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Martiník J, Boško R, Svoboda Z, Běláková S, Benešová K, Pernica M. Determination of mycotoxins and their dietary exposure assessment in pale lager beers using immunoaffinity columns and UPLC-MS/MS. Mycotoxin Res 2023:10.1007/s12550-023-00492-4. [PMID: 37332076 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00492-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The use of contaminated raw materials can lead to the transfer of mycotoxins into the final product, including beer. This study describes the use of the commercially available immunoaffinity column 11+Myco MS-PREP® and UPLC-MS/MS for the determination of mycotoxins in pale lager-type beers brewed in Czech Republic and other European countries. The additional aim of the work was to develop, optimize and validate this analytical method. Validation parameters such as linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision and accuracy were tested. The calibration curves were linear with correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.99) for all mycotoxins under investigation. The LOD ranged from 0.1 to 50 ng/L and LOQ from 0.4 to 167 ng/L. Recoveries of the selected analytes ranged from 72.2 to 101.1%, and the relative standard deviation under conditions repeatability (RSDr) did not exceed 16.3% for any mycotoxin. The validated procedure was successfully applied for the analysis of mycotoxins in a total of 89 beers from the retail network. The results were also processed using advanced chemometric techniques and compared with similar published studies. The toxicological impact was taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Martiník
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting. Mostecká 7, 614 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Rastislav Boško
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting. Mostecká 7, 614 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Svoboda
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting. Mostecká 7, 614 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sylvie Běláková
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting. Mostecká 7, 614 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Benešová
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting. Mostecká 7, 614 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Pernica
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting. Mostecká 7, 614 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Wang W, Liu T, Wang Y, Mu G, Zhang F, Yang Q, Hou X. Hydrophilic Covalent Organic Frameworks Coated Steel Sheet As a Mass Spectrometric Ionization Source for the Direct Determination of Zearalenone and Its Derivatives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12211-12219. [PMID: 36100997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone has attracted worldwide attention due to its toxic properties and threat to public health. A rapid determination method for zearalenone and its derivatives by hydrophilic covalent organic frameworks coated steel sheet (HCOFCS) combined with ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) was developed. The HCOFCS behaved as both a tip for solid-phase microextraction and a solid substrate for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). To evaluate the HCOFCS-ESI-MS method, five zearalenone and its derivatives in milk samples were determined, including zearalenone (ZEA), α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), α-zearalanol (α-ZAL), and β-zearalanol (β-ZAL). After the extraction procedure, the HCOFCS was directly added with a high voltage for ESI-MS, and the analysis could be completed within 1 min. The developed method showed good linearity in the range 0.1-100 μg/L with a coefficient of determination (R2) > 0.9991. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranged from 0.05 to 0.1 and 0.2 to 0.3 μg/L, respectively. The results demonstrated that the HCOFCS combined with ESI-MS can be used for the rapid and sensitive determination of trace ZEA and its derivatives in milk samples with satisfactory recoveries from 80.58% to 109.98% and reproducibility with relative standard deviations (RSDs) no more than 11.18%. Furthermore, HCOFCS showed good reusability, which could reuse at least 10 extraction cycles with satisfactory adsorption performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Wang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Youfa Wang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Guodong Mu
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Qingli Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Xiudan Hou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
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Piovesana S, Capriotti AL, Cavaliere C, Sparnacci K, Gianotti V, Laus M, Antonioli D, Laganà A. Magnetic molecularly imprinted multishell particles for zearalenone recognition. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.122102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Grajewski J, Kosicki R, Twarużek M, Błajet-Kosicka A. Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins through Polish Beer Consumption. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E254. [PMID: 31067689 PMCID: PMC6563123 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poland is one of Europe's leading producers and exporters of beer. The study, herein, describes the measurement of ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, and zearalenone levels in 69 Polish beers. Analytical methodologies based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and fluorescence detection were developed, validated, and used to perform the above determinations. The most prevalent mycotoxins were deoxynivalenol (96%), ochratoxin A (93%), and HT-2 toxin (74%), respectively. Three quarters of the samples contained at least three analytes. The mean ochratoxin A concentration was 0.057 (SD 0.065) ng/mL, and in four beer samples its level exceeded 0.2 ng/mL, a value postulated in the literature to be the maximum limit. Deoxynivalenol was found at a maximum level of 56.2 ng/mL, and its mean concentration was 17.1 (SD 9.0) ng/mL. An evaluation of the estimated daily intake (EDI) of mycotoxins from beer in different European populations was made using food-consumption data prepared by WHO. Based on the mean ochratoxin A concentration in beers, the EDI represented 0.8-1.1% of the tolerable daily intake (TDI), while in a worst-case scenario (maximum concentration) it reached 5.0-7.5% of TDI. For deoxynivalenol, the EDI was in the range of 4.1-6.0% of TDI, whereas, based on maximum values, it reached the level of 14-21% of TDI. There were no significant differences between "scenarios" in the HT-2 case (mean-5.0-7.5% of TDI; maximum-6.5-9.7% of TDI) due to the fact that its concentration was near the limit of quantification (LOQ) value taken for calculation. The significance of these results are discussed, herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Grajewski
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, PL85064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Robert Kosicki
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, PL85064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Twarużek
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, PL85064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Anna Błajet-Kosicka
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, PL85064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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Review: Biotechnology of mycotoxins detoxification using microorganisms and enzymes. Toxicon 2019; 160:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Three kinds of lateral flow immunochromatographic assays based on the use of nanoparticle labels for fluorometric determination of zearalenone. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:238. [PMID: 29594745 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-2778-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Colloidal gold, quantum dots and polystyrene microspheres were used as labels in three kinds of lateral flow immunochromatographic assays (ICAs) for the detection of zearalenone (ZEN) in cereal samples. The assays allow ZEN to be quantified within 20 min. The LODs are 10 μg·L-1 of ZEN for the colloidal gold-based ICA, and 1 μg·L-1 for both the quantum dot and polystyrene microsphere based ICAs. The respective data are 60 μg·kg-1, 6 μg·kg-1 and 6 μg·kg-1, respectively, for spiked samples and cereals. Only minor cross-sensitivity occurred between ZEN and fusarium toxins, and no cross-sensitivity if found for aflatoxin B1, T-2 mycotoxin, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisin B1. LODs of the three assays are lower than the maximum limits of ZEN set by most standardization agencies. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of three lateral flow immunochromatographic assays (ICAs) based on the use of (a) colloidal gold (CG), (b) fluorescent quantum dots (QD), and
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7
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Lhotská I, Gajdošová B, Solich P, Šatínský D. Molecularly imprinted vs. reversed-phase extraction for the determination of zearalenone: a method development and critical comparison of sample clean-up efficiency achieved in an on-line coupled SPE chromatography system. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:3265-3273. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0920-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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8
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Peters J, van Dam R, van Doorn R, Katerere D, Berthiller F, Haasnoot W, Nielen MWF. Mycotoxin profiling of 1000 beer samples with a special focus on craft beer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185887. [PMID: 28982162 PMCID: PMC5628871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently beer is booming, mainly due to the steady rise of craft breweries worldwide. Previous surveys for occurrence of mycotoxins in beer, were mainly focussed on industrial produced beer. The present survey reports the presence of mycotoxins in craft beer and how this compares to industrial produced beer. More than 1000 beers were collected from 47 countries, of which 60% were craft beers. A selection of 1000 samples were screened for the presence of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins (FBs), T-2 and HT-2 toxins (T-2 and HT-2) and deoxynivalenol (DON) using a mycotoxin 6-plex immunoassay. For confirmatory analysis, a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and applied. The 6-plex screening showed discrepancies with the LC-MS/MS analysis, possibly due to matrix interference and/or the presence of unknown mycotoxin metabolites. The major mycotoxins detected were DON and its plant metabolite deoxynivalenol-3-β-D-glucopyranoside (D3G). The 6-plex immunoassay reported the sum of DON and D3G (DON+D3G) contaminations ranging from 10 to 475 μg/L in 406 beers, of which 73% were craft beers. The popular craft beer style imperial stout, had the highest percentage of samples suspected positive (83%) with 29% of all imperial stout beers having DON+D3G contaminations above 100 μg/L. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that industrial pale lagers from Italy and Spain, predominantly contained FBs (3–69 μg/L). Besides FBs, African traditional beers also contained aflatoxins (0.1–1.2 μg/L). The presence of OTA, T-2, HT-2, ZEN, β-zearalenol, 3/15-acetyl-DON, nivalenol and the conjugated mycotoxin zearalenone 14-sulfate were confirmed in some beers. This study shows that in 27 craft beers, DON+D3G concentrations occurred above (or at) the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI). Exceeding the TDI, may have a health impact. A better control of brewing malts for craft beer, should be put in place to circumvent this potential problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Peters
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research (Institute of Food Safety), Wageningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Ruud van Dam
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research (Institute of Food Safety), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - David Katerere
- Tshwane University of Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Willem Haasnoot
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research (Institute of Food Safety), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michel W. F. Nielen
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research (Institute of Food Safety), Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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9
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Aoyama K, Ishikuro E, Noriduki H, Ichinoe M. Formation Ratios of Zearalanone, Zearalenols, and Zearalanols versus Zearalenone during Incubation of Fusarium semitectum on Sorghum and Ratios in Naturally Contaminated Sorghum. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2016; 56:247-51. [PMID: 26699272 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.56.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We incubated Fusarium semitectum on sorghum and measured the production of zearalenone (ZEN) and ZEN-related compounds (zearalanone (ZAN), α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), α-zearalanol (α-ZAL) and β-zearalanol (β-ZAL)) in the culture by LC-MS. Of the five ZEN-related compounds, ZAN and β-ZEL were mainly detected. The concentrations of ZEN and the five ZEN-related compounds increased until 9 days after incubation and then increased slightly or stayed constant between days 9 and 15. The ratios of α-ZEL, β-ZEL, α-ZAL and β-ZAL to ZEN decreased in a similar manner after 7 days, whereas the ratio of ZAN to ZEN remained constant after 5 days. Analysis of naturally contaminated sorghum by LC-MS/MS revealed that the production ratio of α-ZEL to ZEN was inconsistent with that of our in vitro incubation analysis. The results indicate that ZAN might not be suitable for use as an internal standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Aoyama
- Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center
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10
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Bauer JI, Gross M, Gottschalk C, Usleber E. Investigations on the occurrence of mycotoxins in beer. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Martins C, Brandão T, Almeida A, Rocha SM. Insights on beer volatile profile: Optimization of solid-phase microextraction procedure taking advantage of the comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography structured separation. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2140-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Martins
- Departamento de Química, QOPNA; Universidade de Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, CESAM; Universidade de Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
| | | | - Adelaide Almeida
- Departamento de Biologia, CESAM; Universidade de Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
| | - Sílvia M. Rocha
- Departamento de Química, QOPNA; Universidade de Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
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12
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Castro LF, Ross CF. Determination of flavour compounds in beer using stir-bar sorptive extraction and solid-phase microextraction. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. Castro
- School of Food Science; Washington State University; Pullman WA 99164 USA
| | - Carolyn F. Ross
- School of Food Science; Washington State University; Pullman WA 99164 USA
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Drzymala SS, Weiz S, Heinze J, Marten S, Prinz C, Zimathies A, Garbe LA, Koch M. Automated solid-phase extraction coupled online with HPLC-FLD for the quantification of zearalenone in edible oil. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:3489-97. [PMID: 25709066 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Established maximum levels for the mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) in edible oil require monitoring by reliable analytical methods. Therefore, an automated SPE-HPLC online system based on dynamic covalent hydrazine chemistry has been developed. The SPE step comprises a reversible hydrazone formation by ZEN and a hydrazine moiety covalently attached to a solid phase. Seven hydrazine materials with different properties regarding the resin backbone, pore size, particle size, specific surface area, and loading have been evaluated. As a result, a hydrazine-functionalized silica gel was chosen. The final automated online method was validated and applied to the analysis of three maize germ oil samples including a provisionally certified reference material. Important performance criteria for the recovery (70-120 %) and precision (RSDr <25 %) as set by the Commission Regulation EC 401/2006 were fulfilled: The mean recovery was 78 % and RSDr did not exceed 8 %. The results of the SPE-HPLC online method were further compared to results obtained by liquid-liquid extraction with stable isotope dilution analysis LC-MS/MS and found to be in good agreement. The developed SPE-HPLC online system with fluorescence detection allows a reliable, accurate, and sensitive quantification (limit of quantification, 30 μg/kg) of ZEN in edible oils while significantly reducing the workload. To our knowledge, this is the first report on an automated SPE-HPLC method based on a covalent SPE approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Drzymala
- Department 1 Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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Dong YL, Wang YM, Yang HJ, Yang XZ, Yu HJ. Phytoestrogen α-zearalanol exerts antiapoptotic effects in differentiated pc12 cells via oestrogen receptor α. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 116:110-4. [PMID: 25052567 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have demonstrated that phytoestrogen α-zearalanol (α-ZAL) possesses potential benefits in alleviating cell apoptotic death just like oestrogen. However, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the neuroprotective effect of α-ZAL is mediated by oestrogen receptor (ER) as α-ZAL owns the benzene ring structure may interact with ER. The present results showed a significant increase in apoptosis in differentiated PC12 cells after a 24-hr exposure to amyloid β-peptide fragment 25-35 (Aβ25-35 ), accompanied by decreasing of bcl-2 expression and increasing bax expression, whereas a pre-treatment with α-ZAL ameliorated these changes induced by Aβ25-35 . In addition, the α-ZAL-mediated cytoprotection was abrogated by ERα antagonist but not by ERβ antagonist. In summary, these data suggest that α-ZAL intervenes against Aβ-induced apoptosis via intersecting bcl-2-bax apoptotic pathway in an ERα-sensitive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Long Dong
- The School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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15
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Hu L, Gastl M, Linkmeyer A, Hess M, Rychlik M. Fate of enniatins and beauvericin during the malting and brewing process determined by stable isotope dilution assays. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Dong Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Yang N, Zuo P. Phytoestrogen α-zearalanol ameliorates memory impairment and neuronal DNA oxidation in ovariectomized mice. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013; 68:1255-62. [PMID: 24141843 PMCID: PMC3782724 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2013(09)13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a novel phytoestrogen, α-Zearalanol, on Alzheimer's disease-related memory impairment and neuronal oxidation in ovariectomized mice. METHODS Female C57/BL6 mice were ovariectomized or received sham operations and treatment with equivalent doses of 17β-estradiol or α-Zearalanol for 8 weeks. Their spatial learning and memory were analyzed using the Morris water maze test. The antioxidant enzyme activities and reactive oxygen species generation, neuronal DNA oxidation, and MutT homolog 1 expression in the hippocampus were measured. RESULTS Treatment with 17β-estradiol or α-Zearalanol significantly improved spatial learning and memory performance in ovariectomized mice. In addition, 17β-estradiol and α-Zearalanol attenuated the decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities and increased reactive oxygen species production in ovariectomized mice. The findings indicated a significant elevation in hippocampi neuronal DNA oxidation and reduction in MutT homolog 1 expression in estrogen-deficient mice, but supplementation with 17β-estradiol or α-Zearalanol efficaciously ameliorated this situation. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that α-Zearalanol is potentially beneficial for improving memory impairments and neuronal oxidation damage in a manner similar to that of 17β-estradiol. Therefore, the compound may be a potential therapeutic agent that can ameliorate neurodegenerative disorders related to estrogen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Dong
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, KunmingYunnan, China
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17
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Jodlbauer J, Zöllner P, Lindner W. Determination of zearalenone and its metabolites in urine and tissue samples of cow and pig by LC-MS/MS. Mycotoxin Res 2013; 16 Suppl 2:174-8. [PMID: 23605524 DOI: 10.1007/bf02940030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
For the sensitive and selective determination of zeranol, taleranol, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol and zearalenone in animal urine and tissue a LC-MS/MS method has been developed. Sample preparation included extraction of meat samples and enzymatic digest of urine samples followed by solid-phase extraction with RP-18 columns for sample clean-up. Mass spectrometric determination was carried out with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation interface (APCI) in the multi-reaction monitoring mode (MRM). Using the negative ion mode detection limits between 0.1 and 0.5 ppb and determination limits between 0.5 and 1 ppb could be achieved. With zearalanone as internal standard, a linear range between 0.5 (1.0) and 100 ppb in urine samples (cow; pig) and between 1 and 100 ppb in meat samples (cow, calf, pig) could be established. Depending on the biological matrix and analyte standard deviations were below 8.2 %, with recovery rates between 86 and 102 % in spiked samples. The applicability of the method was demonstrated via several contaminated cow and pig urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jodlbauer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Kuzdraliński A, Solarska E, Muszyńska M. Deoxynivalenol and zearalenone occurence in beers analysed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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19
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The neuroprotective effects of phytoestrogen α-zearalanol on β-amyloid-induced toxicity in differentiated PC-12 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 670:392-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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The study of deoxynivalenol and its masked metabolites fate during the brewing process realised by UPLC–TOFMS method. Food Chem 2011; 126:1870-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Mizutani K, Nagatomi Y, Mochizuki N. Metabolism of zearalenone in the course of beer fermentation. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:134-41. [PMID: 22069701 PMCID: PMC3202815 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZON) is a mycotoxin with estrogenic activity, produced by members of Fusarium species, and is found worldwide in a number of cereal crops. It is known to have four active metabolites (α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), β-zearalenol (β-ZOL), α-zearalanol (α-ZAL), and β-zearalanol (β-ZAL)). A highly sensitive analytical method using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization (LC-ESI-MS/MS) has been established and validated in order to analyze ZON and its metabolites in beer and malt samples. The metabolism of ZON in the course of beer fermentation was further characterized using the artificially contaminated wort by this established method. In the fermented sample, 85.9% of ZON was converted to β-ZOL, which has lower estrogenic activity than that of ZON. These findings indicate that the health risk to humans due to ZON in beer is reduced during the fermentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Mizutani
- Asahi Breweries, Ltd., Analytical Technology Laboratory, 1-1-21, Midori, Moriya, Ibaraki, Japan.
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22
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Reinen J, Kalma LL, Begheijn S, Heus F, Commandeur JN, Vermeulen NP. Application of cytochrome P450 BM3 mutants as biocatalysts for the profiling of estrogen receptor binding metabolites of the mycotoxin zearalenone. Xenobiotica 2010; 41:59-70. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2010.525762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Sohrabvandi S, Mousavi S, Razavi S, Mortazavian A, Rezaei K. Alcohol-free Beer: Methods of Production, Sensorial Defects, and Healthful Effects. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2010.496022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Songsermsakul P, Razzazi-Fazeli E. A Review of Recent Trends in Applications of Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for Determination of Mycotoxins. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070802126395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Songsermsakul
- a Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Khon Kaen University , Thailand
| | - E. Razzazi-Fazeli
- b Department of Veterinary Public Health , Institute of Nutrition, VetOMICS Core Facility for Research/University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna, Austria
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Pérez-Torrado E, Blesa J, Moltó J, Font G. Pressurized liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for determination of zearalenone in cereal flours. Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Duca RC, Bravin F, Delaforge M, Vladescu L, Badea IA, Criste RD. Development of a new HPLC method used for determination of zearalenone and its metabolites in broiler samples. Influence of zearalenone on the nutritional properties of broiler meat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:10497-10504. [PMID: 19877635 DOI: 10.1021/jf9014608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the development, optimization and validation of a new HPLC method used for the separation and determination of zearalenone, ZON, and its metabolites in biological samples of Leghorn broiler. ZON and its metabolites can be separated with good resolution in 11 min, using a Hypersil Gold C18 column, a mobile phase mixture of 50 mM aqueous ammonium acetate:acetonitrile:methanol, 45:8:47 (v/v/v), flow rate 1 mL/min and column temperature 40 degrees C. Based on the results obtained by this method applied on biological samples one can conclude that liver is the site for zearalenone localization and detoxification. Influence of zearalenone on the nutritional properties of broiler meat (weight variation, gross chemical composition, fatty acids profile of the meat) was studied, also. Results obtained during 4 days of treatment with ZON showed minimal or no effects of the dietary zearalenone on broiler meat nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Corneliu Duca
- National Research and Development Institute for Biology and Animal Nutrition (INCDBNA) 1, Calea Bucuresti, 077015 Balotesti, Ilfov, Romania
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Kostelanska M, Hajslova J, Zachariasova M, Malachova A, Kalachova K, Poustka J, Fiala J, Scott PM, Berthiller F, Krska R. Occurrence of deoxynivalenol and its major conjugate, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, in beer and some brewing intermediates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:3187-3194. [PMID: 19301815 DOI: 10.1021/jf803749u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Since deoxynivalenol (DON), the main representative of Fusarium toxic secondary metabolites, is a relatively common natural contaminant in barley, its traces can be detected in many commercial beers. Our previous study reporting for the first time the occurrence of relatively high levels of DON-3-glucoside (DON-3-Glc) in malt and beer prepared from relatively "clean" barley (semiscale experimental conditions) induced a follow-up investigation focused on this DON conjugate in commercial beers. The current survey involving in total 176 beers, representing different brands, and collected at various markets, has documented a ubiquitous occurrence of DON-3-Glc in this product. Its levels even exceeded that of free DON in some samples; the highest level found was 37 microg/L. In addition to glucosylated DON, its acetylated forms (ADONs) were also common contaminants in most of the beers. Generally, stronger beers (higher alcohol content) tended to contain higher levels of DON and its conjugates. No distinct relationship between the contamination of malt and beer was observed in samples collected from several breweries. Attention was also paid to comparison of data on malts obtained by LC-MS/MS and ELISA DON-dedicated kits. The latter provided apparently higher levels of DON, the most distinct difference being observed for malts processed at higher temperatures (caramel and roasted malts). The nature of this phenomenon has not yet been explained; in addition to cross-reacting species, other factors, such as the higher content of dark pigment, can also be the cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kostelanska
- Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Prague, Czech Republic
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28
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Xia X, Li X, Ding S, Zhang S, Jiang H, Li J, Shen J. Ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of six resorcylic acid lactones in bovine milk. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2587-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Gromadzka K, Chelkowski J, Popiel D, Kachlicki P, Kostecki M, Golinski P. Solid substrate bioassay to evaluate the effect of Trichoderma and Clonostachys on the production of zearalenone by Fusarium species. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2009. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2008.x046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight and maize ear rot are destructive diseases in various cereal production regions, leading to significant yield losses and to the contamination of cereal grain with Fusarium mycotoxins. The mycotoxin zearalenone belongs to the three most important mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species worldwide; moreover, its hormonal oestrogenic activity is higher than its toxicity. The compound also exhibits fungitoxic activity. Toxigenic Fusarium species sporulate on cereal crop residues and produce inoculum to infect the next crop. Reduction of mycotoxin production and pathogen sporulation may be influenced by saprophytic fungal antagonists. Selected Trichoderma and Clonostachys isolates in dual culture bioassays on rice reduced zearalenone, α-zearalenol and zearalenone sulphate production by two isolates of Fusarium graminearum Schwabe and two isolates of F. culmorum (W.G. Smith) Saccardo belonging to three different chemotypes, by over 97%. Two Trichoderma isolates reduced the amount of zearalenone produced by the same four Fusarium isolates by 5-83% in solid substrate bioassays, whereas several Clonostachys isolates reduced the amount of zearalenone by over 96%. Examination of the dynamics of zearalenone reduction showed that the reduction occurred at the fastest rate during the first four days of incubation. Selected non-toxigenic Trichoderma and Clonostachys isolates are candidates for biocontrol agents against toxigenic Fusarium pathogens of cereals and may be useful for decomposition of zearalenone in contaminated cereal grain and cereal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Gromadzka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland
| | - J. Chelkowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszynska 34, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - D. Popiel
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszynska 34, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - P. Kachlicki
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszynska 34, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - M. Kostecki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland
| | - P. Golinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland
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30
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Schaut A, De Saeger S, Sergent T, Schneider YJ, Larondelle Y, Pussemier L, Van Peteghem C. Study of the gastrointestinal biotransformation of zearalenone in a Caco-2 cell culture system with liquid chromatographic methods. J Appl Toxicol 2008; 28:966-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Maragou NC, Rosenberg E, Thomaidis NS, Koupparis MA. Direct determination of the estrogenic compounds 8-prenylnaringenin, zearalenone, alpha- and beta-zearalenol in beer by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1202:47-57. [PMID: 18621378 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2008] [Revised: 06/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel LC-ESI-MS method for the simultaneous determination of four of the most significant estrogenic compounds naturally occurring in beer, 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN), zearalenone (ZON), alpha-zearalenol (alpha-ZOL) and beta-zearalenol (beta-ZOL) which requires minimal sample preparation was developed using a chemometric approach. Experimental design was applied to assess the effects of the LC-ESI-MS parameters (mobile phase flow rate, drying gas flow, nebuliser pressure and capillary potential) on the obtained signal and to optimize the values in order to provide maximum sensitivity and detectability. The proposed method is simple, consisting only of degassing the beer and diluting with water (1:1, v/v) before injection. Comparison between the two internal standards used, zearalanone (ZAN) and 4,2'-dihydroxychalcone (4,2'-DHC), showed that ZAN performs better as internal standard not only for the mycotoxins but for 8-PN as well, giving lower % RSDs. Under inter-day conditions mean recoveries were 107% for ZON, 87.8% for alpha-ZOL, 72.8% for beta-ZOL, and 77.5% for 8-PN. The corresponding % RSDs ranged between 5.0 and 8.0. The method limits of detection were 1.3, 1.4, 1.0 and 0.8 ng mL(-1) for ZON, alpha-ZOL, beta-ZOL and 8-PN, respectively. The method was applied to 15 beer samples obtained from local supermarkets and the concentration of the phytoestrogen 8-PN in beer ranged between <0.8 and 38.6 ng mL(-1), while neither ZON nor its metabolites, alpha-ZOL and beta-ZOL, were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki C Maragou
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/164 AC, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
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32
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Lancova K, Hajslova J, Poustka J, Krplova A, Zachariasova M, Dostalek P, Sachambula L. Transfer ofFusariummycotoxins and ‘masked’ deoxynivalenol (deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside) from field barley through malt to beer. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:732-44. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030701779625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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33
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Gromadzka K, Waskiewicz A, Chelkowski J, Golinski P. Zearalenone and its metabolites: occurrence, detection, toxicity and guidelines. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2008. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2008.x015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced by some Fusarium species in food and feed. From a global perspective, Fusarium mycotoxins may be considered as metabolites of particular importance to animal health and productivity. The aim of this review is to collect and summarise information concerning the properties of zearalenone, its derivatives and their biotransformation. Data on the occurrence and toxicity of zearalenone and a comparison of analytical methods used in zearalenone identification and quantification will also be discussed. As our awareness and understanding of the risks associated with zearalenone exposure increase, some countries set official or recommended limits in certain commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Gromadzka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland
| | - A. Waskiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland
| | - J. Chelkowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - P. Golinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland
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34
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Kolf-Clauw M, Ayouni F, Tardieu D, Guerre P. Variations in zearalenone activation in avian food species. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 46:1467-73. [PMID: 18221829 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), a widely distributed oestrogenic fusariotoxin, constitutes a potential risk for human and animal health. ZEA is metabolised to the main metabolites identified in vitro and in vivo: alpha-zearalenol (alpha-ZOL) and beta-zearalenol (beta-ZOL). The efficiency to produce alpha-reduced metabolites appears of particular interest in risk assessment as alpha-reduced metabolites constitute activated forms whereas beta-reduced metabolites are less oestrogenic than ZEA. In this study ZEA activation was compared in avian food species. ZEA and its reduced metabolites were quantified in subcellular fractions of six avian species and rat livers. The alpha-ZOL/beta-ZOL ratio in rats was 19. The various avian food species cannot be considered to be equivalent in terms of ZEA reduction (P<0.001). Quails represented high "beta reducers", with alpha-ZOL/beta-ZOL ratio less than two. Weak "beta reducers" included on one part ducks and chickens showing alpha-ZOL/beta-ZOL ratio greater than 3 and up to 5.6 and on a second part geese, showing a lower production of alpha-ZOL than other poultry. Comparisons of enzyme kinetics in ducks and in quails show that these variations can be explained by the action of various isoforms of dehydrogenases. These results are relevant to food safety, in the context of frequently inevitable contamination of animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kolf-Clauw
- Unité de Mycotoxicologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse Cedex, France.
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35
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Sulyok M, Krska R, Schuhmacher R. Application of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric method to multi-mycotoxin determination in raw cereals and evaluation of matrix effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 24:1184-95. [PMID: 17886191 DOI: 10.1080/02652030701510004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A multi-analyte method for the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric determination of mycotoxins in crude grain extracts without clean-up has been applied to the analysis of spelt, rice and barley. Method performance characteristics were determined after spiking blank samples at multiple levels and were found to be comparable for all investigated matrices as regards linearity (linear calibration functions were obtained for all analyte/matrix combinations except for moniliformin), precision (coefficient of variations <6%) and sensitivity. Matrix-induced signal suppression/enhancement was studied in detail and varied significantly between the investigated matrices, as well as between individual samples (relative standard deviation was as high as 40% within three rice varieties) and individual toxins. It was concluded that a reliable quantitative analysis using matrix-matched calibration requires careful consideration of the model matrix, which should match the investigated samples as close as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sulyok
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences-Vienna, Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
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36
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Dong YL, Zuo PP, Li Q, Liu FH, Dai SL, Ge QS. Protective effects of phytoestrogen alpha-zearalanol on beta amyloid25-35 induced oxidative damage in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Endocrine 2007; 32:206-11. [PMID: 18064574 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-007-9032-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although experimental evidence has shown that the neuroprotective effect from estrogen may benefit postmenopausal women, but the clinical use of estrogen was limited by the risk of increasing the cases of mammary and endometrial cancer. This study was designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of a novel phytoestrogen alpha-zearalanol (alpha-ZAL), on the cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Following a 24-h exposure of the cells to amyloid beta-peptide fragment 25-35 (A beta 25-35), a significant reduction in cell survival and activities of total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), as well as increased of malondialdehyde (MDA) were observed. Preincubation of the cells with alpha-ZAL or 17 beta-estradiol(17 beta-E2) prior to A beta 25-35 exposure elevated the cell survival and SOD and GSH-Px activities, and decreased the level of MDA. These data suggested that the phytoestrogen alpha-ZAL, like estrogen, may effectively antagonize A beta 25-35-induced cell toxicity, which might be beneficial for neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Long Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing, 100005, China
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37
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Pallaroni L, Björklund E, Holst CV. OPTIMIZATION OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CHEMICAL IONIZATION INTERFACE PARAMETERS FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF DEOXYNIVALENOL AND ZEARALENONE USING HPLC/MS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120003269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Pallaroni
- a Food Products and Consumer Goods Unit , European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection , Ispra (VA), I-21020, Italy
| | - Erland Björklund
- a Food Products and Consumer Goods Unit , European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection , Ispra (VA), I-21020, Italy
| | - Christoph von Holst
- a Food Products and Consumer Goods Unit , European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection , Ispra (VA), I-21020, Italy
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38
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Zöllner P, Mayer-Helm B. Trace mycotoxin analysis in complex biological and food matrices by liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1136:123-69. [PMID: 17087969 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi that are growing on agricultural commodities. Their frequent presence in food and their severe toxic, carcinogenic and estrogenic properties have been recognised as potential threat to human health. A reliable risk assessment of mycotoxin contamination for humans and animals relies basically on their unambiguous identification and accurate quantification in food and feedstuff. While most screening methods for mycotoxins are based on immunoassays, unambiguous analyte confirmation can be easily achieved with mass spectrometric methods, like gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) or liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Due to the introduction of atmospheric pressure ionisation (API) techniques in the late 80s, LC/MS has become a routine technique also in food analysis, overcoming the traditional drawbacks of GC/MS regarding volatility and thermal stability. During the last few years, this technical and instrumental progress had also an increasing impact on the expanding field of mycotoxin analysis. The aim of the present review is to give an overview on the application of LC-(API)MS in the analysis of frequently occurring and highly toxic mycotoxins, such as trichothecenes, ochratoxins, zearalenone, fumonisins, aflatoxins, enniatins, moniliformin and several other mycotoxins. This includes also the investigation of some of their metabolites and degradation products. Suitable sample pre-treatment procedures, their applicability for high sample through-put and their influence on matrix effects will be discussed. The review covers literature published until July 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zöllner
- Bayercropscience GmbH, Product Technology, Industriepark Höchst, G836, D-65926 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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39
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Dong YL, Yue Y, Liu FH, Lang SY, Zhang XC, Dai SL, Ge QS, Zuo PP. Treatment with phytoestrogen alpha-zearalanol might protect neurons of hippocampus in ovariectomized rats. Endocrine 2006; 30:249-54. [PMID: 17526935 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-006-0001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Revised: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although neuroprotective effects of estrogen on postmenopausal women have been recognized, an associated increased incidence of uterine and breast tumors has jeopardized the clinical use of estrogen. This study was designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of a novel phytoestrogen alpha-zearalanol (alpha-ZAL), on ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Adult Wistar rats were ovariectomized or sham-operated and treatment with equivalent doses of 17beta-estradiol or alpha-ZAL for 5 wk. Uteruses have been weighted and stained by hematoxylin and eosin for morphology analysis. The expression of synaptophysin and parvalbumin in hippocampus were evaluated by immunohistochemistry assays. Our experiments indicated that the synaptophysin and parvalbumin-positive areas were significantly decreased in the OVX group compared to the sham group, alpha-ZAL or 17beta-estradiol administration can reverse the effects. Although alpha-ZAL and 17beta-estradiol treatments reconciled uterus weight loss which was induced by ovariectomy, the effect of alpha-ZAL was less than 17beta-estradiol. This result suggests that alpha-ZAL may effectively abate neurons loss in the hippocampus while slightly promoting weight gain of the uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Long Dong
- Institute of Basic Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 100005
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40
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Pinho O, Ferreira IMPLVO, Santos LHMLM. Method optimization by solid-phase microextraction in combination with gas chromatography with mass spectrometry for analysis of beer volatile fraction. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1121:145-53. [PMID: 16687150 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive method for the analysis of beer volatile compounds was optimised using headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography with mass detection. Headspace SPME using a 75 microm Carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane (CAR-PDMS) fiber provided effective sample enrichment and enabled extraction of a wide variety of compounds. The reproducibility depended on the compounds, with a mean value of 1.4% for alcohols, 3.3% for ethers, 6.7% for aldehydes, 3.4% for acids, 1.7% for aromatic compounds, 2.4% for esters, 7.4% for hydrocarbons, 1.8% for alicyclic compounds, and 3.4% for heterocyclic compounds. The optimised methodology can be used to compare volatile profile from different types of beers and eventually to study the evolution of a particular beer during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Pinho
- REQUIMTE-Serviço de Bromatologia, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Anibal Cunha 164, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal.
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Urraca JL, Marazuela MD, Moreno-Bondi MC. Molecularly imprinted polymers applied to the clean-up of zearalenone and α-zearalenol from cereal and swine feed sample extracts. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 385:1155-61. [PMID: 16628404 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A molecularly imprinted polymer prepared using 1-allylpiperazine (1-ALPP) as the functional monomer, trimethyltrimethacrylate (TRIM) as the crosslinker and the zearalenone (ZON)-mimicking template cyclododecanyl-2,4-dihydroxybenzoate (CDHB) has been applied to the clean-up and preconcentration of this mycotoxin (zearalenone) and a related metabolite, alpha-zearalenol (alpha-ZOL), from cereal and swine feed sample extracts. The extraction of ZON and alpha-ZOL from the food samples was accomplished using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with MeOH/ACN (50:50, v/v) as the extraction solvent, at 50 degrees C and 1500 psi. The extracted samples were cleaned up and preconcentrated through the MIP cartridge and analyzed using HPLC with fluorescence detection (lambda (exc)=271/ lambda (em)=452 nm). The stationary phase was a polar endcapped C18 column, and ACN/MeOH/water 10/55/35 (v/v/v, 15 mM ammonium acetate) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min(-1) was used as the mobile phase. The method was applied to the analysis of ZON and alpha-ZOL in wheat, corn, barley, rye, rice and swine feed samples fortified with 50, 100 and 400 ng g(-1) of both mycotoxins, and it gave recoveries of between 85 and 97% (RSD 2.1-6.7%, n=3) and 87-97% (RSD 2.3-5.6%, n=3) for alpha-ZOL and ZON, respectively. The method was validated using a corn reference material for ZON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier L Urraca
- Laboratory of Optical Sensors, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Urraca JL, Marazuela MD, Merino ER, Orellana G, Moreno-Bondi MC. Molecularly imprinted polymers with a streamlined mimic for zearalenone analysis. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1116:127-34. [PMID: 16595138 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Revised: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with selective recognition properties for zearalenone (ZON), an estrogenic mycotoxin, and structurally related compounds have been prepared using the non-covalent imprinting approach. A rationally designed ZON analogue, cyclododecyl 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate (CDHB), that exhibits resemblance to ZON in terms of size, shape and functionality has been synthesized and used as template for MIP preparation instead of the natural toxin. Several functional monomers have been evaluated to maximize the interactions with the template molecule during the polymerization process. The polymer material prepared with 1-allylpiperazine (1-ALPP) as functional monomer, trimethyl trimethacrylate (TRIM) as cross-linker and acetonitrile as porogen (in a 1:4:20 molar ratio) displayed superior binding capacities than any other of the MIPs tested. Selectivity of this material for ZON and structurally related and non-related compounds has been evaluated using it as stationary phase in liquid chromatography. Our results demonstrate that the imprinted polymer shows significant affinity in the porogenic solvent for the template mimic (CDHB) as well as for the ZON and other related target metabolites in food samples, dramatically improving the performance of previously reported MIPs for ZON recognition. Therefore, MIPs can be an excellent alternative for clean-up and preconcentration of the mycotoxin in contaminated food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Urraca
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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Sforza S, Dall'asta C, Marchelli R. Recent advances in mycotoxin determination in food and feed by hyphenated chromatographic techniques/mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2006; 25:54-76. [PMID: 15892148 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal toxins produced by molds, which occur universally in food and feed derivatives, and are produced under certain environmental conditions in the field before harvest, post-harvest, during storage, processing, and feeding. Mycotoxin contamination is one of the most relevant and worrisome problem concerning food and feed safety because it can cause a variety of toxic acute and chronic effects in human and animals. In this review we report the use of mass spectrometry in connection with chromatographic techniques for mycotoxin determination by considering separately the most diffuse class of mycotoxins: patulin, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, trichothecenes, and fumonisins. Although the selectivity of mass spectrometry is unchallenged if compared to common GC and LC detection methods, accuracy, precision, and sensitivity may be extremely variable concerning the different mycotoxins, matrices, and instruments. The sensitivity issue may be a real problem in the case of LC/MS, where the response can be very different for the different ionization techniques (ESI, APCI, APPI). Therefore, when other detection methods (such as fluorescence or UV absorbance) can be used for the quantitative determination, LC/MS appears to be only an outstanding confirmatory technique. In contrast, when the toxins are not volatile and do not bear suitable chromophores or fluorophores, LC/MS appears to be the unique method to perform quantitative and qualitative analyses without requiring any derivatization procedure. The problem of exact quantitative determination in GC/MS and LC/MS methods is particularly important for mycotoxin determination in food, given the high variability of the matrices, and can be solved only by the use of isotopically labeled internal standards or by the use of ionization interfaces able to lower matrix effects and ion suppressions. When the problems linked to inconstant ionization and matrix effects will be solved, only MS detectors will allow to simplify more and more the sample preparation procedures and to avoid clean-up procedures, making feasible low-cost, high-throughput determination of mycotoxins in many different food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sforza
- Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, I-43100, Parma, Italy
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Dall'asta C, Sforza S, Moseriti A, Galaverna G, Dossena A, Marchelli R. An innovative LC/MS approach applied to the determination of zeralenone in maize: Alternate Isotope-coded Derivatization Assay (AIDA). Mycotoxin Res 2005; 21:218-23. [PMID: 23605391 DOI: 10.1007/bf02957581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone is a mycotoxin mainly produced by severalFusarium species, which are known to colonize grains in temperate climates. The purpose of the study is to provide a reliable isotope dilution method for the quantification of this mycotoxin. A derivative of the analyte to be used as standard is obtained by reaction with acetic anhydride, which is available in two pure isotopic forms, a protonated ("light") and a hexadeuterated ("heavy"). The derivatized standards are added to the matrix split intwo parts. Then, the derivatization procedure is repeated on both matrices derivatizing the part containing the "heavy" labelled standard with the "light" acetic anhydride and the part containing the "light" labelled standard with the "heavy" acetic anhydride. Both extracted mixtures are analyzed by LC/MS, monitoring the "light" and the "heavy" labelled analytes and using the former as standard for the latter in one case and viceversa in the other case. The method allowed to obtain very good results, without the need of IAC purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dall'asta
- Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry, University of Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 17/A, University Campus, 43100, Parma, Italy
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Cavaliere C, D’Ascenzo G, Foglia P, Pastorini E, Samperi R, Laganà A. Determination of type B trichothecenes and macrocyclic lactone mycotoxins in field contaminated maize. Food Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sforza S, Dall'Asta C, Moseriti A, Galaverna G, Dossena A, Marchelli R. Alternate Isotope-Coded Derivatization Assay: An Isotope Dilution Method Applied to the Quantification of Zearalenone in Maize Flour. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:5126-30. [PMID: 16013071 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200500148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sforza
- Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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Sforza S, Dall'Asta C, Moseriti A, Galaverna G, Dossena A, Marchelli R. Alternate Isotope-Coded Derivatization Assay: An Isotope Dilution Method Applied to the Quantification of Zearalenone in Maize Flour. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200500148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Berthiller F, Schuhmacher R, Buttinger G, Krska R. Rapid simultaneous determination of major type A- and B-trichothecenes as well as zearalenone in maize by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1062:209-16. [PMID: 15679158 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the simultaneous determination of the Fusarium mycotoxins nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, fusarenon-X, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, the sum of 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, diacetoxy-scirpenol, HT-2 toxin, T-2 toxin and zearalenone in maize has been developed using gradient RP-LC with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS/MS). Swift clean-up of maize samples was performed with MycoSep #226 columns. Quantification of zearalenone was performed with zearalanone as internal standard (IS), while no IS was used for the trichothecenes. Detection of the mycotoxins was carried out in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Method performance characteristics were estimated after analysis of spiked blank maize samples. Calibration curves were linear between 10 and 1000 microg/kg and the limits of detection ranged from 0.3 to 3.8 microg/kg depending on the mycotoxin. Moreover, the accuracy of the method was confirmed by comparing analytical data to certified values from reference materials for deoxynivalenol and zearalenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria
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Liu M, Zeng Z, Xiong B. Preparation of novel solid-phase microextraction fibers by sol–gel technology for headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatographic analysis of aroma compounds in beer. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1065:287-99. [PMID: 15782975 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TMSPMA) was first used as precursor as well as selective stationary phase to prepare the sol-gel-derived TMSPMA-hydroxyl-terminated silicone oil (TMSPMA-OH-TSO) solid-phase mircroextraction (SPME) fibers for the analysis of aroma compounds in beer. TMSPMA-OH-TSO was a medium polarity coating, and was found to be very effective in carrying out simultaneous extraction of both polar alcohols and fatty acids and nonpolar esters in beer. The extraction temperature, extraction time, and ionic strength of the sample matrix were modified to allow for maximium sorption of the analytes onto the fiber. Desorption temperature and time were optimized to avoid the carryover effects. To check the matrix effects, several different matrices, including distilled water, 4% ethanol/water (v/v) solution, a concentrated synthetic beer, a "volatile-free" beer and a real beer were investigated. Matrix effects were compensated for by using 4-methyl-2-pentanol as internal standard and selecting the "volatile-free" beer as working standard. The method proposed in this study showed satisfactory linearity, precision and detection limits and accuracy. The established headspace SPME-gas chromatography (GC) method was then used for determination of volatile compounds in four beer varieties. The recoveries obtained ranged from 92.8 to 105.8%. The relative standard deviations (RSD, n = 5) for all analytes were below 10%. The major aroma contributing substances of each variety were identified via aroma indexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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50
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Urraca J, Marazuela M, Moreno-Bondi M. Analysis for zearalenone and α-zearalenol in cereals and swine feed using accelerated solvent extraction and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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