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Sachan N, Sharma V, Mutsuddi M, Mukherjee A. Notch signalling: multifaceted role in development and disease. FEBS J 2024; 291:3030-3059. [PMID: 37166442 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Notch pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signalling system that operates to influence an astonishing array of cell fate decisions in different developmental contexts. Notch signalling plays important roles in many developmental processes, making it difficult to name a tissue or a developing organ that does not depend on Notch function at one stage or another. Thus, dysregulation of Notch signalling is associated with many developmental defects and various pathological conditions, including cancer. Although many recent advances have been made to reveal different aspects of the Notch signalling mechanism and its intricate regulation, there are still many unanswered questions related to how the Notch signalling pathway functions in so many developmental events. The same pathway can be deployed in numerous cellular contexts to play varied and critical roles in an organism's development and this is only possible because of the complex regulatory mechanisms of the pathway. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanism and regulation of the Notch signalling pathway along with its multifaceted functions in different aspects of development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalani Sachan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vartika Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Mousumi Mutsuddi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashim Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Shen T, Shi J, Zhao X, Fu L, Wang N, Zheng X, Chen Y, Li M, Ma C, Liu P, Zhu D. Presenilin 1 Is a Therapeutic Target in Pulmonary Hypertension and Promotes Vascular Remodeling. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2024; 70:468-481. [PMID: 38381098 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0426oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Small muscular pulmonary artery remodeling is a dominant feature of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). PSEN1 affects angiogenesis, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease. We aimed to determine the role of PSEN1 in the pathogenesis of vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension (PH). Hemodynamics and vascular remodeling in the Psen1-knockin and smooth muscle-specific Psen1-knockout mice were assessed. The functional partners of PSEN1 were predicted by bioinformatics analysis and biochemical experiments. The therapeutic effect of PH was evaluated by administration of the PSEN1-specific inhibitor ELN318463. We discovered that both the mRNA and protein levels of PSEN1 were increased over time in hypoxic rats, monocrotaline rats, and Su5416/hypoxia mice. Psen1 transgenic mice were highly susceptible to PH, whereas smooth muscle-specific Psen1-knockout mice were resistant to hypoxic PH. STRING analysis showed that Notch1/2/3, β-catenin, Cadherin-1, DNER (delta/notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor), TMP10, and ERBB4 appeared to be highly correlated with PSEN1. Immunoprecipitation confirmed that PSEN1 interacts with β-catenin and DNER, and these interactions were suppressed by the catalytic PSEN1 mutations D257A, D385A, and C410Y. PSEN1 was found to mediate the nuclear translocation of the Notch1 intracellular domains and activated RBP-Jκ. Octaarginine-coated liposome-mediated pharmacological inhibition of PSEN1 significantly prevented and reversed the pathological process in hypoxic and monocrotaline-induced PH. PSEN1 essentially drives the pathogenesis of PAH and interacted with the noncanonical Notch ligand DNER. PSEN1 can be used as a promising molecular target for treating PAH. PSEN1 inhibitor ELN318463 can prevent and reverse the progression of PH and can be developed as a potential anti-PAH drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- TingTing Shen
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University-Daqing, College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, China; and
| | - JiuCheng Shi
- Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University-Daqing, College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, China; and
| | - XiJuan Zhao
- Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University-Daqing, College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, China; and
| | - Li Fu
- Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University-Daqing, College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, China; and
| | - Na Wang
- Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University-Daqing, College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, China; and
| | - XiaoDong Zheng
- Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University-Daqing, College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, China; and
| | - YingLi Chen
- Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University-Daqing, College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, China; and
| | - MingHui Li
- Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University-Daqing, College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, China; and
| | - Cui Ma
- Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University-Daqing, College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, China; and
| | - PiXu Liu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - DaLing Zhu
- Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University-Daqing, College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, China; and
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Deng C, Cai Q, Zhang J, Chang K, Peng T, Liu X, Cao F, Yan X, Cheng J, Wang X, Tan Y, Hua Q. Generation and Characterization of a Novel Knockin Mouse Model Expressing PSEN1 D385A: Implications for Investigating Herbal Drug Effects in γ-Secretase Activity. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 100:825-841. [PMID: 38905042 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Background Presenilin (PSEN, PS) is essential for γ-secretase function, and mutations can disrupt amyloid-β (Aβ) production in familial Alzheimer's disease. Targeting γ-secretase is complex due to its broad involvement in physiological processes. Objective Our aim was to create a novel knockin (KI) mouse model expressing PSEN1 D385A mutation and investigate the efficacy of a Geniposide and Ginsenoside Rg1 combination (NeuroProtect modified formula, NP-2) in restoring γ-secretase activity. Methods Using gene manipulation, we established the PS1 D385A KI mouse model and confirmed the mutation, mRNA, and protein levels using Southern blotting, northern blotting, and western blotting, respectively. In vitro γ-secretase assay was conducted to measure γ-secretase activity, while histological analyses examined neurogenesis effects. NP-2 administration evaluated its impact on γ-secretase activity. Results The PS1 D385A KI homozygotes displayed severe cerebral hemorrhage, postnatal lethality, developmental disorders, reduced proliferation of neural progenitor cells, and disrupted γ-secretase function. The mutation abolished PS1 protein self-shearing, leading to compromised γ-secretase activity. NP-2 intervention effectively restored γ-secretase activity in the heterozygous mice. Conclusions PS1 D385A mutant disrupted PS1 protein self-cleaving, impairing γ-secretase activity in KI mice. NP-2 restored γ-secretase function, offering potential for novel AD treatment strategies despite the challenges posed by γ-secretase's complex role in physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengeng Deng
- School of Life Sciences, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyuan Cai
- School of Life Sciences, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiani Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Chang
- School of Life Sciences, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Peng
- School of Life Sciences, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoge Liu
- School of Life Sciences, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Cao
- School of Life Sciences, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyuan Yan
- School of Life Sciences, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Junshi Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Tan
- School of Life Sciences, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Hua
- School of Life Sciences, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Yu Y, Zhang N, Xiang B, Ding N, Liu J, Huang J, Zhao M, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Ma Z. In vivo characterization of cerebrovascular impairment induced by amyloid β peptide overload in glymphatic clearance system using swept-source optical coherence tomography. NEUROPHOTONICS 2023; 10:015005. [PMID: 36817752 PMCID: PMC9933996 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.10.1.015005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Antiamyloid β ( A β ) immunotherapy is a promising therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) but generates large amounts of soluble A β peptides that could overwhelm the clearance pathway, leading to serious side effects. Direct implications of A β in glymphatic drainage transport for cerebral vasculature and tissue are not well known. Studies are needed to resolve this issue and pave the way to better monitoring abnormal vascular events that may occur in A β -modifying therapies for AD. AIM The objective is to characterize the modification of cerebral vasculature and tissue induced by soluble A β abundantly present in the glymphatic clearance system. APPROACH A β 1 - 42 peptide was injected intracerebroventricularly and swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) was used to monitor the progression of changes in the brain microvascular network and tissue in vivo over 14 days. Parameters reflecting vascular morphology and structure as well as tissue status were quantified and compared before treatment. RESULTS Vascular perfusion density, vessel length, and branch density decreased sharply and persistently following peptide administration. In comparison, vascular average diameter and vascular tortuosity were moderately increased at the late stage of monitoring. Endpoint density gradually increased, and the global optical attenuation coefficient value decreased significantly over time. CONCLUSIONS A β burden in the glymphatic system directly contributes to cerebrovascular structural and morphological abnormalities and global brain tissue damage, suggesting severe deleterious properties of soluble cerebrospinal fluid- A β . We also show that OCT can be used as an effective tool to monitor cerebrovascular dynamics and tissue property changes in response to therapeutic treatments in drug discovery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yu
- Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, School of Control Engineering, Qinhuangdao, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, School of Control Engineering, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Ben Xiang
- Northeastern University, College of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Northeastern University, College of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, School of Control Engineering, Qinhuangdao, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Jiangmei Huang
- First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Department of Pathology, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Min Zhao
- First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Department of Pathology, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yuqian Zhao
- Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, School of Control Engineering, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, School of Control Engineering, Qinhuangdao, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Zhenhe Ma
- Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, School of Control Engineering, Qinhuangdao, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao, China
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Kalaria RN, Sepulveda-Falla D. Cerebral Small Vessel Disease in Sporadic and Familial Alzheimer Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1888-1905. [PMID: 34331941 PMCID: PMC8573679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Biological definitions of AD are limited to the cerebral burden of amyloid β plaques, neurofibrillary pathology, and neurodegeneration. However, current evidence suggests that various features of small vessel disease (SVD) are part of and covertly modify both sporadic and familial AD. Neuroimaging studies suggest that white matter hyperintensities explained by vascular mechanisms occurs frequently in the AD spectrum. Recent advances have further emphasized that frontal periventricular and posterior white matter hyperintensities are associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy in familial AD. Although whether SVD markers precede the classically recognized biomarkers of disease is debatable, post-mortem studies show that SVD pathology incorporating small cortical and subcortical infarcts, microinfarcts, microbleeds, perivascular spacing, and white matter attenuation is commonly found in sporadic as well as in mutation carriers with confirmed familial AD. Age-related cerebral vessel pathologies such as arteriolosclerosis and cerebral amyloid angiopathy modify progression or worsen risk by shifting the threshold for cognitive impairment and AD dementia. The incorporation of SVD as a biomarker is warranted in the biological definition of AD. Therapeutic interventions directly reducing the burden of brain amyloid β have had no major impact on the disease or delaying cognitive deterioration, but lowering the risk of vascular disease seems the only rational approach to tackle both early- and late-onset AD dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh N Kalaria
- Neurovascular Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Department of Human Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Diego Sepulveda-Falla
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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6
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Linton AE, Weekman EM, Wilcock DM. Pathologic sequelae of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia sheds light on potential targets for intervention. CEREBRAL CIRCULATION - COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 2:100030. [PMID: 36324710 PMCID: PMC9616287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccb.2021.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is one of the leading causes of dementia along with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and, importantly, VCID often manifests as a comorbidity of AD(Vemuri and Knopman 2016; Schneider and Bennett 2010)(Vemuri and Knopman 2016; Schneider and Bennett 2010). Despite its common clinical manifestation, the mechanisms underlying VCID disease progression remains elusive. In this review, existing knowledge is used to propose a novel hypothesis linking well-established risk factors of VCID with the distinct neurodegenerative cascades of neuroinflammation and chronic hypoperfusion. It is hypothesized that these two synergistic signaling cascades coalesce to initiate aberrant angiogenesis and induce blood brain barrier breakdown trough a mechanism mediated by vascular growth factors and matrix metalloproteinases respectively. Finally, this review concludes by highlighting several potential therapeutic interventions along this neurodegenerative sequalae providing diverse opportunities for future translational study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria E. Linton
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Physiology, Lexington KY 40536, USA
| | - Erica M. Weekman
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Physiology, Lexington KY 40536, USA
| | - Donna M. Wilcock
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Physiology, Lexington KY 40536, USA
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7
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Li T, Shen K, Li J, Leung SWS, Zhu T, Shi Y. Glomerular Endothelial Cells Are the Coordinator in the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:655639. [PMID: 34222276 PMCID: PMC8249723 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.655639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes is consistently rising worldwide. Diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of chronic renal failure. The present study aimed to explore the crosstalk among the different cell types inside diabetic glomeruli, including glomerular endothelial cells, mesangial cells, podocytes, and immune cells, by analyzing an online single-cell RNA profile (GSE131882) of patients with diabetic nephropathy. Differentially expressed genes in the glomeruli were processed by gene enrichment and protein-protein interactions analysis. Glomerular endothelial cells, as well as podocytes, play a critical role in diabetic nephropathy. A subgroup of glomerular endothelial cells possesses characteristic angiogenesis genes, indicating that angiogenesis takes place in the progress of diabetic nephropathy. Immune cells such as macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and plasma cells also contribute to the disease progression. By using iTALK, the present study reports complicated cellular crosstalk inside glomeruli. Dysfunction of glomerular endothelial cells and immature angiogenesis result from the activation of both paracrine and autocrine signals. The present study reinforces the importance of glomerular endothelial cells in the development of diabetic nephropathy. The exploration of the signaling pathways involved in aberrant angiogenesis reported in the present study shed light on potential therapeutic target(s) for diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiyuan Shen
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Susan W S Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tongyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Govindpani K, McNamara LG, Smith NR, Vinnakota C, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RL, Kwakowsky A. Vascular Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease: A Prelude to the Pathological Process or a Consequence of It? J Clin Med 2019; 8:E651. [PMID: 31083442 PMCID: PMC6571853 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia. Despite decades of research following several theoretical and clinical lines, all existing treatments for the disorder are purely symptomatic. AD research has traditionally been focused on neuronal and glial dysfunction. Although there is a wealth of evidence pointing to a significant vascular component in the disease, this angle has been relatively poorly explored. In this review, we consider the various aspects of vascular dysfunction in AD, which has a significant impact on brain metabolism and homeostasis and the clearance of β-amyloid and other toxic metabolites. This may potentially precede the onset of the hallmark pathophysiological and cognitive symptoms of the disease. Pathological changes in vessel haemodynamics, angiogenesis, vascular cell function, vascular coverage, blood-brain barrier permeability and immune cell migration may be related to amyloid toxicity, oxidative stress and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. These vascular deficits may in turn contribute to parenchymal amyloid deposition, neurotoxicity, glial activation and metabolic dysfunction in multiple cell types. A vicious feedback cycle ensues, with progressively worsening neuronal and vascular pathology through the course of the disease. Thus, a better appreciation for the importance of vascular dysfunction in AD may open new avenues for research and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Govindpani
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Laura G McNamara
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Nicholas R Smith
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Chitra Vinnakota
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Henry J Waldvogel
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Richard Lm Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Andrea Kwakowsky
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Warren NA, Voloudakis G, Yoon Y, Robakis NK, Georgakopoulos A. The product of the γ-secretase processing of ephrinB2 regulates VE-cadherin complexes and angiogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2813-2826. [PMID: 29428965 PMCID: PMC6023733 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2762-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Presenilin-1 (PS1) gene encodes the catalytic component of γ-secretase, which proteolytically processes several type I transmembrane proteins. We here present evidence that the cytosolic peptide efnB2/CTF2 produced by the PS1/γ-secretase cleavage of efnB2 ligand promotes EphB4 receptor-dependent angiogenesis in vitro. EfnB2/CTF2 increases endothelial cell sprouting and tube formation, stimulates the formation of angiogenic complexes that include VE-cadherin, Raf-1 and Rok-α, and increases MLC2 phosphorylation. These functions are mediated by the PDZ-binding domain of efnB2. Acute downregulation of PS1 or inhibition of γ-secretase inhibits the angiogenic functions of EphB4 while absence of PS1 decreases the VE-cadherin angiogenic complexes of mouse brain. Our data reveal a mechanism by which PS1/γ-secretase regulates efnB2/EphB4 mediated angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel A Warren
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics of Neurodegeneration, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Georgios Voloudakis
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics of Neurodegeneration, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yonejung Yoon
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics of Neurodegeneration, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaos K Robakis
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics of Neurodegeneration, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anastasios Georgakopoulos
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics of Neurodegeneration, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Levels of retinal IAPP are altered in Alzheimer's disease patients and correlate with vascular changes and hippocampal IAPP levels. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 69:94-101. [PMID: 29864717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) forms toxic aggregates in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Whether IAPP also affects the retina in these patients is still unknown. Levels of IAPP in soluble and insoluble homogenate fractions of retina and hippocampus from AD patients and nondemented controls were analyzed using ELISA. Number of pericytes and vessel length were determined by analysis of immunostained retina and hippocampus. Insoluble retinal fractions of AD patients contained lower levels of unmodified IAPP, whereas soluble retinal fractions contained increased levels of the same. Total IAPP levels and pericyte numbers in retina mirrored corresponding variables in the hippocampus. Moreover, levels of total unmodified IAPP correlated negatively with the vessel length both in retina and hippocampus across the group and positively with pericyte numbers in retina in AD patients. Our studies indicate that changes in brain IAPP are reflected by corresponding levels in the retina. Our results also suggest modification of IAPP as an important event implicated in vascular changes associated with AD.
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Chronic Hippocampal Expression of Notch Intracellular Domain Induces Vascular Thickening, Reduces Glucose Availability, and Exacerbates Spatial Memory Deficits in a Rat Model of Early Alzheimer. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8637-8650. [PMID: 29582397 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The specific roles of Notch in progressive adulthood neurodegenerative disorders have begun to be unraveled in recent years. A number of independent studies have shown significant increases of Notch expression in brains from patients at later stages of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the impact of Notch canonical signaling activation in the pathophysiology of AD is still elusive. To further investigate this issue, 2-month-old wild-type (WT) and hemizygous McGill-R-Thy1-APP rats (Tg(+/-)) were injected in CA1 with lentiviral particles (LVP) expressing the transcriptionally active fragment of Notch, known as Notch Intracellular Domain (NICD), (LVP-NICD), or control lentivirus particles (LVP-C). The Tg(+/-) rat model captures presymptomatic aspects of the AD pathology, including intraneuronal amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation and early cognitive deficits. Seven months after LVP administration, Morris water maze test was performed, and brains isolated for biochemical and histological analysis. Our results showed a learning impairment and a worsening of spatial memory in LVP-NICD- as compared to LVP-C-injected Tg(+/-) rats. In addition, immuno histochemistry, ELISA multiplex, Western blot, RT-qPCR, and 1H-NMR spectrometry of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) indicated that chronic expression of NICD promoted hippocampal vessel thickening with accumulation of Aβ in brain microvasculature, alteration of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and a decrease of CSF glucose levels. These findings suggest that, in the presence of early Aβ pathology, expression of NICD may contribute to the development of microvascular abnormalities, altering glucose transport at the BBB with impact on early decline of spatial learning and memory.
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Duran CL, Howell DW, Dave JM, Smith RL, Torrie ME, Essner JJ, Bayless KJ. Molecular Regulation of Sprouting Angiogenesis. Compr Physiol 2017; 8:153-235. [PMID: 29357127 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term angiogenesis arose in the 18th century. Several studies over the next 100 years laid the groundwork for initial studies performed by the Folkman laboratory, which were at first met with some opposition. Once overcome, the angiogenesis field has flourished due to studies on tumor angiogenesis and various developmental models that can be genetically manipulated, including mice and zebrafish. In addition, new discoveries have been aided by the ability to isolate primary endothelial cells, which has allowed dissection of various steps within angiogenesis. This review will summarize the molecular events that control angiogenesis downstream of biochemical factors such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), and lipids. These and other stimuli have been linked to regulation of junctional molecules and cell surface receptors. In addition, the contribution of cytoskeletal elements and regulatory proteins has revealed an intricate role for mobilization of actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments in response to cues that activate the endothelium. Activating stimuli also affect various focal adhesion proteins, scaffold proteins, intracellular kinases, and second messengers. Finally, metalloproteinases, which facilitate matrix degradation and the formation of new blood vessels, are discussed, along with our knowledge of crosstalk between the various subclasses of these molecules throughout the text. Compr Physiol 8:153-235, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille L Duran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - David W Howell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jui M Dave
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca L Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Melanie E Torrie
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Essner
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kayla J Bayless
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
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13
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Leonetti C, Macrez R, Pruvost M, Hommet Y, Bronsard J, Fournier A, Perrigault M, Machin I, Vivien D, Clemente D, De Castro F, Maubert E, Docagne F. Tissue-type plasminogen activator exerts EGF-like chemokinetic effects on oligodendrocytes in white matter (re)myelination. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:20. [PMID: 28231842 PMCID: PMC5322587 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to give raise to myelin forming cells during developmental myelination, normal adult physiology and post-lesion remyelination in white matter depends on factors which govern their proliferation, migration and differentiation. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), where it regulates cell fate. In particular, tPA has been reported to protect oligodendrocytes from apoptosis and to facilitate the migration of neurons. Here, we investigated whether tPA can also participate in the migration of OPCs during CNS development and during remyelination after focal white matter lesion. Methods OPC migration was estimated by immunohistological analysis in spinal cord and corpus callosum during development in mice embryos (E13 to P0) and after white matter lesion induced by the stereotactic injection of lysolecithin in adult mice (1 to 21 days post injection). Migration was compared in these conditions between wild type and tPA knock-out animals. The action of tPA was further investigated in an in vitro chemokinesis assay. Results OPC migration along vessels is delayed in tPA knock-out mice during development and during remyelination. tPA enhances OPC migration via an effect dependent on the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor. Conclusion Endogenous tPA facilitates the migration of OPCs during development and during remyelination after white matter lesion by the virtue of its epidermal growth factor-like domain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-017-0160-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Leonetti
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Richard Macrez
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Mathilde Pruvost
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Yannick Hommet
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Jérémie Bronsard
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Antoine Fournier
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Maxime Perrigault
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Isabel Machin
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos-SESCAM, Toledo, Spain.,Grupo de Neuroinmuno-reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Diego Clemente
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos-SESCAM, Toledo, Spain.,Grupo de Neuroinmuno-reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
| | - Fernando De Castro
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos-SESCAM, Toledo, Spain.,Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo (GNDe), Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eric Maubert
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France
| | - Fabian Docagne
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Caen, 14000, France. .,Inserm, Centre Cyceron, Bvd Becquerel, BP5229, Caen Cedex, 14074, France.
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14
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Gama Sosa MA, De Gasperi R, Hof PR, Elder GA. Fibroblast growth factor rescues brain endothelial cells lacking presenilin 1 from apoptotic cell death following serum starvation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30267. [PMID: 27443835 PMCID: PMC4957214 DOI: 10.1038/srep30267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilin 1 (Psen1) is important for vascular brain development and is known to influence cellular stress responses. To understand the role of Psen1 in endothelial stress responses, we investigated the effects of serum withdrawal on wild type (wt) and Psen1−/− embryonic brain endothelial cells. Serum starvation induced apoptosis in Psen1−/− cells but did not affect wt cells. PI3K/AKT signaling was reduced in serum-starved Psen1−/− cells, and this was associated with elevated levels of phospho-p38 consistent with decreased pro-survival AKT signaling in the absence of Psen1. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF1 and FGF2), but not vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) rescued Psen1−/− cells from serum starvation induced apoptosis. Inhibition of FGF signaling induced apoptosis in wt cells under serum withdrawal, while blocking γ-secretase activity had no effect. In the absence of serum, FGF2 immunoreactivity was distributed diffusely in cytoplasmic and nuclear vesicles of wt and Psen1−/− cells, as levels of FGF2 in nuclear and cytosolic fractions were not significantly different. Thus, sensitivity of Psen1−/− cells to serum starvation is not due to lack of FGF synthesis but likely to effects of Psen1 on FGF release onto the cell surface and impaired activation of the PI3K/AKT survival pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Gama Sosa
- General Medical Research Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rita De Gasperi
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gregory A Elder
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Neurology Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.,Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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15
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McManus MM, Weiss KR, Hughes DPM. Understanding the role of Notch in osteosarcoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 804:67-92. [PMID: 24924169 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-04843-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Notch pathway has been described as an oncogene in osteosarcoma, but the myriad functions of all the members of this complex signaling pathway, both in malignant cells and nonmalignant components of tumors, make it more difficult to define Notch as simply an oncogene or a tumor suppressor. The cell-autonomous behaviors caused by Notch pathway manipulation may vary between cell lines but can include changes in proliferation, migration, invasiveness, oxidative stress resistance, and expression of markers associated with stemness or tumor-initiating cells. Beyond these roles, Notch signaling also plays a vital role in regulating tumor angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, which are vital aspects of osteosarcoma growth and behavior in vivo. Further, osteosarcoma cells themselves express relatively low levels of Notch ligand, making it likely that nonmalignant cells, especially endothelial cells and pericytes, are the major source of Notch activation in osteosarcoma tumors in vivo and in patients. As a result, Notch pathway expression is not expected to be uniform across a tumor but likely to be highest in those areas immediately adjacent to blood vessels. Therapeutic targeting of the Notch pathway is likewise expected to be complicated. Most pharmacologic approaches thus far have focused on inhibition of gamma secretase, a protease of the presenilin complex. This enzyme, however, has numerous other target proteins that would be expected to affect osteosarcoma behavior, including CD44, the WNT/β-catenin pathway, and Her-4. In addition, Notch plays a vital role in tissue and organ homeostasis in numerous systems, and toxicities, especially GI intolerance, have limited the effectiveness of gamma secretase inhibitors. New approaches are in development, and the downstream targets of Notch pathway signaling also may turn out to be good targets for therapy. In summary, a full understanding of the complex functions of Notch in osteosarcoma is only now unfolding, and this deeper knowledge will help position the field to better utilize novel therapies as they are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madonna M McManus
- The Children's Cancer Hospital at MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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16
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Jurisch-Yaksi N, Sannerud R, Annaert W. A fast growing spectrum of biological functions of γ-secretase in development and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:2815-27. [PMID: 24099003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
γ-secretase, which assembles as a tetrameric complex, is an aspartyl protease that proteolytically cleaves substrate proteins within their membrane-spanning domain; a process also known as regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). RIP regulates signaling pathways by abrogating or releasing signaling molecules. Since the discovery, already >15 years ago, of its catalytic component, presenilin, and even much earlier with the identification of amyloid precursor protein as its first substrate, γ-secretase has been commonly associated with Alzheimer's disease. However, starting with Notch and thereafter a continuously increasing number of novel substrates, γ-secretase is becoming linked to an equally broader range of biological processes. This review presents an updated overview of the current knowledge on the diverse molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways controlled by γ-secretase, with a focus on organ development, homeostasis and dysfunction. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Intramembrane Proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Jurisch-Yaksi
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB-Center for the Biology of Disease & Department for Human Genetics (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Kalantari E, Saeidi H, Kia NS, Tahergorabi Z, Rashidi B, Dana N, Khazaei M. Effect of DAPT, a gamma secretase inhibitor, on tumor angiogenesis in control mice. Adv Biomed Res 2013; 2:83. [PMID: 24520550 PMCID: PMC3908495 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.122498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Notch signaling is a key factor for angiogenesis in physiological and pathological condition and γ-secretase is the regulator of Notch signaling. The main goal of this study was to assess the effect of (N-[N-(3,5-Diflurophenaacetyl-L-alanyl)]-S-phenylglycine t-Butyl Ester) DAPT, a γ-secretase inhibitor, on serum angiogenic biomarkers, and tumor angiogenesis in control mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tumor was induced by inoculation of colon adenocarcinoma cells (CT26) in 12 male Balb/C mice. When tumors size is reached to a 350 ± 50 mm(3), the animals were randomly divided into two groups: control and DAPT (n = 6/group). DAPT was injected subcutaneously 10 mg/kg/day. After 14 days, blood samples were taken and the tumors were harvested for immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Administration of DAPT significantly increased serum nitric oxide concentration and reduced vascular endothelial growth factor receptors-1 (VEGFR1) concentration without changes on serum VEGF concentration. DAPT reduced tumor vascular density in control mice (280.6 ± 81 vs. 386 ± 59.9 CD31 positive cells/mm(2)), although, it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION It seems that γ-secretase inhibitors can be considered for treatment of disorders with abnormal angiogenesis such as tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Kalantari
- Department of Physiology, Students Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hajar Saeidi
- Department of Physiology, Students Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Niloofar Shabani Kia
- Department of Physiology, Students Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zoya Tahergorabi
- Department of Physiology, Students Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bahman Rashidi
- Department of Anatomy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nasim Dana
- Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Physiology, Students Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan, Iran
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18
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De Gasperi R, Gama Sosa MA, Elder GA. Presenilin-1 regulates the constitutive turnover of the fibronectin matrix in endothelial cells. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2012; 13:28. [PMID: 23259730 PMCID: PMC3556133 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-13-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Presenilin-1 (PS1) is a transmembrane protein first discovered because of its association with familial Alzheimer's disease. Mice with null mutations in PS1 die shortly after birth exhibiting multiple CNS and non-CNS abnormalities. One of the most prominent features in the brains of PS1-/- embryos is a vascular dysgenesis that leads to multiple intracerebral hemorrhages. The molecular and cellular basis for the vascular dysgenesis in PS1-/- mice remains incompletely understood. Because the extracellular matrix plays key roles in vascular development we hypothesized that an abnormal extracellular matrix might be present in endothelial cells lacking PS1 and examined whether the lack of PS1 affects expression of fibronectin a component of the extracellular matrix known to be essential for vascular development. RESULTS We report that primary as well as continuously passaged PS1-/- endothelial cells contain more fibronectin than wild type cells and that the excess fibronectin in PS1-/- endothelial cells is incorporated into a fibrillar network. Supporting the in vivo relevance of this observation fibronectin expression was increased in microvascular preparations isolated from E14.5 to E18.5 PS1-/- embryonic brain. Reintroduction of PS1 into PS1-/- endothelial cells led to a progressive decrease in fibronectin levels showing that the increased fibronectin in PS1-/- endothelial cells was due to loss of PS1. Increases in fibronectin protein in PS1-/- endothelial cells could not be explained by increased levels of fibronectin RNA nor based on metabolic labeling studies by increased protein synthesis. Rather we show based on the rate of turnover of exogenously added biotinylated fibronectin that increased fibronectin in PS1-/- endothelial cells results from a slower degradation of the fibronectin fibrillar matrix on the cell surface. CONCLUSIONS These studies show that PS1 regulates the constitutive turnover of the fibronectin matrix in endothelial cells. These studies provide molecular clues that may help to explain the origin of the vascular dysgenesis that develops in PS1-/- embryonic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita De Gasperi
- Research and Development, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Miguel A Gama Sosa
- Research and Development, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Gregory A Elder
- Neurology Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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19
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Qi X, Cai J, Ruan Q, Liu L, Boye SL, Chen Z, Hauswirth WW, Ryals RC, Shaw L, Caballero S, Grant MB, Boulton ME. γ-Secretase inhibition of murine choroidal neovascularization is associated with reduction of superoxide and proinflammatory cytokines. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:574-85. [PMID: 22205609 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine whether upregulation of γ-secretase could inhibit laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and if this was associated with a reduction in both oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines. METHODS γ-Secretase, or its catalytic subunit presenilin 1 (PS1), were upregulated by exposure to either pigment epithelial derived factor (PEDF) or an AAV2 vector containing a PS1 gene driven by a vascular endothelial-cadherin promoter. Retinal endothelial cells were infected with AAV2 or exposed to PEDF in the presence or absence of VEGF and in vitro angiogenesis determined. Mouse eyes either received intravitreal injection of PEDF, DAPT (a γ-secretase inhibitor) or PEDF + DAPT at the time of laser injury, or AAV2 infection 3 weeks before receiving laser burns. Lesion volume was determined 14 days post laser injury. Superoxide generation, antioxidant activity and the production of proinflammatory mediators were assessed. Knockdown of γ-secretase was achieved using siRNA. RESULTS γ-Secretase upregulation and PS1 overexpression suppressed VEGF-induced in vitro angiogenesis and in vivo laser-induced CNV. This was associated with a reduction in the expression of VEGF and angiogenin 1 together with reduced superoxide anion generation and an increase in MnSOD compared with untreated CNV eyes. PS1 overexpression reduced proinflammatory factors and microglial activation in eyes with CNV compared with control. siRNA inhibition of γ-secretase resulted in increased angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS γ-Secretase, and in particular PS1 alone, are potent regulators of angiogenesis and this is due in part to stabilizing endogenous superoxide generation and reducing proinflammatory cytokine expression during CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Qi
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0235, USA
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20
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Belacortu Y, Paricio N. Drosophila as a model of wound healing and tissue regeneration in vertebrates. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:2379-404. [PMID: 21953647 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular basis of wound healing and regeneration in vertebrates is one of the main challenges in biology and medicine. This understanding will lead to medical advances allowing accelerated tissue repair after wounding, rebuilding new tissues/organs and restoring homeostasis. Drosophila has emerged as a valuable model for studying these processes because the genetic networks and cytoskeletal machinery involved in epithelial movements occurring during embryonic dorsal closure, larval imaginal disc fusion/regeneration, and epithelial repair are similar to those acting during wound healing and regeneration in vertebrates. Recent studies have also focused on the use of Drosophila adult stem cells to maintain tissue homeostasis. Here, we review how Drosophila has contributed to our understanding of these processes, primarily through live-imaging and genetic tools that are impractical in mammals. Furthermore, we highlight future research areas where this insect may provide novel insights and potential therapeutic strategies for wound healing and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaiza Belacortu
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, Burjasot, Spain
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21
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Kalén M, Heikura T, Karvinen H, Nitzsche A, Weber H, Esser N, Ylä-Herttuala S, Hellström M. Gamma-secretase inhibitor treatment promotes VEGF-A-driven blood vessel growth and vascular leakage but disrupts neovascular perfusion. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18709. [PMID: 21533193 PMCID: PMC3077402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway is essential for normal development due to its role in control of cell differentiation, proliferation and survival. It is also critically involved in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. A key enzyme in the activation of Notch signaling is the gamma-secretase protein complex and therefore, gamma-secretase inhibitors (GSIs)—originally developed for Alzheimer's disease—are now being evaluated in clinical trials for human malignancies. It is also clear that Notch plays an important role in angiogenesis driven by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGF-A)—a process instrumental for tumor growth and metastasis. The effect of GSIs on tumor vasculature has not been conclusively determined. Here we report that Compound X (CX), a GSI previously reported to potently inhibit Notch signaling in vitro and in vivo, promotes angiogenic sprouting in vitro and during developmental angiogenesis in mice. Furthermore, CX treatment suppresses tumor growth in a mouse model of renal carcinoma, leads to the formation of abnormal vessels and an increased tumor vascular density. Using a rabbit model of VEGF-A-driven angiogenesis in skeletal muscle, we demonstrate that CX treatment promotes abnormal blood vessel growth characterized by vessel occlusion, disrupted blood flow, and increased vascular leakage. Based on these findings, we propose a model for how GSIs and other Notch inhibitors disrupt tumor blood vessel perfusion, which might be useful for understanding this new class of anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Kalén
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tommi Heikura
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henna Karvinen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anja Nitzsche
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mats Hellström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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22
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Nakajima M, Matsuda K, Miyauchi N, Fukunaga Y, Watanabe S, Okuyama S, Pérez J, Fernández-Llebrez P, Shen J, Furukawa Y. Hydrocephalus and abnormal subcommissural organ in mice lacking presenilin-1 in Wnt1 cell lineages. Brain Res 2011; 1382:275-81. [PMID: 21262207 PMCID: PMC3418702 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Presenilin-1 (PS1) is a transmembrane protein that is in many cases responsible for the development of familial Alzheimer's disease. PS1 is widely expressed in embryogenesis and is essential for neurogenesis, somitogenesis, angiogenesis, and cardiac morphogenesis. To further investigate the role of PS1 in the brain, we inactivated the PS1 gene in Wnt1 cell lineages using the Cre-loxP recombination system. Here we show that conditional inactivation of PS1 in Wnt1 cell lineages results in congenital hydrocephalus and subcommissural organ abnormalities, suggesting a possible role of PS1 in the regulation of cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunari Nakajima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, School of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8578, Ehime, Japan.
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23
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Chen Y, Li H, Zhou B, Peng Y, Zheng Q, Rao L. Presenilin-1 polymorphisms are not relevant in susceptibility to ventricular septal defect: a case-control study. DNA Cell Biol 2011; 30:565-8. [PMID: 21323574 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2010.1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many studies have demonstrated that presenilin-1 plays a vital role in cardiovascular system development, no data are available concerning association of polymorphisms of presenilin-1 with ventricular septal defect (VSD) in the Chinese population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs1800844 and rs177415) of presenilin-1 and VSD. A total of 151 isolated VSD patients and 296 controls were included in the study. The genotype of the polymorphisms was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Our study showed no statistically significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies between VSD and controls with any of the presenilin-1 genetic variants. These data may provide evidence that the presenilin-1 gene is not a genetic marker for VSD susceptibility in the Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
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Monkley SJ, Kostourou V, Spence L, Petrich B, Coleman S, Ginsberg MH, Pritchard CA, Critchley DR. Endothelial cell talin1 is essential for embryonic angiogenesis. Dev Biol 2011; 349:494-502. [PMID: 21081121 PMCID: PMC3025397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using Tln1(fl/fl);CreER mice, we show that tamoxifen-induced inactivation of the talin1 gene throughout the embryo produces an angiogenesis phenotype that is restricted to newly forming blood vessels. The phenotype has a rapid onset in early embryos, resulting in vessel defects by 48 h and death of the embryo within 72 h. Very similar vascular defects were obtained using a Tie2-Cre endothelial cell-specific Tln1 knockout, a phenotype that was rescued by expression of a Tln1 mini-gene in endothelial cells. We show that endothelial cells, unlike most other cell types, do not express talin2, which can compensate for loss of talin1, and demonstrate for the first time that endothelial cells in vivo lacking talin1 are unable to undergo the cell spreading and flattening required to form vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Monkley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
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25
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Nakajima M, Watanabe S, Okuyama S, Shen J, Furukawa Y. Restricted growth and insulin-like growth factor-1 deficiency in mice lacking presenilin-1 in the neural crest cell lineage. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 27:837-43. [PMID: 19665542 PMCID: PMC3425391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilin-1 (PS1) is a transmembrane protein that is in many cases responsible for the development of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. PS1 is essential for neurogenesis, somitogenesis, angiogenesis, and cardiac morphogenesis. We report here that PS1 is also required for maturation and/or maintenance of the pituitary gland. We generated PS1-conditional knockout (PS1-cKO) mice by crossing floxed PS1 and Wnt1-cre mice, in which PS1 was lacking in the neural crest-derived cell lineage. Although the PS1-cKO mice exhibited no obvious phenotypic abnormalities for several days after birth, reduced body weight in the mutant was evident by the age of 3-5 weeks. Pituitary weight and serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 level were also reduced in the mutant. Histologic analysis revealed severe atrophy of the cytosol in the anterior and intermediate pituitary lobes of the mutant. Immunohistochemistry did not reveal clear differences in the expression levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, or prolactin in the mutant pituitary. In contrast, growth hormone expression levels were reduced in the anterior lobe of the mutant. PS1 was defective in the posterior lobe, but not the anterior or intermediate lobes, in the mutant pituitary. These findings suggest that PS1 indirectly mediates the development and/or maintenance of the anterior and intermediate lobes in the pituitary gland via actions in other regions, such as the posterior lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunari Nakajima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, School of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8578, Ehime, Japan.
| | - Sono Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, School of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Matsuyama 790-8578, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okuyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, School of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Matsuyama 790-8578, Japan
| | - Jie Shen
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yoshiko Furukawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, School of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Matsuyama 790-8578, Japan
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Desai BS, Schneider JA, Li JL, Carvey PM, Hendey B. Evidence of angiogenic vessels in Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2009; 116:587-97. [PMID: 19370387 PMCID: PMC2753398 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the blood brain barrier and brain vasculature may be involved in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. We sought to determine if vascular remodeling characterized by angiogenic vessels or increased vascular density, occurred in pathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease (AD) postmortem human brain tissues. We examined brains of deceased, older catholic clergy from the Religious Order Study, a longitudinal clinical-pathological study of aging and AD. The hippocampus, midfrontal cortex, substantia nigra, globus pallidus and locus ceruleus were examined for integrin alphavbeta3 immunoreactivity, a marker of angiogenesis, and vascular densities. Activated microglia cell counts were also performed. All areas except the globus pallidus exhibited elevated alphavbeta3 immunoreactivity in AD cases compared with controls. Only in the hippocampus did the ongoing angiogenesis result in increased vascular density compared with controls. Vascular density was correlated with Abeta load in the hippocampus and alphavbeta3 reactivity was correlated with neurofibrillary tangles in the midfrontal cortex and in the substantia nigra. These data indicate that ongoing angiogenesis is present in brain regions affected by AD pathology and may be related to tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brinda S. Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Cohn Research Building, 1735 W Harrison Suite 412, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Julie A. Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jia-Liang Li
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Paul M. Carvey
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Cohn Research Building, 1735 W Harrison Suite 412, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Bill Hendey
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Cohn Research Building, 1735 W Harrison Suite 412, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Caiado F, Real C, Carvalho T, Dias S. Notch pathway modulation on bone marrow-derived vascular precursor cells regulates their angiogenic and wound healing potential. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3752. [PMID: 19015735 PMCID: PMC2582964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) derived vascular precursor cells (BM-PC, endothelial progenitors) are involved in normal and malignant angiogenesis, in ischemia and in wound healing. However, the mechanisms by which BM-PC stimulate the pre-existing endothelial cells at sites of vascular remodelling/recovery, and their contribution towards the formation of new blood vessels are still undisclosed. In the present report, we exploited the possibility that members of the Notch signalling pathway, expressed by BM-PC during endothelial differentiation, might regulate their pro-angiogenic or pro-wound healing properties. We demonstrate that Notch pathway modulates the adhesion of BM-PC to extracellular matrix (ECM) in vitro via regulation of integrin alpha3beta1; and that Notch pathway inhibition on BM-PC impairs their capacity to stimulate endothelial cell tube formation on matrigel and to promote endothelial monolayer recovery following wounding in vitro. Moreover, we show that activation of Notch pathway on BM-PC improved wound healing in vivo through angiogenesis induction. Conversely, inoculation of BM-PC pre-treated with a gamma secretase inhibitor (GSI) into wounded mice failed to induce angiogenesis at the wound site and did not promote wound healing, presumably due to a lower frequency of BM-PC at the wound area. Our data suggests that Notch pathway regulates BM-PC adhesion to ECM at sites of vascular repair and that it also regulates the capacity of BM-PC to stimulate angiogenesis and to promote wound healing. Drug targeting of the Notch pathway on BM-PC may thus represent a novel strategy to modulate neo-angiogenesis and vessel repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Caiado
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, CIPM, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian Ciencia, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Carla Real
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, CIPM, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian Ciencia, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Tânia Carvalho
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, CIPM, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian Ciencia, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Dias
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, CIPM, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian Ciencia, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisbon, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Physiological angiogenesis is essential for development, homeostasis and tissue repair but pathological neovascularization is a major feature of tumours, rheumatoid arthritis and ocular complications. Studies over the last decade have identified γ-secretase, a presenilin-dependent protease, as a key regulator of angiogenesis through: (i) regulated intramembrane proteolysis and transmembrane cleavage of receptors (e.g. VEGFR-1, Notch, ErbB-4, IGFI-R) followed by translocation of the intracellular domain to the nucleus, (ii) translocation of full length membrane-bound receptors to the nucleus (VEGFR-1), (iii) phosphorylation of membrane bound proteins (VEGFR-1 and ErbB-4), (iv) modulation of adherens junctions (cadherin) and regulation of permeability and (v) cleavage of amyloid precursor protein to amyloid-β which is able to regulate the angiogenic process. The γ-secretase-induced translocation of receptors to the nucleus provides an alternative intracellular signalling pathway, which acts as a potent regulator of transcription. γ-secretase is a complex composed of four different integral proteins (presenilin, nicastrin, Aph-1 and Pen-2), which determine the stability, substrate binding, substrate specificity and proteolytic activity of γ-secretase. This seeming complexity allows numerous possibilities for the development of targeted γ-secretase agonists/antagonists, which can specifically regulate the angiogenic process. This review will consider the structure and function of γ-secretase, the growing evidence for its role in angiogenesis and the substrates involved, γ-secretase as a therapeutic target and future challenges in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Boulton
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Kim WY, Shen J. Presenilins are required for maintenance of neural stem cells in the developing brain. Mol Neurodegener 2008; 3:2. [PMID: 18182109 PMCID: PMC2235867 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-3-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The early embryonic lethality of mutant mice bearing germ-line deletions of both presenilin genes precluded the study of their functions in neural development. We therefore employed the Cre-loxP technology to generate presenilin conditional double knockout (PS cDKO) mice, in which expression of both presenilins is inactivated in neural progenitor cells (NPC) or neural stem cells and their derivative neurons and glia beginning at embryonic day 11 (E11). In PS cDKO mice, dividing NPCs labeled by BrdU are decreased in number beginning at E13.5. By E15.5, fewer than 20% of NPCs remain in PS cDKO mice. The depletion of NPCs is accompanied by severe morphological defects and hemorrhages in the PS cDKO embryonic brain. Interkinetic nuclear migration of NPCs is also disrupted in PS cDKO embryos, as evidenced by displacement of S-phase and M-phase nuclei in the ventricular zone of the telencephalon. Furthermore, the depletion of neural progenitor cells in PS cDKO embryos is due to NPCs exiting cell cycle and differentiating into neurons rather than reentering cell cycle between E13.5 and E14.5 following PS inactivation in most NPCs. The length of cell cycle, however, is unchanged in PS cDKO embryos. Expression of Notch target genes, Hes1 and Hes5, is significantly decreased in PS cDKO brains, whereas Dll1 expression is up-regulated, indicating that Notch signaling is effectively blocked by PS inactivation. These findings demonstrate that presenilins are essential for neural progenitor cells to re-enter cell cycle and thus ensure proper expansion of neural progenitor pool during embryonic neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Young Kim
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Jie Shen
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Gamma-secretase regulates VEGFR-1 signalling in vascular endothelium and RPE. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 613:313-9. [PMID: 18188959 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-74904-4_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In conclusion, gamma-secretase is expressed in both retinal microvascular endothelial cells and RPE cells and is able to elicit regulated intramembrane proteolysis of VEGFR1. Furthermore, gamma-secretase regulates the translocation of the intracellular domain of VEGFR1 as well as full length VEGFR1 in both cell types. Gamma-secretase is clearly able to act as a potent negative regulators of VEGFR2 induced in vitro angiogenesis but its role in the RPE has yet to be elucidated. We conclude that gamma-secretase may offer a therapeutic target for the treatment of both retinal and choroidal neovascularization.
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Dou GR, Wang YC, Hu XB, Hou LH, Wang CM, Xu JF, Wang YS, Liang YM, Yao LB, Yang AG, Han H. RBP-J, the transcription factor downstream of Notch receptors, is essential for the maintenance of vascular homeostasis in adult mice. FASEB J 2007; 22:1606-17. [PMID: 18096813 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-9998com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In adults, angiogenic abnormalities are involved in not only tumor growth but several human inherited diseases as well. It is unclear, however, concerning how the normal vascular structure is maintained and how angiogenesis is initiated in normal adults. Using the Cre-LoxP-mediated conditional gene deletion, we show in the present study that in adult mice disruption of the transcription factor recombination signal-binding protein Jkappa (RBP-J) in endothelial cells strikingly induced spontaneous angiogenesis in multiple tissues, including retina and cornea, as well as in internal organs, such as liver and lung. In a choroidal neovascularization model, which mimics the angiogenic process in tumor growth and age-related macular degeneration, RBP-J deficiency induced a more intensive angiogenic response to injury. This could be transmitted by bone marrow, indicating that RBP-J could modulate bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells in adult angiogenesis. In addition, in the absence of RBP-J, proliferation of endothelial cells increased significantly, leading to accumulative vessel outgrowth. These findings suggest that in adults RBP-J-mediated Notch signaling may play an essential role in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis by repressing endothelial cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Rui Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an 710032, China
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32
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Chigurupati S, Arumugam TV, Son TG, Lathia JD, Jameel S, Mughal MR, Tang SC, Jo DG, Camandola S, Giunta M, Rakova I, McDonnell N, Miele L, Mattson MP, Poosala S. Involvement of notch signaling in wound healing. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1167. [PMID: 18000539 PMCID: PMC2048753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway is critically involved in cell fate decisions during development of many tissues and organs. In the present study we employed in vivo and cell culture models to elucidate the role of Notch signaling in wound healing. The healing of full-thickness dermal wounds was significantly delayed in Notch antisense transgenic mice and in normal mice treated with γ-secretase inhibitors that block proteolytic cleavage and activation of Notch. In contrast, mice treated with a Notch ligand Jagged peptide showed significantly enhanced wound healing compared to controls. Activation or inhibition of Notch signaling altered the behaviors of cultured vascular endothelial cells, keratinocytes and fibroblasts in a scratch wound healing model in ways consistent with roles for Notch signaling in wound healing functions all three cell types. These results suggest that Notch signaling plays important roles in wound healing and tissue repair, and that targeting the Notch pathway might provide a novel strategy for treatment of wounds and for modulation of angiogenesis in other pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasulu Chigurupati
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Research Resources Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thiruma V. Arumugam
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tae Gen Son
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Justin D. Lathia
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shafaq Jameel
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mohamed R. Mughal
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sung-Chun Tang
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Simonetta Camandola
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marialuisa Giunta
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Irina Rakova
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nazli McDonnell
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lucio Miele
- Department of Pathology, Breast Cancer Program, Loyola University Health Science Center, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mark P. Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Suresh Poosala
- Research Resources Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Hayashi H, Nakagami H, Takami Y, Sato N, Saito Y, Nishikawa T, Mori M, Koriyama H, Tamai K, Morishita R, Kaneda Y. Involvement of γ-secretase in postnatal angiogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 363:584-90. [PMID: 17888873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
gamma-Secretase cleaves the transmembrane domains of several integral membrane proteins involved in vasculogenesis. Here, we investigated the role of gamma-secretase in the regulation of postnatal angiogenesis using gamma-secretase inhibitors (GSI). In endothelial cell (EC), gamma-secretase activity was up-regulated under hypoxia or the treatment of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The treatment of GSI significantly attenuated growth factor-induced EC proliferation and migration as well as c-fos promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner. In vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC), treatment of GSI significantly attenuated growth factor-induced VEGF and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) expression. Indeed, GSI attenuated VEGF-induced tube formation and inhibited FGF-2-induced angiogenesis on matrigel in mice as quantified by FITC-lectin staining of EC. Overall, we demonstrated that gamma-secretase may be key molecule in postnatal angiogenesis which may be downstream molecule of growth factor-induced growth and migration in EC, and regulate the expression of angiogenic growth factors in VSMC.
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MESH Headings
- Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/genetics
- Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/metabolism
- Animals
- Blood Vessels/drug effects
- Blood Vessels/enzymology
- Blood Vessels/physiology
- Blotting, Western
- Carbamates/pharmacology
- Cattle
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dipeptides/pharmacology
- Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/analysis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Substrate Specificity
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hayashi
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Abstract
Blood vessels and lymphatic vessels form extensive networks that are essential for the transport of fluids, gases, macromolecules and cells within the large and complex bodies of vertebrates. Both of these vascular structures are lined with endothelial cells that integrate functionally into different organs, acquire tissue-specific specialization and retain plasticity; thereby, they permit growth during tissue repair or in disease settings. The angiogenic growth of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels coordinates several biological processes such as cell proliferation, guided migration, differentiation and cell-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf H Adams
- Vascular Development Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London WC2A 3PX, UK.
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Afzal A, Shaw LC, Ljubimov AV, Boulton ME, Segal MS, Grant MB. Retinal and choroidal microangiopathies: therapeutic opportunities. Microvasc Res 2007; 74:131-44. [PMID: 17585951 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2007.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathological angiogenesis in the retina and underlying choroid is a major cause of visual impairment in all age groups. The last decade has seen an explosion in the clinical availability of antiangiogenic compounds. Emphasis has been placed on inhibitors of the VEGF signaling pathway and considerable success has been achieved with aptamers and antibodies that bind VEGF. However, regression of neovascularization is rarely permanent and the regrowth of new vessels, often within a few months, requires multiple applications of drug. A number of antiangiogenic factors such as IGFBP3, SDF-1 blockers, PEDF, gamma-secretase, Delta-like ligand 4, and integrin antagonists have been identified, which act either indirectly on the VEGF system or independent of it. The importance of other candidates such as HIF-1alpha and protein kinase CK2, which act as "master" regulators of angiogenesis, offer realistic alternative targets for pharmacological intervention. The concept of combination therapy is rapidly gaining interest in the eye field and co-administration of two angiogenic agents (e.g., a CK2 inhibitor with a somatostatin analog, octreotide) are often significantly more effective at inhibiting retinal angiogenesis than either drug alone. The following review will discuss the current therapies available for aberrant ocular angiogenesis, consider new candidate targets for development of antiangiogenic compounds and emphasize the importance of combinatorial pharmacological agents in the treatment of such a dynamic cellular event as angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Afzal
- Program in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, FL 32610-0267, USA
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Suchting S, Freitas C, le Noble F, Benedito R, Bréant C, Duarte A, Eichmann A. The Notch ligand Delta-like 4 negatively regulates endothelial tip cell formation and vessel branching. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:3225-30. [PMID: 17296941 PMCID: PMC1805603 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611177104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 589] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Delta-like 4 (Dll4) is a transmembrane ligand for Notch receptors that is expressed in arterial blood vessels and sprouting endothelial cells. Here we show that Dll4 regulates vessel branching during development by inhibiting endothelial tip cell formation. Heterozygous deletion of dll4 or pharmacological inhibition of Notch signaling using gamma-secretase inhibitor revealed a striking vascular phenotype, with greatly increased numbers of filopodia-extending endothelial tip cells and increased expression of tip cell marker genes compared with controls. Filopodia extension in dll4(+/-) retinal vessels required the vascular growth factor VEGF and was inhibited when VEGF signaling was blocked. Although VEGF expression was not significantly altered in dll4(+/-) retinas, dll4(+/-) vessels showed increased expression of VEGF receptor 2 and decreased expression of VEGF receptor 1 compared with wild-type, suggesting they could be more responsive to VEGF stimulation. In addition, expression of dll4 in wild-type tip cells was itself decreased when VEGF signaling was blocked, indicating that dll4 may act downstream of VEGF as a "brake" on VEGF-mediated angiogenic sprouting. Taken together, these data reveal Dll4 as a negative regulator of vascular sprouting and vessel branching that is required for normal vascular network formation during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Suchting
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U833, 75005 Paris, France
- Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Catarina Freitas
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U833, 75005 Paris, France
- Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ferdinand le Noble
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U833, 75005 Paris, France
- Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Rui Benedito
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Technical University of Lisbon, 1300-474 Lisbon, Portugal; and
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Christiane Bréant
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U833, 75005 Paris, France
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Antonio Duarte
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Technical University of Lisbon, 1300-474 Lisbon, Portugal; and
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Anne Eichmann
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U833, 75005 Paris, France
- Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Lobov IB, Renard RA, Papadopoulos N, Gale NW, Thurston G, Yancopoulos GD, Wiegand SJ. Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) is induced by VEGF as a negative regulator of angiogenic sprouting. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:3219-24. [PMID: 17296940 PMCID: PMC1805530 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611206104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 572] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic deletion studies have shown that haploinsufficiency of Delta-like ligand (Dll) 4, a transmembrane ligand for the Notch family of receptors, results in major vascular defects and embryonic lethality. To better define the role of Dll4 during vascular growth and differentiation, we selected the postnatal retina as a model because its vasculature develops shortly after birth in a highly stereotypic manner, during which time it is accessible to experimental manipulation. We report that Dll4 expression is dynamically regulated by VEGF in the retinal vasculature, where it is most prominently expressed at the leading front of actively growing vessels. Deletion of a single Dll4 allele or pharmacologic inhibition of Dll4/Notch signaling by intraocular administration of either soluble Dll4-Fc or a blocking antibody against Dll4 all produced the same set of characteristic abnormalities in the developing retinal vasculature, most notably enhanced angiogenic sprouting and increased endothelial cell proliferation, resulting in the formation of a denser and more highly interconnected superficial capillary plexus. In a model of ischemic retinopathy, Dll4 blockade also enhanced angiogenic sprouting and regrowth of lost retinal vessels while suppressing ectopic pathological neovascularization. Our data demonstrate that Dll4 is induced by VEGF as a negative feedback regulator and acts to prevent overexuberant angiogenic sprouting, promoting the timely formation of a well differentiated vascular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. B. Lobov
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591
- *To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: , , or
| | - R. A. Renard
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591
| | - N. Papadopoulos
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591
| | - N. W. Gale
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591
| | - G. Thurston
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591
| | - G. D. Yancopoulos
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591
- *To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: , , or
| | - S. J. Wiegand
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591
- *To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: , , or
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Takeshita K, Satoh M, Ii M, Silver M, Limbourg FP, Mukai Y, Rikitake Y, Radtke F, Gridley T, Losordo DW, Liao JK. Critical role of endothelial Notch1 signaling in postnatal angiogenesis. Circ Res 2006; 100:70-8. [PMID: 17158336 PMCID: PMC2615564 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000254788.47304.6e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Notch receptors are important mediators of cell fate during embryogenesis, but their role in adult physiology, particularly in postnatal angiogenesis, remains unknown. Of the Notch receptors, only Notch1 and Notch4 are expressed in vascular endothelial cells. Here we show that blood flow recovery and postnatal neovascularization in response to hindlimb ischemia in haploinsufficient global or endothelial-specific Notch1(+/-) mice, but not Notch4(-/-) mice, were impaired compared with wild-type mice. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in response to ischemia was comparable between wild-type and Notch mutant mice, suggesting that Notch1 is downstream of VEGF signaling. Treatment of endothelial cells with VEGF increases presenilin proteolytic processing, gamma-secretase activity, Notch1 cleavage, and Hes-1 (hairy enhancer of split homolog-1) expression, all of which were blocked by treating endothelial cells with inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase Akt or infecting endothelial cells with a dominant-negative Akt mutant. Indeed, inhibition of gamma-secretase activity leads to decreased angiogenesis and inhibits VEGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and survival. Overexpression of the active Notch1 intercellular domain rescued the inhibitory effects of gamma-secretase inhibitors on VEGF-induced angiogenesis. These findings indicate that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway mediates gamma-secretase and Notch1 activation by VEGF and that Notch1 is critical for VEGF-induced postnatal angiogenesis. These results suggest that Notch1 may be a novel therapeutic target for improving angiogenic response and blood flow recovery in ischemic limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Takeshita
- Vascular Medicine Research Unit, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Nakajima M, Ogawa M, Shimoda Y, Koseki H, Shirasawa T, Furukawa K. Accelerated acquisition of permeability barrier function in the skin of presenilin-1-deficient embryos. Arch Dermatol Res 2006; 298:339-45. [PMID: 16969656 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-006-0696-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2006] [Revised: 07/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Presenilin-1 (PS1) is a transmembrane protein and is responsible for the development of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. PS1 is essential for neurogenesis, somitogenesis, angiogenesis and cardiac morphogenesis. We report here that PS1 is involved in the development of skin barrier function. PS1-deficient embryos showed an accelerated acquisition of permeability barrier function at embryonic day 17.5 as manifested by the exclusion of a dye solution. While the expression of beta-catenin and epidermal differentiation markers such as keratin 1 and loricrin was not substantially altered, an increased accumulation of E-cadherin was observed immunohistochemically in the mutant skin. These results suggest that PS1 regulates the acquisition of permeability barrier function in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunari Nakajima
- Department of Biosignal Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
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Fukuhra S, Sakurai A, Yamagishi A, Sako K, Mochizuki N. Vascular endothelial cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion regulated by a small GTPase, Rap1. BMB Rep 2006; 39:132-9. [PMID: 16584626 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2006.39.2.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin), which belongs to the classical cadherin family, is localized at adherens junctions exclusively in vascular endothelial cells. Biochemical and biomechanical cues regulate the VE-cadherin adhesive potential by triggering the intracellular signals. VE-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion is required for cell survival and endothelial cell deadhesion is required for vascular development. It is therefore crucial to understand how VE-cadherin-based cell adhesion is controlled. This review summarizes the inter-endothelial cell adhesions and introduces our recent advance in Rap1-regulated VE-cadherin adhesion. A further analysis of the VE-cadherin recycling system will aid the understanding of cell adhesion/deadhesion mechanisms mediated by VE-cadherin in response to extracellular stimuli during development and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigetomo Fukuhra
- Department of Structural Analysis, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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41
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Paris D, Quadros A, Patel N, DelleDonne A, Humphrey J, Mullan M. Inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor growth by beta and gamma-secretase inhibitors. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 514:1-15. [PMID: 15878319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 02/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of beta-secretase and gamma-secretase in producing the beta-amyloid component of senile plaques found in the brain of Alzheimer's patients has fueled a major research effort to design selective inhibitors of these proteases. Interestingly, gamma-secretase cleaves several proteins including Notch, E-cadherin, CD44 and ErbB-4 (erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 4), which are important modulators of angiogenesis. The beta-amyloid precursor protein, which is cleaved by beta-secretase and gamma-secretase to produce beta-amyloid, is highly expressed in the endothelium of neoforming vessels suggesting that it might play a role during angiogenesis. These data prompted us to explore the effects of beta and gamma-secretase inhibitors of different structures on angiogenesis and tumor growth. Both the gamma and beta-secretase inhibitors tested reduce endothelial cell proliferation without inducing cellular toxicity, suppress the formation of capillary structures in vitro and oppose the sprouting of microvessel outgrowths in the rat aortic ring model of angiogenesis. Moreover, they potently inhibit the growth and vascularization of human glioblastoma and human lung adenocarcinoma tumors xenotransplanted into nude mice. Altogether these data suggest that the gamma and beta-secretases play an essential role during angiogenesis and that inhibitors of the beta and gamma-secretases may constitute new classes of anti-angiogenic and anti-tumoral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Paris
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL 34243, USA.
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Wen PH, De Gasperi R, Sosa MAG, Rocher AB, Friedrich VL, Hof PR, Elder GA. Selective expression of presenilin 1 in neural progenitor cells rescues the cerebral hemorrhages and cortical lamination defects in presenilin 1-null mutant mice. Development 2005; 132:3873-83. [PMID: 16079160 PMCID: PMC1698506 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mice with a null mutation of the presenilin 1 gene (Psen1(-/-)) die during late intrauterine life or shortly after birth and exhibit multiple CNS and non-CNS abnormalities, including cerebral hemorrhages and altered cortical development. The cellular and molecular basis for the developmental effects of Psen1 remain incompletely understood. Psen1 is expressed in neural progenitors in developing brain, as well as in postmitotic neurons. We crossed transgenic mice with either neuron-specific or neural progenitor-specific expression of Psen1 onto the Psen1(-/-) background. We show that neither neuron-specific nor neural progenitor-specific expression of Psen1 can rescue the embryonic lethality of the Psen1(-/-) embryo. Indeed neuron-specific expression rescued none of the abnormalities in Psen1(-/-) mice. However, Psen1 expression in neural progenitors rescued the cortical lamination defects, as well as the cerebral hemorrhages, and restored a normal vascular pattern in Psen1(-/-) embryos. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that Psen1 expression in neural progenitor cells is crucial for cortical development and reveal a novel role for neuroectodermal expression of Psen1 in development of the brain vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Wen
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Sainson RCA, Aoto J, Nakatsu MN, Holderfield M, Conn E, Koller E, Hughes CCW. Cell-autonomous notch signaling regulates endothelial cell branching and proliferation during vascular tubulogenesis. FASEB J 2005; 19:1027-9. [PMID: 15774577 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-3172fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The requirement for notch signaling during vascular development is well-documented but poorly understood. Embryonic and adult endothelial cells (EC) express notch and notch ligands; however, the necessity for cell-autonomous notch signaling during angiogenesis has not been determined. During angiogenesis, EC display plasticity, whereby a subset of previously quiescent cells loses polarity and becomes migratory. To investigate the role of notch in EC, we have used a three-dimensional in vitro system that models all of the early steps of angiogenesis. We find that newly forming sprouts are composed of specialized tip cells that guide the sprout and trunk cells that proliferate and rearrange to form intercellular lumens. Furthermore, we find that notch acts cell-autonomously to suppress EC proliferation, thereby regulating tube diameter. In addition, when notch signaling is blocked, tip cells divide, and both daughter cells take on a tip cell phenotype, resulting in increased branching through vessel bifurcation. In contrast, notch signaling is not required for re-establishment of EC polarity or for lumen formation. Thus, notch is used reiteratively and cell-autonomously by EC to regulate vessel diameter, to limit branching at the tip of sprouts, and to establish a mature, quiescent phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C A Sainson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
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Noseda M, Chang L, McLean G, Grim JE, Clurman BE, Smith LL, Karsan A. Notch activation induces endothelial cell cycle arrest and participates in contact inhibition: role of p21Cip1 repression. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:8813-22. [PMID: 15456857 PMCID: PMC517869 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.20.8813-8822.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies demonstrate that appropriate Notch signaling is required during angiogenesis and in vascular homeostasis, the mechanisms by which Notch regulates vascular function remain to be elucidated. Here, we show that activation of the Notch pathway by the ligand Jagged1 reduces the proliferation of endothelial cells. Notch activation inhibits proliferation of endothelial cells in a cell-autonomous manner by inhibiting phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (Rb). During cell cycle entry, p21Cip1 is upregulated in endothelial cells. Activated Notch inhibits mitogen-induced upregulation of p21Cip1 and delays cyclin D-cdk4-mediated Rb phosphorylation. Notch-dependent repression of p21Cip1 prevents nuclear localization of cyclin D and cdk4. The necessity of p21Cip1 for nuclear translocation of cyclin D-cdk4 and S-phase entry in endothelial cells was demonstrated by targeted downregulation of p21Cip1 by using RNA interference. We further demonstrate that when endothelial cells reach confluence, Notch is activated and p21Cip1 is downregulated. Inhibition of the Notch pathway at confluence prevents p21Cip1 downregulation and induces Rb phosphorylation. We suggest that Notch activation contributes to contact inhibition of endothelial cells, in part through repression of p21Cip1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Noseda
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 1L3
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Abstract
Presenilins are considered to be the catalytic subunits of the gamma-secretase complex and are therefore drug targets for Alzheimer's disease. They are also essential for the fine tuning of the immunological system and for memory and synaptic plasticity. Genetic ablation in the forebrain results in a progressive neurodegenerative process that is independent from Abeta generation. The question arises as to what extent these observations should influence our thinking on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and on strategies to further develop gamma-secretase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Marjaux
- Laboratory for Neuronal Cell Biology and Gene Transfer, Center for Human Genetics, Vib4, K.U.Leuven, UZ Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Nakajima M, Moriizumi E, Koseki H, Shirasawa T. Presenilin 1 is essential for cardiac morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2004; 230:795-9. [PMID: 15254914 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilin 1 (PS1) is the gene responsible for the development of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. PS1-deficient mice have been reported to show defects in neurogenesis, somitogenesis and angiogenesis. Here, we report cardiac anomaly in PS1-deficient mice: the mutant hearts exhibited ventricular septal defect, double outlet right ventricle, and stenosis in the pulmonary artery. Immunohistochemistry using anti-PS1 antibody revealed the prominent expression of PS1 in mesenchymal cells at the septal area of the wild-type heart. These results suggest that PS1 may play an essential role in heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunari Nakajima
- Department of Molecular Gerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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47
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Nakajima M, Shirasawa T. Presenilin-1-deficient neurons are nitric oxide-dependently killed by hydrogen peroxide in vitro. Neuroscience 2004; 125:563-8. [PMID: 15099670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Presenilin-1 (PS1) is the gene responsible for the development of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. To probe the functions of PS1 on neuronal resistance to oxidative stress, we pharmacologically examined the death signals in PS1-deficient neurons induced by oxidative stress. Because the death of primarily cultured neurons lacking PS1 is caused by hydrogen peroxide in calcium-dependent manners in vitro [J Neurochem 78 (2001) 807], we tested the neuronal survival-promoting ability of inhibitors against calcium-dependent/cell death-related signaling molecules, such as ERKs, JNK, p38 MAP kinase, calcineurin, calpain, and nitric oxide synthase (NOS). All inhibitors tested failed to rescue the PS1-deficient neurons from the death with the exception of an inhibitor of NOS, N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. Hemoglobin, a nitric oxide (NO) scavenger, also prevented the death of the mutant neurons. NADPH-diaphorase staining, which accounts for NOS activity, was enhanced in the mutant neurons. These results suggest that PS1 has a role for NOS activation in neurons and confers oxidative stress-resistance on neurons in calcium/NO-dependent manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakajima
- Department of Molecular Gerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
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