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Bromley-Coolidge S, Iruegas D, Appel B. Cspg4 sculpts oligodendrocyte precursor cell morphology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.08.607226. [PMID: 39149260 PMCID: PMC11326215 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.08.607226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides critical biochemical and structural cues that regulate neural development. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), a major ECM component, have been implicated in modulating oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) proliferation, migration, and maturation, but their specific roles in oligodendrocyte lineage cell (OLC) development and myelination in vivo remain poorly understood. Here, we use zebrafish as a model system to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of ECM deposition and CSPG localization during central nervous system (CNS) development, with a focus on their relationship to OLCs. We demonstrate that ECM components, including CSPGs, are dynamically expressed in distinct spatiotemporal patterns coinciding with OLC development and myelination. We found that zebrafish lacking cspg4 function produced normal numbers of OLCs, which appeared to undergo proper differentiation. However, OPC morphology in mutant larvae was aberrant. Nevertheless, the number and length of myelin sheaths produced by mature oligodendrocytes were unaffected. These data indicate that Cspg4 regulates OPC morphogenesis in vivo, supporting the role of the ECM in neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Bromley-Coolidge
- Section of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA, 80445
| | - Diego Iruegas
- Section of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA, 80445
| | - Bruce Appel
- Section of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA, 80445
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Melrose J. Keratan sulfate (KS)-proteoglycans and neuronal regulation in health and disease: the importance of KS-glycodynamics and interactive capability with neuroregulatory ligands. J Neurochem 2019; 149:170-194. [PMID: 30578672 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Compared to the other classes of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), that is, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, heparin/heparan sulfate and hyaluronan, keratan sulfate (KS), have the least known of its interactive properties. In the human body, the cornea and the brain are the two most abundant tissue sources of KS. Embryonic KS is synthesized as a linear poly-N-acetyllactosamine chain of d-galactose-GlcNAc repeat disaccharides which become progressively sulfated with development, sulfation of GlcNAc is more predominant than galactose. KS contains multi-sulfated high-charge density, monosulfated and non-sulfated poly-N-acetyllactosamine regions and thus is a heterogeneous molecule in terms of chain length and charge distribution. A recent proteomics study on corneal KS demonstrated its interactivity with members of the Slit-Robbo and Ephrin-Ephrin receptor families and proteins which regulate Rho GTPase signaling and actin polymerization/depolymerization in neural development and differentiation. KS decorates a number of peripheral nervous system/CNS proteoglycan (PG) core proteins. The astrocyte KS-PG abakan defines functional margins of the brain and is up-regulated following trauma. The chondroitin sulfate/KS PG aggrecan forms perineuronal nets which are dynamic neuroprotective structures with anti-oxidant properties and roles in neural differentiation, development and synaptic plasticity. Brain phosphacan a chondroitin sulfate, KS, HNK-1 PG have roles in neural development and repair. The intracellular microtubule and synaptic vesicle KS-PGs MAP1B and SV2 have roles in metabolite transport, storage, and export of neurotransmitters and cytoskeletal assembly. MAP1B has binding sites for tubulin and actin through which it promotes cytoskeletal development in growth cones and is highly expressed during neurite extension. The interactive capability of KS with neuroregulatory ligands indicate varied roles for KS-PGs in development and regenerative neural processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Northern Campus, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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Chiang NY, Chang GW, Huang YS, Peng YM, Hsiao CC, Kuo ML, Lin HH. Heparin interacts with the adhesion GPCR GPR56, reduces receptor shedding, and promotes cell adhesion and motility. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2156-69. [PMID: 27068534 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.174458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR56 is an adhesion-class G-protein-coupled receptor responsible for bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria (BFPP), a severe disorder of cortical formation. Additionally, GPR56 is involved in biological processes as diverse as hematopoietic stem cell generation and maintenance, myoblast fusion, muscle hypertrophy, immunoregulation and tumorigenesis. Collagen III and tissue transglutaminase 2 (TG2) have been revealed as the matricellular ligands of GPR56 involved in BFPP and melanoma development, respectively. In this study, we identify heparin as a glycosaminoglycan interacting partner of GPR56. Analyses of truncated and mutant GPR56 proteins reveal two basic-residue-rich clusters, R(26)GHREDFRFC(35) and L(190)KHPQKASRRP(200), as the major heparin-interacting motifs that overlap partially with the collagen III- and TG2-binding sites. Interestingly, the GPR56-heparin interaction is modulated by collagen III but not TG2, even though both ligands are also heparin-binding proteins. Finally, we show that the interaction with heparin reduces GPR56 receptor shedding, and enhances cell adhesion and motility. These results provide novel insights into the interaction of GPR56 with its multiple endogenous ligands and have functional implications in diseases such as BFPP and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nien-Yi Chiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Gin-Wen Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shu Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ming Peng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Kuo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Hsien Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
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4
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Jafarkhani M, Fazlali A, Moztarzadeh F, Mozafari M. Mechanical and structural properties of polylactide/chitosan scaffolds reinforced with nano-calcium phosphate. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-012-0079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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5
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Jafarkhani M, Fazlali A, Moztarzadeh F, Moztarzadeh Z, Mozafari M. Fabrication and Characterization of PLLA/Chitosan/Nano Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds by Freeze-Casting Technique. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie300173j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Jafarkhani
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, P.O. Box 38156-8-8349, Arak, Iran
| | - Alireza Fazlali
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, P.O. Box 38156-8-8349, Arak, Iran
| | - Fathollah Moztarzadeh
- Biomaterials Group, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering (Center of
Excellence), Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zoha Moztarzadeh
- Institute of Bioinformatic, Münster University, Münster, Germany
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Biomaterials Group, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering (Center of
Excellence), Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
- Helmerich Advanced Technology Research Center, School of Material
Science and Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74106, United States
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6
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Protein adsorption and cytocompatibility of poly(L-lactic acid) surfaces modified with biomacromolecules. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Ahmed N, Taylor DW, Wunder J, Nagy A, Gross AE, Kandel RA. Passaged human chondrocytes accumulate extracellular matrix when induced by bovine chondrocytes. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2010; 4:233-41. [DOI: 10.1002/term.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Forrest AD, Beggs HE, Reichardt LF, Dupree JL, Colello RJ, Fuss B. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK): A regulator of CNS myelination. J Neurosci Res 2010; 87:3456-64. [PMID: 19224576 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The formation of the myelin sheath is a crucial step during development because it enables fast and efficient propagation of signals within the limited space of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). During the process of myelination, oligodendrocytes actively interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM). These interactions are considered crucial for proper and timely completion of the myelin sheath. However, the exact regulatory circuits involved in the signaling events that occur between the ECM and oligodendrocytes are currently not fully understood. Therefore, in the present study we investigated the role of a known integrator of cell-ECM signaling, namely, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), in CNS myelination via the use of conditional (oligodendrocyte-specific) and inducible FAK-knockout mice (Fak(flox/flox): PLP/CreER(T) mice). When inducing FAK knockout just prior to and during active myelination of the optic nerve, we observed a significant reduction in the number of myelinated fibers on postnatal day 14. In addition, our data revealed a decreased number of primary processes extending from oligodendrocyte cell bodies at this postnatal age and on induction of FAK knockout. In contrast, myelination appeared normal on postnatal day 28. Thus, our data suggest that FAK controls the efficiency and timing of CNS myelination during its initial stages, at least in part, by regulating oligodendrocyte process outgrowth and/or remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey D Forrest
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Liu Z, Jiao Y, Zhang Z, Zhou C. Surface modification of poly(
L
‐lactic acid) by entrapment of chitosan and its derivatives to promote osteoblasts‐like compatibility. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 83:1110-1116. [PMID: 17584905 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Surface modification of biomaterials has been adopted over the years to improve their biocompatibility. In this study, aiming to promote hydrophilicity and to introduce natural recognition sites onto poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) films, chitosan and its derivatives, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and N-methylene phosphonic chitosan (NPC), were used to modify the surface of PLLA films by an entrapment method. The surface properties of original and modified PLLA films were measured by using water contact angle measurement and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Subsequently, the cytocompatibility of these PLLA films was investigated by testing osteoblasts-like cytocompatibility, cell attachment, cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, and cell cycle. Experimental results indicated that the hydrophilicity of the modified films was improved and the surface of the modified PLLA films became enriched with chitosan and its derivatives. Moreover, the surface modification with chitosan and its derivatives significantly promoted osteoblasts-like compatibility of PLLA films. This surface modification, combining the individual advantages of PLLA with good mechanical property and chitosan as well as its derivatives with good cytocompatibility, is a promising method to prepare desirable biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghua Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China 510632
| | - Yanpeng Jiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China 510632
| | - Ziyong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China 510632
| | - Changren Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China 510632
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10
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Jiao Y, Liu Z, Zhou C. Fabrication and characterization of PLLA-chitosan hybrid scaffolds with improved cell compatibility. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 80:820-5. [PMID: 17058212 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
To combine the individual advantages of synthetic and natural polymers, poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA)-chitosan hybrid scaffolds were fabricated. PLLA sponges were prepared by particulate-leaching, and then PLLA-chitosan hybrid scaffolds were obtained by dipping the PLLA sponges in chitosan solution and subsequently freeze-drying. Physicochemical properties of the scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water uptake test, and mechanical strength measurement. Moreover, cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and cell viability on the scaffolds were evaluated through osteoblast-like cell culture. The experimental results indicated that, PLLA sponges exhibited macroporous structure and the interconnected microporous structure of chitosan was formed within the macropores of PLLA sponges. The incorporation of chitosan reinforced PLLA sponges in dependence on chitosan content. The hybrid scaffolds had higher water uptake ability compared with PLLA sponges. Particularly, the hybrid scaffolds exhibited excellent cell attachment efficiency, cell proliferation, and cell viability. This study suggests that the hybrid scaffolds obtain good mechanical strength from PLLA and excellent cell compatibility from chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Jiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China 510632
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11
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Preparation of a porous chitosan/fibroin-hydroxyapatite composite matrix for tissue engineering. Macromol Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03218754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Szuchet S, Plachetzki DC, Seeger MA, Domowicz MS, Szele FG. NOVOcan: a molecular link among selected glial cells. Biophys Chem 2004; 108:245-58. [PMID: 15043933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2003.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system is generated from cells lining the ventricular system. Our understanding of the fate potentials and lineage relationships of these cells is being re-evaluated, both because of recent demonstrations that radial glia can generate neurons and because of the identification of fate-determining genes. A variety of intrinsic and extrinsic molecules, including proteoglycans, regulate embryonic and postnatal brain development. Using probes modeled after species conserved domains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, we cloned a novel gene called novocan, raised monoclonal antibodies against a segment of the predicted amino acid sequence of the expressed protein (NOVOcan) and used the antibodies to establish the cell and tissue localization of NOVOcan in postnatal rat brains by immunohistochemistry. NOVOcan was expressed in cells lining the ventricles, including a variety of radial glia during early postnatal development. Later, as radial glia disappeared and ependymal cells appeared, NOVOcan was detected in ependymal cells and in tanycytes, a specialized form of ependymal cell resembling radial glia. NOVOcan was absent in two known progeny of radial glia, mature astrocytes and neurons. Whereas NOVOcan was also absent in mature oligodendrocytes (OLGs), it was present in OLG precursors in developing white matter. These studies set the stage for determining the roles of NOVOcan in brain cell lineage patterns as well as in other aspects of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Szuchet
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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13
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Fox MA, Colello RJ, Macklin WB, Fuss B. Phosphodiesterase-Ialpha/autotaxin: a counteradhesive protein expressed by oligodendrocytes during onset of myelination. Mol Cell Neurosci 2003; 23:507-19. [PMID: 12837632 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-7431(03)00073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial stages of central nervous system (CNS) myelination require complex interactions of oligodendrocytes with their surrounding extracellular environment. In the present study, we demonstrate that commencing with active myelination oligodendrocytes express phosphodiesterase-Ialpha/autotaxin [PD-Ialpha/ATX (NPP-2)] as a non-membrane-associated extracellular factor. As such a component of the extracellular environment, PD-Ialpha/ATX has the ability to antagonize the adhesive interactions between oligodendroglial cells and known extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules present in the developing CNS. This counteradhesion requires intracellular signaling through heterotrimeric G proteins on fibronectin substrates and thus represents an active cellular response. Similar counteradhesive effects in other systems have been attributed to the activity of matricellular proteins, which support intermediate stages of cell adhesion thought to facilitate cellular locomotion and remodeling. Thus, the release of PD-Ialpha/ATX may be critically involved in the regulation of the initial stages of myelination, i.e., oligodendrocyte remodeling, via modulation of oligodendrocyte-ECM interactions in a matricellular fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Fox
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Wang YC, Lin MC, Wang DM, Hsieh HJ. Fabrication of a novel porous PGA-chitosan hybrid matrix for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2003; 24:1047-57. [PMID: 12504527 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(02)00434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Polyglycolide (PGA) and chitosan mixture solution was prepared using solvents of low toxicity to create novel, porous, biocompatible, degradable, and modifiable hybrid matrices for biomedical applications. The porosity of these PGA-chitosan hybrid matrices (P/C matrices) was created by a thermally induced phase separation method. Two types of the P/C hybrid matrices containing 70 wt% PGA (P/C-1 matrix) and 30 wt% PGA (P/C-2 matrix) were fabricated. Chitosan matrix was also prepared for comparison. A 35-day in vitro degradation revealed that the weight losses for the P/C-1 and P/C-2 matrices were similar ( approximately 61%), but the releases of glycolic acid from the P/C-1 and P/C-2 matrices were 95% and 60%, respectively. The P/C-1 matrix had higher porosity and higher mechanical strength than the P/C-2 and chitosan matrices. Fibroblast cells cultivated in these matrices proliferated well and the cell density was the highest in the P/C-1 matrix, followed by the chitosan and P/C-2 matrices, suggesting good biocompatibility for the P/C-1 matrix. We thereby concluded that the P/C-1 matrix, due to its high strength, porosity, biocompatibility and degradability, is a promising biomaterial. The presence of chitosan in the P/C matrices provides many amino groups for further modifications such as biomolecule conjugation and thus enhances the application potential of the P/C hybrid matrices in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chi Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, 106, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Abstract
We produced a monoclonal antibody, named A20, which specifically recognizes a 35 kDa protein and stains myelinated axons in zebrafish brain. The A20 antigen is located at the outside of the myelin layer of large axons, and comprises a fine meshwork composed of thin unit fibers about 1-2 microm in length and about 100-200 nm in thickness. The unit fibers form pentagonal and hexagonal structures, which further polymerize into an envelope structure on the axons. The A20 monoclonal antibody did not stain neuronal cell bodies nor synapses. Instead, the distribution of the A20 antigen was along axons, practically coincident with the distribution of myelin basic protein. The monoclonal antibody stained only axons in the central nervous system (CNS), and not the extracellular matrix surrounding Schwann cells. These results suggest that this antigenic meshwork (which we call the periaxonal net) is synthesized by oligodendrocytes. During the development of the zebrafish brain, the periaxonal net appeared after the formation of myelin on the axons. The periaxonal net developed first at the brain stem, then gradually appeared at the caudal end of the spinal cord. The thickness of the periaxonal net around the Mauthner axon changed during development. Although the thickness of the Mauthner axon continues to grow throughout life, the thickness of periaxonal net stopped growing at 6 months after fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Arata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Japan
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Cells lining the ventricular system: evolving concepts underlying developmental eventsin the embryo and adult. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2558(03)31005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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17
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Szuchet S, Seeger MA. Oligodendrocyte phenotypical and morphological heterogeneity: a reexamination of old concepts in view of new findings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2558(03)31002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Winkler S, Stahl RC, Carey DJ, Bansal R. Syndecan-3 and perlecan are differentially expressed by progenitors and mature oligodendrocytes and accumulate in the extracellular matrix. J Neurosci Res 2002; 69:477-87. [PMID: 12210841 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitors originate in the subventricular zone, proliferate, migrate to their final destinations, differentiate, and interact with axons to produce multilamellar myelin sheaths. These processes are regulated by a variety of environmental signals, including growth factors, the extracellular matrix, and adhesion molecules. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are premier candidates as participants in this regulation by virtue of their structural diversity and their capacity to function as coreceptors for both growth factors and extracellular matrix molecules. Consistently with this, we have previously shown that oligodendrocyte progenitors are unable to proliferate in response to fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) in the absence of sulfated heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Here we show that members of three families of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, syndecan, perlecan, and glypican, are developmentally and posttranscriptionally regulated during oligodendrocyte-lineage progression: Syndecan-3 is synthesized by oligodendrocyte progenitors (but not terminally differentiated oligodendrocytes) and is up-regulated by FGF-2; perlecan synthesis increases as oligodendrocytes undergo terminal differentiation; glypican-1 is expressed by both progenitors and differentiated oligodendrocytes. Astrocytes express glypican-1 and perlecan but not syndecan-3. All three of these heparan sulfate proteoglycans are shed from the cell surface and bind to specific substrates. The developmentally regulated expression of these heparan sulfate proteoglycans is indicative of their participation in events involving growth factor receptors and the extracellular matrix that may regulate oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation, migration, and adhesion phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Winkler
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington 06030-3401, USA
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Szuchet S, Plachetzki DC, Karialukas R. Oligodendrocytes express an alpha/beta-interferon-susceptible Mx gene: molecular characterization of the encoded protein. Glia 2002; 37:183-9. [PMID: 11754216 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (INFs) are cytokines that exert a plethora of biological activities by interacting with receptors and inducing the synthesis of effector proteins. One such effector is an antiviral protein called Mx, widely distributed among vertebrates. Mx proteins belong to the superfamily of large GTPases, which includes dynamins, products of the Drosophila shibire gene, the yeast Vps1p, and others. Oligodendrocytes (OLGs) synthesize, assemble, and maintain myelin in the central nervous system. In an effort to identify genes implicated in establishing a myelinogenic phenotype, we isolated a 2,494 bp cDNA that encodes a protein of 654 amino acids, which are 95% identical to ovine Mx (from endometrium of pregnant sheep) and 83% similar to human MxA. Cultured OLGs express the mRNA and protein. We present structural features of this protein and speculate on the origin of its induction and the functional significance of its presence in OLGs. The finding that OLGs express an IFN-susceptible protein raises interesting possibilities in light of the evidence that beta-IFN is therapeutically beneficial for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Szuchet
- Department of Neurology and the Brain Research Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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Sobel RA, Ahmed AS. White matter extracellular matrix chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans in multiple sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2001; 60:1198-207. [PMID: 11764092 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/60.12.1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) alterations in the central nervous system (CNS) of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients result from blood-brain barrier breakdown, release and activation of proteases, and synthesis of ECM components. To elucidate their potential pathophysiologic roles, we analyzed expression of major CNS ECM proteoglycans (PGs) in MS and control CNS tissues. In active MS plaque edges, 3 CNS lecticans (versican, aggrecan, and neurocan) and dermatan sulfate PG were increased in association with astrocytosis; in active plaque centers they were decreased in the ECM and accumulated in foamy macrophages, suggesting that these ECM PGs are injured and phagocytosed along with myelin. In inactive lesions they were diminished and in normal-appearing white matter they showed heretofore-unappreciated abnormal heterogeneous aggregation. Phosphacan, an ECM PG abundant in both gray and white matter, was less markedly altered. Since in development the spaciotemporal expression of ECM PGs influences neurite outgrowth, cell migration, axon guidance, and myelination, these data suggest that 1) enhanced white matter lectican and dermatan sulfate PG expression in the pro-inflammatory milieu of expanding lesion edges contributes to their sharp boundaries and the failure of neuronal ingrowth; 2) decreases in plaque centers may preclude regeneration and repair; and 3) diffuse ECM PG damage relates to axon degeneration outside of overt lesions. Thus, ECM PG alterations are specific, temporally dynamic, and widespread in MS patients and may play critical roles in lesion pathogenesis and CNS dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Sobel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA
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Szuchet S, Plachetzki DC, Eaton KS. Oligodendrocyte Transmembrane Protein: A Novel Member of the Glutamate-Binding Protein Subfamily. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 283:900-7. [PMID: 11350070 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLGs) are cells from the central nervous system that synthesize, assemble, and maintain myelin, the multilamellar membrane that surrounds axons and facilitates the fast conduction of nerve impulses. We have shown that OLGs initiate their myelinogenic phenotype upon adhesion to GRASP, a heparin-binding glycoprotein that we purified from horse serum. In an attempt to identify the genes implicated in establishing this phenotype, we isolated a novel 3500 bp cDNA related to, but distinct from, a subfamily of glutamate-binding proteins (GBP). The cDNA encodes a protein of 511 amino acids, whose predicted sequence can be modeled as a tetrahelical integral protein with a large external loop and with the N- and C-termini located inside the cell. We have named this protein oligodendrocyte transmembrane protein (OTMP). Transcription of the message is induced upon OLG acquiring a myelinogenic phenotype (i.e., upon adhesion). The temporal expression in conjunction with the structural and biochemical features of OTMP is suggestive of a signaling receptor with a role in myelinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Szuchet
- Department of Neurology and Brain Research Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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