both nicotine and cotinine. Limits of quantitation (LOQ) were 10 and 12 microg/l for nicotine and cotinine, respectively, while the limits of detection (LOD) were 8 and 10 microg/l for nicotine and cotinine, respectively. The mean recoveries were 79-93% (range 25-500 microg/l) for nicotine and 78-89% (range 25-500 microg/l) for cotinine. The amount of fat in the milk did not affect the recovery. We found that this method was sensitive and reliable in measuring nicotine and cotinine concentrations in milk from a nursing mother who participated in a trial of the nicotine patch for smoking cessation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Page-Sharp
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, M510, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
César-Neto JB, Duarte PM, Sallum EA, Barbieri D, Moreno H, Nociti FH. A Comparative Study on the Effect of Nicotine Administration and Cigarette Smoke Inhalation on Bone Healing Around Titanium Implants. J Periodontol 2003; 74:1454-9. [PMID: 14653391 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2003.74.10.1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A series of isolated studies has focused on the influence of smoking on bone around titanium implants. This study proposes to investigate the impact of two conditions, i.e., nicotine administration and cigarette smoke inhalation, on the healing around implants. METHODS Forty-five Wistar rats were used. After anesthesia, the tibiae surface was exposed and a screw-shaped titanium implant was placed bilaterally. The animals were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: Group 1: control, n = 19; Group 2: intermittent cigarette smoke inhalation, n = 15; and Group 3: subcutaneous administration of nicotine (3 mg/kg) twice daily, n = 11. After 60 days, the animals were sacrificed. The degree of bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and the bone area (BA) within the limits of the threads of the implant were measured in the cortical (zone A) and cancellous bone (zone B) areas. RESULTS In zone A, cigarette smoke presented a significant negative influence on BIC and BA (Kruskal-Wallis test, P < 0.05). In contrast, the administration of nicotine did not influence either parameter (P > 0.05). In zone B, cigarette smoke inhalation also resulted in a decreased percentage of BIC compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the BA was significantly decreased in groups 2 and 3 when compared to controls (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The negative impact of smoking on implant outcomes may be related to more than one molecule present in the cigarette smoke and nicotine seems to partially contribute, especially in the cancellous bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João B César-Neto
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry at Piracicaba, UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Toraño JS, van Kan HJM. Simultaneous determination of the tobacco smoke uptake parameters nicotine, cotinine and thiocyanate in urine, saliva and hair, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for characterisation of smoking status of recently exposed subjects. Analyst 2003; 128:838-43. [PMID: 12894819 DOI: 10.1039/b304051h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A method using gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) for the simultaneous determination of the smoke uptake parameters thiocyanate, nicotine and cotinine in human tissues is reported. Nicotine, cotinine and thiocyanate, in combination with a phase-transfer catalyst, were extracted from urine, saliva and hair into dichloromethane (DCM). Thiocyanate was alkylated in the DCM-layer to form a pentafluorobenzyl derivative. The biochemical markers in DCM were directly injected into the GC system and separated on a DB-1MS column using a 9.4 min temperature program. The method was validated in urine and saliva between the limits of quantitation (1.0-15 microg ml(-1) thiocyanate, 0.010-3.0 microg ml(-1) nicotine and cotinine in urine, 0.010-1.0 microg ml(-1) nicotine and cotinine in saliva). The calibration curves were found to be linear (r > 0.996), the within- and between-day accuracy's were 83-120%, the repeatability coefficients of variation were 3-20% and the limits of detection were 0.060 ng ml(-1) thiocyanate and 0.60 ng ml(-1) nicotine and cotinine. The results of the analysis of the biomarkers in the urine of 44 volunteers were used to develop a predictive model for smoking status, using discriminant analysis. The classification model correctly classified 93.2% of cross-validated grouped cases. Saliva samples were used to confirm the results of the classification method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sastre Toraño
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Room number EO-127, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, P.O. Box 226600, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nakajima M, Kuroiwa Y, Yokoi T. Interindividual differences in nicotine metabolism and genetic polymorphisms of human CYP2A6. Drug Metab Rev 2002; 34:865-77. [PMID: 12487152 DOI: 10.1081/dmr-120015696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is widely consumed throughout the world, and exerts a number of physiological effects. After nicotine is absorbed through the lungs by cigarette smoking, it undergoes extensive metabolism in humans. Nicotine is mainly metabolized to cotinine by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6. CYP2A6 can metabolize some pharmaceutical agents such as halothane, valproic acid, and fadrozole, and activate tobacco-specific nitrosamines. There are large interindividual differences in nicotine metabolism, and it has been found that the interindividual differences are attributed to the genetic polymorphisms of CYP2A6 gene. This review describes the techniques for determination of in vivo nicotine metabolism, characteristics of each human CYP2A6 alleles, and ethnic differences. The relationship between CYP2A6 genetic polymorphism and potency of nicotine metabolism, smoking behavior, and cancer risk are extensively reviewed. Finally, the usefulness of nicotine metabolism for phenotyping of CYP2A6 in individuals and implication of the significance of CYP2A6 genetic polymorphism in a clinical perspective are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miki Nakajima
- Division of Drug Metabolism, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yoshida R, Nakajima M, Watanabe Y, Kwon JT, Yokoi T. Genetic polymorphisms in human CYP2A6 gene causing impaired nicotine metabolism. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 54:511-7. [PMID: 12445030 PMCID: PMC1874463 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.01667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Previously, we determined the phenotyping of in vivo nicotine metabolism and the genotyping of the CYP2A6 gene (CYP2A6*1 A, CYP2A6*1B, CYP2A6*2, CYP2A6*3, CYP2A6*4 and CYP2A6*5 ) in 92 Japanese and 209 Koreans. In the study, we found one Korean and four Japanese subjects genotyped as CYP2A6*1B/CYP2A6*4 who revealed impaired nicotine metabolism, although other many heterozygotes of CYP2A6*4 demonstrated normal nicotine metabolism (CYP2A6*4 is a whole deletion type). After our previous report, several CYP2A6 alleles, CYP2A6*6 (R128Q), CYP2A6*7 (I471T), and CYP2A6*8 (R485L), have been reported. The purpose of the present study was to clarify whether the impaired nicotine metabolism can be ascribed to these CYP2A6 alleles. Furthermore, we also determined whether the subjects possessing CYP2A6*1x2 (duplication) reveal higher nicotine metabolism. METHODS Genotyping of CYP2A6 alleles, CYP2A6*6, CYP2A6*7, CYP2A6*8, and CYP2A6*1x2 was determined by PCR. RESULTS The five poor metabolizers were re-genotyped as CYP2A6*7/CYP2A6*4, suggesting that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) causing I471T decreases nicotine metabolism in vivo. Furthermore, we found that two subjects out of five with a lower potency of nicotine metabolism possessed SNPs of CYP2A6*7 and CYP2A6*8 simultaneously. The novel allele was termed CYP2A6*10. In the 92 Japanese and 209 Koreans, the CYP2A6*6 allele was not found. The allele frequencies of CYP2A6*7, CYP2A6*8, and CYP2A6*10 were 6.5%, 2.2%, and 1.1%, respectively, in Japanese, and 3.6%, 1.4%, and 0.5%, respectively, in Koreans. The CYP2A6*1x2 allele was found in only one Korean subject (0.5%) whose nicotine metabolic potency was not very high. CONCLUSIONS It was clarified that the impaired in vivo nicotine metabolism was caused by CYP2A6*7 and CYP2A6*10 alleles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Yoshida
- Division of Drug Metabolism, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pereira GR, Marchetti JM, Bentley MVLB. A SIMPLE AND RAPID METHOD FOR NICOTINE ASSAY BY HPLC FROM CUTANEOUS MICRODIALYSIS SAMPLES. ANAL LETT 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/al-100105350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
42
|
Abu-Qare AW, Abou-Donia MB. Quantification of nicotine, chlorpyrifos and their metabolites in rat plasma and urine using high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 757:295-300. [PMID: 11417874 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study describes a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the separation and quantification of nicotine, its metabolites nornicotine and cotinine, the insecticide chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl-O[3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl]phosphorothioate), and its metabolites chlorpyrifos-oxon (O,O-diethyl-O[3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl]phosphate), and TCP (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol) in rat plasma and urine. The compounds were separated using gradient mobile phase of methanol, acetonitrile and water (pH 3.20) at a flow-rate of 0.8 ml/min in a period of 17 min, and gradient UV detection ranging between 260 and 280 nm. The retention times ranged from 3.4 to 16.7 min. The limits of detection were ranged between 20 and 150 ng/ml, while limits of quantitation were 50-200 ng/ml. Average percentage recovery of five spiked plasma samples were 84.7+/-8.3, 78.2+/-7.6, 80.1+/-7.6, 79.0+/-6.4, 74.0+/-7.4, 87.6+/-7.5, and from urine 85.1+/-5.2, 75.9+/-7.0, 82.1+/-6.1, 79.5+/-6.1, 71.3+/-7.4 and 81.3+/-6.9 for nicotine, nornicotine, cotinine chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-oxon and TCP, respectively. Intra-day accuracy and precision for this method were ranged between 2.2-3.6 and 2.1-2.8%, respectively. The relationship between peak areas and concentration was linear over range between 200 and 2000 ng/ml. This method was applied to analyze the above chemicals and metabolites following combined oral administration in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A W Abu-Qare
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kwon JT, Nakajima M, Chai S, Yom YK, Kim HK, Yamazaki H, Sohn DR, Yamamoto T, Kuroiwa Y, Yokoi T. Nicotine metabolism and CYP2A6 allele frequencies in Koreans. PHARMACOGENETICS 2001; 11:317-23. [PMID: 11434509 DOI: 10.1097/00008571-200106000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CYP2A6 is a major catalyst of nicotine metabolism to cotinine. Previously, we demonstrated that the interindividual difference in nicotine metabolism is related to a genetic polymorphism of the CYP2A6 gene in Japanese. To clarify the ethnic differences in nicotine metabolism and frequencies of CYP2A6 alleles, we studied nicotine metabolism and the CYP2A6 genotype in 209 Koreans. The cotinine/nicotine ratio of the plasma concentration 2 h after chewing one piece of nicotine gum was calculated as an index of nicotine metabolism. The genotypes of CYP2A6 gene (CYP2A6*1A, CYP2A6*1B, CYP2A6*2, CYP2A6*3, CYP2A6*4 and CYP2A6*5) were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism or allele specific (AS)-PCR. There were ethnic differences in the allele frequencies of CYP2A6*1A, CYP2A6*1B, CYP2A6*4 and CYP2A6*5 between Koreans (45.7%, 42.8%, 11.0% and 0.5%, respectively) and Japanese (42.4%, 37.5%, 20.1% and 0%, respectively, our previous data). Similar to the Japanese, no CYP2A6*2 and CYP2A6*3 alleles were found in Koreans. The homozygotes of the CYP2A6*4 allele (four subjects) were completely deficient in cotinine formation, being consistent with the data among Japanese. The heterozygotes of CYP2A6*4 tended to possess a lower metabolic ratio (CYP2A6*1A/CYP2A6*4, 4.79 +/- 3.17; CYP2A6*1B/CYP2A6*4, 7.43 +/- 4.97) than that in subjects without the allele (CYP2A6*1A/CYP2A6*1A, 7.42 +/- 6.56; CYP2A6*1A/CYP2A6*1B, 9.85 +/- 16.12; CYP2A6*1B/CYP2A6*1B, 11.33 +/- 9.33). The subjects who possess the CYP2A6*1B allele appeared to show higher capabilities of cotinine formation. It was confirmed that the interindividual difference in nicotine metabolism was closely related to the genetic polymorphism of CYP2A6. The probit plot of the metabolic ratios in Koreans (8.73 +/- 11.88) was shifted to a higher ratio than that in the Japanese (3.78 +/- 3.09). In each genotype group, the Korean subjects revealed significantly higher metabolic ratios than the Japanese subjects. The ethnic difference in cotinine formation might be due to environmental and/or diet factors as well as genetic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J T Kwon
- Division of Drug Metabolism, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|