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Wang F, Han R, Chen S. An Overlooked and Underrated Endemic Mycosis-Talaromycosis and the Pathogenic Fungus Talaromyces marneffei. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0005122. [PMID: 36648228 PMCID: PMC10035316 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00051-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Talaromycosis is an invasive mycosis endemic in tropical and subtropical Asia and is caused by the pathogenic fungus Talaromyces marneffei. Approximately 17,300 cases of T. marneffei infection are diagnosed annually, and the reported mortality rate is extremely high (~1/3). Despite the devastating impact of talaromycosis on immunocompromised individuals, particularly HIV-positive persons, and the increase in reported occurrences in HIV-uninfected persons, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for talaromycosis have received far too little attention worldwide. In 2021, scientists living in countries where talaromycosis is endemic raised a global demand for it to be recognized as a neglected tropical disease. Therefore, T. marneffei and the infectious disease induced by this fungus must be treated with concern. T. marneffei is a thermally dimorphic saprophytic fungus with a complicated mycological growth process that may produce various cell types in its life cycle, including conidia, hyphae, and yeast, all of which are associated with its pathogenicity. However, understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of T. marneffei has been limited until recently. To achieve a holistic view of T. marneffei and talaromycosis, the current knowledge about talaromycosis and research breakthroughs regarding T. marneffei growth biology are discussed in this review, along with the interaction of the fungus with environmental stimuli and the host immune response to fungal infection. Importantly, the future research directions required for understanding this serious infection and its causative pathogenic fungus are also emphasized to identify solutions that will alleviate the suffering of susceptible individuals worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, Biomedical Research Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - RunHua Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shi Chen
- Intensive Care Unit, Biomedical Research Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Biomedical Research Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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2
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Simultaneous lipase production and immobilization: morphology and physiology study of Penicillium simplicissimum in submerged and solid-state fermentation with polypropylene as an inert support. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 164:110173. [PMID: 36529062 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The influence of different carbon sources (glucose (G), olive oil (O), and a combination of both (GO)) in the physiology (biomass and lipase production) and morphology (light and environmental and scanning electron microscopy) of the fungus Penicillium simplicissimum by applying submerged (SmF) and solid-state (SSF) fermentations was investigated. The cultivation was carried out using polypropylene as hydrophobic inert support in SmF and SSF to understand better the influence of a support for the fungus growth and also provides the immobilization of lipases during its production. Micrographs show different morphologies: in SSF, the fungus grows on and inside the inert support independent of the media; in SmF, the formation of high-density spherical pellets obtained in medium GO leads to the best productivity and specific product yield Yp/x..Conidiation is observed mainly in SSF, a few in SmF with polypropylene as inert support and not in SmF, which may indicate a stress condition in SSF. Possibly, the morphology acquired by the fungus under stressful conditions may be the key to the higher biomass and lipase productivity at SSF. The developed process with simultaneous production and immobilization of lipase leads to a new promissory biocatalyst once it can be directly applied with no need for downstream processes.
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3
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Ajmal M, Hussain A, Ali A, Chen H, Lin H. Strategies for Controlling the Sporulation in Fusarium spp. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010010. [PMID: 36675831 PMCID: PMC9861637 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium species are the most destructive phytopathogenic and toxin-producing fungi, causing serious diseases in almost all economically important plants. Sporulation is an essential part of the life cycle of Fusarium. Fusarium most frequently produces three different types of asexual spores, i.e., macroconidia, chlamydospores, and microconidia. It also produces meiotic spores, but fewer than 20% of Fusaria have a known sexual cycle. Therefore, the asexual spores of the Fusarium species play an important role in their propagation and infection. This review places special emphasis on current developments in artificial anti-sporulation techniques as well as features of Fusarium's asexual sporulation regulation, such as temperature, light, pH, host tissue, and nutrients. This description of sporulation regulation aspects and artificial anti-sporulation strategies will help to shed light on the ways to effectively control Fusarium diseases by inhibiting the production of spores, which eventually improves the production of food plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ajmal
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Adil Hussain
- Department of Entomology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Asad Ali
- Department of Entomology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Hongge Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hui Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Correspondence:
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4
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Li H, Ji D, Luo Z, Ren Y, Lu Z, Yang Z, Xu Z. Comparative Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal the Regulatory Mechanism of Nutrient Limitation-Induced Sporulation of Antrodia cinnamomea in Submerged Fermentation. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172715. [PMID: 36076898 PMCID: PMC9455894 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea is a precious edible and medicinal mushroom with various biological activities, such as hepatoprotection, antitumor, antivirus, immunoregulation, and intestinal flora regulation. However, the wild fruiting bodies of A. cinnamomea are scarce and expensive. Submerged fermentation based on spore inoculation has become the most efficient and popular artificial culture method for A. cinnamomea. In order to complement the mechanism of asexual sporulation of A. cinnamomea in submerged fermentation, and provide a theoretical basis to further improve the sporulation, comparative transcriptomics analysis using RNA-seq and RT-qPCR were conducted on A. cinnamomea mycelia cultured under different nutritional conditions to reveal the regulatory mechanism underlying the asexual sporulation induced by nutrient limitation. The obtained mechanism is as follows: under nitrogen starvation, the corresponding sensors transmit signals to genes, such as areA and tmpA, and promote their expression. Among these genes, AreA has a direct or indirect effect on flbD and promotes its expression, further enhancing the expression of brlA. Meanwhile, TmpA has a direct or indirect effect on brlA and promotes its expression; under carbon starvation, transport protein Rco-3, as a glucose sensor, directly or indirectly transmits signals to brlA and promotes its expression. BrlA promotes the expression of abaA gene, which further enhances the expression of wetA gene, and wetA then directly leads to asexual sporulation and promotes spore maturation; meanwhile, gulC can also promote cell autolysis, which provides energy and raw materials for sporulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxiang Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Dan Ji
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhishan Luo
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yilin Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214041, China
| | - Zhenming Lu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhenquan Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (Z.Y.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: (Z.Y.); (Z.X.)
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5
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Han Y, Zeng X, Guo C, Zhang Q, Chen F, Ren L, Chen W, Qin L. Reproduction response of Colletotrichum fungi under the fungicide stress reveals new aspects of chemical control of fungal diseases. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:431-441. [PMID: 33470538 PMCID: PMC8867994 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic fungicides and antifungals are used as frontline treatments for fungal diseases in plants and humans. It is generally accepted that fungicides will bring significant negative side-effects to the environment and result in fungicide resistance in the pathogenic fungi. Although previous research has focused on fungicide application rates and fungal resistance for a long time, little attention has been paid to fungicide residues after treatment, especially their potential role in fungal growth and sporulation. Here we investigated the effect of fungicides at sublethal concentrations on fungal sporulation. The results showed that two kinds of 14α-demethylase inhibitors (DMIs) fungicides increased the number of isolates of Colletotrichum spp. to sporulate on PDA. Both on PDA medium and plant tissue, low concentration of DMI fungicides could promote spore production of Colletotrichum spp., whereas pyraclostrobin, a quinone outside inhibitor (QoIs), had no significant effects on sporulation of Colletotrichum spp. Transcriptomic analysis suggested that the DMIs fungicide stress signal may be transmitted to the central regulatory pathway through the FluG-mediated signalling pathway, and further confirmed the morphological effect of DMI fungicide on promoting sporulation of Colletotrichum. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide insights into the reproductive response of fungi in response to fungicide stress. Our findings indicate that fungicides have two-way effects on the growth and reproduction of pathogenic fungi and provide a new basis for the scientific and rational use of fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong‐chao Han
- Hubei Academy of Agricultural SciencesHubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Industrial CropsWuhan430064China
| | - Xiang‐guo Zeng
- Hubei Academy of Agricultural SciencesHubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Industrial CropsWuhan430064China
| | - Cong Guo
- Hubei Academy of Agricultural SciencesHubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Industrial CropsWuhan430064China
| | - Qing‐hua Zhang
- Hubei Academy of Agricultural SciencesHubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Industrial CropsWuhan430064China
| | - Feng‐ying Chen
- Hubei Academy of Agricultural SciencesHubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Industrial CropsWuhan430064China
| | - Li Ren
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhan430062China
| | - Wei‐dong Chen
- United States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceWashington State UniversityPullmanWAUSA
| | - Li Qin
- Department of BiologyCollege of Arts and ScienceUniversity of Saskatchewan, SaskatoonSKS7N 5E2Canada
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6
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Zetina-Serrano C, Rocher O, Naylies C, Lippi Y, Oswald IP, Lorber S, Puel O. The brlA Gene Deletion Reveals That Patulin Biosynthesis Is Not Related to Conidiation in Penicillium expansum. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6660. [PMID: 32932988 PMCID: PMC7555563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissemination and survival of ascomycetes is through asexual spores. The brlA gene encodes a C2H2-type zinc-finger transcription factor, which is essential for asexual development. Penicillium expansum causes blue mold disease and is the main source of patulin, a mycotoxin that contaminates apple-based food. A P. expansum PeΔbrlA deficient strain was generated by homologous recombination. In vivo, suppression of brlA completely blocked the development of conidiophores that takes place after the formation of coremia/synnemata, a required step for the perforation of the apple epicarp. Metabolome analysis displayed that patulin production was enhanced by brlA suppression, explaining a higher in vivo aggressiveness compared to the wild type (WT) strain. No patulin was detected in the synnemata, suggesting that patulin biosynthesis stopped when the fungus exited the apple. In vitro transcriptome analysis of PeΔbrlA unveiled an up-regulated biosynthetic gene cluster (PEXP_073960-PEXP_074060) that shares high similarity with the chaetoglobosin gene cluster of Chaetomium globosum. Metabolome analysis of PeΔbrlA confirmed these observations by unveiling a greater diversity of chaetoglobosin derivatives. We observed that chaetoglobosins A and C were found only in the synnemata, located outside of the apple, whereas other chaetoglobosins were detected in apple flesh, suggesting a spatial-temporal organization of the chaetoglobosin biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Olivier Puel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.Z.-S.); (O.R.); (C.N.); (Y.L.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
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7
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Morphological Changes of Conidiogenesis in Two Aspergillus Species. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.4.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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8
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Siede W. A "Hole Punched Plate" method for easy generation and harvesting of microconidia in the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00676. [PMID: 29992193 PMCID: PMC6036861 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Handling of the medically important dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum in the laboratory typically requires the generation of spores — for storage, treatment and plating when needed. The described method allows technically simple but efficient generation and harvesting of microconidia by cutting holes in Sabouraud dextrose agar medium that is covered by a mature T. rubrum mycelium.
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9
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Kontár S, Varečka L, Híreš M, Kryštofová S, Šimkovič M. Light-induced conidiation of Trichoderma spp. strains is accompanied by development-dependent changes in the Ca 2+ binding to cell walls. Can J Microbiol 2018; 64:856-864. [PMID: 29906398 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2017-0747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of light on the binding of Ca2+ to mycelia and to cell walls isolated from aerial mycelia of three strains of Trichoderma spp. was studied. Two independent methods were used to measure the total Ca2+ content in mycelia and the Ca2+ bound to cell walls isolated from aerial mycelia. The results of these methods showed that the light-induced formation and maturation of conidia in Trichoderma spp. is accompanied by increased Ca2+ deposition in mycelia and cell walls. Moreover, the cultivation of Trichoderma atroviride F-534 in the presence of 45Ca2+ under circadian illumination showed that radioactivity was exclusively localized in the light-induced conidial rings of aerial mycelia. The fluorescence microscopy of chlortetracycline-stained mycelia showed that the major fraction of Ca2+ was accumulated in conidia and fructification structures, or some intracellular compartments in T. atroviride F-534 grown under circadian illumination, while only a limited amount of Ca2+ was associated with hyphal surfaces. In addition, the study of 45Ca2+ binding to cell walls revealed that T. atroviride F-534 displays both increased 45Ca2+ binding capacity and elevated affinity to 45Ca2+ binding upon illumination. The results indicate that conidia formation and (or) maturation is associated with changes in Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Kontár
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,b Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - L'udovít Varečka
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Híreš
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Svetlana Kryštofová
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Šimkovič
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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10
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Bioprocess-related, morphological and bioinformatic perspectives on the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites produced by Penicillium solitum. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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11
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Modelling the sporulation of some fungi associated with cheese, at different temperature and water activity regimes. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 278:52-60. [PMID: 29702316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine, in-vitro, the influence of temperature (T; 10-30 °C, step 5°), water activity (aw, 0.83-0.99; step 0.04) and time on sporulation (SPO) of some cheese-related fungi belonging to Penicillium spp. and A. versicolor. Overall, sporulation started rapidly (8 h in optimal conditions); it was significantly influenced by T and aw and the fungi studied were clearly distinguished based on their thermo-hydro adaptation. Boundary conditions for sporulation were defined for all the fungi considered and the sporulation rate was successfully modelled, especially based on T and time regimes. Penicillium crustosum, P. nordicum and P. verrucosum showed optimum for SPO at T between 20 and 25 °C and their sporulation continued up to aw = 0.87 (aw = 0.83 for P. nordicum). They resulted the fungi best adapted to the environmental conditions of ripening grana cheese storehouses; therefore, it is expected they dominate on the grana cheese surface. Studies on cheese are necessary to validate these results obtained on artificial media and without fungi co-occurrence.
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12
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Li HX, Lu ZM, Zhu Q, Gong JS, Geng Y, Shi JS, Xu ZH, Ma YH. Comparative Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses Reveal a FluG-Mediated Signaling Pathway Relating to Asexual Sporulation ofAntrodia camphorata. Proteomics 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Xiang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; School of Pharmaceutical Science; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Ming Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; School of Pharmaceutical Science; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; School of Pharmaceutical Science; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi P.R. China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; School of Pharmaceutical Science; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi P.R. China
| | - Yan Geng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; School of Pharmaceutical Science; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi P.R. China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; School of Pharmaceutical Science; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology; School of Pharmaceutical Science; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; Wuxi P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Yan-He Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Tianjin P.R. China
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13
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Day MJ, Hall JC, Currah RS. Phialide arrangement and character evolution in the helotialean anamorph generaCadophoraandPhialocephala. Mycologia 2017; 104:371-81. [DOI: 10.3852/11-059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Randolph S. Currah
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9 Canada
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14
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Noble LM, Holland LM, McLauchlan AJ, Andrianopoulos A. A Plastic Vegetative Growth Threshold Governs Reproductive Capacity in Aspergillus nidulans. Genetics 2016; 204:1161-1175. [PMID: 27672092 PMCID: PMC5105849 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.191122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ontogenetic phases separating growth from reproduction are a common feature of cellular life. Long recognized for flowering plants and animals, early literature suggests this life-history component may also be prevalent among multicellular fungi. We establish the basis of developmental competence-the capacity to respond to induction of asexual development-in the filamentous saprotroph Aspergillus nidulans, describing environmental influences, including genotype-by-environment interactions among precocious mutants, gene expression associated with wild type and precocious competence acquisition, and the genetics of competence timing. Environmental effects are consistent with a threshold driven by metabolic rate and organism density, with pH playing a particularly strong role in determining competence timing. Gene expression diverges significantly over the competence window, despite a lack of overt morphological change, with differentiation in key metabolic, signaling, and cell trafficking processes. We identify five genes for which mutant alleles advance competence timing, including the conserved GTPase RasB (AN5832) and ambient pH sensor PalH (AN6886). In all cases examined, inheritance of competence timing is complex and non-Mendelian, with F1 progeny showing highly variable transgressive timing and dominant parental effects with a weak contribution from progeny genotype. Competence provides a new model for nutrient-limited life-cycle phases, and their elaboration from unicellular origins. Further work is required to establish the hormonal and bioenergetic basis of the trait across fungi, and underlying mechanisms of variable inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke M Noble
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York 10012
| | - Linda M Holland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, D04, Ireland
| | - Alisha J McLauchlan
- Genetics, Genomics and Development, School of BioSciences University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alex Andrianopoulos
- Genetics, Genomics and Development, School of BioSciences University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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15
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Nguyen Van Long N, Vasseur V, Coroller L, Dantigny P, Le Panse S, Weill A, Mounier J, Rigalma K. Temperature, water activity and pH during conidia production affect the physiological state and germination time of Penicillium species. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 241:151-160. [PMID: 27780083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Conidial germination and mycelial growth are generally studied with conidia produced under optimal conditions to increase conidial yield. Nonetheless, the physiological state of such conidia most likely differs from those involved in spoilage of naturally contaminated food. The present study aimed at investigating the impact of temperature, pH and water activity (aw) during production of conidia on the germination parameters and compatible solutes of conidia of Penicillium roqueforti and Penicillium expansum. Low temperature (5°C) and reduced aw (0.900 aw) during sporulation significantly reduced conidial germination times whereas the pH of the sporulation medium only had a slight effect at the tested values (2.5, 8.0). Conidia of P. roqueforti produced at 5°C germinated up to 45h earlier than those produced at 20°C. Conidia of P. roqueforti and P. expansum produced at 0.900 aw germinated respectively up to 8h and 3h earlier than conidia produced at 0.980 aw. Furthermore, trehalose and mannitol assessments suggested that earlier germination might be related to delayed conidial maturation even though no ultra-structural modifications were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of considering environmental conditions during sporulation in mycological studies. The physiological state of fungal conidia should be taken into account to design challenge tests or predictive mycology studies. This knowledge may also be of interest to improve the germination capacity of fungal cultures commonly used in fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Nguyen Van Long
- Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Valérie Vasseur
- Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Louis Coroller
- Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM, UMT Spore Risk, IUT Quimper, 6 rue de l'Université, 29334 Quimper, France
| | - Philippe Dantigny
- Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Sophie Le Panse
- Plateforme Merimage, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS-UPMC, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff, Cedex, France
| | - Amélie Weill
- Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Jérôme Mounier
- Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Karim Rigalma
- Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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16
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Wang Z, Jin K, Xia Y. Transcriptional analysis of the conidiation pattern shift of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium acridum in response to different nutrients. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:586. [PMID: 27506833 PMCID: PMC4979188 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most fungi, including entomopathogenic fungi, have two different conidiation patterns, normal and microcycle conidiation, under different culture conditions, eg, in media containing different nutrients. However, the mechanisms underlying the conidiation pattern shift are poorly understood. Results In this study, Metarhizium acridum undergoing microcycle conidiation on sucrose yeast extract agar (SYA) medium shifted to normal conidiation when the medium was supplemented with sucrose, nitrate, or phosphate. By linking changes in nutrients with the conidiation pattern shift and transcriptional changes, we obtained conidiation pattern shift libraries by Solexa/Illumina deep-sequencing technology. A comparative analysis demonstrated that the expression of 137 genes was up-regulated during the shift to normal conidiation, while the expression of 436 genes was up-regulated at the microcycle conidiation stage. A comparison of subtractive libraries revealed that 83, 216, and 168 genes were related to sucrose-induced, nitrate-induced, and phosphate-induced conidiation pattern shifts, respectively. The expression of 217 genes whose expression was specific to microcycle conidiation was further analyzed by the gene expression profiling via multigene concatemers method using mRNA isolated from M. acridum grown on SYA and the four normal conidiation media. The expression of 142 genes was confirmed to be up-regulated on standard SYA medium. Of these 142 genes, 101 encode hypothetical proteins or proteins of unknown function, and only 41 genes encode proteins with putative functions. Of these 41 genes, 18 are related to cell growth, 10 are related to cell proliferation, three are related to the cell cycle, three are related to cell differentiation, two are related to cell wall synthesis, two are related to cell division, and seven have other functions. These results indicate that the conidiation pattern shift in M. acridum mainly results from changes in cell growth and proliferation. Conclusions The results indicate that M. acridum shifts conidiation pattern from microcycle conidiation to normal conidiation when there is increased sucrose, nitrate, or phosphate in the medium during microcycle conidiation. The regulation of conidiation patterning is a complex process involving the cell cycle and metabolism of M. acridum. This study provides essential information about the molecular mechanism of the induction of the conidiation pattern shift by single nutrients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2971-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglong Wang
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Jin
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxian Xia
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, People's Republic of China. .,Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Zhang X, Zhu Y, Bao L, Gao L, Yao G, Li Y, Yang Z, Li Z, Zhong Y, Li F, Yin H, Qu Y, Qin Y. Putative methyltransferase LaeA and transcription factor CreA are necessary for proper asexual development and controlling secondary metabolic gene cluster expression. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 94:32-46. [PMID: 27387217 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The morphological development of fungi is a complex process and is often coupled with secondary metabolite production. In this study, we assessed the function of putative methyltransferase LaeA and transcription factor CreA in controlling asexual development and secondary metabolic gene cluster expression in Penicillium oxalicum. The deletion of laeA (ΔlaeA) impaired the conidiation in P. oxalicum, with a downregulated expression of brlA. Overexpression of P. oxalicum brlA in ΔlaeA could upregulate brlA and abaA remarkably, but could not rescue the conidiation defect; therefore, brlA and abaA expression were necessary but not sufficient for conidiation. Deletion of creA in ΔlaeA background (ΔlaeAΔcreA) blocked conidiation with a white fluffy phenotype. Nutrient-rich medium could not rescue developmental defects in ΔlaeAΔcreA mutant but could rescue defects in ΔlaeA. Expression of 10 genes, namely, albA/wA, abrB/yA, arpA, aygA, arpA-like, arpB, arpB-like, rodA, rodA-like, and rodB, for pigmentation and spore wall protein genes was silenced in ΔlaeAΔcreA, whereas only six of them were downregulated in ΔlaeA. Among the 28 secondary metabolism gene clusters in P. oxalicum, four secondary metabolism gene clusters were silenced in ΔlaeA and two were also silenced in ΔbrlA mutant. A total of 10 physically linked and coregulated genes were distributed over five chromosomes in ΔlaeA. Six of these genes were located in subtelomeric regions, thus demonstrating a positional bias for LaeA-regulated clusters toward subtelomeric regions. All of silenced clusters located in subtelomeric regions were derepressed in ΔlaeAΔcreA, hence showing that lack of CreA could remediate the repression of gene clusters in ΔlaeA background. Results show that both putative methyltransferase LaeA and transcription factor CreA are necessary for proper asexual development and controlling secondary metabolic gene cluster expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujun Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Yingying Zhu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Longfei Bao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Liwei Gao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Guangshan Yao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Yanan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Zhifeng Yang
- School of Mathematics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Zhonghai Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Yaohua Zhong
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Fuli Li
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Yinbo Qu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Yuqi Qin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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18
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Hou SH, Tu YQ, Wang SH, Xi CC, Zhang FM, Wang SH, Li YT, Liu L. Total Syntheses of the Tetracyclic Cyclopiane Diterpenes Conidiogenone, Conidiogenol, and Conidiogenone B. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201600529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Hua Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Shuang-Hu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
| | - Chao-Chao Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
| | - Fu-Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
| | - Shao-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
| | - Yan-Tao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
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19
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Hou SH, Tu YQ, Wang SH, Xi CC, Zhang FM, Wang SH, Li YT, Liu L. Total Syntheses of the Tetracyclic Cyclopiane Diterpenes Conidiogenone, Conidiogenol, and Conidiogenone B. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4456-60. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Hua Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Shuang-Hu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
| | - Chao-Chao Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
| | - Fu-Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
| | - Shao-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
| | - Yan-Tao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
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20
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Canteri H, Ghoul M. Submerged Liquid Culture for Production of Biomass and Spores ofPenicillium. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2015.1015136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Damage response involves mechanisms conserved across plants, animals and fungi. Curr Genet 2015; 61:359-72. [PMID: 25572693 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-014-0467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
All organisms are constantly exposed to adverse environmental conditions including mechanical damage, which may alter various physiological aspects of growth, development and reproduction. In plant and animal systems, the damage response mechanism has been widely studied. Both systems posses a conserved and sophisticated mechanism that in general is aimed at repairing and preventing future damage, and causes dramatic changes in their transcriptomes, proteomes, and metabolomes. These damage-induced changes are mediated by elaborate signaling networks, which include receptors/sensors, calcium (Ca(2+)) influx, ATP release, kinase cascades, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and oxylipin signaling pathways. In contrast, our current knowledge of how fungi respond to injury is limited, even though various reports indicate that mechanical damage triggers reproductive processes. In fungi, the damage response mechanism has been studied more in depth in Trichoderma atroviride. Interestingly, these studies indicate that the mechanical damage response involves ROS, Ca(2+), kinase cascades, and lipid signaling pathways. Here we compare the response to mechanical damage in plants, animals and fungi and provide evidence that they appear to share signaling molecules and pathways, suggesting evolutionary conservation across the three kingdoms.
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22
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Wang M, Sun X, Zhu C, Xu Q, Ruan R, Yu D, Li H. PdbrlA, PdabaA and PdwetA control distinct stages of conidiogenesis in Penicillium digitatum. Res Microbiol 2015; 166:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Abstract
The first description of dermatophytosis was recorded by Celsus, a Roman encyclopaedist who described a suppurative infection of scalp (‘porrigo’ or ‘kerion of Celsus’) in De Re Medicina (30 A.D.). Throughout the middle ages, several descriptions of dermatophytosis were produced where it is described as ‘tinea’. The keratin-destroying moths which made circular holes in the woollen garments are known as Tinea. Due to similarity in the structure of circular lesion of dermatophytosis on the smooth skin with the circular hole made by moth, Cassius Felix introduced the term ‘tinea’ to describe the lesions. In 1806, Alibert used the term ‘favus’ to describe the honey-like exudate in some scalp infections. However, the fungal aetiology of tinea was first detected by Robert Remak, a Polish physician who first observed the presence of hyphae in the crusts of favus. This detection is also a landmark in medical history because this is the first description of a microbe causing a human disease. He himself did not publish his work, but he permitted the reference of his observations in a dissertation by Xavier Hube in 1837. Remak gave all the credits of his discovery to his mentor Schoenlein who first published the fungal etiological report of favus in 1839. He observed the infectious nature of the favus by autoinoculation into his own hands and also successfully isolated the fungus later (1945) and named Achorion schoenleinii (Trichophyton schoenleinii) in honour of his mentor. In 1844, Gruby described the etiologic agent of tinea endothrix, later became known as Trichophyton tonsurans. The genus Trichophyton was created and described by Malmsten (1845) with its representative species T. tonsurans. Charles Robin identified T. mentagrophytes in 1847 and T. equinum was identified by Matruchot and Dassonville in 1898. Raymond Jacques Adrien Sabouraud (France) first compiled the description of Trichophyton in his book (Les Teignes) in 1910 which was based on his observation in artificial culture. The sexual state of dermatophyte was described by Nannizzi (1927). Emmons (1934) first reported the classification of dermatophytes based on vegetative structures and conidia. Gentles (1958) established the successful treatment of tinea capitis with griseofulvin.
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24
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Boualem K, Gervais P, Cavin JF, Waché Y. Production of conidia of Penicillium camemberti in liquid medium through microcycles of conidiation. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:2239-43. [PMID: 24975730 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1596-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Microcycle conidiation is a survival mechanism of fungi encountering unfavorable conditions. In this phenomenon, asexual spores germinate secondary spores directly without formation of mycelium. As Penicillium camemberti conidia have the ability to produce conidiophores after germination in liquid culture induced by a thermal stress (18 and 30 °C), our work has aimed at producing conidia through this mean. Incubation at 18 and 30 °C increased the swelling of conidia and their proportion thereby producing conidiophores. Our results showed that the microcycle of conidiation can produce 5 × 10(8) conidia ml(-1) after 7 days at 18 °C of culture. The activity of these conidia was checked through culture on a solid medium. Conidia produced by microcycle conidiation formed a normal mycelium on the surface of solid media and 25 % could still germinate after 5 months of storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadidja Boualem
- UMR A PAM 02102 AgroSup Dijon/Université de Bourgogne, 1 Esplanade Erasme, 21000, Dijon, France
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25
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Noble LM, Andrianopoulos A. Reproductive competence: a recurrent logic module in eukaryotic development. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20130819. [PMID: 23864594 PMCID: PMC3730585 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental competence is the ability to differentiate in response to an appropriate stimulus, as first elaborated by Waddington in relation to organs and tissues. Competence thresholds operate at all levels of biological systems from the molecular (e.g. the cell cycle) to the ontological (e.g. metamorphosis and reproduction). Reproductive competence, an organismal process, is well studied in mammals (sexual maturity) and plants (vegetative phase change), though far less than later stages of terminal differentiation. The phenomenon has also been documented in multiple species of multicellular fungi, mostly in early, disparate literature, providing a clear example of physiological differentiation in the absence of morphological change. This review brings together data on reproductive competence in Ascomycete fungi, particularly the model filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, contrasting mechanisms within Unikonts and plants. We posit reproductive competence is an elementary logic module necessary for coordinated development of multicellular organisms or functional units. This includes unitary multicellular life as well as colonial species both unicellular and multicellular (e.g. social insects such as ants). We discuss adaptive hypotheses for developmental and reproductive competence systems and suggest experimental work to address the evolutionary origins, generality and genetic basis of competence in the fungal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke M Noble
- Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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26
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Krijgsheld P, Bleichrodt R, van Veluw G, Wang F, Müller W, Dijksterhuis J, Wösten H. Development in Aspergillus. Stud Mycol 2013; 74:1-29. [PMID: 23450714 PMCID: PMC3563288 DOI: 10.3114/sim0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Aspergillus represents a diverse group of fungi that are among the most abundant fungi in the world. Germination of a spore can lead to a vegetative mycelium that colonizes a substrate. The hyphae within the mycelium are highly heterogeneous with respect to gene expression, growth, and secretion. Aspergilli can reproduce both asexually and sexually. To this end, conidiophores and ascocarps are produced that form conidia and ascospores, respectively. This review describes the molecular mechanisms underlying growth and development of Aspergillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Krijgsheld
- Microbiology and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentations, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R. Bleichrodt
- Microbiology and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentations, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G.J. van Veluw
- Microbiology and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentations, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F. Wang
- Microbiology and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentations, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W.H. Müller
- Biomolecular Imaging, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J. Dijksterhuis
- Applied and Industrial Mycology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H.A.B. Wösten
- Microbiology and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentations, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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27
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Sopandi T, Wardah A, Surtiningsih T, Suwandi A, Smith JJ. Utilization and optimization of a waste stream cellulose culture medium for pigment production by Penicillium spp. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 114:733-45. [PMID: 23279152 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This research sought to determine optimal corn waste stream-based fermentation medium C and N sources and incubation time to maximize pigment production by an indigenous Indonesian Penicillium spp., as well as to assess pigment pH stability. METHODS AND RESULTS A Penicillium spp. was isolated from Indonesian soil, identified as Penicillium resticulosum, and used to test the effects of carbon and nitrogen type and concentrations, medium pH, incubation period and furfural on biomass and pigment yield (PY) in a waste corncob hydrolysate basal medium. Maximum red PY (497.03 ± 55.13 mg l(-1)) was obtained with a 21 : 1 C : N ratio, pH 5.5-6.0; yeast extract-, NH(4) NO(3)-, NaNO(3)-, MgSO(4) ·7H(2) O-, xylose- or carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)-supplemented medium and 12 days (25 °C, 60-70% relative humidity, dark) incubation. C source, C, N and furfural concentration, medium pH and incubation period all influenced biomass and PY. Pigment was pH 2-9 stable. CONCLUSIONS Penicillium resticulosum demonstrated microbial pH-stable-pigment production potential using a xylose or CMC and N source, supplemented waste stream cellulose culture medium. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Corn derived, waste stream cellulose can be used as a culture medium for fungal pigment production. Such application provides a process for agricultural waste stream resource reuse for production of compounds in increasing demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sopandi
- Faculty of Mathematical and Biological Science, University of PGRI Adi Buana, Surabaya, Indonesia
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28
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Isolation and analysis of differentially expressed genes during asexual sporulation in liquid static culture of Ganoderma lucidum by suppression subtractive hybridization. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:3603-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Characterization of an autoinducer of penicillin biosynthesis in Penicillium chrysogenum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:5688-96. [PMID: 21724894 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00059-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi produce an impressive variety of secondary metabolites; many of them have important biological activities. The biosynthesis of these secondary metabolites is frequently induced by plant-derived external elicitors and appears to also be regulated by internal inducers, which may work in a way similar to that of bacterial autoinducers. The biosynthesis of penicillin in Penicillium chrysogenum is an excellent model for studying the molecular mechanisms of control of gene expression due to a good knowledge of the biochemistry and molecular genetics of β-lactam antibiotics and to the availability of its genome sequence and proteome. In this work, we first developed a plate bioassay that allows direct testing of inducers of penicillin biosynthesis using single colonies of P. chrysogenum. Using this bioassay, we have found an inducer substance in the conditioned culture broths of P. chrysogenum and Acremonium chrysogenum. No inducing effect was exerted by γ-butyrolactones, jasmonic acid, or the penicillin precursor δ-(L-α-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine. The conditioned broth induced penicillin biosynthesis and transcription of the pcbAB, pcbC, and penDE genes when added at inoculation time, but its effect was smaller if added at 12 h and it had no effect when added at 24 h, as shown by Northern analysis and lacZ reporter studies. The inducer molecule was purified and identified by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as 1,3-diaminopropane. Addition of pure 1,3-diaminopropane stimulated the production of penicillin by about 100% compared to results for the control cultures. Genes for the biosynthesis of 1,3-diaminopropane have been identified in the P. chrysogenum genome.
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30
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Lichius A, Berepiki A, Read ND. Form follows function – The versatile fungal cytoskeleton. Fungal Biol 2011; 115:518-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Harris SD. Hyphal morphogenesis: an evolutionary perspective. Fungal Biol 2011; 115:475-84. [PMID: 21640312 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Two modes of cellular morphogenesis predominate within the fungal kingdom; yeast growth and hyphal growth. The availability of complete genome sequences that span the kingdom has made possible the use of comparative approaches that address important questions regarding the evolution of these growth modes. These comparisons have also emphasized the point that not all hyphae are the same despite outward appearances. Topics considered here include the origins of hyphal growth, as well as the potential causes of and the consequences resulting from the loss of hyphal growth in yeast lineages. The mechanisms that enable distinct morphological outputs (i.e., yeast vs. hyphae) using an essentially identical inventory of gene products are also considered. Finally, processes implicated in the regulation of hyphal tip complexes are addressed from an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Harris
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, E126 Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68506, USA.
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Hegedüs N, Sigl C, Zadra I, Pócsi I, Marx F. The paf gene product modulates asexual development in Penicillium chrysogenum. J Basic Microbiol 2011; 51:253-62. [PMID: 21298690 PMCID: PMC3103751 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium chrysogenum secretes a low molecular weight, cationic and cysteine-rich protein (PAF). It has growth inhibitory activity against the model organism Aspergillus nidulans and numerous zoo- and phytopathogenic fungi but shows only minimal conditional antifungal activity against the producing organism itself. In this study we provide evidence for an additional function of PAF which is distinct from the antifungal activity against putative ecologically concurrent microorganisms. Our data indicate that PAF enhances conidiation in P. chrysogenum by modulating the expression of brlA, the central regulatory gene for mitospore development. A paf deletion strain showed a significant impairment of mitospore formation which sustains our hypothesis that PAF plays an important role in balancing asexual differentiation in P. chrysogenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Hegedüs
- Biocenter, Division of Molecular Biology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Liu J, Cao Y, Xia Y. Mmc, a gene involved in microcycle conidiation of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. J Invertebr Pathol 2010; 105:132-8. [PMID: 20546749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Microcycle conidiation is a survival mechanism for some fungi encountering unfavorable conditions, in which asexual spores germinate secondary spores directly without formation of mycelium. Here, we isolated a microcycle conidiation associated gene, Mmc, from Metarhizium anisopliae and obtained its full length of cDNA and DNA sequence. To clarify its roles in conidiation, we constructed an Mmc RNA interference (RNAi) vector with dual promoter system to knockdown Mmc transcript level, and then analyzed RNAi mutant phenotypes. On microcycle conidiation medium, the RNAi mutant performed normal conidiation instead of microcycle conidiation with significantly reduced growth speed and conidia yield of 5.29-fold and 3.18-fold lower, respectively, than that of the wild-type. Meanwhile, on normal conidiation medium, no significant difference was found in conidiation speed and total yield between the wild-type and RNAi mutant. These data demonstrated that the Mmc gene regulated microcycle conidiation but did not affect normal conidiation. In addition, results of heat treatment, UV-B radiation and bioassays of RNAi mutant indicated that Mmc was also involved in heat resistance but irrelevant to UV-B tolerance and virulence of M. anisopliae. This study helped understanding the regulation of sporulation of the entomopathogenic fungus M. anisopliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides and Key Lab of Functional Gene and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, 400030, PR China
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Liao S, Tung ETK, Zheng W, Chong K, Xu Y, Dai P, Guo Y, Bartlam M, Yuen KY, Rao Z. Crystal structure of the Mp1p ligand binding domain 2 reveals its function as a fatty acid-binding protein. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:9211-20. [PMID: 20053994 PMCID: PMC2838340 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.057760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Penicillium marneffei is a dimorphic, pathogenic fungus in Southeast Asia that mostly afflicts immunocompromised individuals. As the only dimorphic member of the genus, it goes through a phase transition from a mold to yeast form, which is believed to be a requisite for its pathogenicity. Mp1p, a cell wall antigenic mannoprotein existing widely in yeast, hyphae, and conidia of the fungus, plays a vital role in host immune response during infection. To understand the function of Mp1p, we have determined the x-ray crystal structure of its ligand binding domain 2 (LBD2) to 1.3 A. The structure reveals a dimer between the two molecules. The dimer interface forms a ligand binding cavity, in which electron density was observed for a palmitic acid molecule interacting with LBD2 indirectly through hydrogen bonding networks via two structural water molecules. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments measured the ligand binding affinity (K(d)) of Mp1p at the micromolar level. Mutations of ligand-binding residues, namely S313A and S332A, resulted in a 9-fold suppression of ligand binding affinity. Analytical ultracentrifugation assays demonstrated that both LBD2 and Mp1p are mostly monomeric in vitro, no matter with or without ligand, and our dimeric crystal structure of LBD2 might be the result of crystal packing. Based on the conformation of the ligand-binding pocket in the dimer structure, a model for the closed, monomeric form of LBD2 is proposed. Further structural analysis indicated the biological importance of fatty acid binding of Mp1p for the survival and pathogenicity of the conditional pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liao
- From the Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, ,the National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China, and
| | - Edward T. K. Tung
- the State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Zheng
- From the Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ken Chong
- the National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China, and
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- From the Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng Dai
- From the Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yingying Guo
- From the Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mark Bartlam
- the Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- the State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, , To whom correspondence may be addressed: State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Tel.: 852-28554892; Fax: 852-28551241; E-mail:
| | - Zihe Rao
- From the Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, ,the National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China, and ,the Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, To whom correspondence may be addressed: Laboratory of Structural Biology, New Life Sciences Bldg., Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. Tel.: 86-10-62771493; Fax: 86-10-62773145; E-mail:
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Gutarra MLE, de Godoy MG, Silva JDN, Guedes IA, Lins U, Castilho LDR, Freire DMG. Lipase production andPenicillium simplicissimummorphology in solid-state and submerged fermentations. Biotechnol J 2009; 4:1450-9. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200800298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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García-Rico RO, Fierro F, Martín JF. Heterotrimeric Galpha protein Pga1 of Penicillium chrysogenum controls conidiation mainly by a cAMP-independent mechanism. Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 86:57-69. [PMID: 18364746 DOI: 10.1139/o07-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal heterotrimeric G proteins regulate different processes related to development, such as colony growth and asexual sporulation, the main mechanism of propagation in filamentous fungi. To gain insight into the mechanisms controlling growth and differentiation in the industrial penicillin producer Penicillioum chrysogenum, we investigated the role of the heterotrimeric Galpha subunit Pga1 in conidiogenesis. A pga1 deleted strain (Deltapga1) and transformants with constitutively activated (pga1G42R) and inactivated (pga1G203R) Pga1 alpha subunits were obtained. They showed phenotypes that clearly implicate Pga1 as an important negative regulator of conidiogenesis. Pga1 positively affected the level of intracellular cAMP, which acts as secondary messenger of Pga1-mediated signalling. Although cAMP has some inhibitory effect on conidiation, the regulation of asexual development by Pga1 is exerted mainly via cAMP-independent pathways. The regulation of conidiation by Pga1 is mediated by repression of the brlA and wetA genes. The Deltapga1 strain and transformants with the constitutively inactive Pga1G203R subunit developed a sporulation microcycle in submerged cultures triggered by the expression of brlA and wetA genes, which are deregulated in the absence of active Pga1. Our results indicate that although basic mechanisms for regulating conidiation are similar in most filamentous fungi, there are differences in the degree of involvement of specific pathways, such as the cAMP-mediated pathway, in the regulation of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Ovidio García-Rico
- Instituto de Biotecnologia de Leon, INBIOTEC, Parque Cientifico de Leon, Avenida Real 1, Leon, Spain
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37
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Gene expression changes during asexual sporulation by the late blight agent Phytophthora infestans occur in discrete temporal stages. Mol Genet Genomics 2008; 281:193-206. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-008-0407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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38
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Chandler JM, Treece ER, Trenary HR, Brenneman JL, Flickner TJ, Frommelt JL, Oo ZM, Patterson MM, Rundle WT, Valle OV, Kim TD, Walker GR, Cooper CR. Protein profiling of the dimorphic, pathogenic fungus, Penicillium marneffei. Proteome Sci 2008; 6:17. [PMID: 18533041 PMCID: PMC2478645 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-6-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Penicillium marneffei is a pathogenic fungus that afflicts immunocompromised individuals having lived or traveled in Southeast Asia. This species is unique in that it is the only dimorphic member of the genus. Dimorphism results from a process, termed phase transition, which is regulated by temperature of incubation. At room temperature, the fungus grows filamentously (mould phase), but at body temperature (37°C), a uninucleate yeast form develops that reproduces by fission. Formation of the yeast phase appears to be a requisite for pathogenicity. To date, no genes have been identified in P. marneffei that strictly induce mould-to-yeast phase conversion. In an effort to help identify potential gene products associated with morphogenesis, protein profiles were generated from the yeast and mould phases of P. marneffei. Results Whole cell proteins from the early stages of mould and yeast development in P. marneffei were resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Selected proteins were recovered and sequenced by capillary-liquid chromatography-nanospray tandem mass spectrometry. Putative identifications were derived by searching available databases for homologous fungal sequences. Proteins found common to both mould and yeast phases included the signal transduction proteins cyclophilin and a RACK1-like ortholog, as well as those related to general metabolism, energy production, and protection from oxygen radicals. Many of the mould-specific proteins identified possessed similar functions. By comparison, proteins exhibiting increased expression during development of the parasitic yeast phase comprised those involved in heat-shock responses, general metabolism, and cell-wall biosynthesis, as well as a small GTPase that regulates nuclear membrane transport and mitotic processes in fungi. The cognate gene encoding the latter protein, designated RanA, was subsequently cloned and characterized. The P. marneffei RanA protein sequence, which contained the signature motif of Ran-GTPases, exhibited 90% homology to homologous Aspergillus proteins. Conclusion This study clearly demonstrates the utility of proteomic approaches to studying dimorphism in P. marneffei. Moreover, this strategy complements and extends current genetic methodologies directed towards understanding the molecular mechanisms of phase transition. Finally, the documented increased levels of RanA expression suggest that cellular development in this fungus involves additional signaling mechanisms than have been previously described in P. marneffei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Chandler
- Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3601, USA
| | - Erin R Treece
- Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3663, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Rochester Institute of Technology, One Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623-5603, USA
| | - Heather R Trenary
- Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3663, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Jessica L Brenneman
- Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3601, USA
| | - Tressa J Flickner
- Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3601, USA
| | - Jonathan L Frommelt
- Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3601, USA
| | - Zaw M Oo
- Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3601, USA
| | - Megan M Patterson
- Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3601, USA
| | - William T Rundle
- Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3601, USA
| | - Olga V Valle
- Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3601, USA
| | - Thomas D Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3663, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Rochester Institute of Technology, One Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623-5603, USA
| | - Gary R Walker
- Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3601, USA
| | - Chester R Cooper
- Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3601, USA
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Šimkovič M, Ditte P, Kurucová A, Lakatoš B, Varečka L. Ca2+-dependent induction of conidiation in submerged cultures of Trichoderma viride. Can J Microbiol 2008; 54:291-8. [DOI: 10.1139/w08-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Ca2+ (up to 0.1 mol/L) in the cultivation media was found to induce the formation of conidia in submerged mycelia of Trichoderma viride in a concentration-dependent manner. Ca2+ dramatically stimulated conidiation after 70 h of cultivation. The effect was present in the dark, and illumination stimulated it only marginally. Low (less than 100 μmol/L) Ca2+ concentrations induced the formation of chlamydospores. Sr2+ could substitute Ca2+ in conidiogenesis with lower efficiency (almost 2 orders of magnitude), while the efficiency of Mg2+, Mn2+, or Ba2+ was lower by almost 3 orders of magnitude. Our results demonstrate that mycelial Ca2+ homeostasis has powerful effects on the conidiation and mycelial morphogenesis in T. viride, and they suggest that there is an additional mechanism of conidiation in addition to those induced by light and starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Šimkovič
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 81237-Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Ditte
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 81237-Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anita Kurucová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 81237-Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Lakatoš
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 81237-Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - L’udovít Varečka
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 81237-Bratislava, Slovakia
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Tong X, Zhang X, Plummer KM, Stowell KM, Sullivan PA, Farley PC. GcSTUA, an APSES transcription factor, is required for generation of appressorial turgor pressure and full pathogenicity of Glomerella cingulata. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2007; 20:1102-11. [PMID: 17849713 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-20-9-1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Glomerella cingulata, which infects a number of different hosts, gains entry to the plant tissue by means of an appressorium. Turgor pressure generated within the appressorium forces a penetration peg through the plant cuticle. A visible lesion forms as the fungus continues to grow within the host. A G. cingulata homolog (GcSTUA) of the genes encoding Asm1, Phd1, Sok2, Efg1, and StuA transcription factors in Magnaporthe grisea and other fungi was cloned and shown to be required for infection of intact apple fruit and penetration of onion epidermal cells. Mobilization of glycogen and triacylglycerol during formation of appressoria by the GcSTUA deletion mutant appeared normal and melanization of the maturing appressoria was also indistinguishable from that of the wild type. However, GcSTUA was essential for the generation of normal turgor pressure within the appressorium. As is the case for its homologs in other fungi, GcSTUA also was required for the formation of aerial hyphae, efficient conidiation, and the formation of perithecia (sexual reproductive structures).
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Affiliation(s)
- XingZhang Tong
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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42
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Bigelis R, He H, Yang HY, Chang LP, Greenstein M. Production of fungal antibiotics using polymeric solid supports in solid-state and liquid fermentation. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 33:815-26. [PMID: 16680458 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-006-0126-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of inert absorbent polymeric supports for cellular attachment in solid-state fungal fermentation influenced growth, morphology, and production of bioactive secondary metabolites. Two filamentous fungi exemplified the utility of this approach to facilitate the discovery of new antimicrobial compounds. Cylindrocarpon sp. LL-Cyan426 produced pyrrocidines A and B and Acremonium sp. LL-Cyan416 produced acremonidins A-E when grown on agar bearing moist polyester-cellulose paper and generated distinctly different metabolite profiles than the conventional shaken or stationary liquid fermentations. Differences were also apparent when tenfold concentrated methanol extracts from these fermentations were tested against antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, and zones of inhibition were compared. Shaken broth cultures of Acremonium sp. or Cylindrocarpon sp. showed complex HPLC patterns, lower levels of target compounds, and high levels of unwanted compounds and medium components, while agar/solid support cultures showed significantly increased yields of pyrrocidines A and B and acremonidins A-E, respectively. This method, mixed-phase fermentation (fermentation with an inert solid support bearing liquid medium), exploited the increase in surface area available for fungal growth on the supports and the tendency of some microorganisms to adhere to solid surfaces, possibly mimicking their natural growth habits. The production of dimeric anthraquinones by Penicillium sp. LL-WF159 was investigated in liquid fermentation using various inert polymeric immobilization supports composed of polypropylene, polypropylene cellulose, polyester-cellulose, or polyurethane. This culture produced rugulosin, skyrin, flavomannin, and a new bisanthracene, WF159-A, after fermentation in the presence and absence of polymeric supports for mycelial attachment. The physical nature of the different support systems influenced culture morphology and relative metabolite yields, as determined by HPLC analysis and measurement of antimicrobial activity. The application of such immobilized-cell fermentation methods under solid and liquid conditions facilitated the discovery of new antibiotic compounds, and offers new approaches to fungal fermentation for natural product discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramunas Bigelis
- Natural Products Research, Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
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Zeilinger S, Reithner B, Scala V, Peissl I, Lorito M, Mach RL. Signal transduction by Tga3, a novel G protein alpha subunit of Trichoderma atroviride. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:1591-7. [PMID: 15746364 PMCID: PMC1065137 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.3.1591-1597.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma species are used commercially as biocontrol agents against a number of phytopathogenic fungi due to their mycoparasitic characterisitics. The mycoparasitic response is induced when Trichoderma specifically recognizes the presence of the host fungus and transduces the host-derived signals to their respective regulatory targets. We made deletion mutants of the tga3 gene of Trichoderma atroviride, which encodes a novel G protein alpha subunit that belongs to subgroup III of fungal Galpha proteins. Deltatga3 mutants had changes in vegetative growth, conidiation, and conidial germination and reduced intracellular cyclic AMP levels. These mutants were avirulent in direct confrontation assays with Rhizoctonia solani or Botrytis cinerea, and mycoparasitism-related infection structures were not formed. When induced with colloidal chitin or N-acetylglucosamine in liquid culture, the mutants had reduced extracellular chitinase activity even though the chitinase-encoding genes ech42 and nag1 were transcribed at a significantly higher rate than they were in the wild type. Addition of exogenous cyclic AMP did not suppress the altered phenotype or restore mycoparasitic overgrowth, although it did restore the ability to produce the infection structures. Thus, T. atroviride Tga3 has a general role in vegetative growth and can alter mycoparasitism-related characteristics, such as infection structure formation and chitinase gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Zeilinger
- Research Area of Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry, Institute for Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
Members of the genus Phytophthora are among the most serious threats to agriculture and food production, causing devastating diseases in hundreds of plant hosts. These fungus-like eukaryotes, which are taxonomically classified as oomycetes, generate asexual and sexual spores with characteristics that greatly contribute to their pathogenic success. The spores include survival and dispersal structures, and potent infectious propagules capable of actively locating hosts. Genetic tools and genomic resources developed over the past decade are now allowing detailed analysis of these important stages in the Phytophthora life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard S Judelson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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