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Mehrbod P, Hudy D, Shyntum D, Markowski J, Łos MJ, Ghavami S. Quercetin as a Natural Therapeutic Candidate for the Treatment of Influenza Virus. Biomolecules 2020; 11:E10. [PMID: 33374214 PMCID: PMC7824064 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The medical burden caused by respiratory manifestations of influenza virus (IV) outbreak as an infectious respiratory disease is so great that governments in both developed and developing countries have allocated significant national budget toward the development of strategies for prevention, control, and treatment of this infection, which is seemingly common and treatable, but can be deadly. Frequent mutations in its genome structure often result in resistance to standard medications. Thus, new generations of treatments are critical to combat this ever-evolving infection. Plant materials and active compounds have been tested for many years, including, more recently, active compounds like flavonoids. Quercetin is a compound belonging to the flavonols class and has shown therapeutic effects against influenza virus. The focus of this review includes viral pathogenesis as well as the application of quercetin and its derivatives as a complementary therapy in controlling influenza and its related symptoms based on the targets. We also touch on the potential of this class of compounds for treatment of SARS-COV-2, the cause of new pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | - Dorota Hudy
- Department of Laryngology, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-027 Katowice, Poland; (D.H.); (J.M.)
| | - Divine Shyntum
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Jarosław Markowski
- Department of Laryngology, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-027 Katowice, Poland; (D.H.); (J.M.)
| | - Marek J. Łos
- Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-344 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
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2
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Frank K, Paust S. Dynamic Natural Killer Cell and T Cell Responses to Influenza Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:425. [PMID: 32974217 PMCID: PMC7461885 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses have perplexed scientists for over a hundred years. Yearly vaccines limit their spread, but they do not prevent all infections. Therapeutic treatments for those experiencing severe infection are limited; further advances are held back by insufficient understanding of the fundamental immune mechanisms responsible for immunopathology. NK cells and T cells are essential in host responses to influenza infection. They produce immunomodulatory cytokines and mediate the cytotoxic response to infection. An imbalance in NK and T cell responses can lead to two outcomes: excessive inflammation and tissue damage or insufficient anti-viral functions and uncontrolled infection. The main cause of death in influenza patients is the former, mediated by hyperinflammatory responses termed “cytokine storm.” NK cells and T cells contribute to cytokine storm, but they are also required for viral clearance. Many studies have attempted to distinguish protective and pathogenic components of the NK cell and T cell influenza response, but it has become clear that they are dynamic and integrated processes. This review will analyze how NK cell and T cell effector functions during influenza infection affect the host response and correlate with morbidity and mortality outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Frank
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,The Skaggs Graduate Program in Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Silke Paust
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,The Skaggs Graduate Program in Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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3
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Ji B, Sun TT, Ma ZL, Lu QF, Hu WL, Jian ZH, Jiang Y, Chen PF. Possible Association of IFN-γ Gene -316A/G SNP with Humoral Immune Response to Killed H5N1 HPAI Vaccine in a Red Junglefowl Population. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:844-9. [PMID: 26154533 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2015.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the role of interferon (IFN)-γ gene (IFNG) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the resistance to H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), we determined the SNPs, the log2-transformed specific antibody titers, and ex vivo recall antigen-specific IFN-γ production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in 62 red junglefowls (Gallus gallus) immunized twice with inactivated H5N1 HPAI vaccine. Consequently, 52 SNPs were detected in the amplified 1137-bp length covering the promoter region and all exons, with +2133A/T SNP in the coding DNA sequence that caused a missense mutation and was identified in G. gallus for the first time. For -316A/G SNP genotypes, the chi-squared test showed that the bird sample was in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P=0.369>0.05), and the least squares analysis revealed an increasing tendency in the antibody titers with G to A substitution so that a significant difference occurred between the AA genotype (8.031±0.247) and the GG genotype (6.571±0.528) (P=0.015<0.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.0004-0.0866), as basically consistent with the antigen-induced IFN-γ protein expression, which indicated possible association of the -316A/G SNP with a secondary humoral immune response to the HPAI vaccine in the bird population. These findings may help to improve genetic resistance using cross-breeding and enhance HPAI vaccine-induced immunity in chicken production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ji
- Key Lab of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Higher Education Institutes, Division of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Ting Sun
- Key Lab of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Higher Education Institutes, Division of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Liang Ma
- Key Lab of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Higher Education Institutes, Division of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong-Fen Lu
- Key Lab of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Higher Education Institutes, Division of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Li Hu
- Key Lab of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Higher Education Institutes, Division of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Zong-Hui Jian
- Key Lab of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Higher Education Institutes, Division of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Key Lab of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Higher Education Institutes, Division of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Fu Chen
- Key Lab of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Higher Education Institutes, Division of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming, People's Republic of China
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4
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Slight-Webb SR, Bagavant H, Crowe SR, James JA. Influenza A (H1N1) virus infection triggers severe pulmonary inflammation in lupus-prone mice following viral clearance. J Autoimmun 2015; 57:66-76. [PMID: 25563403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Each year, up to one fifth of the United States population is infected with influenza virus. Although mortality rates are low, hundreds of thousands are hospitalized each year in the United States. Specific high risk groups, such as those with suppressed or dysregulated immune systems, are at greater danger for influenza complications. Respiratory infections are a common cause of hospitalizations and early mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); however, whether this increased infection risk is a consequence of the underlying dysregulated immune background and/or immunosuppressing drugs is unknown. To evaluate the influenza immune response in the context of lupus, as well as assess the effect of infection on autoimmune disease in a controlled setting, we infected lupus-prone MRL/MpJ-Fas(lpr) mice with influenza virus A PR/8/34 H1N1. Interestingly, we found that Fas(lpr) mice generated more influenza A virus specific T cells with less neutrophil accumulation in the lung during acute infection. Moreover, Fas(lpr) mice produced fewer flu-specific IgG and IgM antibodies, but effectively cleared the virus. Further, increased extrinsic apoptosis during influenza infection led to a delay in autoimmune disease pathology with decreased severity of splenomegaly and kidney disease. Following primary influenza A infection, Fas(lpr) mice had severe complications during the contraction and resolution phase with widespread severe pulmonary inflammation. Our findings suggest that influenza infection may not exacerbate autoimmune pathology in mice during acute infection as a direct result of virus induced apoptosis. Additionally, autoimmunity drives an enhanced antigen-specific T cell response to clear the virus, but persisting pulmonary inflammation following viral clearance may cause complications in this lupus animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Slight-Webb
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Harini Bagavant
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Sherry R Crowe
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Judith A James
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Medicine and Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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5
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Hwang I, Scott JM, Kakarla T, Duriancik DM, Choi S, Cho C, Lee T, Park H, French AR, Beli E, Gardner E, Kim S. Activation mechanisms of natural killer cells during influenza virus infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51858. [PMID: 23300570 PMCID: PMC3534084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During early viral infection, activation of natural killer (NK) cells elicits the effector functions of target cell lysis and cytokine production. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to NK cell activation during viral infections are incompletely understood. In this study, using a model of acute viral infection, we investigated the mechanisms controlling cytotoxic activity and cytokine production in response to influenza (flu) virus. Analysis of cytokine receptor deficient mice demonstrated that type I interferons (IFNs), but not IL-12 or IL-18, were critical for the NK cell expression of both IFN-γ and granzyme B in response to flu infection. Further, adoptive transfer experiments revealed that NK cell activation was mediated by type I IFNs acting directly on NK cells. Analysis of signal transduction molecules showed that during flu infection, STAT1 activation in NK cells was completely dependent on direct type I IFN signaling, whereas STAT4 activation was only partially dependent. In addition, granzyme B induction in NK cells was mediated by signaling primarily through STAT1, but not STAT4, while IFN-γ production was mediated by signaling through STAT4, but not STAT1. Therefore, our findings demonstrate the importance of direct action of type I IFNs on NK cells to mount effective NK cell responses in the context of flu infection and delineate NK cell signaling pathways responsible for controlling cytotoxic activity and cytokine production.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/metabolism
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Interleukin-18/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Orthomyxoviridae/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-12/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-18/physiology
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/physiology
- STAT4 Transcription Factor/physiology
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilwoong Hwang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jeannine M. Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Tejaswi Kakarla
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David M. Duriancik
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Seohyun Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Chunghwan Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Taehyung Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hyojin Park
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Anthony R. French
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Eleni Beli
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Gardner
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sungjin Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Ge MQ, Ho AWS, Tang Y, Wong KHS, Chua BYL, Gasser S, Kemeny DM. NK cells regulate CD8+ T cell priming and dendritic cell migration during influenza A infection by IFN-γ and perforin-dependent mechanisms. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2099-109. [PMID: 22869906 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An effective immune response against influenza A infection depends on the generation of virus-specific T cells. NK cells are one of the first-line defenses against influenza A infection. We set out to delineate the role of NK cells in T cell immunity using a murine model of influenza A infection with A/PR/8/34. We show that early T cell recruitment mainly occurs in the posterior mediastinal lymph node (pMLN). Depletion of NK cells significantly impaired both dendritic cell (DC) and T cell recruitment into the pMLN. A similar reduction of T cell recruitment was observed when migration was blocked by pertussis toxin, suggesting that migration of pulmonary NK cells and DCs regulates cell recruitment to the pMLN. T cell recruitment was dependent on IFN-γ, and transfer of IFN-γ-competent naive NK cells into IFN-γ-/- mice restored T cell recruitment, whereas IFN-γ-deficient NK cells failed to do so. In addition, NK cell depletion reduced the uptake and transport of influenza A virus by DCs, and significantly impaired the virus-specific T cell response. Both IFN-γ-/- and perforin-/- mice showed reduced viral Ag transport by DCs, suggesting that the ability of NK cells to influence virus transport depends on IFN-γ and perforin. In summary, our data suggest that NK cells play a critical role in the initiation and shaping of the T cell response after influenza A infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyar Qing Ge
- Immunology Program, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456
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7
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Abstract
Individuals with impaired perforin-dependent cytotoxic function (Ctx(-)) develop a fatal inflammatory disorder called hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). It has been hypothesized that immune hyperactivation during HLH is caused by heightened infection, defective apoptosis/responsiveness of Ctx(-) lymphocytes, or enhanced antigen presentation. Whereas clinical and experimental data suggest that increased T-cell activation drives HLH, potential abnormalities of T-cell activation have not been well characterized in Ctx(-) hosts. To define such abnormalities and to test these hypotheses, we assessed in vivo T-cell activation kinetics and viral loads after lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of Ctx(-) mice. We found that increased T-cell activation occurred early during infection of Ctx(-) mice, while they had viral burdens that were identical to those of WT animals, demonstrating that T-cell hyperactivation was independent of viral load. Furthermore, cell transfer and signaling studies indicated that increased antigenic stimulation, not a cell-intrinsic defect of responsiveness, underlay heightened T-cell activation in vivo. Finally, direct measurement of viral antigen presentation demonstrated an increase in Ctx(-) mice that was proportional to abnormal T-cell activation. We conclude that perforin-dependent cytotoxicity has an immunoregulatory role that is distinguishable from its pathogen clearance function and limits T-cell activation in the physiologic context by suppressing antigen presentation.
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8
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Christopher ME, Wong JP. Broad-spectrum drugs against viral agents. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:1561-1594. [PMID: 19325820 PMCID: PMC2635754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9091561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of antivirals has focused primarily on vaccines and on treatments for specific viral agents. Although effective, these approaches may be limited in situations where the etiologic agent is unknown or when the target virus has undergone mutation, recombination or reassortment. Augmentation of the innate immune response may be an effective alternative for disease amelioration. Nonspecific, broad-spectrum immune responses can be induced by double-stranded (ds)RNAs such as poly (ICLC), or oligonucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated deocycytidyl-deoxyguanosinyl (CpG) motifs. These may offer protection against various bacterial and viral pathogens regardless of their genetic makeup, zoonotic origin or drug resistance.
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9
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Jaber Hossain M, Mori I, Liu B, Kimura Y. Influenza A virus derived from persistently virus-infected cells shows attenuated cytotoxicity in cultured cells but virulent pathogenicity in mice. Microb Pathog 2007; 44:417-25. [PMID: 18162362 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The IVpi-43 strain of influenza A virus, a progeny virus derived from persistently virus-infected Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, showed a more attenuated nature in cytopathology in cultured cells than the parental wild-type influenza virus (IVwt) that was used for establishment of the virus carrier culture. Upon infection of MDCK cells, growth of the IVpi-43 virus was restrained with an impaired synthesis of virus structural proteins in the cells. Apoptosis induced by IVpi-43 virus was confined at a low level. The IVpi-43 virus was able to easily cause persistent infection in fresh MDCK cells. In contrast to the in vitro phenotype, the IVpi-43 virus proved highly virulent in mice, with massive and broadly disseminated virus multiplication in the lungs. It was suggested that impaired activity of the neuraminidase molecule of the IVpi-43 virus was responsible for the delayed and faint appearance of apoptosis in the IVpi-43 virus-infected respiratory cells, which made it possible for the virus to replicate for a longer period and to spread to a broader area of the lungs and that abundant numbers of the virus-infected lung cells were killed within a short period by the subsequently established virus-specific immune responses, leading to unrecoverable serious pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jaber Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, Fukui University School of Medicine, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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10
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James CM, Abdad MY, Mansfield JP, Jacobsen HK, Vind AR, Stumbles PA, Bartlett EJ. Differential activities of alpha/beta IFN subtypes against influenza virus in vivo and enhancement of specific immune responses in DNA vaccinated mice expressing haemagglutinin and nucleoprotein. Vaccine 2006; 25:1856-67. [PMID: 17240000 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are urgently needed to elicit immunity to different influenza virus strains. DNA vaccines can elicit partial protective immunity, however their efficacy requires improvement. We assessed the capacity of individual type I IFN multigene family members as subtype transgenes to abrogate influenza virus replication in a vaccination/challenge mouse model. Differences in antiviral efficacy were found among the subtypes with IFNA5 and IFNA6 being most effective, while IFNA1 was the least effective in reducing lung virus replication. Mice vaccinated with combinatorial HA/IFNA6 or NP/IFNA6 showed reduced lung viral titres, clinical score, body weight loss, and pulmonary tissue damage compared to IFNA6, HA, or NP viral vaccination alone. In addition, IFNA6 increased IgG2a titres with upregulation of IFN-gamma response in the respiratory tract. We conclude that IFN-alpha 6 has antiviral and immunomodulatory effects, which improve efficacy of DNA vaccines for enhanced control of influenza.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Body Weight
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Interferon-alpha/classification
- Interferon-alpha/genetics
- Interferon-alpha/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/virology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nucleocapsid Proteins
- Nucleoproteins/genetics
- Nucleoproteins/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Core Proteins/genetics
- Viral Core Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M James
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
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11
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Verbsky JW, Grossman WJ. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: diagnosis, pathophysiology, treatment, and future perspectives. Ann Med 2006; 38:20-31. [PMID: 16448985 DOI: 10.1080/07853890500465189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare life-threatening disease in which the immune system becomes overactive due to its inability to effectively respond to infections and/or shut down the immune response to such infections. The discovery of genetic defects in the secretory pathway of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T cells in some patients with this disease has raised important questions of the role of cytotoxic cells in the control of infections and in immune regulation. This review will give a brief overview of the clinical presentation and accepted treatment of HLH. Furthermore, it will give an in-depth review into the known genetic defects and current knowledge of the pathophysiology of this disorder, and will highlight recent evidence suggesting that cytotoxic defects in CD4+ T regulatory cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of HLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Verbsky
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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12
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Price GE, Huang L, Ou R, Zhang M, Moskophidis D. Perforin and Fas cytolytic pathways coordinately shape the selection and diversity of CD8+-T-cell escape variants of influenza virus. J Virol 2005; 79:8545-59. [PMID: 15956596 PMCID: PMC1143766 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.13.8545-8559.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigenic variation is a viral strategy exploited to promote survival in the face of the host immune response and represents a major challenge for efficient vaccine development. Influenza viruses are pathogens with high transmissibility and mutation rates, enabling viral escape from immunity induced by prior infection or vaccination. Intense selection from neutralizing antibody drives antigenic changes in the surface glycoproteins, resulting in emergence of new strains able to reinfect hosts immune to previously circulating viruses. CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) also provide protective immunity from influenza virus infection and may contribute to the antigenic evolution of influenza viruses. Utilizing mice transgenic for an influenza virus NP366-374 peptide-specific T-cell receptor, we demonstrated that the respiratory tract is a suitable site for generation of escape variants of influenza virus selected by CTL in vivo. In this report the contributions of the perforin and Fas pathways utilized by influenza virus-specific CTLs in viral clearance and selection of CTL escape variants have been evaluated. While transgenic CTLs deficient in either perforin- or Fas-mediated pathways are efficient in initial pulmonary viral control, variant virus emergence was observed in all the mice studied, although the spectrum of viral CTL escape variants selected varied profoundly. Thus, a less-restricted repertoire of escape variants was observed in mice with an intact perforin cytotoxic pathway compared with a limited variant diversity in perforin pathway-deficient mice, although maximal variant diversity was observed in mice having both Fas and perforin pathways intact. We conclude that selection of viral CTL escape variants reflects coordinate action between the tightly controlled perforin/granzyme pathway and the more promiscuous Fas/FasL pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme E Price
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, CB-2803, Augusta, Georgia 30912-3175, USA
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13
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Tseng RJ, Padgett DA, Dhabhar FS, Engler H, Sheridan JF. Stress-induced modulation of NK activity during influenza viral infection: role of glucocorticoids and opioids. Brain Behav Immun 2005; 19:153-64. [PMID: 15664788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2004.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2004] [Revised: 07/12/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and sympathetic nervous system by stress has been shown to modulate both innate and adaptive immunity during an experimental influenza A/PR8 viral infection. HPA activation alters levels of glucocorticoids (GC) and opioids which are associated with suppression of lymphoid cellularity and NK activity. These experiments were designed to investigate the role that stress-induced GC and opioids have in modulating NK activity during an influenza viral infection. C57BL/6 mice were treated daily with mifepristone (RU486), a GC receptor antagonist or naltrexone (NTX), a non-specific opioid receptor antagonist. Mice were infected intranasally with A/PR8 virus and underwent daily restraint stress (RST). Phenotypic analysis of splenic cell populations and NK cytotoxicity were assessed at 3 days post-infection. RST of infected mice significantly suppressed splenic CD3(-)DX5+ cellularity and NK cytolytic activity. RU486 administration fully restored splenic NK cellularity but not cytolytic activity. NTX administration restored NK cytolytic activity but not splenic NK cell number. A similar restoration in NK cytolytic activity was observed after administration of beta-funaltrexamine (FNA), a mu-specific opioid receptor antagonist, but not the delta- or kappa-specific opioid receptor antagonists naltrindole or nor-binaltorphimine, respectively. Co-administration of RU486 and NTX restored both NK cellularity and cytolytic activity. The restoration of RST-induced suppression of NK activity by RU486 and NTX or FNA suggests that glucocorticoids modulate NK cellularity and opioids that bind to the mu-opioid receptor modulate NK cytotoxicity during periods of stress and viral infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Glucocorticoids/immunology
- Hormone Antagonists/pharmacology
- Influenza A virus
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mifepristone/pharmacology
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Neuroimmunomodulation/drug effects
- Neuroimmunomodulation/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/immunology
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/immunology
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/immunology
- Restraint, Physical
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Stress, Physiological/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond J Tseng
- Department of Oral Biology, Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, OH, USA
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14
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Jordan MB, Hildeman D, Kappler J, Marrack P. An animal model of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH): CD8+ T cells and interferon gamma are essential for the disorder. Blood 2004; 104:735-43. [PMID: 15069016 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-10-3413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare disorder with familial and acquired forms. The familial form is associated with mutations in the perforin gene and both forms are associated with severe defects in lymphocyte cytotoxic function. We examined perforin-deficient mice as a model of HLH in order to gain insight into this poorly understood disorder. While these mice do not spontaneously develop HLH-like symptoms, we found that they manifest all of the features of HLH after infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitic virus (LCMV). Following LCMV infection, perforin-deficient mice develop fever, splenomegaly, pancytopenia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypofibrinogenemia, and elevation of multiple serum cytokine levels, and hemophagocytosis is evident in many tissues. Investigation into how this phenotype develops has revealed that CD8+ T cells, but not natural killer (NK) cells, are necessary for the development of this disorder. Cytokine neutralization studies have revealed that interferon gamma (IFNgamma) is uniquely essential as well. Finally, the excessive amount of IFNgamma seen in affected mice appears to be driven by increased antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells. These studies provide insight into the pathophysiology of HLH, and provide new targets for specific therapeutic intervention in this fatal disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Jordan
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA.
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15
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Liu B, Mori I, Hossain MJ, Dong L, Takeda K, Kimura Y. Interleukin-18 improves the early defence system against influenza virus infection by augmenting natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:423-428. [PMID: 14769900 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19596-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of interleukin (IL)-18 in the development of the host defence system against influenza virus infection was investigated. IL-18-deficient (IL-18−/−) C57BL/6 mice that were inoculated intranasally with the mouse-adapted strain of human influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus showed an increased mortality with the occurrence of pathogenic changes in the lung for the first 3 days of infection, which included pronounced virus growth with massive infiltration of inflammatory cells and elevated nitric oxide production. The interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) level induced in the respiratory tract of IL-18−/− mice in the first few days after virus infection was significantly lower but, in contrast, the IL-12 level was slightly higher than the corresponding levels in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the lung of IL-18−/− mice was poorly activated. Local immune responses in the lung such as specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte and antibody production were induced upon influenza virus infection equally well in both strains of mice. These results indicate that IL-18 is involved in controlling influenza virus replication in the lung, especially at an early stage of infection, through activation of the innate immune mechanisms such as IFN and NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beixing Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Fukui Medical University School of Medicine, Shimoaisuki 23-3, Matsuoka-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Isamu Mori
- Department of Microbiology, Fukui Medical University School of Medicine, Shimoaisuki 23-3, Matsuoka-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Md Jaber Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, Fukui Medical University School of Medicine, Shimoaisuki 23-3, Matsuoka-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Li Dong
- Department of Microbiology, Fukui Medical University School of Medicine, Shimoaisuki 23-3, Matsuoka-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kimura
- Department of Microbiology, Fukui Medical University School of Medicine, Shimoaisuki 23-3, Matsuoka-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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