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Karalija E, Dahija S, Tarkowski P, Zeljković SĆ. Influence of Climate-Related Environmental Stresses on Economically Important Essential Oils of Mediterranean Salvia sp. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:864807. [PMID: 35599878 PMCID: PMC9114806 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.864807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Salvia L. is the largest genus in the family Lamiaceae, with about 1,000 species and a nearly cosmopolitan distribution. Salvia species are used in both traditional and conventional medicines, and other numerous industries, such as spices and perfumes. The number of papers dealing with Salvia exceeds 12,000 and mostly investigates their chemical composition and bioactive properties. A smaller proportion of papers however consider environmental factors, mostly on the effects of microclimate conditions on its geographic distribution along an altitudinal or longitudinal gradient, and very few studies can be found on the effects of emerging stressors on the commercial production of sages of medicinal and economical importance. Here, we summarize available data on the essential oil composition of three economically important sages from the Mediterranean area, that is, Salvia officinalis, Salvia officinalis subsp. lavandulifolia, and Salvia fruticosa, and the effects of climate-related environmental stressors on their chemical profiles. Environmental stress factors, such as an increase in soil salinity and aridity, and changes in annual average temperatures, are going to impose a serious risk on the commercial production of sage essential oils, which are commercially produced in many European countries. This review highlights the already confirmed effects of these stressors on three selected Salvia species and consequently the importance of mitigating the effects of climate change on the commercial production of these essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna Karalija
- Laboratory for Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sabina Dahija
- Laboratory for Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Sanja Ćavar Zeljković
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Olomouc, Czechia
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Green HPTLC and stability-indicating RP-HPLC for the assay of dextromethorphan hydrobromide and menthol in their lozenges. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2020; 78:368-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Li J, Liu X, Liang X, Zhang M, Han L, Song J. Simultaneous detection of five flavoring agents in chewing gum by ultrasound-microwave synergistic extraction coupled with gas chromatography. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12085. [PMID: 31427699 PMCID: PMC6700314 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48522-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
So far, the identification and determination of flavor additives in food has gained extensive attention in the area of food safety. However, it remains a big challenge for simultaneous detection of diverse flavor agents. In this work, a novel gas chromatography method coupled with ultrasound-microwave synergistic extraction was developed for simultaneous detection of five flavor compounds, including butyl butyrate, menthol, methyl salicylate, eugenol and vanilline. In this strategy, ultrasound-microwave synergistic extraction was used to extract the five flavoring agents from chewing gum. The effects of extractants, solid-liquid ratio, extraction time and microwave power on extraction yield were researched by using orthogonal test. After the optimization of programme temperature and splitless injection, the five flavoring agents were well separated and simultaneously detected with wide linear ranges, low limits of detection, high accuracy and good repeatability. Therefore, this proposed method would hold great promise for assay application on the food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junde Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Xin Liang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Manman Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Lei Han
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China.
| | - Jiying Song
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China.
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Adib NAM, Mandal UK, Mohamed F, Chatterjee B. Fast and simple gas chromatographic method for simultaneous estimation of camphor, menthol and methyl salicylate in analgesic ointment: application in stability study. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-017-0305-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Huang W, Blount BC, Watson CH, Watson C, Chambers DM. Quantitative analysis of menthol in human urine using solid phase microextraction and stable isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1044-1045:200-205. [PMID: 28153673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To accurately measure menthol levels in human urine, we developed a method using gas chromatography/electron ionization mass spectrometry with menthol-d4 stable isotope internal standardization. We used solid phase microextraction (SPME) headspace sampling for collection, preconcentration and automation. Conjugated forms of menthol were released using β-glucuronidase/sulfatase to allow for measuring total menthol. Additionally, we processed the specimens without using β-glucuronidase/sulfatase to quantify the levels of unconjugated (free) menthol in urine. This method was developed to verify mentholated cigarette smoking status to study the influence of menthol on smoking behaviour and exposure. This objective was accomplished with this method, which has no carryover or memory from the SPME fiber assembly, a method detection limit of 0.0017μg/mL, a broad linear range of 0.002-0.5μg/mL for free menthol and 0.01-10μg/mL for total menthol, a 7.6% precision and 88.5% accuracy, and an analysis runtime of 17min. We applied this method in analysis of urine specimens collected from cigarette smokers who smoke either mentholated or non-mentholated cigarettes. Among these smokers, the average total urinary menthol levels was three-fold higher (p<0.001) among mentholated cigarette smokers compared with non-mentholated cigarette smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Huang
- School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Clifford H Watson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Christina Watson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - David M Chambers
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Spiandore M, Piram A, Lacoste A, Josse D, Doumenq P. Hair analysis as a useful procedure for detection of vapour exposure to chemical warfare agents: simulation of sulphur mustard with methyl salicylate. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6 Suppl 1:67-73. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Spiandore
- Aix Marseille Universié; CNRS, LCE FRE 3416 13331 Marseille France
| | - Anne Piram
- Aix Marseille Universié; CNRS, LCE FRE 3416 13331 Marseille France
| | | | - Denis Josse
- Service Départemental d'Incendie et de Secours des Alpes-Maritimes; SDIS06 France
| | - Pierre Doumenq
- Aix Marseille Universié; CNRS, LCE FRE 3416 13331 Marseille France
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van Boxtel N, Wolfs K, van Schepdael A, Adams E. Evaluation of the full evaporation technique for quantitative analysis of high boiling compounds with high affinity for apolar matrices. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1348:63-70. [PMID: 24831424 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to reduce inaccuracies due to possible matrix effects in conventional static headspace-gas chromatography (sHS-GC), it is standard practice to match the composition of calibration standards towards the composition of the sample to be analysed by adding blank matrix. However, the latter is not always available and in that case the full evaporation technique (FET) could be a solution. With FET a small sample volume is introduced in a HS vial and compounds of interest are completely evaporated. Hence no equilibrium between the condensed phase and vapour phase exists. Without the existence of an equilibrium, matrix effects are less likely to occur. Another issue often encountered with sHS-sampling is that low vapour pressure compounds with a high affinity for the dilution medium show a limited sensitivity. FET has proven to be an appropriate solution to address this problem too. In this work, the applicability of FET for the quantitative analysis of high boiling compounds in different complex apolar matrices is examined. Data show that FET is an excellent tool to overcome matrix effects often encountered with conventional sHS analysis. The tested method shows excellent accuracy with recovery values around 100% as well as repeatability with RSD values around 1% for the quantification of high boiling compounds (bp>200°C) such as camphor, menthol, methyl salicylate and ethyl salicylate in various matrices. LOQ values were found to be around 0.3μg per vial. Following validation of the technique, several topical pharmaceutical formulations like ThermoCream(®), Reflexspray(®), Vicks Vaporub(®) and Radosalil(®) were examined. For the latter, a comparison has been made with a sHS-method described in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels van Boxtel
- KU Leuven, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, O&N2, PB 923, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kris Wolfs
- KU Leuven, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, O&N2, PB 923, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann van Schepdael
- KU Leuven, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, O&N2, PB 923, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erwin Adams
- KU Leuven, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, O&N2, PB 923, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Martin D, Valdez J, Boren J, Mayersohn M. Dermal Absorption of Camphor, Menthol, and Methyl Salicylate in Humans. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 44:1151-7. [PMID: 15342616 DOI: 10.1177/0091270004268409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Camphor, menthol, and methyl salicylate occur in numerous over-the-counter products. Although extensively used, there have been no estimates of human exposure following administration via dermal application. Furthermore, there is little information about the pharmacokinetics of those compounds. The authors report the plasma concentrations of the intact compounds as a function of dose following dermal patch application. Three groups of 8 subjects (4 male, 4 female) applied a different number of commercial patches (2, 4, or 8) to the skin for 8 hours. Plasma samples were assayed using sensitive and selective gas-chromatographic methods. For the 8-patch group, the average maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax +/- SD) were 41.0 +/- 5.8 ng/mL, 31.9 +/- 8.8 ng/mL, and 29.5 +/- 10.5 ng/mL for camphor, menthol, and methyl salicylate, respectively. The corresponding values for the 4-patch group were 26.8 +/- 7.2 ng/mL, 19.0 +/- 5.4 ng/mL, and 16.8 +/- 6.8 ng/mL. The harmonic mean terminal half-lives were 5.6 +/- 1.3 hours, 4.7 +/- 1.6 hours, and 3.0 +/- 1.2 hours for camphor, menthol, and methyl salicylate, respectively. The 2-patch group had measurable but low plasma concentrations of each compound. Low-dose dermal application for an extended time results in low plasma concentrations of all 3 compounds. Four and 8 patches, when applied for 8 hours, gave measurable and nearly proportional plasma concentrations. Although unable to determine the absolute dermal bioavailability of these compounds, there appears to be relatively low systemic exposure to these potentially toxic compounds, even when an unrealistically large number of patches are applied for an unusually long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Martin
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Stenholm A, Göransson U, Bohlin L. Bioassay-guided supercritical fluid extraction of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibiting substances in Plantago major L. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2013; 24:176-183. [PMID: 22991332 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Selective extraction of plant materials is advantageous for obtaining extracts enriched with desired constituents, thereby reducing the need for subsequent chromatography purification. Such compounds include three cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitory substances in Plantago major L. targeted in this investigation: α-linolenic acid (α-LNA) (18:3 ω-3) and the triterpenic acids ursolic acid and oleanolic acid. OBJECTIVE To investigate the scope for tuning the selectivity of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using bioassay guidance, and Soxhlet extraction with dichloromethane as solvent as a reference technique, to optimise yields of these substances. METHOD Extraction parameters were varied to optimise extracts' COX-2/COX-1 inhibitory effect ratios. The crude extracts were purified initially using a solid phase extraction (SPE) clean-up procedure and the target compounds were identified with GC-MS, LC-ESI-MS and LC-ESI-MS² using GC-FID for quantification. RESULTS α-LNA was preferentially extracted in dynamic mode using unmodified carbon dioxide at 40°C and 172 bar, at a 0.04% (w/w) yield with a COX-2/COX-1 inhibitory effect ratio of 1.5. Ursolic and oleanolic acids were dynamically extracted at 0.25% and 0.06% yields, respectively, with no traces of (α-LNA) and a COX-2/COX-1-inhibitory effect ratio of 1.1 using 10% (v/v) ethanol as polar modifier at 75°C and 483 bar. The Soxhlet extracts had ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and αLNA yields up to 1.36%, 0.34% and 0.15%, respectively, with a COX-2/COX-1 inhibitory effect ratio of 1.2. CONCLUSION The target substances can be extracted selectively by bioassay guided optimisation of SFE conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stenholm
- High Throughput and Analysis, R&D, GE Healthcare, Björkgatan 30, S-751 84 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Wang C, Ma J, Liu R, Han W, Tang X. A thermoplastic elastomer patch matrix for traditional Chinese medicine: design and evaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 40:211-21. [PMID: 23327358 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.755191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To design and evaluate a novel pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) patch containing traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) using styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) copolymer. METHOD A mixture D-optimal design with ternary response surface diagram was employed in the optimization process. The proportions of SIS copolymer, tackifying resin and plasticizer were selected as the independent variables while tack force, peel strength of the patch and skin penetrability of methyl salicylate were selected as the dependent variables. The optimized patch was then evaluated including in vivo absorption, pharmacological activities and skin irritation, by comparing with a commercial patch based on natural rubber. RESULTS The optimized patch, which comprised 30.0% SIS copolymer, 26.6% tackifying resin and 43.4% plasticizer, was superior to commercial patch in skin permeation, pharmacological activities and skin biocompatibility. CONCLUSION SIS copolymer was a suitable substitute to natural rubber in producing patches containing TCM formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , China
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Tamilvanan S, Karmegam S. In vitro evaluation of chitosan coated- and uncoated-calcium alginate beads containing methyl salicylate-lactose physical mixture. Pharm Dev Technol 2011; 17:494-501. [PMID: 21609308 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2010.550622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Methyl salicylate-lactose physical mixture (1:1 and 1:1.5 ratios) was incorporated into calcium alginate beads by a coacervation method involving an ionotropic gelation/polyelectrolyte complexation approach. OBJECTIVES This study aims to determine the influence of chitosan coating over the beads on drug entrapment efficiency (DEE) and release characteristics in artificial saliva compared to that of the uncoated beads. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Changes in formulation parameters (gelation time, concentrations of Ca(2+) and alginate) resulted in decrease in DEE of chitosan-uncoated beads (p < 0.05). This is due to the combined effects of drug leach-out from the physical mixture by Ca(2+) ions, alginate gel matrix cross-linking and free drug diffusion from chitosan-uncoated beads. However, an increment in the DEE was seen for chitosan-coated beads. A rapid drug release profile was noted for uncoated beads, but for chitosan-coated beads a sustained release profile was depicted depending upon the coating conditions. Chitosan-coated beads had reduced swelling and erosion properties and thus behaved as a physical barrier to drug release. Shifting from anomalous transport type to Fickian transport confirmed the formation of physical barrier onto chitosan-coated beads. CONCLUSION Calcium alginate beads could be used as a controlled-release system for methyl salicylate-lactose physical mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tamilvanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, International Medical University SDN BHD, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Fiori J, Naldi M, Gotti R. HS–SPME–GC–MS for the Quantitation and Chiral Characterization of Camphor and Menthol in Creams. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1735-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Headspace solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry determination of the characteristic flavourings menthone, isomenthone, neomenthol and menthol in serum samples with and without enzymatic cleavage to validate post-offence alcohol drinking claims. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 646:128-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lin YT, Wu HL, Kou HS, Wu SM, Chen SH. Enantiomeric analysis of (+)-menthol and (-)-menthol by fluorogenic derivatization and liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1087:223-8. [PMID: 16130717 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography is described for the quantitative analysis of enantiomeric (+)-menthol and (-)-menthol that are lack of chromophore. The method is based on the derivatization of (+)-menthol and (-)-menthol with a fluorescent reagent, naproxen acyl chloride, in toluene. The resulting diastereomic derivatives were separated on a C8 column with methanol-water-tetrahydrofuran (80:18:2, v/v) as a mobile phase; they were sensitively monitored with a fluorimetric detector (excitation 235 nm and emission 350 nm). The linear range for the quantitation of the enantiomers was 5.0-50 microM with a detection limit (signal to noise ratio = 3, injected volume 10 microl) of about 1 microM. Application of the method to the enantiomeric analysis of menthol in mint plants proved simple and feasible. Toluene was used for the extraction of menthol from the leaves of mint, and the resulting toluene extract was directly used for subsequent derivatization without solvent replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Lin
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Abstract
Alicyclic monoterpenes are not only used as flavoring substances, but many have also been used in herbal products and as home remedies. Their formal use as potential drugs has recently been recognized. Consequently, the previous emphasis of the analytical methods on separation and identification of components has now evolved to the development of highly sensitive and specific quantitation methods capable of measuring the parent compounds and metabolites in biological fluids in order to meet the demand in drug development. This review aims to survey and describe major quantitative methods for some of the monoterpenes that possess medicinal applications. This review also comments on the favorable aspects of some of these assay methods as well as future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Chan
- Colleges of Pharmacy and Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Simultaneous GC determination of turpentine, camphor, menthol and methyl salicylate in a topical analgesic formulation (Dologex®). Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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