1
|
Erichev AN, Kotsubinsky AP, Kuznetsova SL. [Depression as a biopsychosocial problem]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:7-11. [PMID: 34405651 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20211210527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The article discusses the role of biological and psychological adaptive and compensatory mechanisms in the aetiology and pathogenesis of affective disorders, the relationship between the genetic characteristics of an individual, which determine vulnerability, and epigenetic mechanisms dependent on external psychosocial influences. The role of psychological factors disrupted the consistency of mental functions and the preservation of individuality that determines the psychogenesis of the disease both at the borderline and at the psychotic level is indicated. The psychoprophylactic and therapeutic role of psychotherapy is substantiated with an analysis of its influence both on the biological parameters of the brain and on the psychological characteristics of an individual, including an assessment of the quality of life. A comprehensive biopsychosocial approach to a spectrum of affective disorders makes a significant contribution to the development of personalized person-centered medicine, considering the phenomenological characteristics of the disease, as well as the psychological characteristics of patients and the nature of their social adaptation, which increases the effectiveness of treatment and rehabilitation of mentally ill patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A N Erichev
- Bekhterev Saint Petersburg Psychoneurological Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A P Kotsubinsky
- Bekhterev Saint Petersburg Psychoneurological Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - S L Kuznetsova
- Bekhterev Saint Petersburg Psychoneurological Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview of clinical and molecular genetic as well as pharmacogenetic studies regarding the clinical phenotype of "psychotic depression." Results are discussed with regard to the long-standing debate on categorical vs dimensional disease models of affective and psychotic disorders on a continuum from unipolar depression over bipolar disorder and schizoaffective disorder to schizophrenia. Clinical genetic studies suggest a familial aggregation and a considerable heritability (39%) of psychotic depression partly shared with schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, and affective disorders. Molecular genetic studies point to potential risk loci of psychotic depression shared with schizoaffective disorder (1q42, 22q11, 19p13), depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia (6p, 8p22, 10p13-12, 10p14, 13q13-14, 13q32, 18p, 22q11-13) and several vulnerability genes possibly contributing to an increased risk of psychotic symptoms in depression (eg, BDNF, DBH, DTNBP1, DRD2, DRD4, GSK-3beta, MAO-A). Pharmacogenetic studies implicate 5-HTT, TPH1, and DTNBP1 gene variation in the mediation of antidepressant treatment response in psychotic depression. Genetic factors are suggested to contribute to the disease risk of psychotic depression in partial overlap with disorders along the affective-psychotic spectrum. Thus, genetic research focusing on psychotic depression might inspire a more dimensional, neurobiologically and symptom-oriented taxonomy of affective and psychotic disorders challenging the dichotomous Kraepelinian view. Additionally, pharmacogenetic studies might aid in the development of a more personalized treatment of psychotic depression with an individually tailored antidepressive/antipsychotic pharmacotherapy according to genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tsuang MT, Stone WS, Faraone SV. Conceptualization of the liability for schizophrenia: clinical implications. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012. [PMID: 22034209 PMCID: PMC3181581 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.1999.1.3/mtsuang] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Historically, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia have emphasized several features, including symptoms of psychosis, a dissociation of symptoms from their etiology, a reliance on clinical symptoms, and a categorical approach to classifying the disorder. Although these emphases are quite useful, they have limitations. We review these here, and stress the importance of incorporating recent data on the genetic /biological and neurodevelopmental origins of schizophrenia into current conceptions of the disorder. We also review “schizotaxia, ” which is a concept thai embodies this point of view, occurs before the onset of psychosis, and is hypothesized to represent the liability for schizophrenia. If our hypothesis on this point is correct, the identification of schizotaxic individuals will eventually facilitate the development of prevention strategies by identifying a premorbid (but clinically significant) condition for schizophrenia. Moreover, the identification of biological or neuropsychological components of schizotaxia will provide more specific bases for developing novel treatment interventions. Our initial attempts to develop protocols for the assessment and treatment of schizotaxia are encouraging, and will be reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Tsuang
- Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry at the Massachusetts Mental Health Center and Brockton / West Roxbury Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gershon ES, Badner JA. Incorporation of molecular data and redefinition of phenotype: new approaches to genetic epidemiology of bipolar manic depressive illness and schizophrenia. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012. [PMID: 22034205 PMCID: PMC3181639 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2001.3.1/esgershon] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Considerable advances have been made in identifying specific genetic components of bipolar manic depressive illness (BP) and schizophrenia (SZ), despite their complex inheritance. Meta-analysis of all published whole-genome linkage scans reveals overall support for illness genes in several chromosomal regions. In two of these regions, on the lonq arm of chromosome 13 and on the long arm of chromosome 22, the combined studies of BP and SZ are consistent with a common susceptibility locus for the two disorders. This lends some plausibility to the hypothesis of some shared genetic predispositions for BP and SZ. Other linkages are supported by multiple studies of specific chromosomal regions, most notably two regions on chromosome 6 in SZ. The velocardiofacial syndrome is associated with deletions very close to the linkage region on chromosome 22, and with psychiatric manifestations of both BP and SZ. Endophenotypes of SZ, previously demonstrated to be heritable, have been found to have chromosomal linkage in at least one study. These include eye-tracking abnormalities linked to the short arm of chromosome 6, and abnormality of the P50 cortical evoked potential linked to chromosome 15. Variants in specific genes have been associated with susceptibility to illness, and other genes have been associated with susceptibility to side effects of pharmacological treatment. These genetic findings may eventually be part of an integrated genetic, environmental, and interactive-factor epidemiology of the major mental illnesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E S Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, III, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Porton B, Wetsel WC, Kao HT. Synapsin III: role in neuronal plasticity and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 22:416-24. [PMID: 21827867 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Synapsin III was discovered in 1998, more than two decades after the first two synapsins (synapsins I and II) were identified. Although the biology of synapsin III is not as well understood as synapsins I and II, this gene is emerging as an important factor in the regulation of the early stages of neurodevelopment and dopaminergic neurotransmission, and in certain neuropsychiatric illnesses. Molecular genetic and clinical studies of synapsin III have determined that its neurodevelopmental effects are exerted at the levels of neurogenesis and axonogenesis. In vitro voltammetry studies have shown that synapsin III can control dopamine release in the striatum. Since dopaminergic dysfunction is implicated in many neuropsychiatric conditions, one may anticipate that polymorphisms in synapsin III can exert pervasive effects, especially since it is localized to extrasynaptic sites. Indeed, mutations in this gene have been identified in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and multiple sclerosis. These and other findings indicate that the roles of synapsin III differ significantly from those of synapsins I and II. Here, we focus on the unique roles of the newest synapsin, and where relevant, compare and contrast these with the actions of synapsins I and II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Porton
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, BioMedical Center, 171 Meeting Street, Room 187, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Domschke K, Lawford B, Young R, Voisey J, Morris CP, Roehrs T, Hohoff C, Birosova E, Arolt V, Baune BT. Dysbindin (DTNBP1)--a role in psychotic depression? J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45:588-95. [PMID: 20951386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies yielded evidence for dysbindin (DTNBP1) to impact the pathogenesis of schizophrenia on the one hand and affective disorders such as bipolar or major depressive disorder (MDD) on the other. Thus, in the present study we investigated whether DTNBP1 variation was associated with psychotic depression as a severe clinical manifestation of MDD possibly constituting an overlapping phenotype between affective disorders and schizophrenia. A sample of 243 Caucasian inpatients with MDD (SCID-I) was genotyped for 12 SNPs spanning 92% of the DTNBP1 gene region. Differences in DTNBP1 genotype distributions across diagnostic subgroups of psychotic (N = 131) vs. non-psychotic depression were estimated by Pearson Chi(2) test and logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, gender, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF). Overall, patients with psychotic depression presented with higher BDI and lower GAF scores expressing a higher severity of the illness as compared to depressed patients without psychotic features. Four DTNBP1 SNPs, particularly rs1997679 and rs9370822, and the corresponding haplotypes, respectively, were found to be significantly associated with the risk of psychotic depression in an allele-dose fashion. In summary, the present results provide preliminary support for dysbindin (DTNBP1) gene variation, particularly SNPs rs1997679 and rs9370822, to be associated with the clinical phenotype of psychotic depression suggesting a possible neurobiological mechanism for an intermediate trait on the continuum between affective disorders and schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 11, D-48143 Muenster, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Freimer NB, Service SK, Ophoff RA, Jasinska AJ, McKee K, Villeneuve A, Belisle A, Bailey JN, Breidenthal SE, Jorgensen MJ, Mann JJ, Cantor RM, Dewar K, Fairbanks LA. A quantitative trait locus for variation in dopamine metabolism mapped in a primate model using reference sequences from related species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:15811-6. [PMID: 17884980 PMCID: PMC1987389 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0707640104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHP) provide crucial research models. Their strong similarities to humans make them particularly valuable for understanding complex behavioral traits and brain structure and function. We report here the genetic mapping of an NHP nervous system biologic trait, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentration of the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA), in an extended inbred vervet monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) pedigree. CSF HVA is an index of CNS dopamine activity, which is hypothesized to contribute substantially to behavioral variations in NHP and humans. For quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, we carried out a two-stage procedure. We first scanned the genome using a first-generation genetic map of short tandem repeat markers. Subsequently, using >100 SNPs within the most promising region identified by the genome scan, we mapped a QTL for CSF HVA at a genome-wide level of significance (peak logarithm of odds score >4) to a narrow well delineated interval (<10 Mb). The SNP discovery exploited conserved segments between human and rhesus macaque reference genome sequences. Our findings demonstrate the potential of using existing primate reference genome sequences for designing high-resolution genetic analyses applicable across a wide range of NHP species, including the many for which full genome sequences are not yet available. Leveraging genomic information from sequenced to nonsequenced species should enable the utilization of the full range of NHP diversity in behavior and disease susceptibility to determine the genetic basis of specific biological and behavioral traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nelson B Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Emil Kraepelin's view that psychotic disorders are naturally-occurring disease entities, and that dementia praecox and manic-depressive psychosis represent two different diseases, has been hugely influential on classificatory systems for psychosis. Corresponding to the Kraepelinian dichotomy, those systems generally differentiated schizophrenia from affective psychosis. This paper examines the debate that took place between 1980 and 2000 regarding this differentiation. During the 1980s, the scientific reliability of the diagnostic criteria was challenged. In the 1990s there were significant critiques of the validity of the Kraepelinian dichotomy. Yet the dichotomy has not been formally abandoned, and the discussion continues to the present day. This paper suggests that before psychiatry can abandon the Kraepelinian dichotomy, a new model for conceptualizing and describing psychotic symptoms may be required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talya Greene
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, Department of Psychological Medicine, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Palomo T, Kostrzewa RM, Beninger RJ, Archer T. Genetic variation and shared biological susceptibility underlying comorbidity in neuropsychiatry. Neurotox Res 2007; 12:29-42. [PMID: 17513198 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors underlying alcoholism, substance abuse, antisocial and violent behaviour, psychosis, schizophrenia and psychopathy are emerging to implicate dopaminergic and cannabinoid, but also monoaminergic and glutamatergic systems through the maze of promoter genes and polymorphisms. Candidate gene association studies suggest the involvement of a range of genes in different disorders of CNS structure and function. Indices of comorbidity both complicate the array of gene-involvement and provide a substrate of hazardous interactivity. The putative role of the serotonin transporter gene in affective-dissociative spectrum disorders presents both plausible genetic variation and complication of comorbidity The position of genetic variation is further complicated through ethnic, contextual and social factors that provide geometric progressions in the comordity already underlying diagnostic obstacles. The concept of shared biological susceptibility to two or more disorder conditions of comorbidity seems a recurring observation, e.g., bipolar disorder with alcoholism or schizophrenia with alcohol/substance abuse or diabetes with schizopsychotic disorder. Several lines of evidence seem to suggest that the factors influencing variation in one set of symptoms and those affecting one or more disorders are observed to a marked extent which ought to facilitate the search for susceptibility genes in comorbid brain disorders. Identification of regional genetic factors is awaited for a more compelling outline that ought eventually to lead to greater efficacy of symptom-disorder arrangements and an augmentation of current pharmacological treatment therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Palomo
- Psychiatry Service, 12 de Octubre, University Hospital, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Blackwood DHR, Pickard BJ, Thomson PA, Evans KL, Porteous DJ, Muir WJ. Are some genetic risk factors common to schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression? evidence fromDISC1, GRIK4 andNRG1. Neurotox Res 2007; 11:73-83. [PMID: 17449450 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Depression is common in patients with schizophrenia and it is well established from family studies that rates of depression are increased among relatives of probands with schizophrenia, making it likely that the phenotypes described under the categories of affective and non-affective psychoses share some genetic risk factors. Family linkage studies have identified several chromosomal regions likely to contain risk genes for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, suggesting common susceptibility loci. Candidate gene association studies have provided further evidence to suggest that some genes including two of the most studied candidates, Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) and Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) may be involved in both types of psychosis. We have recently identified another strong candidate for a role in both schizophrenia and affective disorders, GRIK4 a glutamate receptor mapped to chromosome 11q23 [Glutamate Receptor, Ionotropic, Kainate, type 4]. This gene is disrupted by a translocation breakpoint in a patient with schizophrenia, and case control studies show significant association of GRIK4 with both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Identifying genes implicated in the psychoses may eventually provide the basis for classification based on biology rather than symptoms, and suggest novel treatment strategies for these complex brain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H R Blackwood
- Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mukherjee O, Meera P, Ghosh S, Kubendran S, Kiran K, Manjunath KR, Subhash MN, Benegal V, Brahmachari SK, Majumder PP, Jain S. Evidence of linkage and association on 18p11.2 for psychosis. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2006; 141B:868-73. [PMID: 16941653 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The genetic basis of bipolar disorder (BPD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) has been established through numerous clinical and molecular studies. Although often considered separate nosological entities, evidence now suggests that the two syndromes may share some genetic liability. Recent studies have used a composite phenotype (psychosis) that includes BPD, SCZ, psychosis not otherwise specified, and schizoaffective disorder, to identify shared susceptibility loci. Several chromosomal regions are reported to be shared between these syndromes (18p, 6q, 10p, 13q, 22q). As a part of our endeavor to scan these regions, we report a positive linkage and association finding at 18p11.2 for psychosis. Two-point linkage analysis performed on a series of 52 multiplex pedigrees with 23 polymorphic markers yielded a LOD score of 2.02 at D18S37. An independent set of 159 parent offspring trios was used to confirm this suggestive finding. The TDT analysis yielded support for association between the marker D18S453 and the disease allele (chi2 = 4.829, P < 0.028). This region has been implicated by several studies on BPD [Sjoholt et al. (2004); Mol Psychiatry 9(6):621-629; Washizuka et al. (2004); Biol Psychiatry 56(7):483-489; Pickard et al. (2005); Psychiatr Genet 15(1):37-44], SCZ [Kikuchi et al. (2003); J Med Dent Sci 50(3):225-229; Babovic-Vuksanovic et al. (2004); Am J Med Genet 124(3):318-322] and also as a shared region between the two diseases [Ishiguro et al. (2001); J Neural Transm 108(7):849-854; Reyes et al. (2002); Mol Psychiatry 7(4):337-339; Craddock et al. (2005); J Med Genet 42(3):193-204]. Our findings provide an independent validation of the above reports, and suggest the presence of susceptibility loci for psychoses in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Mukherjee
- Molecular Genetics Lab, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental, Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Severinsen JE, Bjarkam CR, Kiaer-Larsen S, Olsen IM, Nielsen MM, Blechingberg J, Nielsen AL, Holm IE, Foldager L, Young BD, Muir WJ, Blackwood DHR, Corydon TJ, Mors O, Børglum AD. Evidence implicating BRD1 with brain development and susceptibility to both schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2006; 11:1126-38. [PMID: 16924267 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Linkage studies suggest that chromosome 22q12-13 may contain one or more shared susceptibility genes for schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar affective disorder (BPD). In a Faeroese sample, we previously reported association between microsatellite markers located at 22q13.31-qtel and both disorders. The present study reports an association analysis across five genes (including 14 single nucleotide and two microsatellite polymorphisms) in this interval using a case-control sample of 162 BPD, 103 SZ patients and 200 controls. The bromodomain-containing 1 gene (BRD1), which encodes a putative regulator of transcription showed association with both disorders with minimal P-values of 0.0046 and 0.00001 for single marker and overall haplotype analysis, respectively. A specific BRD1 2-marker 'risk' haplotype showed a frequency of approximately 10% in the combined case group versus approximately 1% in controls (P-value 2.8 x 10(-7)). Expression analysis of BRD1 mRNA revealed widespread expression in mammalian brain tissue, which was substantiated by immunohistochemical detection of BRD1 protein in the nucleus, perikaryal cytosol and proximal dendrites of the neurons in the adult rat, rabbit and human CNS. Quantitative mRNA analysis in developing fetal pig brain revealed spatiotemporal differences with high expression at early embryonic stages, with intense nuclear and cytosolar immunohistochemical staining of the neuroepithelial layer and early neuroblasts, whilst more mature neurons at later embryonic stages had less nuclear staining. The results implicate BRD1 with SZ and BPD susceptibility and provide evidence that suggests a role for BRD1 in neurodevelopment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Severinsen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lançon C. Schizophrénie et maladie maniaco-dépressive : données actuelles sur l’hypothèse unitaire. Encephale 2006; 32:S894-7; discussion S898-9. [PMID: 17119499 DOI: 10.1016/s0013-7006(06)76258-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Lançon
- SHU Sainte-Marguerite, 270, boulevard Sainte-Marguerite, 13274 Marseille cedex 09
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lake CR, Hurwitz N. Schizoaffective disorders are psychotic mood disorders; there are no schizoaffective disorders. Psychiatry Res 2006; 143:255-87. [PMID: 16857267 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2005.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2004] [Revised: 07/02/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Schizoaffective disorder (SA D/O), introduced in 1933 by Dr. Jacob Kasanin, represented a first, modest change in our concept about the diagnoses of psychotic patients away from the beliefs of E. Bleuler, i.e., that hallucinations and delusions define schizophrenia, and toward the recognition of a significant role for mood disorders. SA D/O established a connection between schizophrenia and mood disorders, traditionally considered mutually exclusive, a connection that has strengthened progressively toward the diagnostic unity of all three disorders. A basic tenet of medicine holds that if discrepant symptoms can be explained by one disease instead of two or more, it is likely there is only one disease. The scientific justification for SA D/O and schizophrenia as disorders distinct from a psychotic mood disorder has been questioned. The "schizo" prefix in SA D/O rests upon the presumption that the diagnostic symptoms for schizophrenia are disease specific. They are not, since patients with severe mood disorders can evince any or all of the "schizophrenic" symptoms. "Schizophrenic" symptoms mean "psychotic" and not any specific disease. These data and a very low interrater reliability for SA D/O suggest that the concepts of SA D/O and schizophrenia as valid diagnoses are flawed. Clinically SA D/O remains popular because it encompasses both schizophrenia and psychotic mood disorder when there is a diagnostic question. We present a review of the literature in table form based on an assignment of each article assigned to one of five categories that describe the possible relationships between SA D/O, schizophrenia and psychotic mood disorders. We conclude that the data overall are compatible with the hypothesis that a single disease, a mood disorder, with a broad spectrum of severity, rather than three different disorders, accounts for the functional psychoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Raymond Lake
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160-7341, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Severinsen JE, Als TD, Binderup H, Kruse TA, Wang AG, Vang M, Muir WJ, Blackwood DHR, Mors O, Børglum AD. Association analyses suggest GPR24 as a shared susceptibility gene for bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2006; 141B:524-33. [PMID: 16741940 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Linkage analyses suggest that chromosome 22q12-13 may harbor a shared susceptibility locus for bipolar affective disorder (BPD) and schizophrenia (SZ). In a study of a sample from the Faeroe Islands we have previously reported association between both disorders and microsatellite markers in a 3.6 cM segment on 22q13. The present study investigated three candidate genes located in this segment: GPR24, ADSL, and ST13. Nine SNPs located in these genes and one microsatellite marker (D22S279) were applied in an association analysis of two samples: an extension of the previously analyzed Faeroese sample comprising 28 distantly related cases (17 BPD, 11 SZ subjects) and 44 controls, and a Scottish sample including 162 patients with BPD, 103 with SZ, and 200 controls. In both samples significant associations were observed in both disorders with predominantly GPR24 SNPs and haplotypes. In the Faeroese sample overall P-values of 0.0009, 0.0054, and 0.0023 were found for haplotypes in BPD, SZ, and combined cases, respectively, and in the Scottish sample overall P-values of 0.0003, 0.0005, and 0.016 were observed for similar groupings. Specific haplotypes showed associations with lowest P-values of 7 x 10(-5) and 0.0006 in the combined group of cases from the Faeroe Islands and Scotland, respectively. The G protein-coupled receptor 24 encoded by GPR24 binds melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and has been implicated with feeding behavior, energy metabolism, and regulation of stress and mood. To our knowledge this is the first study reporting association between GPR24 and BPD and SZ, suggesting that GPR24 variants may confer susceptibility to both disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Severinsen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Krabbendam L, Arts B, van Os J, Aleman A. Cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a quantitative review. Schizophr Res 2005; 80:137-49. [PMID: 16183257 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Revised: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence suggests that cognitive functioning in bipolar disorder may be impaired even in euthymic states, but it is unclear if the pattern of deficits is similar to the deficits found in schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to review quantitatively the studies on cognitive performance in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. METHODS Articles for consideration were identified through a literature search in MEDLINE and PsycLIT in the period between 1985 and October 2004, using the keywords "schizophrenia" combined with "bipolar disorder", or "manic-depress*" or "manic" combined with "cogniti*" or "neuropsycholog*". Thirty-one studies were included that: i) evaluated cognitive performance using standardized and reliable neuropsychological testing procedures; ii) compared adult patients with schizophrenia and with bipolar disorder; iii) reported test scores of both patient groups, or exact p-values, t-values, or F-values; and iv) were published as an original article in a peer-reviewed English language journal. RESULTS Meta-analyses of all studies indicated that patients with bipolar disorder generally perform better than patients with schizophrenia, but the distribution of effect sizes showed substantial heterogeneity. Results based on a more homogeneous subset of studies that matched patient groups on clinical and demographic characteristics pointed in the same direction, with effect sizes in the moderate range. CONCLUSIONS Patients with bipolar disorder show better cognitive performance than patients with schizophrenia, even when matched for clinical and demographic characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Krabbendam
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Iwayama-Shigeno Y, Yamada K, Itokawa M, Toyota T, Meerabux JMA, Minabe Y, Mori N, Inada T, Yoshikawa T. Extended analyses support the association of a functional (GT)n polymorphism in the GRIN2A promoter with Japanese schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2005; 378:102-5. [PMID: 15774266 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2004] [Revised: 12/06/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type glutamate receptor has been proposed as a mechanism in the etiology of schizophrenia. Recently, we identified a variable (GT)n repeat in the promoter region of the NMDA NR2A subunit gene (GRIN2A), and showed its association with schizophrenia in a case-control study, together with a correlation between the length of the repeat and severity of chronic outcome. In this study, we extended our analyses, by increasing the number of case-control samples to a total of 672 schizophrenics and 686 controls, and excluded potential sample stratification effects. We confirmed the significant allelic association between the repeat polymorphism and disease (P = 0.011), and as in the previous study, we observed an over-representation of longer alleles in schizophrenia. These results suggest a probable genetic effect for the GRIN2A promoter (GT)n variation on the predisposition to schizophrenia in Japanese cohorts.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ferraren DO, Liu C, Badner JA, Corona W, Rezvani A, Monje VD, Gershon ES, Bonner TI, Detera-Wadleigh SD. Linkage disequilibrium analysis in the LOC93081-KDELC1-BIVM region on 13q in bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005; 133B:12-7. [PMID: 15635705 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide scans in bipolar disorder and a meta analysis on published data have provided evidence for linkage to chromosome 13q, although the reported peaks from various studies have not converged in a narrow region. Recently, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the G72/G30 locus have been shown to be associated with bipolar disorder suggesting its potential role in increasing disease risk. The proposed linkage region on 13q extends over a wide span, and could provide a clue to the existence of other susceptibility variants. In the present study, SNPs in the LOC93081-KDELC1-BIVM, a region proximal to G72, were interrogated in two bipolar family series. KDELC1 has a predicted filamin domain and BIVM contains an immunoglobulin-like motif. The small pedigree series yielded a nominally significant global P-value due to under-transmission of a rare haplotype but this finding was not supported by results from the larger series and in the case-control study that compared 278 cases and 277 controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dilberto O Ferraren
- Genetic Basis for Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Macgregor S, Visscher PM, Knott SA, Thomson P, Porteous DJ, Millar JK, Devon RS, Blackwood D, Muir WJ. A genome scan and follow-up study identify a bipolar disorder susceptibility locus on chromosome 1q42. Mol Psychiatry 2004; 9:1083-90. [PMID: 15249933 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report a genome scan for psychiatric disease susceptibility loci in 13 Scottish families. We follow up one of the linkage peaks on chromosome 1q in a substantially larger sample of 22 families affected by schizophrenia (SCZ) or bipolar affective disorder (BPAD). To minimise the effect of genetic heterogeneity, we collected mainly large extended families (average family size >18). The families collected were Scottish, carried no chromosomal abnormalities and were unrelated to the large family previously reported as segregating a balanced (1:11) translocation with major psychiatric disease. In the genome scan, we found linkage peaks with logarithm of odds (LOD) scores >1.5 on chromosomes 1q (BPAD), 3p (SCZ), 8p (SCZ), 8q (BPAD), 9q (BPAD) and 19q (SCZ). In the follow-up sample, we obtained most evidence for linkage to 1q42 in bipolar families, with a maximum (parametric) LOD of 2.63 at D1S103. Multipoint variance components linkage gave a maximum LOD of 2.77 (overall maximum LOD 2.47 after correction for multiple tests), 12 cM from the previously identified SCZ susceptibility locus DISC1. Interestingly, there was negligible evidence for linkage to 1q42 in the SCZ families. These results, together with results from a number of other recent studies, stress the importance of the 1q42 region in susceptibility to both BPAD and SCZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Macgregor
- Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Becker KG. The common variants/multiple disease hypothesis of common complex genetic disorders. Med Hypotheses 2004; 62:309-17. [PMID: 14962646 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-9877(03)00332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2003] [Accepted: 10/06/2003] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Unlike simple rare Mendelian disorders, the genetic basis for common disorders is unclear. A general model of the genetics of common complex disorders is proposed which emphasizes the shared nature of common alleles in related common disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, Type II diabetes and obesity, and among autoimmune diseases. This model, the common variants/multiple disease hypothesis, emphasizes that many disease genes may not be disease specific. Common deleterious alleles, found at a relatively high frequency in the population may play a role in related clinical phenotypes in the context of different genetic backgrounds and under different environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Becker
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, TRIAD Technology Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes on Health, Room 208, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Boks MPM, Liddle PF, Burgerhof JGM, Knegtering R, van den Bosch RJ. Neurological soft signs discriminating mood disorders from first episode schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004; 110:29-35. [PMID: 15180777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the specificity of neurological soft signs (NSS) for first episode schizophrenia compared with mood disorders. METHOD We assessed NSS in a sample of 60 healthy controls, 191 first episode psychosis patients and 81 mood disorder patients. We used a principle component analysis to identify dimensions of NSS. We subsequently investigated the specificity of these dimensions for schizophrenia and their relationships with medication and symptom scores. RESULTS We identified five dimensions; coordination disorders, movement disorders, increased reflexes, dyskinesia and catatonia. These dimensions were related to neural circuits associated with schizophrenia and mood disorders and included the fronto-striatal-thalamic and the fronto-cerebellar pathway. The movement disorder dimension, which was suggestive for the involvement of the fronto-striatal-thalamic pathway, was specific for first episode schizophrenia independent from medication. CONCLUSION NSS are the result of circuitry dysfunctions rather than overall dysfunction and a particular set of NSS shows specificity for schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P M Boks
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yamada K, Iwayama-Shigeno Y, Yoshida Y, Toyota T, Itokawa M, Hattori E, Shimizu H, Yoshikawa T. Family-based association study of schizophrenia with 444 markers and analysis of a new susceptibility locus mapped to 11q13.3. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 127B:11-9. [PMID: 15108173 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.20166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Family-based linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping has been suggested as a powerful and practical alternative to linkage analysis. We have performed a genome-wide LD survey of susceptibility loci for schizophrenia in a Japanese population. We first typed 119 schizophrenic pedigrees (357 individuals) using 444 microsatellite markers, and analyzed the data using the pedigree disequilibrium test. This analysis revealed 14 markers demonstrating significant transmission distortion. To corroborate these findings, the statistical methods were changed to the extended transmission disequilibrium test (ETDT), using 80 independent complete trios (schizophrenic proband and both parents), with 68 derived from initial pedigrees and 12 newly recruited trios. ETDT supported two markers for continued association, D11S987 on 11q13.3 (P = 0.00009) and D16S423 on 16p13.3 (P = 0.002). We scrutinized the most significant genomic locus on 11q11-13 by adding 26 new markers for analysis. Results of three-marker haplotype analysis in the region showed evidence of association with schizophrenia (most significant haplotype P = 0.0005, global P = 0.022). Although the present study may have missed other potential genomic intervals because of the sparse mapping density, we hope that it has identified promising anchor points for further studies to identify risk-conferring genes for schizophrenia in the Japanese population. In addition, we provide useful information on genomic LD structures in Japanese populations, which can be used for LD mapping of complex diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Yamada
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
El-Saadi O, Pedersen CB, McNeil TF, Saha S, Welham J, O'Callaghan E, Cantor-Graae E, Chant D, Mortensen PB, McGrath J. Paternal and maternal age as risk factors for psychosis: findings from Denmark, Sweden and Australia. Schizophr Res 2004; 67:227-36. [PMID: 14984882 DOI: 10.1016/s0920-9964(03)00100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the association between increased maternal age and congenital disorders has long been recognized, the offspring of older fathers are also at increased risk of congenital disorders related to DNA errors during spermatogenesis. Recent studies have drawn attention to an association between increased paternal age and increased risk of schizophrenia. The aim of the current study was to examine both paternal and maternal age as risk factors for the broader category of psychosis. METHOD We used data from three sources examining psychosis: a population-based cohort study (Denmark), and two case-control studies (Sweden and Australia). RESULTS When controlling for the effect of maternal age, increased paternal age was significantly associated with increased risk of psychosis in the Danish and Swedish studies. The Australian study found no association between adjusted paternal age and risk of psychosis. When controlling for the effect of paternal age, younger maternal age was associated with an increased risk of psychoses in the Danish study alone. CONCLUSIONS The offspring of older fathers are at increased risk of developing psychosis. The role of paternally derived mutations and/or psychosocial factors associated with older paternal age warrants further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ossama El-Saadi
- Queensland Centre for Schizophrenia Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Queensland Q4076, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ozer S, Uluşahin A, Ulusoy S, Okur H, Coşkun T, Tuncali T, Göğüş A, Akarsu AN. Is vitamin D hypothesis for schizophrenia valid? Independent segregation of psychosis in a family with vitamin-D-dependent rickets type IIA. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2004; 28:255-66. [PMID: 14751420 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin D hypothesis of schizophrenia is a recent concept bringing together old observations on environmental risk factors and new findings on the neurodevelopmental effects of vitamin D. Candidate genes related to the vitamin D endocrine system have not yet been fully explored for this purpose. The coexistence of vitamin-D-dependent-rickets type II with alopecia (VDDR IIA) and different forms of psychosis in the same inbred family has provided us with an opportunity to investigate the presumed relationship between vitamin D deficiency and psychosis. Psychiatric examination and molecular genetic studies were performed in this family overloaded with psychotic disorders and VDDR IIA. Forty members were evaluated in order to describe their phenotypic features. The family was tested for a linkage to the chromosome 12q12-q14 region where the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene is located. Psychosis was the common phenotype in the 18 psychiatrically affected members. Pedigree analysis did not show a cosegregation of psychosis and rickets. Lod scores were not significant to prove a linkage between psychosis and VDR locus. The authors concluded that (1) the neurodevelopmental consequences of vitamin D deficiency do not play a causative role in psychotic disorders, (2) these two syndromes are inherited independently, and (3) vitamin D deficiency does not act as a risk factor in subjects susceptible to psychosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Ozer
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06100 Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Weisbrod M, Hill H, Sauer H, Niethammer R, Guggenbühl S, Hell D, Stassen HH. Nongenetic pathologic developments of brain-wave patterns in monozygotic twins discordant and concordant for schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 125B:1-9. [PMID: 14755436 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.20080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from previous studies has suggested that the inter-individual differences in human brain-wave patterns (EEG) are predominantly determined by genetic factors. In particular, the within-pair EEG concordance of monozygotic (mz) twins was found to be typically as high as r = 0.81 across channels and frequency bands, thus being comparable to that between repeated assessments on the same individual with typically r = 0.83. Yet our investigations into mz twins discordant and concordant for schizophrenia yielded a significantly reduced within-pair EEG concordance for both, the pairs discordant for schizophrenia and the pairs concordant for schizophrenia (with concordance for schizophrenia assessed through a syndrome-oriented approach). A multivariate discriminant function of EEG parameters distinguished in a reproducible way between affected and unaffected subjects at an overall performance of >75% correctly classified subjects, while the severity of illness, as derived from EEG-differences between affected and unaffected subjects, was closely related to the severity of illness as provided by psychopathology syndrome scores. Consequently, EEG anomalies associated with schizophrenia and manifested differently in the mz co-twins concordant for schizophrenia are likely the effect of nongenetic, pathologic processes that evolved independently in the co-twins' genetically identical brains once the illness began to progress. The existence of such nongenetic processes would suggest a modification of the standard phenotype-to-genotype search strategies of molecular-genetic studies that aim to link the schizophrenia phenotype to genetic vulnerability factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Weisbrod
- Psychiatric University Hospital Heidelberg, Section Experimental Psychopathology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pae CU, Lee KU, Han H, Serretti A, Jun TY. Tumor necrosis factor alpha gene-G308A polymorphism associated with bipolar I disorder in the Korean population. Psychiatry Res 2004; 125:65-8. [PMID: 14967554 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2003.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2002] [Revised: 05/31/2003] [Accepted: 06/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a case-control association study between the -G308A tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha gene polymorphism and 89 patients with bipolar I disorder (BID). A polymerase chain reaction method was used. We found significant differences in genotype and allele distribution. The -G308A TNF-alpha gene polymorphism may confer a risk for BID in the Korean population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C-U Pae
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Porton B, Ferreira A, DeLisi LE, Kao HT. A rare polymorphism affects a mitogen-activated protein kinase site in synapsin III: possible relationship to schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55:118-25. [PMID: 14732590 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synapsin III plays a role in neuronal plasticity and maps to chromosome 22q12-13, a region suggested to be linked to schizophrenia. To determine if synapsin III plays a role in this disease, we searched for polymorphisms in this gene in patients with schizophrenia and controls. METHODS The synapsin III gene was initially sequenced from 10 individuals with schizophrenia to identify polymorphisms. Association analysis was then performed using 118 individuals with schizophrenia and 330 population controls. Synapsin III expression was studied by immunoblot analyses, and phosphorylation sites were mapped by sequencing trypsin-digested synapsin III fragments phosphorylated with phosphorus-32. RESULTS A rare, missense polymorphism, S470N, was identified in the synapsin III gene and appeared more frequently in individuals with schizophrenia than in controls (p =.0048). The site affected by the polymorphism, Ser470, was determined to be a substrate for mitogen-activated protein kinase, a downstream effector of neurotrophin action. Phosphorylation at Ser470 was increased during neonatal development and in response to neurotrophin-3 in cultured hippocampal neurons. CONCLUSIONS Our observations suggest an association of a rare polymorphism in synapsin III with schizophrenia, but further studies will be required to clarify its role in this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Porton
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ketter TA, Wang PW, Becker OV, Nowakowska C, Yang YS. Psychotic bipolar disorders: dimensionally similar to or categorically different from schizophrenia? J Psychiatr Res 2004; 38:47-61. [PMID: 14690770 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3956(03)00099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For over a century, clinicians have struggled with how to conceptualize the primary psychoses, which include psychotic mood disorders and schizophrenia. Indeed, the nature of the relationship between mood disorders and schizophrenia is an area of ongoing controversy. Psychotic bipolar disorders have characteristics such as phenomenology, biology, therapeutic response, and brain imaging findings, suggesting both commonalities with and dissociations from schizophrenia. Taken together, these characteristics are in some instances most consistent with a dimensional view, with psychotic bipolar disorders being intermediate between non-psychotic bipolar disorders and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. However, in other instances, a categorical approach appears useful. Although more research is clearly necessary to address the dimensional versus categorical controversy, it is feasible that at least in the interim, a mixed dimensional/categorical approach could provide additional insights into pathophysiology and management options, which would not be available utilizing only one of these models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terence A Ketter
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Bipolar Disorders Clinic, Room 2124, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5723, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Stassen HH, Bridler R, Hell D, Weisbrod M, Scharfetter C. Ethnicity-independent genetic basis of functional psychoses: a genotype-to-phenotype approach. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 124B:101-12. [PMID: 14681924 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.20081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The functional psychoses schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar illness represent complex clinical syndromes that are characterized by phenotypic heterogeneity. Yet evidence from numerous studies suggests that (1) the prevalence of schizophrenia and bipolar illness is with 1% very similar across ethnicities, and (2) a strong genetic component is involved in the disorders' pathogenesis. Using data from different US-American ethnicities (77 families with a total of 17 unaffected and 170 affected sib pairs; 276 marker loci), we searched for ethnicity-independent oligogenic susceptibility loci for which the between-sib genetic similarity in affected sib pairs deviated from the expected values. Specifically, we addressed the question of the extent to which genetic risk factors and their interactions constitute multigenic inheritance of functional psychoses across populations and might constitute universal targets for treatment. Our novel multivariate genotype-to-phenotype search strategy was based on a genetic similarity function that allowed us to quantify the inter-individual genetic distances d(x(i), x(j)) between the allelic genotype patterns x(i), x(j) of any two subjects i, j with respect to n loci l(1), l(2), em leader l(n). Thus, we were able to assess the between-ethnicity, the within-ethnicity, and the within-family genetic similarities. The problem of ethnicity-independent vulnerability was addressed by treating the Afro-American families as "training" samples, while the non-Afro-American families served as independent "test" samples. We evaluated the between-sib similarities, which were expected to deviate from "0.5" in affected sib pairs if the region of interest contained markers close to vulnerability genes. The reference value "0.5" was derived from the parent-offspring similarities that are always 0.5, irrespective of the affection status of parents and offspring. We found 12 vulnerability loci on chromosomes 1, 4, 5, 6, 13, 14, 18, and 20, that were reproducible across the two samples under comparison and therefore, likely to constitute an ethnicity-independent, oligogenic vulnerability model of functional psychoses. The elevated vulnerability appeared to be unspecific and to act in such a way that exogenous factors become more likely to trigger the onset of psychiatric illnesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H H Stassen
- Psychiatric University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nakata K, Ujike H, Tanaka Y, Takaki M, Sakai A, Nomura A, Katsu T, Uchida N, Imamura T, Fujiwara Y, Hamamura T, Kuroda S. No association between the dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2 (DRP-2) gene and bipolar disorder in humans. Neurosci Lett 2003; 349:171-4. [PMID: 12951196 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00824-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Several susceptibility loci for both of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BPD) have been found to overlap on several chromosomes including 8p21. Expression of dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2 (DRP-2), which gene is located on 8p21, was found to be reduced in the brains of individuals with schizophrenia and BPD. Recently, we demonstrated a significant association between the DRP-2 gene and schizophrenia. Based on the rationale, we investigated the genetic association of the DRP-2 gene with BPD using a case-control study in the Japanese population. However, no significant associations were found between five polymorphisms of the DRP-2 gene (-975C>G, 352G>A, 426C>T, 1506T>C, and *2236T>C), and BPD, nor were associations detected between either of the polymorphisms and any subtype of BPD, bipolars I and II. The present study did not provide any evidence for a contribution of the DRP-2 gene to susceptibility to BPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nakata
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Shikata-cho 2-5-1, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shaw SH, Mroczkowski-Parker Z, Shekhtman T, Alexander M, Remick RA, Sadovnick AD, McElroy SL, Keck PE, Kelsoe JR. Linkage of a bipolar disorder susceptibility locus to human chromosome 13q32 in a new pedigree series. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8:558-64. [PMID: 12808435 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar (BP) disorder or manic depressive illness is a major psychiatric disorder for which numerous family, twin and adoption studies support a substantial genetic contribution. Recently, we reported the results of a genome-wide search for BP disorder susceptibility loci in 20 pedigrees. Suggestive evidence for linkage was found in this study at three markers on 13q, representing possibly two peaks separated by 18 cM. We have now collected a second set of 32 pedigrees segregating BP disorder and have tested for evidence of linkage to markers on human chromosome 13q. In this sample, we have replicated the linkage result in 13q32 at D13S154 (lod=2.29), the more proximal of the two original peaks. When all 52 pedigrees were combined, the multipoint maximum lod score peaked approximately 7 cM proximal to D13S154 (lod=3.40), with a second peak occurring between D13S225 and D13S796 (lod=2.58). There have been several other reports of significant linkage to both BP disorder and schizophrenia in this region of chromosome 13. These pedigrees provide additional evidence for at least one locus for BP disorder in 13q32, and are consistent with other reports of a possible genetic overlap between these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S H Shaw
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Boteva K, Lieberman J. Reconsidering the classification of schizophrenia and manic depressive illness--a critical analysis and new conceptual model. World J Biol Psychiatry 2003; 4:81-92. [PMID: 12692779 DOI: 10.3109/15622970309167956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The idea of 'disease entity' in psychiatry and the nosologic map of insanity with the distinction between dementia praecox (schizophrenia since Bleuler 1911) and manic depressive insanity, originally developed by Emil Kraepelin (1986), is an important landmark in the history of psychiatry (Jablensky 1995). This classification, however, has been vigorously debated throughout the years, and new evidence emerging from epidemiological, clinical, genetic and biological research demonstrates that the two nosological categories have distinct features as well as share many similarities in their risk factors, genetic predisposition, brain pathology, neurophysiology, clinical phenomenology and response to treatment, thus raising questions about the validity of the categorical classification of psychoses. In this paper we examine some of the similarities and differences between schizophrenia and bipolar illness emerging from recent biological and clinical research and attempt to clarify major inherent logical contradictions in the application of the 'disease' model of psychiatric diagnosis to the categorical classification of schizophrenia and bipolar illness. Then we examine how similar predicaments have been resolved in other natural classification systems, namely the biological classification of species and the periodic table of the elements. Finally we propose a hypothetical conceptual approach to the classification of psychoses that has been greatly informed by the organizing principle underlying the periodic table of the elements, and is distinct from the 'disease' model of psychiatric classification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Boteva
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
The frontiers of schizophrenia are being increasingly challenged from several directions. In addition to ongoing debate as to divisions between schizophrenia and disorders of the schizophrenic spectrum, including schizotypal personality disorder and schizophreniform disorder, it has been suggested that obsessive-compulsive disorder might overlap phenomenologically with schizophrenia. There has been a long debate around the relationship of schizophrenia to affective disorders, particularly bipolar and schizoaffective disorder. The evidence suggests that although schizotypal personality and schizophreniform disorders are not homogeneous syndromes, they are related to or represent milder forms of schizophrenia. Obsessive-compulsive disorder seems to involve pathology in many of the same regions as observed in some patients with schizophrenia, which may account for the significant incidence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a subset of patients with schizophrenia. Despite similarities between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, significant differences extend across suggested causes, phenomenology, and pathophysiology. These findings support the current conceptualization that the two disorders represent distinct disorders, probably with heterogeneous causes, rather than the ends of a spectrum of symptoms comprising a single syndrome. Schizoaffective disorder likely is made up of patients from the schizophrenic and bipolar cluster of illnesses. The long-standing debate as to the boundaries of schizophrenia is ultimately must await the eventual further elaboration of the underlying causes of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb M Adler
- Department of Psychiatry, Bipolar and Psychotic Disorders Research Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0559, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Linkage studies of mental illness have provided suggestive evidence of susceptibility loci over many broad chromosomal regions. Pinpointing causative gene mutations by conventional linkage strategies alone is problematic. The breakpoints of chromosomal abnormalities occurring in patients with mental illness may be more direct pointers to the relevant gene locus. Publications that describe patients where chromosomal abnormalities co-exist with mental illness are reviewed along with supporting evidence that this may amount to an association. Chromosomal abnormalities are considered to be of possible significance if (a) the abnormality is rare and there are independent reports of its coexistence with psychiatric illness, or (b) there is colocalisation of the abnormality with a region of suggestive linkage findings, or (c) there is an apparent cosegregation of the abnormality with psychiatric illness within the individual's family. Breakpoints have been described within many of the loci suggested by linkage studies and these findings support the hypothesis that shared susceptibility factors for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder may exist. If these abnormalities directly disrupt coding regions, then combining molecular genetic breakpoint cloning with bioinformatic sequence analysis may be a method of rapidly identifying candidate genes. Full karyotyping of individuals with psychotic illness especially where this coexists with mild learning disability, dysmorphism or a strong family history of mental disorder is encouraged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J MacIntyre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Porteous DJ, Evans KL, Millar JK, Pickard BS, Thomson PA, James R, MacGregor S, Wray NR, Visscher PM, Muir WJ, Blackwood DH. Genetics of schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder: strategies to identify candidate genes. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2003; 68:383-94. [PMID: 15338640 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2003.68.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Porteous
- Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH4 2XU
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Schizophrenia is one of the most common, devastating, and least understood neuropsychiatric illnesses present in the human population. Despite decades of research involving neurochemical, neuroanatomical, neuropathologic, neurodevelopmental, neuropsychological, and genetic approaches, no clear etiopathophysiology has been elucidated. Among the most robust findings, however, is the contribution of genetics to disease development. Statistical models suggest that susceptibility to the disorder is governed by the effects of multiple genes, coupled with environmental and stochastic factors. This review briefly summarizes recent etiopathologic findings and hypotheses, with special attention to genetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Sobell
- Division of Molecular Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, Calif, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Maier W, Lichtermann D, Franke P, Heun R, Falkai P, Rietschel M. The dichotomy of schizophrenia and affective disorders in extended pedigrees. Schizophr Res 2002; 57:259-66. [PMID: 12223257 DOI: 10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The paper reports the first controlled family study investigating not only 1st but also 2nd and 3rd degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia by direct diagnostic interviews. Regardless of their degree of relationship, all biological relatives of the patients were found to be at an elevated risk of schizophrenia (5.0% in 1st, 3.1% in 2nd, 1.5% in 3rd degree relatives compared to 0.8% among controls). Schizoaffective and affective disorders have also been found to be more common in the three groups of relatives but without a monotone decline of prevalence rates across the groups. Other psychiatric disorders were not found to be at an elevated risk in relatives of patients compared to controls. Thus, our findings support the hypothesis that psychotic, as well as affective disorders, aggregate in families of individuals with schizophrenia.However, in our study, the risk of schizophrenia and the risk of affective disorders correlated. Particularly, the magnitude of the risk of schizophrenia among relatives of probands with schizophrenia varied with the occurrence of affective disorders in relatives. In relatives, the risk of schizophrenia was maximal in absence of a family history of affective disorder. This constellation holds true even if only families of index cases without any affective syndrome during lifetime are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, D-53105, Bonn, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Swift-Scanlan T, Lan TH, Fallin MD, Coughlin JM, Potash JB, DePaulo JR, McInnis MG. Genetic analysis of the (CTG)n NOTCH4 polymorphism in 65 multiplex bipolar pedigrees. Psychiatr Genet 2002; 12:43-7. [PMID: 11901359 DOI: 10.1097/00041444-200203000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A strong genetic association between the NOTCH4 locus on chromosome 6 and schizophrenia was recently reported. Based on the data suggesting overlapping susceptibility for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, we genotyped the polymorphic (CTG)n encoding polyleucine repeat in exon 1 of NOTCH4 in 65 pedigrees ascertained for a genetic linkage study of bipolar disorder. In addition, we analyzed a subset of our pedigrees with psychotic features at this locus. We failed to find any association between the (CTG)n NOTCH4 polymorphism and either the bipolar or the psychotic bipolar phenotype in our 65 pedigrees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Swift-Scanlan
- George Browne Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Saugstad L. On the relation between nature and nurture or the relevance of human growth and maturation in psychiatry. Acta Neurol Scand 2002. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0404.2000.00202-10.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
40
|
Gershon ES, Badner JA. Progress toward discovery of susceptibility genes for bipolar manic-depressive illness and schizophrenia. CNS Spectr 2001; 6:965-8, 977. [PMID: 15311192 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852900001073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The inconsistency in linkage results that has bedeviled psychiatric genetics has been observed to occur regularly in common diseases with complex inheritance. Nonetheless, in two such instances--noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)--susceptibility genes have been discovered based on the follow-ups of linkage findings. In bipolar illness disorder (BPD) and schizophrenia (SZ), there are some linkage reports with replication of other studies similar to the situation in NIDDM and IBD before the successful positional cloning efforts. Two of the regions with linkage reports, BPD and SZ, on the long arms of chromosomes 13 and 22, show linkage to the same markers in both diseases. This lends some plausibility to the hypothesis of some shared genetic predispositions for both disorders. Cytogenetic evidence offers another positional approach to susceptibility genes. The velocardiofacial syndrome is associated with deletions very close to the linkage region on chromosome 22, and with psychiatric manifestations of both BPD and SZ. Endophenotypes of SZ, previously demonstrated to the be heritable, have been found to have chromosomal linkage in at least one study. These include eye-tracking abnormalities linked to 6p, and an abnormality of the P50 cortical evoked potential linked to chromosome 15. Variants in specific genes have been associated with susceptibility to the psychiatric illnesses. These genetic findings may contribute to etiologic subcategorization of BPD and SZ, and the development of new treatment approaches. A table of genetic terms is included for review
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E S Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Saugstad LF. Manic depressive psychosis and schizophrenia are neurological disorders at the extremes of CNS maturation and nutritional disorders associated with a deficit in marine fat. Med Hypotheses 2001; 57:679-92. [PMID: 11918426 DOI: 10.1054/mehy.2001.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The maturational theory of brain development comprises manic depressive psychosis and schizophrenia. It holds that the disorders are part of human diversity in growth and maturation, which explains their ubiquity, shared susceptibility genes and multifactorial inheritance. Rate of maturation and age at puberty are the genotype; the disorders are localized at the extremes with normality in between. This is based on the association between onset of puberty and the final regressive event, with pruning of 40% of excitatory synapses leaving the inhibitory ones fairly unchanged. This makes excitability, a fundamental property of nervous tissue, a distinguishing factor: the earlier puberty, the greater excitability--the later puberty, the greater deficit. Biological treatment supports deviation from the norm: neuroleptics are convulsant; antidepressives are anti-epiletogenic. There is an association between onset of puberty and body-build: early maturers are pyknic broad-built, late ones linearly leptosomic. This discrepancy is similar to that in the two disorders, supporting the theory that body-build is the phenotype. Standard of living is the environmental factor, which affects pubertal age and shifts the panorama of mental illness accordingly. Unnatural death has increased with antipsychotics. Other treatment is needed. PUFA deficit has been observed in RBC in both disorders and striking improvements with addition of minor amounts of PUFA. This supports that dietary deficit might cause psychotic development and that prevention is possible. Other neurological disorders also profit from PUFA, underlining a general deficit in the diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L F Saugstad
- Department of Anatomy, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Saleem Q, Dash D, Gandhi C, Kishore A, Benegal V, Sherrin T, Mukherjee O, Jain S, Brahmachari SK. Association of CAG repeat loci on chromosome 22 with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2001; 6:694-700. [PMID: 11673798 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2000] [Revised: 03/08/2001] [Accepted: 03/12/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 22 has been implicated in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in a number of linkage, association and cytogenetic studies. Recent evidence has also implicated CAG repeat tract expansion in these diseases. In order to explore the involvement of CAG repeats on chromosome 22 in these diseases, we have created an integrated map of all CAG repeats > or =5 on this chromosome together with microsatellite markers associated with these diseases using the recently completed nucleotide sequence of chromosome 22. Of the 52 CAG repeat loci identified in this manner, four of the longest repeat stretches in regions previously implicated by linkage analyses were chosen for further study. Three of the four repeat containing loci, were found in the coding region with the CAG repeats coding for glutamine and were expressed in the brain. All the loci studied showed varying degrees of polymorphism with one of the loci exhibiting two alleles of 7 and 8 CAG repeats. The 8-repeat allele at this locus was significantly overrepresented in both schizophrenia and bipolar patient groups when compared to ethnically matched controls, while alleles at the other three loci did not show any such difference. The repeat lies within a gene which shows homology to an androgen receptor related apoptosis protein in rat. We have also identified other candidate genes in the vicinity of this locus. Our results suggest that the repeats within this gene or other genes in the vicinity of this locus are likely to be implicated in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q Saleem
- Functional Genomics Unit, Centre for Biochemical Technology (CSIR), Mall Rd, Delhi University Campus, Delhi 110 007, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Maziade M, Roy MA, Rouillard E, Bissonnette L, Fournier JP, Roy A, Garneau Y, Montgrain N, Potvin A, Cliche D, Dion C, Wallot H, Fournier A, Nicole L, Lavallée JC, Mérette C. A search for specific and common susceptibility loci for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a linkage study in 13 target chromosomes. Mol Psychiatry 2001; 6:684-93. [PMID: 11673797 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2000] [Revised: 02/23/2001] [Accepted: 02/26/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report the first stage of a genome scan of schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP) covering 18 candidate chromosomal areas. In addition to testing susceptibility loci that are specific to each disorder, we tested the hypothesis that some susceptibility loci might be common to both disorders. A total of 480 individuals from 21 multigenerational pedigrees of Eastern Québec were evaluated by means of a consensus best-estimate diagnosis made blind to diagnoses in relatives and were genotyped with 220 microsatellite markers. Two-point and multipoint model-based linkage analyses were performed and mod scores (Z, for max Z(max)) are reported. The strongest linkage signals were detected at D18S1145 (in 18q12; Z = 4.03) for BP, and at D6S334 (in 6p 22-24; Z(het) = 3.47; alpha = 0.66) for SZ. Three other chromosomal areas (3q, 10p, and 21q) yielded linkage signals. Chromosomes 3p, 4p, 5p, 5q, 6q, 8p, 9q, 11q, 11p, 12q, 13q, 18p and 22q showed no evidence of linkage. The 18q12 results met the Lander and Kruglyak (1995) criterion for a genome-wide significant linkage and suggested that this susceptibility region may be shared by SZ and BP. The 6p finding provided confirmatory evidence of linkage for SZ. Our results suggest that both specific and common susceptibility loci must be searched for SZ and BP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Maziade
- Centre de Recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, 2601, chemin de la Canardière, Beauport (Québec) G1J 2G3, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Blackwood DH, Fordyce A, Walker MT, St Clair DM, Porteous DJ, Muir WJ. Schizophrenia and affective disorders--cosegregation with a translocation at chromosome 1q42 that directly disrupts brain-expressed genes: clinical and P300 findings in a family. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 69:428-33. [PMID: 11443544 PMCID: PMC1235314 DOI: 10.1086/321969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2001] [Accepted: 05/21/2001] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A family with a (1;11)(q42;q14.3) translocation significantly linked to a clinical phenotype that includes schizophrenia and affective disorders is described. This translocation generates a LOD score of 3.6 when the disease phenotype is restricted to schizophrenia, of 4.5 when the disease phenotype is restricted to affective disorders, of 7.1 when relatives with recurrent major depression, with bipolar disorder, or with schizophrenia are all classed as affected. This evidence for linkage is among the strongest reported for a psychiatric disorder. Family members showed no distinctive features by which the psychiatric phenotype could be distinguished from unrelated cases of either schizophrenia or affective disorders, and no physical, neurological, or dysmorphic conditions co-occurred with psychiatric symptoms. Translocation carriers and noncarriers had the same mean intelligence quotient. Translocation carriers were similar to subjects with schizophrenia and different from noncarriers and controls, in showing a significant reduction in the amplitude of the P300 event-related potential (ERP). Furthermore, P300 amplitude reduction and latency prolongation were measured in some carriers of the translocation who had no psychiatric symptoms-a pattern found in other families with multiple members with schizophrenia, in which amplitude of and latency of P300 appear to be trait markers of risk. The results of karyotypic, clinical, and ERP investigations of this family suggest that the recently described genes DISC1 and DISC2, which are directly disrupted by the breakpoint on chromosome 1, may have a role in the development of a disease phenotype that includes schizophrenia as well as unipolar and bipolar affective disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D H Blackwood
- University Department of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital; and University of Edinburgh, Medical Genetics Section, Molecular Medicine Centre, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
The methodologies of epidemiology and molecular genetics are complementary approaches to identifying risk factors in bipolar disorder. Genetic linkage studies have revealed several chromosomal loci likely to contain genes that increase the risk of bipolar disorder, but major uncertainties remain about the mode of inheritance of the condition and the definition of the phenotype. Epidemiological findings have contributed to both these areas and have led to new hypotheses about causation. For example, the analysis of variability of age at onset of bipolar disorder led to studies of anticipation and a possible role of dynamic DNA repeat sequence mutations. Future epidemiological studies that aim to identify risk factors for bipolar disorder at the population level will be able to measure the interactions of genome sequence variation with other risk factors in the domain of demography, childhood experiences, exposure to adversity and availability of social support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Blackwood
- Edinburgh University Department of Psychiatry, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Lithium is a potent prophylactic medication and mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder. However, clinical outcome is variable, and its therapeutic effect manifests after a period of chronic treatment, implying a progressive and complex biological response process. Signal transduction systems known to be perturbed by lithium involve phosphoinositide (PI) turnover, activation of the Wnt pathway via inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta), and a growth factor-induced, Akt-mediated signalling that promotes cell survival. These pathways, acting in synergy, probably prompt the amplification of lithium signal causing such immense impact on the neuronal network. The sequencing of the human genome presents an unparallelled opportunity to uncover the full molecular repertoire involved in lithium action. Interrogation of high-resolution expression microarrays and protein profiles represents a strategy that should help accomplish this goal. A recent microarray analysis on lithium-treated versus untreated PC12 cells identified multiple differentially altered transcripts. Lithium-perturbed genes, particularly those that map to susceptibility regions, could be candidate risk-conferring factors for mood disorders. Transcript and protein profiling in patients could reveal a lithium fingerprint for responsiveness or nonresponsiveness, and a signature motif that may be diagnostic of a specific phenotype. Similarly, lithium-sensitive gene products could provide a new generation of pharmacological targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S D Detera-Wadleigh
- National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4094, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Glypicans are proteins with very characteristic structures that are substituted with heparan sulfate and that are linked to the cell surface via glycosylphosphatidylinositol. The modular structure of the glypicans has been highly conserved throughout evolution. Six glypicans have been identified so far in vertebrates. Mutations in Drosophila, humans and mice reveal a role for these cell surface molecules in the control of cell growth and differentiation. Their mechanism of action is not yet clear. Most likely, glypicans activate or determine the activity ranges of morphogens and growth factors such as FGFs, BMPs, Wnts, Hhs and IGFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B De Cat
- Laboratory for Glycobiology and Developmental Genetics, Center for Human Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Muir WJ, Thomson ML, McKeon P, Mynett-Johnson L, Whitton C, Evans KL, Porteous DJ, Blackwood DH. Markers close to the dopamine D5 receptor gene (DRD5) show significant association with schizophrenia but not bipolar disorder. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2001; 105:152-8. [PMID: 11304828 DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(2001)9999:9999<::aid-ajmg1163>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Following the description of linkage of markers at chromosome 4p16 to bipolar disorder in several families [Blackwood et al., 1996], and the association of the alleles of a polymorphism closely linked to D5 dopamine receptor gene with schizophrenia [Williams et al., 1997], we have looked for linkage disequilibrium between a series of microsatellite markers from this region and major psychoses including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and unipolar major depressive disorder. A significant increase in the frequency of the 148 bp allele of DRD5 (P = 0.024) and the 244 bp allele of D4S615 (P = 0.001) was found in patients with schizophrenia (n = 158 DRD5; n = 133 D4S615), compared with patients with bipolar disorder (n = 270 DRD5; n = 107 D4S615), or controls without psychiatric illness (n = 437 DRD5; n = 309 D4S615). The frequency of the 148 bp allele of DRD5 was also increased in schizophrenia over unipolar major depressive disorder (n = 65). D4S615 was not typed in unipolar disorder. The estimated odds ratios confirmed that the 148 bp allele of DRD5 and the 244 bp allele of D4S615 conferred increased risk of schizophrenia. Estimated Haplotype (EH) analysis of 174 controls and 128 patients with schizophrenia who were typed for both markers confirmed the strong associations with these alleles but did not show evidence that the markers were in linkage disequilibrium with each other even though they lie approximately 150 kb apart. The data are consistent with an association between markers close to the D5 dopamine receptor and schizophrenia, but not bipolar disorder or unipolar major depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W J Muir
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yoshikawa T, Kikuchi M, Saito K, Watanabe A, Yamada K, Shibuya H, Nankai M, Kurumaji A, Hattori E, Ishiguro H, Shimizu H, Okubo Y, Toru M, Detera-Wadleigh SD. Evidence for association of the myo-inositol monophosphatase 2 (IMPA2) gene with schizophrenia in Japanese samples. Mol Psychiatry 2001; 6:202-10. [PMID: 11317223 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2000] [Revised: 09/17/2000] [Accepted: 09/20/2000] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In our search for candidate genes for affective disorder on the short arm of chromosome 18, we cloned IMPA2, a previously unreported myo-inositol monophosphatase gene, that maps to 18p11.2. We determined its genomic structure and detected three new single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In the present study, we screened the gene further to search for additional polymorphisms in Japanese samples and identified seven other SNPs, including a novel missense mutation. These polymorphisms clustered into three regions of the gene. Three relatively informative SNPs, 58G>A, IVS1--15G>A and 800C>T from clusters 1, 2 and 3, respectively, were selected for association tests using a case-control design. The Japanese cohort included 302 schizophrenics, 205 patients with affective disorder and 308 controls. Genotyping was done either by melting curve analysis on the LightCycler or by sequencing. All three SNPs showed significant genotypic association (nominal P = 0.031--0.0001) with schizophrenia, but not with affective disorder. These findings increase the relevance of 18p11.2 to schizophrenia susceptibility because GNAL, which has been shown previously to be implicated in schizophrenia in an independent study, is in close physical proximity to IMPA2. Our findings suggest that IMPA2 or a gene nearby may contribute to the overall genetic risk for schizophrenia among Japanese.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
|