1
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Salimi A, Mohammad Soleymani H, Mohammad Soleymani S. Altered Skin Permeation of Finasteride Using Clove Oil, Urea, and Lyophilized Powder of Grape Seed Extract. Adv Pharm Bull 2023; 13:96-103. [PMID: 36721808 PMCID: PMC9871283 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2023.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Finasteride is a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor used to treat hair loss and acne. The skin permeation of finasteride is one of the main challenges associated with dermal drug delivery. One way to overcome the skin barrier is to use penetration enhancers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of some penetration enhancers on finasteride permeability on the skin, as well as the effect of pretreatment time on their efficacy. Methods: In order to determine the effect of penetration enhancers on the skin permeability of finasteride, the skin was exposed to clove oil, urea, and lyophilized powder of grape seed extract (LPGSE) at different pretreatment times (2, 4 h), and then the permeability parameters were determined by passing the drug through the skin. Results: The results of this study showed that clove oil, urea, and LPGSE increased the transfer of finasteride from the skin. The highest rate of permeation was observed with clove oil (4 h), and the least permeability was observed with urea (4 h). Conclusion: Increasing the pretreatment time with clove oil and LPGSE increases the permeability of finasteride. Meanwhile, the increase in pretreatment time with urea reduces the penetration of finasteride from the skin due to reversible effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anayatollah Salimi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Hamid Mohammad Soleymani
- Petroleum Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Mohammad Soleymani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding Author: Saeed Mohammad Soleymani,
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2
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Daryab M, Faizi M, Mahboubi A, Aboofazeli R. Preparation and Characterization of Lidocaine-Loaded, Microemulsion-Based Topical Gels. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2022; 21:e123787. [PMID: 35765506 PMCID: PMC9191217 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr.123787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Microemulsion-based gels (MBGs) were prepared for transdermal delivery of lidocaine and evaluated for their potential for local anesthesia. Lidocaine solubility was measured in various oils, and phase diagrams were constructed to map the concentration range of oil, surfactant, cosurfactant, and water for oil-in-water (o/w) microemulsion (ME) domains, employing the water titration method at different surfactant/cosurfactant weight ratios. Refractive index, electrical conductivity, droplet size, zeta potential, pH, viscosity, and stability of fluid o/w MEs were evaluated. Carbomer® 940 was incorporated into the fluid drug-loaded MEs as a gelling agent. Microemulsion-based gels were characterized for spreadability, pH, viscosity, and in-vitro drug release measurements, and based on the results obtained, the best MBGs were selected and subsequently subjected to ex-vivo rat skin permeation anesthetic effect and irritation studies. Data indicated the formation of nano-sized droplets of MEs ranging from 20 - 52 nm with a polydispersity of less than 0.5. In-vitro release and ex-vivo permeation studies on MBGs showed significantly higher drug release and permeation in comparison to the marketed topical gel. Developed MBG formulations demonstrated greater potential for transdermal delivery of lidocaine and advantage over the commercially available gel product, and therefore, they may be considered as potential vehicles for the topical delivery of lidocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Daryab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Faizi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Mahboubi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Aboofazeli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Protein Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Sahu SK, Raj R, Raj PM, Alpana R. Topical Lipid Based Drug Delivery Systems for Skin Diseases: A Review. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885513666181112153213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of skin ailments through systemic administration is limited due to toxicity and
patients discomfort. Hence, lower risk of systemic side effects from topical dosage forms like ointments,
creams, emulsions and gels is more preferred for the treatment of skin disease. Application
of lipid based carriers in drug delivery in topical formulations has recently become one of the major
approaches to improve drug permeation, safety, and effectiveness. These delivery systems include
liposomes, ethosomes, transfersomes, Nanoemulsions (NEs), Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) and micelles. Most of the liposomes and SLNs based products
are in the market while some are under investigation. Transcutaneous delivery of therapeutics
to the skin layer by novel lipid based carriers has enhanced topical therapy for the treatment of skin
ailments. This article covers an overview of the lipid-based carriers for topical uses to alleviate skin
diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar Sahu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (CG)-495009, India
| | - Rakesh Raj
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (CG)-495009, India
| | - Pooja Mongia Raj
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (CG)-495009, India
| | - Ram Alpana
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (CG)-495009, India
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Ramos Campos EV, Proença PLDF, Doretto-Silva L, Andrade-Oliveira V, Fraceto LF, de Araujo DR. Trends in nanoformulations for atopic dermatitis treatment. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:1615-1630. [PMID: 32816566 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1813107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunological skin dysfunctions trigger the synthesis and release of inflammatory cytokines, which induce recurrent skin inflammation associated with chronic itching, inefficient barrier behavior, and reduced skin hydration. These features characterize a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease atopic dermatitis (AD). AD therapy includes anti-inflammatory drugs and immunosuppressors as well as non-pharmacological alternatives such as emollients, moisturizers, and lipids (ceramides, phospholipids) for modulating the skin hydration and the barrier repair. However, these treatments are inconvenient with low drug skin penetration and insufficient maintenance on the application site. AREAS COVERED Nanotechnology-based therapies can be a great strategy to overcome these limitations. Considering the particular skin morphological organization, SC lipid matrix composition, and immunological functions/features related to nanocarriers, this review focuses on recent developments of nanoparticulate systems (polymeric, lipid-based, inorganic) as parent or hybrid systems including their chemical composition, physico-chemical and biopharmaceutical properties, and differential characteristics that evaluate them as new effective drug-delivery systems for AD treatment. EXPERT OPINION Despite the several innovative formulations, research in nanotechnology-based carriers should address specific aspects such as the use of moisturizers associated to pharmacological therapies, toxicity studies, scale-up production processes and the nanocarrier influence on immunological response. These approaches will help researchers choose the most appropriate nanocarrier system and widen nanomedicine applications and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrícia Luiza De Freitas Proença
- Department of Environmental Engineering, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Institute of Science and Technology , Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Lorena Doretto-Silva
- Human and Natural Sciences Center, Federal University of ABC , Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto
- Department of Environmental Engineering, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Institute of Science and Technology , Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
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Guermech I, Lassoued MA, Abdelhamid A, Sfar S. Development and Assessment of Lipidic Nanoemulsions Containing Sodium Hyaluronate and Indomethacin. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:330. [PMID: 31677079 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work attempts to develop and optimize the formula of a lipidic nanoemulsion (NE) containing sodium hyaluronate (HNa) and indomethacin (Ind) as HNa-Ind for enhanced transdermal antiarthritic activity. NEs were prepared by the spontaneous emulsification method and characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The composition of the optimal formulation was statistically optimized using Box-Behnken experimental design method with three independent factors and was characterized for particle size, polydispersity index, and percent transmittance. The selected formula was tested for its in vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. The optimized HNa-Ind NE formula was characterized and displayed a particle size of 12.87 ± 0.032 nm, polydispersity index of 0.606 ± 0.082, and 99.4 ± 0.1 percentage of transmittance. FTIR showed no interaction between HNa and Ind as a physical mixture. In addition, the optimized HNa-Ind NE was able to preserve the antioxidant ability of the two drugs, as evidenced through a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition assay used to assess free radical scavenging ability. The cell viability was increased while the free radical scavenging activity was decreased (94.28% inhibition at higher concentrations compared with vitamin C as a reference with an inhibition of 100%). Moreover, the pharmacological anti-inflammatory potential of the optimized HNa-Ind NE formulation was assessed using an in vivo model. Compared with reference drugs (ibuprofen gel 5%), the remarkable activity of the optimized formulation was established using xylene-induced ear edema in mice model, in which the inflamed region reduced by 92.5% upon treatment. The optimized HNa-Ind NE formulation showed considerably higher skin permeation and drug deposition capability compared with the HNa-Ind solution. HNa-Ind NE was demonstrated to be a successful carrier with enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential while showing better skin penetration, thus being a promising vehicle for transdermal drug delivery.
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Benbow T, Campbell J. Microemulsions as transdermal drug delivery systems for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): a literature review. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 45:1849-1855. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1680996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarique Benbow
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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7
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Bolhassani A. Improvements in chemical carriers of proteins and peptides. Cell Biol Int 2019; 43:437-452. [PMID: 30672055 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The successful intracellular delivery of biologically active proteins and peptides plays an important role for therapeutic applications. Indeed, protein/peptide delivery could overcome some problems of gene therapy, for example, controlling the expression levels and the integration of transgene into the host cell genome. Thus, protein/peptide drug delivery showed a promising and safe approach for treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Due to the unique physical and chemical properties of proteins, their production (e.g., isolation, purification & formulation) and delivery represented significant challenges in pharmaceutical studies. Modification in the structural moieties of these protein/peptide drugs could improve their solubility, stability, crystallinity, lipophilicity, enzymatic susceptibility and targetability, and subsequently, therapies and cures against various diseases. Using the structural modification of protein/peptide, their delivery provided overall higher success rates including high specificity, high activity, bioreactivity and safety. Recently, biotechnological and pharmaceutical companies have tried to find novel techniques for the modifications and improve delivery systems/carriers. However, each carrier has its own benefits and drawbacks, and an appropriate carrier is often established by the physicochemical properties of protein or peptide, the ideal route of injection, and clinical characteristics of therapy. In this review, an attempt was made to give an overview on the chemical carriers for proteins and peptides as well as the recent advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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8
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In Vitro Skin Retention and Drug Permeation through Intact and Microneedle Pretreated Skin after Application of Propranolol Loaded Microemulsions. Pharm Res 2018; 35:228. [PMID: 30302631 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Topical beta-blockers are efficacious for treating infantile hemangiomas, but no formulations have been specifically optimized for skin delivery. Our objective was to quantify skin concentrations and drug permeation of propranolol (a nonselective beta-blocker) after application of microemulsions to intact and microneedle pretreated skin. METHODS Four propranolol-loaded microemulsions were characterized for droplet size, surface charge, conductivity, pH, drug solubility, and drug release. Skin concentrations and drug permeation through skin were quantified using LC-MS. Skin-to-receiver ratios were used to compare the microemulsion formulations to a drug-in-PBS solution. RESULTS Propranolol solubility was significantly greater in microemulsions vs PBS. Cumulative drug release from the microemulsions over 24 h ranged from 13 to 26%. Skin concentrations and drug permeation through intact skin was significantly higher from PBS; however, the skin-to-receiver ratios were significantly higher for water-rich microemulsions compared to PBS or surfactant-rich microemulsions. Microneedle pretreatment significantly increased skin concentrations for all formulations. Skin-to-receiver ratios significantly increased after microneedle pretreatment for surfactant-rich microemulsions. CONCLUSIONS Microemulsion formulation can be altered to elicit different drug delivery profiles through MN-treated skin. This could be advantageous for maximizing local skin drug concentrations and improving dosing schedules for infantile hemangioma treatment.
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Md S, Haque S, Madheswaran T, Zeeshan F, Meka VS, Radhakrishnan AK, Kesharwani P. Lipid based nanocarriers system for topical delivery of photosensitizers. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1274-1283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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10
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Yehia R, Hathout RM, Attia DA, Elmazar MM, Mortada ND. Anti-tumor efficacy of an integrated methyl dihydrojasmonate transdermal microemulsion system targeting breast cancer cells: In vitro and in vivo studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 155:512-521. [PMID: 28486181 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Targeting solid tumors transdermally is an emerging approach that is currently under intense investigation. In this context, microemulsions are reported as one of the most favored carriers for successful transdermal drug delivery. Thereby, these nano-carriers were utilized in this study for the delivery of a phytochemical, namely methyl dihydrojasmonate (MDHJ), which has previously demonstrated an anticancer effect. Accordingly, pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed using several combinations of oils, surfactants and co-surfactants and following the water titration method. Two systems were selected and an experimental design (Simplex Lattice Mixture Design) was utilized to select formulations for further investigation through an ex vivo permeation study through mouse skin. Transdermal fluxes were determined reaching a value of 0.07μlcm-2h-1. Cytotoxicity studies were carried out where the selected superlative formulation was further investigated on MCF-7 cell lines and scored an IC50 of 42.2μl/ml (equivalent to 8.3μl/ml drug). Further, in vivo investigations were performed using Ehlirch solid carcinoma and histopathological examination of the tumor cells evaluating the tumor volume differences, tumor inhibition percentages and the necrotic effect of the formulation compared to control, placebo and pure drug. The obtained results showed significant anticancer effects of the selected formulation when applied on the tumor bearing mice skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Yehia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania M Hathout
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Dalia A Attia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Elmazar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nahed D Mortada
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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11
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Hajjar B, Zier KI, Khalid N, Azarmi S, Löbenberg R. Evaluation of a microemulsion-based gel formulation for topical drug delivery of diclofenac sodium. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-017-0327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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12
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Premarathne EPN, Karunaratne DN, Perera ADLC. Controlled release of diclofenac sodium in glycolipid incorporated micro emulsions. Int J Pharm 2016; 511:890-8. [PMID: 27477103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the glycolipid, hexadecyl-β-d-glucopyranoside, incorporated in microemulsions (ME(1)) towards the enhancement of skin absorption and skin permeation of Diclofenac sodium (DS(2)) was evaluated. A Franz diffusion cell with a piece of pig's ear epidermis indicated that the optimized ME formulation with glycolipid (0.05wt%) exhibited significantly higher permeability than the conventional formulations. The releasing profiles of DS from ME formulations exhibited first order release kinetics resembling a diffusion controlled release model for the first 8h. Incorporating hexadecyl-β-D glucopyranoside in ME formulations shows significant potential as a delivery vehicle in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P N Premarathne
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
| | - D N Karunaratne
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
| | - A D L Chandani Perera
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
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13
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Gu C, Hu C, Ma C, Fang Q, Xing T, Xia Q. Development and characterization of solid lipid microparticles containing vitamin C for topical and cosmetic use. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Gu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics; Southeast University; Nanjing P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Caibiao Hu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics; Southeast University; Nanjing P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Chaolong Ma
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics; Southeast University; Nanjing P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Qiao Fang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics; Southeast University; Nanjing P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Tingkang Xing
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics; Southeast University; Nanjing P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Qiang Xia
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics; Southeast University; Nanjing P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; Suzhou P. R. China
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Wais U, Jackson AW, He T, Zhang H. Nanoformulation and encapsulation approaches for poorly water-soluble drug nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:1746-1769. [PMID: 26731460 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07161e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
During the last few decades the nanomedicine sector has emerged as a feasible and effective solution to the problems faced by the high percentage of poorly water-soluble drugs. Decreasing the size of such drug compounds to the nanoscale can significantly change their physical properties, which lays the foundation for the use of nanomedicine for pharmaceutical applications. Various techniques have been developed to produce poorly water-soluble drug nanoparticles, mainly to address the poor water-soluble issues but also for the efficient and targeted delivery of such drugs. These techniques can be generally categorized into top-down, bottom-up and encapsulation approaches. Among them, the top-down approaches have been the main choice for industrial preparation of drug nanoparticles while other methods are actively investigated by researchers. In this review, we aim to give a comprehensive overview and latest progress of the top-down, bottom-up, and encapsulation methods for the preparation of poorly water-soluble drug nanoparticles and how solvents and additives can be selected for these methods. In addition to the more industrially applied top-down approaches, the review is focused more on bottom-up and encapsulation methods, particularly covering supercritical fluid-related methods, cryogenic techniques, and encapsulation with dendrimers and responsive block copolymers. Some of the approved and mostly used nanodrug formulations on the market are also covered to demonstrate the applications of poorly water-soluble drug nanoparticles. This review is complete with perspectives on the development and challenges of fabrication techniques for more effective nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Wais
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK. and Institute of Chemical and Engineering Science, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
| | - Alexander W Jackson
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Science, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
| | - Tao He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
| | - Haifei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
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15
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Wan T, Xu T, Pan J, Qin M, Pan W, Zhang G, Wu Z, Wu C, Xu Y. Microemulsion based gel for topical dermal delivery of pseudolaric acid B: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Chhibber T, Wadhwa S, Chadha P, Sharma G, Katare OP. Phospholipid structured microemulsion as effective carrier system with potential in methicillin sensitiveStaphylococcus aureus(MSSA) involved burn wound infection. J Drug Target 2015; 23:943-52. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1048518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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17
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Hoppel M, Juric S, Ettl H, Valenta C. Effect of monoacyl phosphatidylcholine content on the formation of microemulsions and the dermal delivery of flufenamic acid. Int J Pharm 2014; 479:70-6. [PMID: 25542986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The choice of appropriate excipients is crucial for the success of a dermal drug delivery system. Especially surfactants should be chosen carefully, because of their possible interactions with the skin or the applied drug. Since monoacyl phosphatidylcholine (MAPL) exhibits great emulsification properties and can be derived from natural sources, it is of great interest as surfactant in microemulsions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the MAPL content on the formation of microemulsions. The great emulsification power of MAPL was confirmed by increased isotropic areas with increasing MAPL content. Moreover, a decrease in particle size, particle size distribution and viscosity with increasing MAPL content was determined. Besides its effects on microemulsion structure, MAPL exhibited a significant influence on the skin permeation of flufenamic acid. Interestingly, the higher the MAPL content, the lower was the skin permeation of flufenamic acid. A possible explanation might be that the hydrophilic MAPL could hinder the permeation of the lipophilic drug. In contrast, the skin permeation enhancing effects of the microemulsion with the lowest MAPL content might be attributed to formation of a patch-like structure and therefore better contact between the formulation and the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hoppel
- University of Vienna, Research Platform 'Characterisation of Drug Delivery Systems on Skin and Investigations of Involved Mechanisms', Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Juric
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanna Ettl
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Valenta
- University of Vienna, Research Platform 'Characterisation of Drug Delivery Systems on Skin and Investigations of Involved Mechanisms', Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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18
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Sahoo S, Pani NR, Sahoo SK. Microemulsion based topical hydrogel of sertaconazole: Formulation, characterization and evaluation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 120:193-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sahoo S, Pani NR, Sahoo SK. Effect of microemulsion in topical sertaconazole hydrogel: in vitro and in vivo study. Drug Deliv 2014; 23:338-45. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.914601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susijit Sahoo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Gayatri College of Pharmacy, Sambalpur, Odisha, India and
| | - Nihar Ranjan Pani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Gayatri College of Pharmacy, Sambalpur, Odisha, India and
| | - Sunit Kumar Sahoo
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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20
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Naumann S, Meyer JP, Kiesow A, Mrestani Y, Wohlrab J, Neubert RH. Controlled nail delivery of a novel lipophilic antifungal agent using various modern drug carrier systems as well as in vitro and ex vivo model systems. J Control Release 2014; 180:60-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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Lopes LB. Overcoming the cutaneous barrier with microemulsions. Pharmaceutics 2014; 6:52-77. [PMID: 24590260 PMCID: PMC3978525 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics6010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microemulsions are fluid and isotropic formulations that have been widely studied as delivery systems for a variety of routes, including the skin. In spite of what the name suggests, microemulsions are nanocarriers, and their use as topical delivery systems derives from their multiple advantages compared to other dermatological formulations, such as ease of preparation, thermodynamic stability and penetration-enhancing properties. Composition, charge and internal structure have been reported as determinant factors for the modulation of drug release and cutaneous and transdermal transport. This manuscript aims at reviewing how these and other characteristics affect delivery and make microemulsions appealing for topical and transdermal administration, as well as how they can be modulated during the formulation design to improve the potential and efficacy of the final system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana B Lopes
- Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508, SP, Brazil.
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22
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Amphotericin B topical microemulsion: formulation, characterization and evaluation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 116:351-8. [PMID: 24521698 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present studies were designed to develop a microemulsion (ME) formulation of Amphotericin B (Amp B) for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. The oil phase was selected on the basis of drug solubility whereas the surfactant and co-surfactant were screened and selected on the basis of their oil solubilizing capacity as well as their efficiency to form ME. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed and on the basis of ME existence ranges various formulations of Amp B were developed. The influence of surfactant and co-surfactant mass ratio (Smix) on the ME formation and permeation of ME through excised rat skin was studied. The optimized formulation (ME 7) consisting of 0.1% (w/w) Amp B, 5% (w/w) Isopropyl Myristate and 35% (w/w) Smix (3:1, Tween 80 and Propylene glycol), has shown a globule size of 84.20 ± 2.13 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.164 ± 0.031, pH 7.36 ± 0.02 and conductance of 229.3 ± 1.95 μS. ME 7 exhibited 2-fold higher drug permeation as compared to plain drug solution. Besides this, the formulation was also evaluated for drug content, stability, skin retention, skin sensitivity and anti-fungal activity. In vitro anti-fungal activity in Trichophyton rubrum fungal species have shown that ME7 has higher zone of inhibition and the formulation was found stable at 2-8°C and at room temperature (25 ± 2°C) for the period of three months. The results indicate that, the investigated ME may be used as a promising alternative for Amp B therapy.
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Bhatia G, Zhou Y, Banga AK. Adapalene Microemulsion for Transfollicular Drug Delivery. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:2622-31. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Tuncay S, Özer Ö. Investigation of different emulsion systems for dermal delivery of nicotinamide. Pharm Dev Technol 2013; 18:1417-23. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2012.734514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Ullah I, Baloch MK, Ullah I. Apparent Solubility of Ibuprofen in Dimethyl Dodecyl Ammonium-Propane Sulfonate, DDAPS, Micelles, DDAPS/Butanol Mixtures and in Oil-in-Water Microemulsions Stabilized by DDAPS. J SOLUTION CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-013-9974-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Chao Y, Huang CT, Fu LT, Huang YB, Tsai YH, Wu PC. The effect of submicron emulsion systems on transdermal delivery of kaempferol. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2013; 60:1171-5. [PMID: 22976326 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c12-00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, submicron emulsions have been employed as a carrier for the topical application of kaempferol. The effect of components of submicron emulsions on the physicochemical properties and permeation capability of drug were evaluated. In case of drug-loaded submicron emulsions, the cumulative amount over 12 h (Q(12 h)), lag time and deposition in skin amount ranged from 13.0±3.4 to 236.1±21.2 µg/cm(2), 1.7 to 5.3 h, and 1.10 to 7.76 µg/cm(2), respectively, which indicated that the permeation parameters of kaempferol were markedly influenced by the component ratio. Kaempferol dispensed in isopropyl myristate was used as the control. The Q(12 h), lag time and deposition amount in skin were 4.2±1.8 µg/cm(2), 6.0 h and 2.25±0.60 µg/cm(2), respectively. The data showed that used appropriate submicron emulsions as vehicle could significantly increase the Q(12 h) and deposition amount in skin and shorten the lag time, demonstrating that submicron emulsions have a potent enhancement effect for kaempferol transdermal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chao
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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Karadzovska D, Brooks JD, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Riviere JE. Predicting skin permeability from complex vehicles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:265-77. [PMID: 22342772 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that vehicle and formulation components influence the rate and extent of passive chemical absorption through skin. Significant progress, over the last decades, has been made in predicting dermal absorption from a single vehicle; however the effect of a complex, realistic mixture has not received its due attention. Recent studies have aimed to bridge this gap by extending the use of quantitative structure-permeation relationship (QSPR) models based on linear free energy relationships (LFER) to predict dermal absorption from complex mixtures with the inclusion of significant molecular descriptors such as a mixture factor that accounts for the physicochemical properties of the vehicle/mixture components. These models have been compiled and statistically validated using the data generated from in vitro or ex vivo experimental techniques. This review highlights the progress made in predicting skin permeability from complex vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Karadzovska
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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28
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Nanoemulsion-based gel formulations of COX-2 inhibitors for enhanced efficacy in inflammatory conditions. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-012-0177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Dasgupta S, Dey S, Choudhury S, Mazumder B. Topical delivery of aceclofenac as nanoemulsion comprising excipients having optimum emulsification capabilities: preparation, characterization andin vivoevaluation. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:411-20. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.749234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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30
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Delgado-Charro M. Richard Guy and His Collaborators:Crackling'the Skin Code. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 26:302-12. [DOI: 10.1159/000351937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Al Abood RM, Talegaonkar S, Tariq M, Ahmad FJ. Microemulsion as a tool for the transdermal delivery of ondansetron for the treatment of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 101:143-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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32
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Yutani R, Morita SY, Teraoka R, Kitagawa S. Distribution of polyphenols and a surfactant component in skin during Aerosol OT microemulsion-enhanced intradermal delivery. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2012; 60:989-94. [PMID: 22863702 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c12-00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As for most other polyphenols, intradermal delivery of curcumin and resveratrol is limited; however, it was significantly improved by a microemulsion using Aerosol OT (Aerosol OT microemulsion) and Tween 80 (Tween 80 microemulsion) as surfactants. Aerosol OT microemulsion was more effective and the incorporation ratio of these polyphenols into skin by Aerosol OT microemulsion was five-fold or ten-fold that by Tween 80 microemulsion. To clarify the mechanism of the enhancement we examined the distribution of these polyphenols and the surfactant component, Aerosol OT, using excised guinea pig skin and Yucatan micropig (YMP) skin. During permeation, polyphenols distributed deep in the skin. In particular, a small molecule, resveratrol, was mainly present in the dermis in YMP skin. Aerosol OT also distributed deep in the skin. These findings suggest the possible involvement of the interaction of surfactant molecules with skin components in the enhanced delivery process of polyphenols. The distribution ratio between the dermis and epidermis of the polyphenols, including quercetin, in the presence of Aerosol OT microemulsion decreased with the increase of molecular weight in YMP skin, suggesting the possibility that distribution to the dermis is regulated by the molecular size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Yutani
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
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33
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34
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Sandig AG, Campmany ACC, Campos FF, Villena MJM, Naveros BC. Transdermal delivery of imipramine and doxepin from newly oil-in-water nanoemulsions for an analgesic and anti-allodynic activity: development, characterization and in vivo evaluation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 103:558-65. [PMID: 23261580 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Antidepressants have been considered by their analgesic activity in numerous studies, and specifically tricyclic antidepressants to possess the greatest efficacy. Imipramine and doxepin have been reported to exhibit local anaesthetic properties. In order to investigate their cutaneous analgesic effect after topical application a nanoemulsion vehicle was developed. This nanoemulsion is composed of propilenglicol, Transcutol, water, Labrasol, Plurol Oleique, isostearyl isostearate, oleic acid, and d-limonene. The final concentration of imipramine or doxepin in the nanoemulsion system was 3% (w/w). The nanoemulsions were characterized by pH, viscosity, droplet size, polydispersity index and finally, a morphological and structural examination was carried out by using transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the present work also reports stability studies on the nanoemulsion formulations to evaluate the integrity of the formulation; these indicate that formulations are stable for a period of three months. Moreover ex vivo studies were performed to evaluate permeation behaviour through human skin and predict plasma concentrations concluding that topically applied imipramine and doxepin loaded nanoemulsions were safe for a local effect. Similarly, the in vivo analgesic and anti-allodynic activity in rats was evaluated being stronger for the doxepin loaded nanoemulsion. This study demonstrated that nanoemulsion containing doxepin could be promising as an alternative analgesic therapy with a potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gimeno Sandig
- Animal Facility, Bellvitge Health Sciences Campus, University of Barcelona, Spain
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35
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Hathout RM, Elshafeey AH. Development and characterization of colloidal soft nano-carriers for transdermal delivery and bioavailability enhancement of an angiotensin II receptor blocker. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 82:230-40. [PMID: 22820090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop and characterize a successful colloidal soft nano-carrier viz. microemulsion system, for the transdermal delivery of an angiotensin II receptor blocker: olmesartan medoxomil. Different microemulsion formulations were prepared. The microemulsions were characterized visually, with the polarizing microscope, and by photon correlation spectroscopy. In addition, the pH and conductivity (σ) of the formulations were measured. The type and structure of microemulsions formed were determined using conductivity measurements analysis, Freezing Differential Scanning Calorimetry (FDSC) and Diffusion-Ordered Spectroscopy (DOSY). Alterations in the molecular conformations of porcine skin were determined using Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) biophysical assessment. Olmesartan medoxomil delivery from the investigated formulations was assessed across porcine skin ex-vivo using Franz diffusion cells; the drug was analyzed by liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LC/MS/MS). A comparative pharmacokinetic study was done on healthy human subjects between the selected microemulsion and the commercial oral tablets. The physico-chemical and spectroscopic methods revealed the presence of water-in-oil and bicontinuous structures. Biophysical assessment demonstrated various stratum corneum (SC) changes. Olmesartan medoxomil was delivered successfully across the skin with flux achieving 3.65μgcm(-2)h(-1). Higher bioavailability compared to commercial oral tablets with a more sustainment behavior was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania M Hathout
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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36
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Afifi H, Karlsson G, Heenan RK, Dreiss CA. Structural transitions in cholesterol-based wormlike micelles induced by encapsulating alkyl ester oils with varying architecture. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 378:125-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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37
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Development of drug delivery systems for the dermal application of therapeutic DNAzymes. Int J Pharm 2012; 431:61-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Schmidts T, Schlupp P, Gross A, Dobler D, Runkel F. Required HLB Determination of Some Pharmaceutical Oils in Submicron Emulsions. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2011.584800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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39
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Wang X, Xue M, Gu J, Fang X, Sha X. Transdermal microemulsion drug delivery system for impairing male reproductive toxicity and enhancing efficacy of Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook f. Fitoterapia 2012; 83:690-8. [PMID: 22391023 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study is trying to produce a transdermal microemulsion drug delivery system (TMDDS) for Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook f. (TWHF) and attempting to solve male reproductive toxicity problem of TWHF. The formulation was optimized by the central composite design with response surface methodology and was decided as 12% oleic acid, 19.7% Labrasol S, 19.7% ethanol and 19.7% Pharmasolve, and 29% water. TMDDS for TWHF had stronger transdermal ability than free TWHF, and TWHF microemulsion significantly inhibited the adjuvant-induced arthritis and at the same time, had preferable anti-inflammatory effect with the long-time administration. Various pharmacodynamics parameters proved that TWHF microemulsion can reduce the male reproductive toxicity and hepatotoxicity of rats. All these suggested that TMDDS could be a suitable delivery system for TWHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & PLA, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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40
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Raut S, Bhadoriya SS, Uplanchiwar V, Mishra V, Gahane A, Jain SK. Lecithin organogel: A unique micellar system for the delivery of bioactive agents in the treatment of skin aging. Acta Pharm Sin B 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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41
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Xuan XY, Cheng YL, Acosta E. Lecithin-linker microemulsion gelatin gels for extended drug delivery. Pharmaceutics 2012; 4:104-29. [PMID: 24300183 PMCID: PMC3834907 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics4010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This article introduces the formulation of alcohol-free, lecithin microemulsion-based gels (MBGs) prepared with gelatin as gelling agent. The influence of oil, water, lecithin and hydrophilic and lipophilic additives (linkers) on the rheological properties and appearance of these gels was systematically explored using ternary phase diagrams. Clear MBGs were obtained in regions of single phase microemulsions (μEs) at room temperature. Increasing the water content in the formulation increased the elastic modulus of the gels, while increasing the oil content had the opposite effect. The hydrophilic additive (PEG-6-caprylic/capric glycerides) was shown to reduce the elastic modulus of gelatin gels, particularly at high temperatures. In contrast to anionic (AOT) μEs, the results suggest that in lecithin (nonionic) μEs, the introduction of gelatin “dehydrates” the μE. Finally, when the transdermal transport of lidocaine formulated in the parent μE and the resulting MBG were compared, only a minor retardation in the loading and release of lidocaine was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yue Xuan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada.
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42
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Harwansh RK, Patra KC, Pareta SK, Singh J, Rahman MA. Nanoemulsions as vehicles for transdermal delivery of glycyrrhizin. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502011000400014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present investigation aims to evaluate an isotropic and thermodynamically stable nanoemulsion formulation for transdermal delivery of glycyrrhizin (GZ), with minimum surfactant and cosurfactant (Smix) concentrations that could improve its solubility, permeation enhancement, and stability. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were developed and various nanoemulsion formulations were prepared using soyabean oil as oil, Span 80, Brij 35 as a surfactant and isopropyl alcohol as a cosurfactant. Nanoemulsion formulations that passed the thermodynamic stability tests were characterized for pH, viscosity and droplet size using a transmission electron microscopy. The transdermal ability of glycyrrhizin through human cadaver skin was determined using Franz diffusion cells. The in vitro skin permeation profile of the optimized nanoemulsion formulation (NE2) was compared to that of conventional gel. A significant increase in permeability parameters such as steady-state flux (Jss) and permeability coefficient (Kp) was observed in the optimized nanoemulsion formulation (NE2), which consisted of 1% wt/wt of mono ammonium glycyrrhizinate (MAG), 32.4% Span 80, 3.7% Brij 35, 10% isopropyl alcohol, 46.5% soyabean oil and 6.4% distilled water. No obvious skin irritation was observed for the studied nanoemulsion formulation (NE2) or the gel. The results indicated that nanoemulsions are promising vehicles for transdermal delivery of glycyrrhizin through human cadaver skin, without the use of additional permeation enhancers, because excipients of nanoemulsions act as permeation enhancers themselves.
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Kitagawa S, Yoshii K, Morita SY, Teraoka R. Efficient topical delivery of chlorogenic acid by an oil-in-water microemulsion to protect skin against UV-induced damage. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2011; 59:793-6. [PMID: 21628922 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.59.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the intradermal delivery of a hydrophilic polyphenol chlorogenic acid by in vitro study using excised guinea pig dorsal skin and Yucatan micropig skin. Skin accumulation as well as the solubility of chlorogenic acid in aqueous vehicles was much greater than for other polyphenols such as quercetin and genistein. However, since enhancement of skin delivery seemed to be necessary to exhibit its protective effects against oxidative damage of skin, we examined the effects of microemulsions as vehicles. Using microemulsions consisting of 150 mM NaCl solution, isopropyl myristate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and ethanol, skin accumulation as well as solubility of chlorogenic acid further increased. Enhancement effect of an oil-in-water (o/w-type) microemulsion was greater than that of a water-in-oil (w/o-type) microemulsion possibly due to the greater increase in solubility. This finding was quite different from previous findings on relatively hydrophobic polyphenols such as quercetin and genistein. Pretreatment of guinea pig dorsal skin with chlorogenic acid containing microemulsion gel prevented erythema formation induced by UV irradiation. These findings indicate the potential use of hydrophilic chlorogenic acid with o/w-type microemulsion as a vehicle to protect skin against UV-induced oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Kitagawa
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4–19–1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan.
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Hashem FM, Shaker DS, Ghorab MK, Nasr M, Ismail A. Formulation, characterization, and clinical evaluation of microemulsion containing clotrimazole for topical delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011; 12:879-86. [PMID: 21725708 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-011-9653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to formulate and evaluate microemulsion systems for topical delivery of clotrimazole (CTM). The solubility of CTM in various oils was determined to select the oil phase of the microemulsion systems. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify the area of microemulsion existence. Five CTM microemulsion formulations (M1-M5) were prepared and evaluated for their thermodynamic stability, pH, refractive index, droplet size, viscosity, and in vitro release across cellulose membrane. Among the prepared microemulsion formulations, M3 (lemon oil/Tween 80/n-butanol/water) and M4 (isopropyl myristate/Tween 80/n-butanol/water) microemulsion systems were found to be promising according to their physical properties and CTM cumulative percentage release. Gel form of M3 and M4 were prepared using 1% Carbopol 940 as the hydrogel matrix. Both formulations were evaluated in the liquid and gel forms for drug retention in the skin in comparison to the marketed CTM topical cream and their stability examined after storage at 40°C for 6 months. Microemulsion formulations achieved significantly higher skin retention for CTM over the CTM cream. Stability studies showed that M4 preparations were more stable than M3. The in vitro anti-fungal activity of M4 against Candida albicans was higher than that of the conventional cream. Moreover, clinical evaluation proved the efficacy and tolerability of this preparation in the treatment of various topical fungal infections.
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Patel MR, Patel RB, Parikh JR, Patel BG. Improving the isotretinoin photostability by incorporating in microemulsion matrix. ISRN PHARMACEUTICS 2011; 2011:838016. [PMID: 22389863 PMCID: PMC3263728 DOI: 10.5402/2011/838016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present paper demonstrates the increased photostability of isotretinoin when loaded in microemulsion. The photodegradation of isotretinoin, in methanol and microemulsion formulation was studied under direct sun light. The photodegradation process was monitored by UV spectrophotometry. In methanol solution, isotretinoin undergoes complete photodegradation just within a few minutes of light exposure. Isotretinoin incorporated in microemulsion formulation showed an increased stability in comparison to the methanol solutions. In particular for isotretinoin, a residual concentration of 75% was still present after a light irradiance versus a residual value of just 16% measured at the same time in methanol solution. Further, degradation kinetic parameters of isotretinoin-loaded microemulsion formulation were demonstrated increase isotretinoin half-life about five-times in comparison with a methanol solution under a direct sun light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrunali R Patel
- Indukaka Ipcowala College of Pharmacy, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat 388 121, India
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Malakar J, Sen SO, Nayak AK, Sen KK. Development and evaluation of microemulsions for transdermal delivery of insulin. ISRN PHARMACEUTICS 2011; 2011:780150. [PMID: 22389858 PMCID: PMC3263709 DOI: 10.5402/2011/780150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-loaded microemulsions for transdermal delivery were developed using isopropyl myristate or oleic acid as the oil phase, Tween 80 as the surfactant, and isopropyl alcohol as the cosurfactant. The pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed to determine the composition of microemulsions. The insulin permeation flux of microemulsions containing oleic acid as oil phase through excised mouse skin and goat skin was comparatively greater than that of microemulsions containing isopropyl myristate as oil phase. The insulin-loaded microemulsion containing 10% oleic acid, 38% aqueous phase, and 50% surfactant phase with 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as permeation enhancer showed maximum permeation flux (4.93 ± 0.12 μg/cm(2)/hour) through goat skin. The in vitro insulin permeation from these microemulsions was found to follow the Korsmeyer-Peppas model (R(2) = 0.923 to 0.973) over a period of 24 hours with non-Fickian, "anomalous" mechanism. Together these preliminary data indicate the promise of microemulsions for transdermal delivery of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadupati Malakar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, West Bengal, Durgapur 713212, India
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Schmidts T, Dobler D, von den Hoff S, Schlupp P, Garn H, Runkel F. Protective effect of drug delivery systems against the enzymatic degradation of dermally applied DNAzyme. Int J Pharm 2011; 410:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Djekic L, Primorac M, Jockovic J. Phase behaviour, microstructure and ibuprofen solubilization capacity of pseudo-ternary nonionic microemulsions. J Mol Liq 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Russell-Jones G, Himes R. Water-in-oil microemulsions for effective transdermal delivery of proteins. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:537-46. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.559458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Raza K, Negi P, Takyar S, Shukla A, Amarji B, Katare OP. Novel dithranol phospholipid microemulsion for topical application: development, characterization and percutaneous absorption studies. J Microencapsul 2011; 28:190-9. [PMID: 21395406 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2010.546435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop and characterize a novel dithranol-containing phospholipid microemulsion systems for enhanced skin permeation and retention. Based on the solubility of dithranol, the selected oils were isopropyl myristate (IPM) and tocopherol acetate (TA), and the surfactants were Tween 80 (T80) and Tween 20 (T20). The ratios of cosurfactants comprising of phospholipids and ethanol (1 : 10) and surfactant to co-surfactant (1 : 1 and 2.75 : 1) were fixed for the phase diagram construction. Selected microemulsions were evaluated for globule size, zeta potential, viscosity, refractive index, per cent transmittance, stability (freeze thaw and centrifugation), ex vivo skin permeation and retention. The microemulsion systems composed of IPM and T80 with mean particle diameter of 72.8 nm showed maximum skin permeation (82.23%), skin permeation flux (0.281 mg/cm²/h) along with skin retention (8.31%) vis-à-vis systems containing TA and T20. The results suggest that the developed novel lecithinized microemulsion systems have a promising potential for the improved topical delivery of dithranol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisar Raza
- Drug Delivery Research Group, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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