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Salahi M, Parsa S, Nourmohammadi D, Razmkhah Z, Salimi O, Rahmani M, Zivary S, Askarzadeh M, Tapak MA, Vaezi A, Sadeghsalehi H, Yaghoobpoor S, Mottahedi M, Garousi S, Deravi N. Immunologic aspects of migraine: A review of literature. Front Neurol 2022; 13:944791. [PMID: 36247795 PMCID: PMC9554313 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.944791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine headaches are highly prevalent, affecting 15% of the population. However, despite many studies to determine this disease's mechanism and efficient management, its pathophysiology has not been fully elucidated. There are suggested hypotheses about the possible mediating role of mast cells, immunoglobulin E, histamine, and cytokines in this disease. A higher incidence of this disease in allergic and asthma patients, reported by several studies, indicates the possible role of brain mast cells located around the brain vessels in this disease. The mast cells are more specifically within the dura and can affect the trigeminal nerve and cervical or sphenopalatine ganglion, triggering the secretion of substances that cause migraine. Neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neurokinin-A, neurotensin (NT), pituitary adenylate-cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), and substance P (SP) trigger mast cells, and in response, they secrete pro-inflammatory and vasodilatory molecules such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a selective result of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) secretion. This stress hormone contributes to migraine or intensifies it. Blocking these pathways using immunologic agents such as CGRP antibody, anti-CGRP receptor antibody, and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)/interleukin 1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1) axis-related agents may be promising as potential prophylactic migraine treatments. This review is going to summarize the immunological aspects of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Salahi
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sina Parsa
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Delaram Nourmohammadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Razmkhah
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Omid Salimi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Najafabad, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Saeid Zivary
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Monireh Askarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Tapak
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ali Vaezi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Sadeghsalehi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Yaghoobpoor
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Mottahedi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Setareh Garousi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Niloofar Deravi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Srimanan W, Panyakorn S. Concurrent Intracranial Hypertension and Bilateral Optic Neuritis in a Patient With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Case Report. Clin Med Insights Case Rep 2022; 15:11795476221122649. [PMID: 36091423 PMCID: PMC9452792 DOI: 10.1177/11795476221122649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) involves dysregulation of the immune system, consequently affecting multiple organ systems, including the cardiovascular, neuropsychiatric, renal, and musculoskeletal systems. Optic neuritis and intracranial hypertension are conditions that rarely occur in SLE, and their coexistence has not been reported to date. Herein, we report the first case of a patient who was diagnosed with SLE complicated by concurrent intracranial hypertension and bilateral optic neuritis. An 11-year-old Thai girl had a low-grade fever, discoid rash, oral ulcer, chronic headache, and fluctuating diplopia. She experienced bilateral vision loss just before presentation. She was diagnosed with juvenile SLE. We believe that her headache, which was probably a symptom of optic disc edema, was due to intracranial hypertension. Furthermore, she exhibited vision loss and color vision deficit and was diagnosed with bilateral optic neuritis. Her condition improved on treatment with corticosteroids (intravenous pulse methylprednisolone for 3 days, followed by 1 mg/kg/day oral prednisolone tapered over 3 months). The occurrence of optic neuritis and intracranial hypertension during an active SLE inflammation and a rapid response to high-dose corticosteroids support the fact that SLE was the etiology of these neuropsychiatric conditions. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment in such cases can lead to favorable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worapot Srimanan
- Ophthalmology Division, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
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de Amorim JC, Frittoli RB, Pereira D, Postal M, Dertkigil SSJ, Reis F, Costallat LTL, Appenzeller S. Epidemiology, characterization, and diagnosis of neuropsychiatric events in systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2019; 15:407-416. [DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2019.1564040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Cristina de Amorim
- Graduate Program of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Renan Bazuco Frittoli
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Physiopathology, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Danilo Pereira
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Physiopathology, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mariana Postal
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiano Reis
- Departament of Radiology, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lilian TL Costallat
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Simone Appenzeller
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Vivaldo JF, de Amorim JC, Julio PR, de Oliveira RJ, Appenzeller S. Definition of NPSLE: Does the ACR Nomenclature Still Hold? Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:138. [PMID: 29904630 PMCID: PMC5991071 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients have frequently neuropsychiatric manifestations. From the first description of coma in 1875, a variety of manifestations has been described to occur in SLE. However, the lack of standardization reduced the comparability of published studies. In 1999, the American College of Rheumatology published guidelines to define neuropsychiatric nomenclature in SLE. This was the first step toward uniform diagnostic criteria. Several studies have been published since then applying the ACR criteria and frequencies of different manifestations can now be compared between cohorts. Although these criteria are diagnostic, therapeutic approach to different manifestations varies according to nature and severity of the manifestations. Herby, we will review the different definition for NPSLE published, and determine advantages and limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Fernandes Vivaldo
- Autoimmune Lab, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Cristina de Amorim
- Autoimmune Lab, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paulo Rogério Julio
- Autoimmune Lab, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Joel de Oliveira
- Autoimmune Lab, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Simone Appenzeller
- Autoimmune Lab, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Rheumatology Unit, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Fibrosis imaging: Current concepts and future directions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 121:9-26. [PMID: 29108860 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis plays an important role in many different pathologies. It results from tissue injury, chronic inflammation, autoimmune reactions and genetic alterations, and it is characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components. Biopsies are routinely employed for fibrosis diagnosis, but they suffer from several drawbacks, including their invasive nature, sampling variability and limited spatial information. To overcome these limitations, multiple different imaging tools and technologies have been evaluated over the years, including X-ray imaging, computed tomography (CT), ultrasound (US), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). These modalities can provide anatomical, functional and molecular imaging information which is useful for fibrosis diagnosis and staging, and they may also hold potential for the longitudinal assessment of therapy responses. Here, we summarize the use of non-invasive imaging techniques for monitoring fibrosis in systemic autoimmune diseases, in parenchymal organs (such as liver, kidney, lung and heart), and in desmoplastic cancers. We also discuss how imaging biomarkers can be integrated in (pre-) clinical research to individualize and improve anti-fibrotic therapies.
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Glanz BI, Schur PH, Lew RA, Khoshbin S. Lateralized cognitive dysfunction in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2016; 14:896-902. [PMID: 16335582 DOI: 10.1191/0961203305lu2244oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine whether there is a lateralized pattern of cognitive dysfunction in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Fifty right-handed patients with SLE, but no history of cerebrovascular disease participated in the study. Thirty right-handed healthy subjects matched for age and education served as controls. SLE and healthy control subjects underwent a three-hour neuropsychological evaluation designed to measure attention, memory, visual spatial skills, verbal skills reasoning, psychomotor speed, and motor function. A cognitive disability index was created to identify cognitive impairment. Percentile tables based on the performance of all subjects were constructed for 20 component scores. Any subject with five or more component scores below the 25th percentile was designated impaired. Using this criterion, cognitive impairment was identified in 50% of patients with SLE and 20% of healthy controls. Patients with SLE were impaired on measures of psychomotor speed/fluency, verbal speed/fluency and verbal memory. This pattern of performance on neuropsycholgical testing was consistent with left hemisphere brain dysfunction. The observed deficits were not clearly attributable to vascular lesions and suggest immune-mediated effects on specific brain regions in a subgroup of patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Glanz
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Whitelaw DA, Hugo F, Spangenberg JJ, Rickman R. Headaches in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparative study. Lupus 2016; 13:501-5. [PMID: 15352420 DOI: 10.1191/0961203304lu1050oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and nature of headaches in 85 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients attending an outpatient clinic were studied and compared to those experienced by 61 nurses. The two groups were similar in age, sex and ethnicity. Test-retest assessment of reliability gave both groups 95% confidence limits of 0.09-0.21. Thirty-two (38%) patients developed migrainous headaches and nine (10%) stress headaches with the onset of lupus. In the control group, four (6%) developed migraine and 40 (66%) developed stress headaches on commencing work. We could not document any association of headaches with flares of systemic disease, the ACA syndrome, Raynaud’s phenomenon or increased SLEDAI score. We conclude that migrainous headaches are more common in lupus patients than healthy controls, but in an outpatient setting are not statistically associated with flares of systemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Whitelaw
- Department of Rheumatology, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Tygerberg, South Africa.
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Gaber W, Ezzat Y, El Fayoumy NM, Helmy H, Mohey AM. Detection of asymptomatic cranial neuropathies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and their relation to antiribosomal P antibody levels and disease activity. Clin Rheumatol 2014; 33:1459-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-014-2679-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can manifest as a range of neurological and psychiatric features, which are classified using the ACR case definitions for 19 neuropsychiatric syndromes. Approximately one-third of all neuropsychiatric syndromes in patients with SLE are primary manifestations of SLE-related autoimmunity, with seizure disorders, cerebrovascular disease, acute confusional state and neuropathy being the most common. Such primary neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE) events are a consequence either of microvasculopathy and thrombosis, or of autoantibodies and inflammatory mediators. Diagnosis of NPSLE requires the exclusion of other causes, and clinical assessment directs the selection of appropriate investigations. These investigations include measurement of autoantibodies, analysis of cerebrospinal fluid, electrophysiological studies, neuropsychological assessment and neuroimaging to evaluate brain structure and function. Treatment involves the management of comorbidities contributing to the neuropsychiatric event, use of symptomatic therapies, and more specific interventions with either anticoagulation or immunosuppressive agents, depending upon the primary immunopathogenetic mechanism. Although the prognosis is variable, studies suggest a more favourable outcome for primary NPSLE manifestations compared with neuropsychiatric events attributable to non-SLE causes.
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Zimny A, Szmyrka-Kaczmarek M, Szewczyk P, Bladowska J, Pokryszko-Dragan A, Gruszka E, Wiland P, Sasiadek M. In vivo evaluation of brain damage in the course of systemic lupus erythematosus using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, perfusion-weighted and diffusion-tensor imaging. Lupus 2013; 23:10-9. [PMID: 24192079 DOI: 10.1177/0961203313511556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-two neuropsychiatric (NPSLE) and 13 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with a normal appearing brain on plain magnetic resonance (MR) as well as 20 age-matched healthy controls underwent MR spectroscopy (MRS), perfusion-weighted (PWI) and diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI). In MRS NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr and mI/Cr ratios were calculated from the posterior cingulate cortex and left parietal white matter. In PWI, values of cerebral blood volume (CBV) were assessed from 14 regions, including gray and white matter. In DTI fractional anisotropy (FA) values were obtained from 14 white matter tracts including projection, commissural and association fibers. All MR measurements were correlated with clinical data. SLE and NPSLE patients showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower NAA/Cr ratios within both evaluated regions and FA values within the cingulum, as well as a tendency to cortical hypoperfusion. Compared to SLE, NPSLE subjects revealed lower FA values within a wide range of association fibers and corpus callosum. Advanced MR techniques are capable of in vivo detection of complex microstructural brain damage in SLE and NPSLE subjects regarding neuronal loss, mild hypoperfusion and white matter disintegrity. MRS and DTI seem to show the highest usefulness in depicting early changes in normal appearing gray and white matter in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zimny
- 1Department of General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology
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Shapira-Lichter I, Vakil E, Litinsky I, Oren N, Glikmann-Johnston Y, Caspi D, Hendler T, Paran D. Learning and memory-related brain activity dynamics are altered in systemic lupus erythematosus: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Lupus 2013; 22:562-73. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203313480399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Memory impairment is prevalent in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); however, the pathogenesis is unknown. Methods We studied 12 patients with SLE without clinically overt neuropsychiatric manifestations and 11 matched healthy controls, aiming to characterize neural correlates of memory impairment, using structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The paradigm consisted of three encoding and free-recall cycles, allowing characterization of dynamics along consecutive retrieval attempts. Results During learning, patients with SLE and healthy controls showed brain activity changes in two principal networks, the default mode network (DMN) and the task-positive network (TPN). Patients with SLE demonstrated significantly less deactivation in the DMN and greater activation in the TPN, reflecting greater recruitment of both networks. The anterior medial prefrontal cortex (amPFC) of the DMN emerged as the only region where brain activity dynamics were altered both over the learning process ( p < 0.006), and within free-recall period attempts ( p < 0.034). Patients showed significant positive correlations between learning efficiency and hippocampal activity, and greater hippocampal functional connectivity, with pronounced connectivity to DMN structures. Conclusions Increased brain activation in patients with SLE during learning may reflect compensatory mechanisms to overcome memory impairment. Our findings localize this impairment to the amPFC, consistent with the behavioral pattern seen in SLE. Altered networking of the hippocampal subsystem of the DMN is consistent with hippocampal neuronal damage seen in SLE, and may reflect compensatory cortical reorganization to cope with dysfunction in these regions pivotal to mnemonic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Shapira-Lichter
- Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging
- Functional Neurosurgery Unit and the
| | - Eli Vakil
- Department of Psychology and Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
| | - Ira Litinsky
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine
| | - Noga Oren
- Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging
- Faculty of Medicine
| | - Yifat Glikmann-Johnston
- Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging
- School of Psychological Sciences
| | - Dan Caspi
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine
| | - Talma Hendler
- Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging
- Faculty of Medicine
- School of Psychological Sciences
- Sagol School of Neuroscience; Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Daphna Paran
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine
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Wang PI, Cagnoli PC, McCune WJ, Schmidt-Wilcke T, Lowe SE, Graft CC, Gebarski SS, Chenevert TL, Khalatbari S, Myles JD, Watcharotone K, Cronin P, Sundgren PC. Perfusion-weighted MR imaging in cerebral lupus erythematosus. Acad Radiol 2012; 19:965-70. [PMID: 22608862 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) is a diagnostically challenging, severe, and life-threatening condition, which is currently lacking a "gold standard." Our aim with this study is to look for magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion differences in NPSLE, SLE, and healthy control (HC) patients and correlate our findings with clinical parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four NPSLE patients, 21 SLE patients, and 21 HC underwent dynamic susceptibility contrast enhanced MR perfusion using a 3-T scanner. Nine prospectively selected intracranial regions of interest were placed in white and gray matter and the cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), and mean transit time (MTT) values were calculated. Subjects underwent clinical evaluation with SLEDAI and serum antibodies. RESULTS The SLE patients had higher CBF and CBV compared to the HC overall (P = .01) and in specific areas (P = .03-.048). SLE patients with signs of active disease (elevated SLEDAI and anti-double-stranded DNA) had significantly elevated CBV, CBF, and MTT in the posterior cingulate gyrus (P = .01-.02). No significant difference was seen in the magnetic resonance perfusion measurements of NPSLE patients compared to SLE and HC, although the NPSLE patients also showed higher CBV variability compared to the SLE (P = .0004) and HC cohort (P < .0001). CONCLUSION SLE patients have increased CBV and CBF compared to healthy controls. The SLE patients with clinical markers for active disease have elevated CBV, CBF, and MTT in the posterior cingulate gyrus. NPSLE patients show increased variability in perfusion measurements, which may explain why susceptibility contrast enhanced MRI has not yet provided a specific target for NPSLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Page I Wang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, 48109-5030, USA.
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Postal M, Costallat LTL, Appenzeller S. Neuropsychiatric manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus: epidemiology, pathophysiology and management. CNS Drugs 2011; 25:721-36. [PMID: 21870886 DOI: 10.2165/11591670-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a relapsing-remitting autoimmune disease with CNS involvement occurring in up to 75% of patients. However, the frequency of neuropsychiatric manifestations in SLE studies varies widely, depending on the type of manifestations included and the method used for evaluation. CNS involvement may be considered primary if directly related to SLE activity in the CNS or secondary when related to treatment, infections, metabolic abnormalities or other systemic manifestations such as uraemia and hypertension. The pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric SLE is as yet unknown, though numerous autoantibodies and cytokines have been suggested as possible mediators. However, independent of the aetiology of the insult, the final common pathway in neuropsychiatric SLE is the involvement of the cerebral microvasculature. The diagnosis of primary CNS involvement by SLE is often difficult, as both focal and diffuse manifestations may occur and there is no gold standard for diagnosis. A high index of clinical suspicion, in addition to laboratory and neuroimaging findings may support the diagnosis. Treatment is mostly empirical, although one randomized controlled trial has shown that cyclophosphamide in addition to methylprednisolone is superior to methylprednisolone alone in severe neuropsychiatric SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Postal
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, State University of Campinas, Brazil
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Jung RE, Caprihan A, Chavez RS, Flores RA, Sharrar J, Qualls CR, Sibbitt W, Roldan CA. Diffusion tensor imaging in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. BMC Neurol 2010; 10:65. [PMID: 20667115 PMCID: PMC2919505 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-10-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Methods We used Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) to assess white matter abnormalities in seventeen NPSLE patients, sixteen SLE patients without NPSLE, and twenty age- and gender-matched controls. Results NPSLE patients differed significantly from SLE and control patients in white matter integrity of the body of the corpus callosum, the left arm of the forceps major and the left anterior corona radiata. Conclusions Several possible mechanisms of white matter injury are explored, including vascular injury, medication effects, and platelet or fibrin macro- or microembolism from Libman-Sacks endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex E Jung
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA.
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15
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Ainiala H, Dastidar P, Loukkola J, Lehtimäki T, Korpela M, Peltola J, Hietaharju A. Cerebral MRI abnormalities and their association with neuropsychiatric manifestations in SLE: a population‐based study. Scand J Rheumatol 2009; 34:376-82. [PMID: 16234185 DOI: 10.1080/03009740510026643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the volumetric brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in a population-based sample of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and to detect a possible relationship between cerebral MRI abnormalities and specific neuropsychiatric (NP) manifestations. METHODS The study population consisted of patients with SLE (n = 43) in Pirkanmaa Health Care District, Finland and of a sex- and age-stratified reference group from the general population (n = 43). In addition to a clinical neurological investigation, all subjects received a detailed neuropsychological assessment and an MRI study. Volumetric measures of cerebral atrophy as well as T1- and T2-weighted lesions were obtained. SLE activity was assessed by the European Consensus Lupus Activity Measure (ECLAM) index, and accumulated NP abnormalities were measured by the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) damage index. A cumulative lifetime dose of glucocorticoids was determined from the patientrecords. RESULTS Compared with controls, SLE patients had increased volumes of both T1- and T2-weighted lesions (p = 0.019 and p<0.0001, respectively) and increased cerebral atrophy (p<0.001). All the measured MRI parameters were statistically significantly higher in NPSLE than in non-NPSLE patients. In SLE patients, cerebral atrophy was associated with cognitive dysfunction, epileptic seizures, and cerebrovascular disease; T1-weighted lesions were associated with epileptic seizures and T2-weighted lesions with cognitive dysfunction. All MRI parameters correlated significantly with the SLICC index but not with the ECLAM index. A positive correlation was found between a cumulative dose of glucocorticoids and cerebral atrophy in SLE patients. CONCLUSION MRI abnormalities, including brain atrophy and T1- and T2-weighted lesions, are significantly more common in patients with SLE than in the general population and they are related to specific NP manifestations. Our findings also provide support for the organic aetiology of cognitive dysfunction in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ainiala
- Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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Hanly JG, Su L, Farewell V, McCurdy G, Fougere L, Thompson K. Prospective study of neuropsychiatric events in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2009; 36:1449-59. [PMID: 19447937 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.081133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To prospectively examine neuropsychiatric (NP) events and their association with health related quality of life (HRQOL) over time in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS In an observational cohort study from a single academic center, NP events and their attribution were identified at enrollment and at annual assessments for up to 7 years. NP events were characterized using the American College of Rheumatology case definitions; other variables were global SLE disease activity and cumulative organ damage. The outcomes of NP events were recorded and self-report HRQOL was measured with the mental (MCS) and physical (PCS) component summary scores of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36. RESULTS There were 209 patients, 88% female and 92% Caucasian, with a mean (standard deviation) age of 43.7 (13.8) years. Followup was available in 175/209 (84%) patients. There were 299 NP events in 132/209 (63%) patients over a mean followup of 3.6 (2.5) years. Thirty-one percent of NP events in 54 patients were attributed to SLE. Multivariate analysis indicated lower MCS scores in patients with NP events compared to those without events (p < 0.001) regardless of attribution. The group means for PCS scores were significantly lower in patients with NP events (p < 0.001) regardless of attribution. There was no association between HRQOL and cumulative organ damage, nor between NP events and the progression of organ damage. CONCLUSION The association of lower HRQOL with NP events over time, which is independent of progression in cumulative organ damage, emphasizes the persistent negative effect of NP events in the lives of patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Hanly
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4K4, Canada.
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Shaikh R, Muttikkal T, Chavan V. Callosal Holes: An Unusual Imaging Appearance in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Neuroradiol J 2009; 22:165-8. [DOI: 10.1177/197140090902200204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has diverse imaging features. However, focal lesions in the corpus callosum are extremely rare in SLE with only few cases mentioned in the literature, with no mention of callosal holes in SLE. Callosal holes have been described as a characteristic finding in Susac syndrome and have been mentioned in Nipah virus encephalitis, Marchiafava Bignami disease and periventricular leukomalacia. We describe a case of SLE with callosal holes. The demonstration of callosal holes in this case brings the imaging appearance of SLE a step closer to that of Susac syndrome which is considered a clinically and radiologically close condition. It also adds to the list of imaging appearances of central nervous system SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Shaikh
- Department of Radiology, Chest Hospital; Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - T.J.E. Muttikkal
- Department of Radiology, Mubarak Al Kabeer Hospital; Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - V.N.K. Chavan
- Department of Radiology, Mubarak Al Kabeer Hospital; Kuwait City, Kuwait
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- JG Hanly
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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19
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Hanly JG, Urowitz MB, Su L, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Bae SC, Gordon C, Wallace DJ, Isenberg D, Alarcón GS, Merrill JT, Clarke A, Bernatsky S, Dooley MA, Fortin PR, Gladman D, Steinsson K, Petri M, Bruce IN, Manzi S, Khamashta M, Zoma A, Font J, Van Vollenhoven R, Aranow C, Ginzler E, Nived O, Sturfelt G, Ramsey-Goldman R, Kalunian K, Douglas J, Qiufen Qi K, Thompson K, Farewell V. Short-term outcome of neuropsychiatric events in systemic lupus erythematosus upon enrollment into an international inception cohort study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 59:721-9. [PMID: 18438902 DOI: 10.1002/art.23566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the short-term outcome of neuropsychiatric (NP) events upon enrollment into an international inception cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS The study was performed by the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics. Patients were enrolled within 15 months of SLE diagnosis and NP events were characterized using the American College of Rheumatology case definitions. Decision rules were derived to identify NP events attributable to SLE. Physician outcome scores of NP events and patient-derived mental component summary (MCS) and physical component summary (PCS) scores of the Short Form 36 were recorded. RESULTS There were 890 patients (88.7% female) with a mean +/- SD age of 33.8 +/- 13.4 years and mean disease duration of 5.3 +/- 4.2 months. Within the enrollment window, 271 (33.5%) of 890 patients had at least 1 NP event encompassing 15 NP syndromes. NP events attributed to SLE varied from 16.5% to 33.9% using alternate attribution models and occurred in 6.0-11.5% of patients. Outcome scores for NP events attributed to SLE were significantly better than for NP events due to non-SLE causes. Higher global disease activity was associated with worse outcomes. MCS scores were lower in patients with NP events, regardless of attribution, and were also lower in patients with diffuse and central NP events. There was a significant association between physician outcome scores and patient MCS scores only for NP events attributed to SLE. CONCLUSION In SLE patients, the short-term outcome of NP events is determined by both the characteristics and attribution of the events.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Hanly
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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20
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Bicakci S, Ozbek S, Bicakci K, Aslan K, Kara B, Sarica Y. Recurrent headache and MRI findings in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Natl Med Assoc 2008; 100:323-6. [PMID: 18390026 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-9684(15)31245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Headache in patients with systemic lupus eryhtematosus (SLE) is considered a common neurological finding, although the relationship is unclear. Another obscure point is the relationship between headache and neuroradiologic findings in these patients. AIM In this study, we aimed to evaluate the correlation between headache characteristics and intracranial lesions in SLE patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty-eight SLE patients were chosen from those referred to our clinic depending on the American Collage of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria at the same time or after the diagnosis of SLE. Headache classification was done regarding the ICD-II criteria in the patients. Headache severity was assessed by visual analog scale (VAS), and subjects with VAS > or = 4 were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups according to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings: abnormal MRI (lesion positive) and normal MRI (lesion negative). On MRI, intracranial lesions were detected in 37.5% (n = 18) of the patients, and no lesion was found in 62.5% (n = 30). Headache characteristics were as tension type in 54.1% (n = 26) and migraine like in 39.6% (n = 19) of all patients. Imaging findings were mostly as periventricular and subcortical focal lesions, ranging from 3-22 mm in diameter. A significant correlation was found between abnormal MRI findings with advanced age and prolonged disease duration (p = 0.018, p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS As a conclusion, a detailed neurologic evaluation and radiologic investigation, if necessary, should be performed in SLE patients with prolonged disease and advanced age, regardless of headache characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebnem Bicakci
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Cukurova University, Balcali Hospital, Adana, Turkey.
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21
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Welsh RC, Rahbar H, Foerster B, Thurnher M, Sundgren PC. Brain diffusivity in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus with new acute neurological symptoms. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 26:541-51. [PMID: 17729344 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the source of significant difference in apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) between patients with acute symptoms of neuropsychiatric (NP) systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (NPSLE) and normal controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Diffusion-weighted echo-planar imaging was performed on 1.5-T scanners in 17 female and four male NPSLE patients with acute neurological symptoms (23-76 years, mean = 42.7 years), and in 21 aged-matched healthy controls (16 female, five male, 26-63 years, mean = 41.1 years). ADC histograms were calculated for whole brain, gray matter tissue, and white matter tissue. RESULTS Of the 17 NPSLE patients, 13 (72%) had abnormal findings on MR imaging. The NPSLE patients had a mean ADC value of (1105.1 +/- 23.6) x 10(-6) mm(2)/second and the control had a mean ADC value of (1012.5 +/- 9.4) x 10(-6) mm(2)/second (P < or = 0.0012). Significant differences were also found in white matter (P < or = 0.0020) and gray matter (P < or = 0.0022). CONCLUSION ADC histogram analysis demonstrated increased general diffusivity in the brain in NPSLE patients with acute symptoms compared with healthy normal controls. This finding suggests that in the brain parenchyma of NPSLE patients a loss of tissue integrity occurs facilitating motility of free-water protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Welsh
- Department of Radiology, Basic Radiological Sciences Division, University Hospital of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0553, USA.
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22
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Appenzeller S, Faria A, Marini R, Costallat LTL, Cendes F. Focal transient lesions of the corpus callosum in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 2006; 25:568-71. [PMID: 16404495 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-005-0174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Revised: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 12/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Focal lesions limited to the splenium of the corpus callosum are rare and little is known about their etiology. We describe three patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that presented transient lesions of the corpus callosum. We reviewed three patients with SLE whose magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results revealed focal lesions in the splenum of corpus callosum. The medical records, including clinical, serological, and treatment features, were reviewed to determine the etiology of these lesions. Of 115 patients who had MRI for research purposes, three patients with focal nonhemorrhagic lesions of the corpus callosum were identified. All patients had active SLE at the time of MRI. One patient had other findings on MRI, including cerebral venous thrombosis. On follow-up MRI, patients had an inactive disease and the corpus callosum lesions disappeared. A transient lesion in the splenium of corpus callosum seems to be a nonspecific endpoint of different disease processes leading to vasogenic edema. The complete and rapid reversibility in all cases with disease control is emphasized and any invasive diagnostic or therapeutic approach is discouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Appenzeller
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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23
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Hanly JG, Urowitz MB, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Bae SC, Gordon C, Wallace DJ, Isenberg D, Alarcón GS, Clarke A, Bernatsky S, Merrill JT, Petri M, Dooley MA, Gladman D, Fortin PR, Steinsson K, Bruce I, Manzi S, Khamashta M, Zoma A, Aranow C, Ginzler E, Van Vollenhoven R, Font J, Sturfelt G, Nived O, Ramsey-Goldman R, Kalunian K, Douglas J, Thompson K, Farewell V. Neuropsychiatric events at the time of diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus: An international inception cohort study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 56:265-73. [PMID: 17195230 DOI: 10.1002/art.22305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence, characteristics, attribution, and clinical significance of neuropsychiatric (NP) events in an international inception cohort of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. METHODS The study was conducted by the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC). Patients were enrolled within 15 months of fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) SLE classification criteria. All NP events within a predefined enrollment window were identified using the ACR case definitions of 19 NP syndromes. Decision rules were derived to determine the proportion of NP disease attributable to SLE. Clinical significance was determined using the Short Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey and the SLICC/ACR Damage Index (SDI). RESULTS A total of 572 patients (88% female) were recruited, with a mean +/- SD age of 35 +/- 14 years. The mean +/- SD disease duration was 5.2 +/- 4.2 months. Within the enrollment window, 158 of 572 patients (28%) had at least 1 NP event. In total, there were 242 NP events that encompassed 15 of 19 NP syndromes. The proportion of NP events attributed to SLE varied from 19% to 38% using alternate attribution models and occurred in 6.1-11.7% of patients. Those with NP events, regardless of attribution, had lower scores on the SF-36 and higher SDI scores compared with patients with no NP events. CONCLUSION Twenty-eight percent of SLE patients experienced at least 1 NP event around the time of diagnosis of SLE, of which only a minority were attributed to SLE. Regardless of attribution, the occurrence of NP events was associated with reduced quality of life and increased organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Hanly
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) complements magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a non-invasive means for the characterization of tissue. While MRI uses the signal from hydrogen protons to form anatomic images, proton MRS uses this information to determine the concentration of brain metabolites such as N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), creatine (Cr) and lactate in the tissue examined. The most widely used clinical application of MRS has been in the evaluation of central nervous system disorders.MRS has its limitations and is not always specific but, with good technique and in combination with clinical information and conventional MRI, can be very helpful in diagnosing certain entities. For example, a specific pattern of metabolites can be seen in disorders such as Canavan's disease, creatine deficiency, and untreated bacterial brain abscess. MRS may also be helpful in the differentiation of high grade from low grade brain tumors, and perhaps in separating recurrent brain neoplasm from radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin K Gujar
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, and Department of Imaging, Jaslok Hospital and Medical Research Center, 15, Dr. G. Deshmukh road, Mumbai 400026, India
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25
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Sundgren PC, Jennings J, Attwood JT, Nan B, Gebarski S, McCune WJ, Pang Y, Maly P. MRI and 2D-CSI MR spectroscopy of the brain in the evaluation of patients with acute onset of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Neuroradiology 2005; 47:576-85. [PMID: 16007461 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-005-1371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2004] [Accepted: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
MRI and 2D-CSI spectroscopy were performed in eight patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who presented with acute onset of neuropsychiatric lupus (NP-SLE), and in seven normal controls to evaluate for differences in metabolic peaks and metabolic ratios between the two groups. Also, the interval change of the metabolic peaks and their ratios during treatment in the NP-SLE patient group was evaluated. Metabolic peaks for N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), creatine (Cr), and lactate/lipids (LL) and their ratios (NAA/Cr, NAA/Cho, Cho/Cr, LL/Cr) were determined at initial presentation and 3 and 6 months later. In the eight lupus patients compared to the seven normal controls, NAA/Cho ratios were lower at presentation (1.05 vs 1.25; p = 0.004) and decreased even further at the three month follow-up (0.92 vs 1.05; p = 0.008). In contrast, both Cho/Cr (1.42 vs 1.26; p = 0.026) and LL/Cr ratios (0.26 vs 0.19; p = 0.002) were higher in the lupus patients at presentation compared to the controls and did not significantly change at three and six months follow-up. The NAA/Cr ratios were lower in the lupus patients compared to the controls at presentation but the difference was not statistically significant. However, the mean NAA/Cr significantly decreased from the initial examination to the three month follow-up (1.42 vs 1.32; p = 0.049) but did not significantly change from the three to the six month follow-up examinations. The NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, and NAA/Cho ratios varied significantly (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, respectively) between the 17 different locations measured in the brain in all eight patients and seven controls. Both the NAA/Cr ratios and the Cho/Cr ratios were also significantly lower in the gray matter than in the white matter (p < 0.0001) in both patients and controls, whereas the LL/Cr and NAA/Cho ratios were not significantly different. In conclusion, 2D-CSI MR spectroscopy may be useful in the early detection of metabolic CNS changes in NP-SLE patients with acute onset of new neurological symptoms as well as in the follow-up after treatment to assess presence and changes in metabolic brain injury. However, although there are detectable differences between normal individuals and lupus patients it is currently unclear whether these relate to the acute episode. Future studies are needed comparing NP-SLE patients with active CNS involvement with those inactive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Sundgren
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Nervous system disease in patients who have systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) spans a wide spectrum of neurologic (N) and psychiatric (P) features that may be attributed to a primary manifestation of SLE, complications of the disease or its therapy, or a coincidental disease process. The etiology of primary NP disease is multifactorial and includes vascular injury of intracranial vessels, autoantibodies to neuronal antigens, ribosomes and phospholipid-associated proteins, and the intracranial generation of cytokines. In the absence of a diagnostic gold standard for most of the NP-SLE syndromes, a range of investigations are employed to support the clinical diagnosis and determine the severity of NP disease. Treatment remains largely empiric in the absence of controlled studies, and current strategies include the use of immunosuppressive therapies, appropriate symptomatic interventions, and the treatment of non-SLE factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Hanly
- Division of Rheumatology, Arthritis Center of Nova Scotia, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4K4, Canada.
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27
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Karassa FB, Afeltra A, Ambrozic A, Chang DM, De Keyser F, Doria A, Galeazzi M, Hirohata S, Hoffman IEA, Inanc M, Massardo L, Mathieu A, Mok CC, Morozzi G, Sanna G, Spindler AJ, Tzioufas AG, Yoshio T, Ioannidis JPA. Accuracy of anti–ribosomal P protein antibody testing for the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: An international meta-analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 54:312-24. [PMID: 16385548 DOI: 10.1002/art.21539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantitatively evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of antibodies to ribosomal P proteins (anti-P) for neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) in general, for psychosis, mood disorder, or both, and for other diffuse manifestations. METHODS This international meta-analysis combined standardized data from 1,537 lupus patients contributed by 14 research teams. Weighted estimation of sensitivity and specificity with fixed-effects and random-effects models, as well as summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve analysis, was used to summarize test performance. The robustness of the overall estimates was examined in sensitivity analyses that included additional studies published up to November 1, 2004 in the Medline, EMBase, and Cochrane databases. RESULTS Combining the data from the 14 teams, the weighted sensitivity and specificity estimates for the diagnosis of NPSLE were 26% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 15-42%) and 80% (95% CI 74-85%), respectively. For psychosis, mood disorder, or both, the sensitivity and specificity were 27% (95% CI 14-47%) and 80% (95% CI 74-85%), respectively. For other diffuse manifestations, the sensitivity was 24% (95% CI 12-42%), and the specificity was 80% (95% CI 73-85%). The proportion of patients with anti-P antibodies did not vary markedly across different presentations of NPSLE. Between-study heterogeneity was substantial, but the SROC curves were consistent with the weighted estimates. In further analyses that included another 24 published studies, only the sensitivity for psychosis and/or mood disorder was slightly improved, but it was still suboptimal (42% [95% CI 30-53%]); the specificity remained essentially the same (81% [95% CI 76-85%]). CONCLUSION Anti-P antibody testing has limited diagnostic value for NPSLE, and it is not helpful in differentiating among various disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotini B Karassa
- Dept. of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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28
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Ainiala H, Hietaharju A, Dastidar P, Loukkola J, Lehtimäki T, Peltola J, Korpela M, Heinonen T, Nikkari ST. Increased serum matrix metalloproteinase 9 levels in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with neuropsychiatric manifestations and brain magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:858-65. [PMID: 15022328 DOI: 10.1002/art.20045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether serum matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) levels are associated with neuropsychiatric manifestations, particularly cognitive dysfunction, as evaluated by neuropsychological testing and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS MMP-9 determinations were made in 44 patients with SLE and 43 healthy controls who underwent a clinical neurologic and neuropsychological investigation in order to identify neuropsychiatric manifestations. Cerebral MRI scans with volumetric estimation of intracranial cerebrospinal fluid spaces, T1-weighted lesions, and T2-weighted lesions were performed for all subjects. SLE activity was assessed by the European Consensus Lupus Activity Measure (ECLAM) index, and accumulated neuropsychiatric abnormality was assessed by the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC)/American College of Rheumatology damage index. RESULTS No significant difference was found in serum MMP-9 levels between the overall group of SLE patients and controls. However, SLE patients who had at least 1 neuropsychiatric manifestation (NPSLE patients) had significantly higher serum MMP-9 concentrations than did SLE patients without neuropsychiatric syndromes (P = 0.009). Among patients with NPSLE, those with cognitive deficits had significantly higher concentrations of serum MMP-9 than did those with normal cognitive function (P = 0.027). Furthermore, serum MMP-9 levels had a significant positive correlation with the volumes of T1-weighted and T2-weighted lesions in the brain MRI (P = 0.031 and P = 0.015, respectively). The concentration of serum MMP-9 correlated significantly with the SLICC index but not with the ECLAM index. CONCLUSION Elevated levels of serum MMP-9 in patients with SLE may reflect neuropsychiatric involvement, particularly cognitive dysfunction. The serum MMP-9 concentration may be associated with small- vessel cerebral vasculopathy and increased risk of cerebral ischemic events in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Ainiala
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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29
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Lee SI, Jeon HS, Yoo WH. Reversible dementia in systemic lupus erythematosus without antiphospholipid antibodies or cerebral infarction. Rheumatol Int 2004; 24:305-8. [PMID: 14997339 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-003-0405-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2003] [Accepted: 09/17/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dementia is a very rare neurological manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and has a deep link with antiphospholipid antibodies (APL) and cerebral infarction in its development. However, nonvascular dementia irrelevant to APL or cerebral infarction has not been reported in patients with SLE until now. We describe a case of reversible dementia in an SLE patient without APL or cerebral infarction which was successfully treated with corticosteroid and cyclophosphamide. There are two significant points in this case. One is that humoral factors other than APL might be involved in the development of dementia. Secondly, reversible dementia without APL or cerebral infarction may respond more favorably to immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk, Korea
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30
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Stojanovich L, Stojanovich R, Kostich V, Dzjolich E. Neuropsychiatric lupus favourable response to low dose i.v. cyclophosphamide and prednisolone (pilot study). Lupus 2003; 12:3-7. [PMID: 12587819 DOI: 10.1191/0961203303lu251oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Sixty SLE patients with only primary neuropsychiatric manifestations (NP-SLE), (54 female and six male; mean age 44.5) were compared consecutively. Forty-six of the patients (78.3%) were presented with a combination of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Except for the standard immunoserological test, all patients underwent clinical, neurological and psychiatric examination, electrophysiological tests [EEG (electro-encephalography involves recording and analysis of electrical signals generated by the brain), EP (the evoked potentials method involves analysis of a series of electrical signals generated in parts of the nervous system following stimulation of sense organs and peripheral nerves) and EMNG (electro-myo-neography is a method of measurement of electrical activity arising from muscle fibers and peripheral nerves)]. This method presents a valuable tool for assessment of functional state of peripheral nervous systems and muscles)), and neuroimaging (MRI of the brain). Thirty-seven out of 60 patients with NP-SLE (group I) were treated with a low dose of i.v. cyclophosphamide (200-400 mg per month). The average daily oral dose of prednisone in these patients was 20.5 mg. Group II consisted of 23 patients treated with pridnisone (mean dose 20.5 per day) only or with antimalarials. Patients in the first group showed a considerable clinical and electrophysiological improvement of cerebral function, while there was only a slight or no improvement in the second group. The difference between groups was statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Stojanovich
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical and Hospital Center 'Bezanijska Kosa', Novi Beograd, Belgrade, 11080, Yugoslavia.
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31
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Abstract
Neuropsychiatric (NP) manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been recognized for more than 100 years but continue to pose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for rheumatologists and other physicians involved in the care of SLE patients. NP-SLE includes a plethora of clinical manifestations and the reported prevalence has varied widely between 14% and 75%. The recent introduction of a standard nomenclature, case definitions, and diagnostic criteria for 19 NP-SLE syndromes should facilitate a more consistent approach to the classification of patients and to the execution of large multicenter clinical studies. The etiology of NP-SLE is likely multifactorial and includes microangiopathy, autoantibody production, and the intrathecal production of proinflammatory cytokines. Newer imaging modalities of brain structure and function provide novel ways of understanding pathogenic mechanisms. The use of standardized neuropsychometric techniques to evaluate cognitive function has identified a high prevalence of cognitive impairment in SLE patients. The management of patients with NP-SLE includes symptomatic and immunosuppressive therapies, evidence for which is largely limited to uncontrolled clinical trials and anecdotal experience. Multicenter initiatives are required to address important issues on prognosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Hanly
- Division of Rheumatology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Center, 310 Bethune Building, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 2Y9, Canada.
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Ainiala H, Loukkola J, Peltola J, Korpela M, Hietaharju A. The prevalence of neuropsychiatric syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology 2001; 57:496-500. [PMID: 11502919 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.57.3.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of neuropsychiatric (NP) syndromes in a Finnish population of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to classify them according to the recently developed American College of Rheumatology (ACR) nomenclature and case definitions for NPSLE. METHODS Cross-sectional, population-based study covering an area with 440,000 people. A total of 58 patients with a definite diagnosis of SLE and aged 16 to 65 years were found in the computerized database of the area hospitals. Of these, 46 (79%) agreed to participate. The diagnosis of various NP syndromes was based on clinical impression (H.A.) following history, examination, review of medical records, and neuropsychologic testing. RESULTS At least one NP syndrome was identified in 42 patients (91%). The most frequent manifestation was cognitive dysfunction (n = 37; 81%), followed by headache (n = 25; 54%) and mood disorder (n = 20; 43%). When mild NP syndromes (mild cognitive deficit, headache, mild depression, anxiety, electroneuromyography-negative polyneuropathy) were excluded, the prevalence of NPSLE dropped to 46%. CONCLUSIONS According to the ACR nomenclature, there is a high prevalence of NP manifestations in a population-based sample of patients with SLE. Most NP syndromes were classified as minor; if they were excluded, the 46% prevalence of NPSLE would be slightly less than estimated in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ainiala
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, Tampere University Hospital, Finland.
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Moritani T, Shrier DA, Numaguchi Y, Takahashi C, Yano T, Nakai K, Zhong J, Wang HZ, Shibata DK, Naselli SM. Diffusion-weighted echo-planar MR imaging of CNS involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Acad Radiol 2001; 8:741-53. [PMID: 11508753 DOI: 10.1016/s1076-6332(03)80581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the range of findings at diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and central nervous system involvement. MATERIALS AND METHODS Diffusion-weighted MR images were reviewed in 20 patients with SLE and correlated with clinical symptoms and findings at computed tomography, conventional MR imaging, MR angiography, or conventional angiography. RESULTS Diffusion-weighted MR imaging showed acute or subacute lesions in nine of 20 patients (45%). In the other 11, it showed no abnormal findings or chronic lesions. In four of the nine patients with lesions, diffusion-weighted imaging primarily showed hyperintense lesions with decreased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), which indicates acute or subacute infarcts. In four other patients, it primarily showed iso- or slightly hyperintense lesions with increased ADC, suggesting vasogenic edema. In two of these four patients, the findings were consistent with hypertensive encephalopathy. In the other two, small hyperintense foci on diffusion-weighted images with decreased ADC were seen within the vasogenic edema. These foci presumably represent microinfarcts associated with SLE vasculopathy. In the ninth patient, diffusion-weighted imaging showed a small linear hyperintense lesion with normal ADC in the left parietooccipital region. CONCLUSION Diffusion-weighted imaging shows primarily two patterns of acute or subacute parenchymal lesions in patients with SLE: acute or subacute infarction and vasogenic edema with or without microinfarcts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Moritani
- Department of Radiology University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14642, USA
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Glanz BI, Laoprasert P, Schur PH, Robertson-Thompson A, Khoshbin S. Lateralized EEG findings in patients with neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. CLINICAL EEG (ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY) 2001; 32:14-9. [PMID: 11202136 DOI: 10.1177/155005940103200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Routine and quantitative EEG were used to determine whether there is a lateralized pattern of electrophysiologic dysfunction in patients with diverse neuropsychiatric manifestations of SLE. Twenty consecutive patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms of SLE underwent 20-minute EEG recordings with an 18-channel polygraph. Ten 1-second intervals were randomly selected for each patient. Once selected, the intervals were analyzed for the presence of theta and delta slow activity. Mapping was done by four-point interpolation around the 18 acquired data points. On routine EEG, abnormalities were identified in 14/20 patients with SLE. In 12/14 patients, the abnormalities were localized to the left temporal region. Quantitative EEG analyses revealed theta and delta slow activity predominantly affecting the left hemisphere in 16/19 patients with SLE. Taken together, these findings suggest selective involvement of the left hemisphere in patients with diverse neuropsychiatric manifestations of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Glanz
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Fernández-Nebro A, Palacios-Muñoz R, Gordillo J, Abarca-Costalago M, De Haro-Liger M, Rodríguez-Andreu J, González-Santos P. Chronic or recurrent headache in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case control study. Lupus 1999; 8:151-6. [PMID: 10192510 DOI: 10.1191/096120399678847443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Controversy exists concerning the prevalence of headache in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and its importance as a neuropsychiatric manifestation, especially when it occurs independently of disease activity and with the typical characteristics of primary chronic headache. Most reports to date have either studied both types of headache, whether or not related to systemic lupus erythematosus, or have not used adequate controls. This study determines the prevalence and types of chronic primary headache in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in a case-control study which we performed in a tertiary care hospital. We studied 71 consecutive patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and 71 healthy unrelated subjects matched for age and sex from the same geographical area. Clinical evaluation using a specific standard protocol for the presence and characteristics of headache according to the operative classification criteria of the International Headache Society. The overall prevalence of headache, tension-type headache, and migraine was similar among patients and controls [33 (46.5%), 17 (23.9%) and 16 (22.5%) vs 31 (43.7%), 17 (23.9%) and 13 (18.3%), respectively]. The mean age of onset of headache was higher in the patients (28.7 +/- 14.3 vs 18.5 +/- 5.6 y; P = 0.001) and the subjective response to analgesics was lower than in the controls [19 (63%) vs 28 (93.3%); P = 0.004]. There were no differences in the presence of precipitating factors or family history of headache. There were no relevant clinical or immunological differences among the patients regarding the presence or absence of tension-type headache or migraine. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus do not differ from healthy controls for the presence and type of chronic or recurrent headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fernández-Nebro
- Systemic Autoimmune Disease Unit, Virgen de la Victoria, University Hospital, Malaga, Spain
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Sibbitt WL, Jung RE, Brooks WM. Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. COMPREHENSIVE THERAPY 1999; 25:198-208. [PMID: 10349089 DOI: 10.1007/bf02889620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with neuropsychiatric complaints requires a comprehensive and timely diagnostic approach. Despite the obvious difficulties in diagnosing neuropsychiatric SLE, the neurologic complications of SLE can be approached in a careful, logical manner with gratifying results.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Sibbitt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
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Sabbadini MG, Manfredi AA, Bozzolo E, Ferrario L, Rugarli C, Scorza R, Origgi L, Vanoli M, Gambini O, Vanzulli L, Croce D, Campana A, Messa C, Fazio F, Tincani A, Anzola G, Cattaneo R, Padovani A, Gasparotti R, Gerli R, Quartesan R, Piccirilli M, Farsi A, Emmi E, Passaleva A. Central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus patients without overt neuropsychiatric manifestations. Lupus 1999; 8:11-9. [PMID: 10025594 DOI: 10.1191/096120399678847344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To verify whether features of CNS involvement can be detected in SLE patients without overt neuropsychiatric manifestations. METHODS 114 SLE patients who had never received a diagnosis of neuropsychiatric lupus (never-NPSLE) were studied and compared to 65 SLE patients with known neuropsychiatric involvement (NPSLE). The study relied on evaluation of neurocognitive functions by means of a battery of neuropsychological tests, on psychiatric and neuropsychological assessments and on neuroimaging studies (computed tomography, magnetic resonance, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)). RESULTS Clinical features, including disease duration/activity and pharmacological therapy, of never-NPSLE and NPSLE patients were similar. Short-term and long-term memory, visuo-spatial and verbal information processing were similarly compromised in never-NPSLE and in NPSLE patients; only attention was significantly more compromised in NPSLE patients. Psychiatric morbidity was higher than expected in never-NPSLE patients, although less than in the control neuropsychiatric group. Ischemic lesions, multiple small high intensity lesions and cortical atrophy, detected by CT and MR scans, as well as abnormal SPECT were also frequently detected in never-NPSLE patients. Interestingly, left parietal and occipital area hypoperfusion by SPECT was significantly more frequent in the patients with impaired visuo-spatial intelligence and short-term memory. CONCLUSIONS Most abnormalities detected by available diagnostic tools and characteristics of neuropsychiatric SLE are also present in non-symptomatic patients. They may derive from an unexpected widespread involvement of the CNS and are not per se sufficient, in the absence of clinical manifestations, for a diagnosis of neuropsychiatric SLE.
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Abstract
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may present with a wide array of neuropsychiatric (NP) clinical features. This may either be a primary manifestation of SLE, the result of a complication of the disease or its therapy, or a concurrent disease process. As there is no single diagnostic gold standard for NP-SLE, the assessment of individual patients is heavily dependent upon clinical evaluation in addition to information from studies of autoantibodies, brain structure and function. Despite their lack of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, these tests frequently provide information that can be used to support or refute the clinical impression. They may also provide a basis for the prospective evaluation of the efficacy of therapeutic interventions in individual patients with NP-SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Hanly
- Division of Rheumatology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Glanz BI, Schur PH, Khoshbin S. EEG abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus. CLINICAL EEG (ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY) 1998; 29:128-31. [PMID: 9660013 DOI: 10.1177/155005949802900304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The medical records of 478 SLE patients were reviewed. Ninety-five patients (19.9%) with a history of seizures were identified. EEG reports were available on 62. EEGs were interpreted as normal in 8 (12.9%) and abnormal in 54 (87.1%). Abnormal EEGs were reviewed for the presence of unilateral and bilateral abnormalities. Left hemisphere abnormalities were identified in 43 (79.6%), right hemisphere abnormalities in 4 (7.4%), and bilateral abnormalities in 7 (13.0%) patients with SLE. Abnormalities included theta and delta slowing and sharp wave activity. In 32 of the 43 (74.4%) patients with left hemisphere abnormalities, the abnormalities were localized to the left temporal leads. These findings suggest selective damage to the left temporolimbic region in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Glanz
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Mirone L, Altomonte L, Raco A, Calcagni ML, Rufini V, Zoli A, Magarò M. Cerebral blood flow abnormalities detected by SPECT in Behçet's-syndrome-related psychiatric disorders. Clin Rheumatol 1998; 17:75-6. [PMID: 9586687 DOI: 10.1007/bf01450966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Mirone
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Catholic University Rome, Italy
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Zonana-Nacach A, Camargo-Coronel A, Yáñez P, de Lourdes Sánchez M, Jímenez-Balderas FJ, Aceves-Avila J, Martínez-Osuna P, Fuentes J, Medina F, Fraga A. Measurement of damage in 210 Mexican patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: relationship with disease duration. Lupus 1998; 7:119-23. [PMID: 9580342 DOI: 10.1191/096120398678919831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) Damage Index is a validated instrument specifically designed to ascertain damage in SLE; this instrument has been applied mainly to Caucasians and African-American SLE patients. The objective of this study was to assess damage using the SLICC/ACR Damage Index in Mexican SLE patients. The SLICC/ACR Damage Index was applied to 210 consecutive SLE patients with disease of variable duration. The SLICC/ACR Damage Index was assessed by review of hospital clinical records, interview and physical examination. One hundred and seventeen (55.5%) patients had some damage. The proportion of patients with damage increased significantly with disease duration (33% at 1-60 months, 66% at 61-120 months and 70% at > or = 121 months, P < 0.001). The main organ systems involved were musculoskeletal (osteonecrosis), neuropsychiatric (neuropathy, seizures), gonadal (amenorrhea prior to age 40 years), ocular (cataracts), renal (glomerular filtration < 50%) and peripheral vascular (permanent damage by venous thrombosis). Damage was frequent, increased over time, particularly for ocular, renal, musculoskeletal and gonadal. Patients who experienced damage were older, had a longer disease duration, a greater number of ACR criteria at diagnosis, and were more likely to have renal involvement and antibodies to dsDNA. The damage occurred in many different domains and started to develop early after disease onset. Mexican patients had more peripheral vascular and gonadal involvement compared with published data from non-Hispanic SLE populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zonana-Nacach
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional, Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México City, México
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Nakamura RM. Role of Autoantibody Tests in the Diagnostic Evaluation of Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Clin Lab Med 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0272-2712(18)30202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
The rheumatic diseases pose significant and challenging problems for the consulting psychiatrist because of their multifaceted clinical features. Consideration must be given to the complexity of the social system in which the patient lives, the rheumatologist-patient relationship, the losses incurred by the illness, immunologic vulnerability to opportunistic infections, the effects of concurrent medical treatments (especially drug treatments), and any antecedent pathologic conditions. This article examines the clinical and treatment highlights of two representative rheumatologic diseases: rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Moran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, USA
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Tam LS, Cohen MG, Li EK. Hemiballismus in systemic lupus erythematosus: possible association with antiphospholipid antibodies. Lupus 1995; 4:67-9. [PMID: 7767342 DOI: 10.1177/096120339500400114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are diverse but, among them, movement disorders are distinctly uncommon. We describe a 30-year-old female with SLE who developed sudden onset of right-sided hemiballismus. Previous cerebral venous thrombosis and a poor obstetric history suggested the antiphospholipid syndrome but only minimally elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies were detected. The underlying pathology could not be established but was most likely to have been a microinfarct of the contralateral subthalamic nucleus. Our patient responded rapidly to haloperidol alone without the requirement for corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Tam
- Department of Medicine Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong
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