1
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Murph M, Singh S, Schvarzstein M. A combined in silico and in vivo approach to the structure-function annotation of SPD-2 provides mechanistic insight into its functional diversity. Cell Cycle 2022; 21:1958-1979. [PMID: 35678569 PMCID: PMC9415446 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2078458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are organelles that function as hubs of microtubule nucleation and organization, with key roles in organelle positioning, asymmetric cell division, ciliogenesis, and signaling. Aberrant centrosome number, structure or function is linked to neurodegenerative diseases, developmental abnormalities, ciliopathies, and tumor development. A major regulator of centrosome biogenesis and function in C. elegans is the conserved Spindle-defective protein 2 (SPD-2), a homolog of the human CEP-192 protein. CeSPD-2 is required for centrosome maturation, centriole duplication, spindle assembly and possibly cell polarity establishment. Despite its importance, the specific molecular mechanism of CeSPD-2 regulation and function is poorly understood. Here, we combined computational analysis with cell biology approaches to uncover possible structure-function relationships of CeSPD-2 that may shed mechanistic light on its function. Domain prediction analysis corroborated and refined previously identified coiled-coils and ASH (Aspm-SPD-2 Hydin) domains and identified new domains: a GEF domain, an Ig-like domain, and a PDZ-like domain. In addition to these predicted structural features, CeSPD-2 is also predicted to be intrinsically disordered. Surface electrostatic maps identified a large basic region unique to the ASH domain of CeSPD-2. This basic region overlaps with most of the residues predicted to be involved in protein-protein interactions. In vivo, ASH::GFP localized to centrosomes and centrosome-associated microtubules. Our analysis groups ASH domains, PapD, Usher chaperone domains, and Major Sperm Protein (MSP) domains into a single superfold within the larger Immunoglobulin superfamily. This study lays the groundwork for designing rational hypothesis-based experiments to uncover the mechanisms of CeSPD-2 function in vivo.Abbreviations: AIR, Aurora kinase; ASH, Aspm-SPD-2 Hydin; ASP, Abnormal Spindle Protein; ASPM, Abnormal Spindle-like Microcephaly-associated Protein; CC, coiled-coil; CDK, Cyclin-dependent Kinase; Ce, Caenorhabditis elegans; CEP, Centrosomal Protein; CPAP, centrosomal P4.1-associated protein; D, Drosophila; GAP, GTPase activating protein; GEF, GTPase guanine nucleotide exchange factor; Hs, Homo sapiens/Human; Ig, Immunoglobulin; MAP, Microtubule associated Protein; MSP, Major Sperm Protein; MDP, Major Sperm Domain-Containing Protein; OCRL-1, Golgi endocytic trafficking protein Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase; PAR, abnormal embryonic PARtitioning of the cytosol; PCM, Pericentriolar material; PCMD, pericentriolar matrix deficient; PDZ, PSD95/Dlg-1/zo-1; PLK, Polo like kinase; RMSD, Root Mean Square Deviation; SAS, Spindle assembly abnormal proteins; SPD, Spindle-defective protein; TRAPP, TRAnsport Protein Particle; Xe, Xenopus; ZYG, zygote defective protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela Murph
- Department of Biology, City University of New York, Brooklyn College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shaneen Singh
- Department of Biology, City University of New York, Brooklyn College, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, The Graduate Center at City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Department Biochemistry, The Graduate Center at City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mara Schvarzstein
- Department of Biology, City University of New York, Brooklyn College, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, The Graduate Center at City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Department Biochemistry, The Graduate Center at City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Bacterial biofilms and their resistance mechanisms: a brief look at treatment with natural agents. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2022; 67:535-554. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-022-00955-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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3
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Exploiting pilus-mediated bacteria-host interactions for health benefits. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 81:100998. [PMID: 34294411 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface pili (or fimbriae) are an important but conspicuous adaptation of several genera and species of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. These long and non-flagellar multi-subunit adhesins mediate the initial contact that a bacterium has with a host or environment, and thus have come to be regarded as a key colonization factor for virulence activity in pathogens or niche adaptation in commensals. Pili in pathogenic bacteria are well recognized for their roles in the adhesion to host cells, colonization of tissues, and establishment of infection. As an 'anti-adhesive' ploy, targeting pilus-mediated attachment for disruption has become a potentially effective alternative to using antibiotics. In this review, we give a description of the several structurally distinct bacterial pilus types thus far characterized, and as well offer details about the intricacy of their individual structure, assembly, and function. With a molecular understanding of pilus biogenesis and pilus-mediated host interactions also provided, we go on to describe some of the emerging new approaches and compounds that have been recently developed to prevent the adhesion, colonization, and infection of piliated bacterial pathogens.
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4
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Ma A, Neumann N, Chui L. Phenotypic and Genetic Determination of Biofilm Formation in Heat Resistant Escherichia coli Possessing the Locus of Heat Resistance. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020403. [PMID: 33672009 PMCID: PMC7919257 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the effectiveness of thermal inactivation processes, Escherichiacoli biofilms continue to be a persistent source of contamination in food processing environments. E. coli strains possessing the locus of heat resistance are a novel food safety threat and raises the question of whether these strains can also form biofilms. The objectives of this study were to determine biofilm formation in heat resistant E. coli isolates from clinical and environmental origins using an in-house, two-component apparatus and to characterize biofilm formation-associated genes in the isolates using whole genome sequencing. Optimal conditions for biofilm formation in each of the heat resistant isolates were determined by manipulating inoculum size, nutrient concentration, and temperature conditions. Biofilm formation in the heat resistant isolates was detected at temperatures of 24 °C and 37 °C but not at 4 °C. Furthermore, biofilm formation was observed in all environmental isolates but only one clinical isolate despite shared profiles in biofilm formation-associated genes encoded by the isolates from both sources. The circulation of heat resistant E. coli isolates with multi-stress tolerance capabilities in environments related to food processing signify that such strains may be a serious food safety and public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Norman Neumann
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Linda Chui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
- Alberta Precision Laboratories—Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J2, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-407-8951
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5
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Banger A, Sindram J, Otten M, Kania J, Wilms D, Strzelczyk A, Miletic S, Marlovits TC, Karg M, Hartmann L. Synthesis and self-assembly of amphiphilic precision glycomacromolecules. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00422k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic precision glycomacromolecules (APG) are synthesized using solid-phase synthesis and studied for their self-assembly behavior and as inhibitors of bacterial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Banger
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julian Sindram
- Insitute of Physical Chemistry I: Colloids and Nanooptics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marius Otten
- Insitute of Physical Chemistry I: Colloids and Nanooptics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jessica Kania
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dimitri Wilms
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Strzelczyk
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sean Miletic
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Institute of Structural and Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Zentrum (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Marlovits
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Institute of Structural and Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Zentrum (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Karg
- Insitute of Physical Chemistry I: Colloids and Nanooptics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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6
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Duprey A, Taib N, Leonard S, Garin T, Flandrois JP, Nasser W, Brochier-Armanet C, Reverchon S. The phytopathogenic nature of Dickeya aquatica 174/2 and the dynamic early evolution of Dickeya pathogenicity. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:2809-2835. [PMID: 30969462 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dickeya is a genus of phytopathogenic enterobacterales causing soft rot in a variety of plants (e.g. potato, chicory, maize). Among the species affiliated to this genus, Dickeya aquatica, described in 2014, remained particularly mysterious because it had no known host. Furthermore, while D. aquatica was proposed to represent a deep-branching species among Dickeya genus, its precise phylogenetic position remained elusive. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of the D. aquatica type strain 174/2. We demonstrate the affinity of D. aquatica strain 174/2 for acidic fruits such as tomato and cucumber and show that exposure of this bacterium to acidic pH induces twitching motility. An in-depth phylogenomic analysis of all available Dickeya proteomes pinpoints D. aquatica as the second deepest branching lineage within this genus and reclassifies two lineages that likely correspond to new genomospecies (gs.): Dickeya gs. poaceaephila (Dickeya sp NCPPB 569) and Dickeya gs. undicola (Dickeya sp 2B12), together with a new putative genus, tentatively named Prodigiosinella. Finally, from comparative analyses of Dickeya proteomes, we infer the complex evolutionary history of this genus, paving the way to study the adaptive patterns and processes of Dickeya to different environmental niches and hosts. In particular, we hypothesize that the lack of xylanases and xylose degradation pathways in D. aquatica could reflect adaptation to aquatic charophyte hosts which, in contrast to land plants, do not contain xyloglucans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Duprey
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Najwa Taib
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Simon Leonard
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Tiffany Garin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Flandrois
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - William Nasser
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Céline Brochier-Armanet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sylvie Reverchon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, 10 Rue Raphaël Dubois, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
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7
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Liu Y, Sun C, Han L, Yu Y, Zhou H, Shao Q, Lou J, Zhao Y, Huang Y. Conformational Dynamics, Intramolecular Domain Conformation Signaling, and Activation of Apo-FimD Revealed by Single-Molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Studies. Biochemistry 2019; 58:1931-1941. [PMID: 30888187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The chaperone-usher secretion pathway is a conserved bacterial protein secretion system dedicated to the biogenesis of adhesive fibers. Usher, a multidomain-containing outer membrane protein, plays a central role in this process by acting as a molecular machine that recruits different chaperone-subunit complexes, catalyzes subunit polymerization, and forms a channel for secretion of the assembled subunits. While recent crystal structural studies have greatly advanced our understanding of the structure and function of ushers, the overall architecture of the full-length apo-usher, the molecular events that dictate conformational changes in usher during pilus biogenesis, and its activation by the specific chaperone-adhesin complex remain largely elusive. Using single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies, we found that the substrate-free usher FimD (apo-FimD) adopts a contracted conformation that is distinct from its substrate-bound states; both the N-terminal domain (NTD) and the C-terminal domain (CTD) of apo-FimD are highly dynamic, and FimD coordinates its domain conformational changes via intramolecular domain conformation signaling. By combining these studies with in vitro photo-cross-linking studies, we further show that only the chaperone-bound adhesin (FimC:FimH) can be transferred to the CTD, dislocates the plug domain, and triggers conformational changes in the remaining FimD domains. Taken together, these studies delineate an overall architecture of the full-length apo-FimD, provide detailed mechanic insight into the activation of apo-FimD, and explain why FimD could adjust its conformational states to perform multiple functions in each cycle of pilus subunit addition and ensure that pilus assembly proceeds progressively in a cellular energy-free environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 15 Datun Road , Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Chuanqi Sun
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 15 Datun Road , Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Long Han
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 15 Datun Road , Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Yuqi Yu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Haizhen Zhou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 15 Datun Road , Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Qiang Shao
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Jizhong Lou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China.,Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Yongfang Zhao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 15 Datun Road , Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Yihua Huang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 15 Datun Road , Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
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8
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Shi Y, Li R, White DJ, Biesbrock AR. Stannous Fluoride Effects on Gene Expression of Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces viscosus. Adv Dent Res 2018; 29:124-130. [PMID: 29355427 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517737027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A genome-wide transcriptional analysis was performed to elucidate the bacterial cellular response of Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces viscosus to NaF and SnF2. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of SnF2 were predetermined before microarray study. Gene expression profiling microarray experiments were carried out in the absence (control) and presence (experimental) of 10 ppm and 100 ppm Sn2+ (in the form of SnF2) and fluoride controls for 10-min exposures (4 biological replicates/treatment). These Sn2+ levels and treatment time were chosen because they have been shown to slow bacterial growth of S. mutans (10 ppm) and A. viscosus (100 ppm) without affecting cell viability. All data generated by microarray experiments were analyzed with bioinformatics tools by applying the following criteria: 1) a q value should be ≤0.05, and 2) an absolute fold change in transcript level should be ≥1.5. Microarray results showed SnF2 significantly inhibited several genes encoding enzymes of the galactose pathway upon a 10-min exposure versus a negative control: lacA and lacB (A and B subunits of the galactose-6-P isomerase), lacC (tagatose-6-P kinase), lacD (tagatose-1,6-bP adolase), galK (galactokinase), galT (galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase), and galE (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase). A gene fruK encoding fructose-1-phosphate kinase in the fructose pathway was also significantly inhibited. Several genes encoding fructose/mannose-specific enzyme IIABC components in the phosphotransferase system (PTS) were also downregulated, as was ldh encoding lactate dehydrogenase, a key enzyme involved in lactic acid synthesis. SnF2 downregulated the transcription of most key enzyme genes involved in the galactose pathway and also suppressed several key genes involved in the PTS, which transports sugars into the cell in the first step of glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shi
- 1 The Procter and Gamble Company, Beijing Technical Center, Beijing, China
| | - R Li
- 2 The Procter and Gamble Company, International Operations SA SG Branch, Singapore
| | - D J White
- 3 The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH, USA
| | - A R Biesbrock
- 3 The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH, USA
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9
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Handover mechanism of the growing pilus by the bacterial outer-membrane usher FimD. Nature 2018; 562:444-447. [PMID: 30283140 PMCID: PMC6309448 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Mamipour M, Yousefi M, Hasanzadeh M. An overview on molecular chaperones enhancing solubility of expressed recombinant proteins with correct folding. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:367-375. [PMID: 28412337 PMCID: PMC7185796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The majority of research topics declared that most of the recombinant proteins have been expressed by Escherichia coli in basic investigations. But the majority of high expressed proteins formed as inactive recombinant proteins that are called inclusion body. To overcome this problem, several methods have been used including suitable promoter, environmental factors, ladder tag to secretion of proteins into the periplasm, gene protein optimization, chemical chaperones and molecular chaperones sets. Co-expression of the interest protein with molecular chaperones is one of the common methods The chaperones are a group of proteins, which are involved in making correct folding of recombinant proteins. Chaperones are divided two groups including; cytoplasmic and periplasmic chaperones. Moreover, periplasmic chaperones and proteases can be manipulated to increase the yields of secreted proteins. In this article, we attempted to review cytoplasmic chaperones such as Hsp families and periplasmic chaperones including; generic chaperones, specialized chaperones, PPIases, and proteins involved in disulfide bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Mamipour
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Yousefi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasanzadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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11
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Kawahara K, Oki H, Fukakusa S, Yoshida T, Imai T, Maruno T, Kobayashi Y, Motooka D, Iida T, Ohkubo T, Nakamura S. Homo-trimeric Structure of the Type IVb Minor Pilin CofB Suggests Mechanism of CFA/III Pilus Assembly in Human Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:1209-1226. [PMID: 26876601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In gram-negative bacteria, the assembly of type IV pilus (T4P) and the evolutionally related pseudopilus of type II secretion system involves specialized structural proteins called pilins and pseudopilins, respectively, and is dynamically regulated to promote bacterial pathogenesis. Previous studies have suggested that a structural "tip"-like hetero-complex formed through the interaction of at least three minor (pseudo) pilins plays an important role in this process, while some members of the pathogenic type IVb subfamily are known to have only one such minor pilin subunit whose function is still unknown. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the type IVb minor pilin CofB of colonization factor antigen/III from human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli at 1.88-Å resolution. The crystal structure, in conjunction with physicochemical analysis in solution, reveals a symmetrical homo-trimeric arrangement distinct from the hetero-complexes of minor (pseudo) pilins observed in other T4P and type II secretion systems. Each CofB monomer adopts a unique three-domain architecture, in which the C-terminal β-sheet-rich lectin domain can effectively initiate trimer association of its pilin-like N-terminal domain through extensive hydrophobic interactions followed by domain swapping at the central hinge-like domain. Deletion of cofB produces a phenotype with no detectable pili formation on the cell surface, while molecular modeling indicates that the characteristic homo-trimeric structure of CofB is well situated at the pilus tip of colonization factor antigen/III formed by the major pilin CofA, suggesting a role for the minor pilin in the efficient initiation of T4P assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kawahara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroya Oki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Fukakusa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takuya Yoshida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoya Imai
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maruno
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Iida
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadayasu Ohkubo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shota Nakamura
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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12
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Shanks RMQ, Stella NA, Brothers KM, Polaski DM. Exploitation of a "hockey-puck" phenotype to identify pilus and biofilm regulators in Serratia marcescens through genetic analysis. Can J Microbiol 2015; 62:83-93. [PMID: 26640000 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pili are essential adhesive determinants for many bacterial pathogens. A suppressor mutation screen that takes advantage of a pilus-mediated self-aggregative "hockey-puck" colony phenotype was designed to identify novel regulators of type I pili in Serratia marcescens. Mutations that decreased pilus biosynthesis mapped to the fimABCD operon; to the genes alaT, fkpA, and oxyR; upstream of the flagellar master regulator operon flhDC; and to an uncharacterized gene encoding a predicted DUF1401 domain. Biofilm formation and pilus-dependent agglutination assays were used to characterize the relative importance of the identified genes in pilus biosynthesis. Additional mutagenic or complementation analysis was used to verify the role of candidate genes in pilus biosynthesis. Presented data support a model that CRP negatively regulates pilus biosynthesis through increased expression of flhDC and decreased expression of oxyR. Further studies are warranted to determine the mechanism by which these genes mediate pilus biosynthesis or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Q Shanks
- The Charles T. Campbell Laboratory, UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Research Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA.,The Charles T. Campbell Laboratory, UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Research Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
| | - Nicholas A Stella
- The Charles T. Campbell Laboratory, UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Research Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA.,The Charles T. Campbell Laboratory, UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Research Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
| | - Kimberly M Brothers
- The Charles T. Campbell Laboratory, UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Research Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA.,The Charles T. Campbell Laboratory, UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Research Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
| | - Denise M Polaski
- The Charles T. Campbell Laboratory, UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Research Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA.,The Charles T. Campbell Laboratory, UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Research Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
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13
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Martin-Cuadrado AB, Pašić L, Rodriguez-Valera F. Diversity of the cell-wall associated genomic island of the archaeon Haloquadratum walsbyi. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:603. [PMID: 26268990 PMCID: PMC4535781 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1794-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haloquadratum walsbyi represents up to 80% of cells in NaCl-saturated brines worldwide, but is notoriously difficult to maintain under laboratory conditions. In order to establish the extent of genetic diversity in a natural population of this microbe, we screened a H. walsbyi enriched metagenomic fosmid library and recovered seven novel version of its cell-wall associated genomic island. The fosmid inserts were sequenced and analysed. RESULTS The novel cell-wall associated islands delineated two major clades within H. walsbyi. The islands predominantly contained genes putatively involved in biosynthesis of surface layer, genes encoding cell surface glycoproteins and genes involved in envelope formation. We further found that these genes are maintained in the population and that the diversity of this region arises through homologous recombination but also through the action of mobile genetic elements, including viruses. CONCLUSIONS The population of H. walsbyi in the studied saltern brine is composed of numerous clonal lineages that differ in surface structures including the cell wall. This type of variation probably reflects a number of mechanisms that minimize the infection rate of predating viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Belen Martin-Cuadrado
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Microbiología, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Apartado 18, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Lejla Pašić
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Microbiología, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Apartado 18, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain. .,Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Francisco Rodriguez-Valera
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Microbiología, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Apartado 18, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
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14
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Laverty G, Gorman SP, Gilmore BF. Biomolecular Mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli Biofilm Formation. Pathogens 2014; 3:596-632. [PMID: 25438014 PMCID: PMC4243431 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens3030596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli are the most prevalent Gram-negative biofilm forming medical device associated pathogens, particularly with respect to catheter associated urinary tract infections. In a similar manner to Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative biofilm formation is fundamentally determined by a series of steps outlined more fully in this review, namely adhesion, cellular aggregation, and the production of an extracellular polymeric matrix. More specifically this review will explore the biosynthesis and role of pili and flagella in Gram-negative adhesion and accumulation on surfaces in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The process of biofilm maturation is compared and contrasted in both species, namely the production of the exopolysaccharides via the polysaccharide synthesis locus (Psl), pellicle Formation (Pel) and alginic acid synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and UDP-4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose and colonic acid synthesis in Escherichia coli. An emphasis is placed on the importance of the LuxR homologue sdiA; the luxS/autoinducer-II; an autoinducer-III/epinephrine/norepinephrine and indole mediated Quorum sensing systems in enabling Gram-negative bacteria to adapt to their environments. The majority of Gram-negative biofilms consist of polysaccharides of a simple sugar structure (either homo- or heteropolysaccharides) that provide an optimum environment for the survival and maturation of bacteria, allowing them to display increased resistance to antibiotics and predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry Laverty
- Biomaterials, Biofilm and Infection Control Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Sean P Gorman
- Biomaterials, Biofilm and Infection Control Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Brendan F Gilmore
- Biomaterials, Biofilm and Infection Control Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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15
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de Regt AK, Yin Y, Withers TR, Wang X, Baker TA, Sauer RT, Yu HD. Overexpression of CupB5 activates alginate overproduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by a novel AlgW-dependent mechanism. Mol Microbiol 2014; 93:415-25. [PMID: 24913916 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, alginate overproduction, also known as mucoidy, is negatively regulated by the transmembrane protein MucA, which sequesters the alternative sigma factor AlgU. MucA is degraded via a proteolysis pathway that frees AlgU from sequestration, activating alginate biosynthesis. Initiation of this pathway normally requires two signals: peptide sequences in unassembled outer-membrane proteins (OMPs) activate the AlgW protease, and unassembled lipopolysaccharides bind periplasmic MucB, releasing MucA and facilitating its proteolysis by activated AlgW. To search for novel alginate regulators, we screened a transposon library in the non-mucoid reference strain PAO1, and identified a mutant that confers mucoidy through overexpression of a protein encoded by the chaperone-usher pathway gene cupB5. CupB5-dependent mucoidy occurs through the AlgU pathway and can be reversed by overexpression of MucA or MucB. In the presence of activating OMP peptides, peptides corresponding to a region of CupB5 needed for mucoidy further stimulated AlgW cleavage of MucA in vitro. Moreover, the CupB5 peptide allowed OMP-activated AlgW cleavage of MucA in the presence of the MucB inhibitor. These results support a novel mechanism for conversion to mucoidy in which the proteolytic activity of AlgW and its ability to compete with MucB for MucA is mediated by independent peptide signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K de Regt
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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16
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FimY does not interfere with FimZ-FimW interaction during type 1 fimbria production by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Infect Immun 2013; 81:4453-60. [PMID: 24042120 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00795-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of type 1 fimbriae in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is controlled, in part, by three proteins, FimZ, FimY, and FimW. Amino acid sequence analysis indicates that FimZ belongs to the family of bacterial response regulators of two-component systems. In these studies, we have demonstrated that introducing a mutation mimicking phosphorylation of FimZ is necessary for activation of its target gene, fimA. In addition, the interaction of FimZ with FimW, a repressor of fimA expression, occurs only when FimZ is phosphorylated. Consequently, the negative regulatory effect of FimW is most likely due to downmodulation of the active FimZ protein. FimY does not appear to function as a response regulator, and its activity can be lost by mimicking the phosphorylation of FimY. Overproduction of FimY cannot alleviate the nonfimbriate phenotype in a FimZ mutant, whereas high levels of FimZ can overcome the nonfimbriate phenotype of a FimY mutant. It appears that FimY acts upstream of FimZ to activate fimA expression.
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17
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Prohorov DA, Tischenko VM. Thermodynamic parameters of stabilization of the Yersinia pestis Caf113-149 subunit in compact form. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350913040155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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18
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The structure of the CS1 pilus of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli reveals structural polymorphism. J Bacteriol 2012; 195:1360-70. [PMID: 23175654 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01989-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a bacterial pathogen that causes diarrhea in children and travelers in developing countries. ETEC adheres to host epithelial cells in the small intestine via a variety of different pili. The CS1 pilus is a prototype for a family of related pili, including the CFA/I pili, present on ETEC and other Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. These pili are assembled by an outer membrane usher protein that catalyzes subunit polymerization via donor strand complementation, in which the N terminus of each incoming pilin subunit fits into a hydrophobic groove in the terminal subunit, completing a β-sheet in the Ig fold. Here we determined a crystal structure of the CS1 major pilin subunit, CooA, to a 1.6-Å resolution. CooA is a globular protein with an Ig fold and is similar in structure to the CFA/I major pilin CfaB. We determined three distinct negative-stain electron microscopic reconstructions of the CS1 pilus and generated pseudoatomic-resolution pilus structures using the CooA crystal structure. CS1 pili adopt multiple structural states with differences in subunit orientations and packing. We propose that the structural perturbations are accommodated by flexibility in the N-terminal donor strand of CooA and by plasticity in interactions between exposed flexible loops on adjacent subunits. Our results suggest that CS1 and other pili of this class are extensible filaments that can be stretched in response to mechanical stress encountered during colonization.
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19
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Fimbrial Polyadhesins: Anti-immune Armament of Yersinia. ADVANCES IN YERSINIA RESEARCH 2012; 954:183-201. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3561-7_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Nenninger AA, Robinson LS, Hammer ND, Epstein EA, Badtke MP, Hultgren SJ, Chapman MR. CsgE is a curli secretion specificity factor that prevents amyloid fibre aggregation. Mol Microbiol 2011; 81:486-99. [PMID: 21645131 PMCID: PMC3134098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Curli are extracellular amyloid fibres produced by Escherichia coli that are critical for biofilm formation and adhesion to biotic and abiotic surfaces. CsgA and CsgB are the major and minor curli subunits, respectively, while CsgE, CsgF and CsgG direct the extracellular localization and assembly of curli subunits into fibres. The secretion and stability of CsgA and CsgB are dependent on the outer membrane lipoprotein CsgG. Here, we identified functional interactions between CsgG and CsgE during curli secretion. We discovered that CsgG overexpression restored curli production to a csgE strain under curli-inducing conditions. In antibiotic sensitivity and protein secretion assays, CsgG expression alone allowed translocation of erythromycin and small periplasmic proteins across the outer membrane. Coexpression of CsgE with CsgG blocked non-specific protein and antibiotic passage across the outer membrane. However, CsgE did not block secretion of proteins containing a 22-amino-acid putative outer membrane secretion signal of CsgA (A22). Finally, using purified proteins, we found that CsgE prohibited the self-assembly of CsgA into amyloid fibres. Collectively, these data indicate that CsgE provides substrate specificity to the curli secretion pore CsgG, and acts directly on the secretion substrate CsgA to prevent premature subunit assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A. Nenninger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8230 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lloyd S. Robinson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8230 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Neal D. Hammer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 830 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Elisabeth Ashman Epstein
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 830 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthew P. Badtke
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 830 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Scott J. Hultgren
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8230 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew R. Chapman
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 830 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Hartmann M, Lindhorst TK. The Bacterial Lectin FimH, a Target for Drug Discovery – Carbohydrate Inhibitors of Type 1 Fimbriae‐Mediated Bacterial Adhesion. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Hartmann
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christiana Albertina University of Kiel Otto‐Hahn‐Platz 3/4, 24098 Kiel, Germany, Fax: +49‐431‐880‐7410
| | - Thisbe K. Lindhorst
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christiana Albertina University of Kiel Otto‐Hahn‐Platz 3/4, 24098 Kiel, Germany, Fax: +49‐431‐880‐7410
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22
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Abstract
Motility is a common behaviour in prokaryotes. Both bacteria and archaea use flagella for swimming motility, but it has been well documented that structures of the flagellum from these two domains of life are completely different, although they contribute to a similar function. Interestingly, information available to date has revealed that structurally archaeal flagella are more similar to bacterial type IV pili rather than to bacterial flagella. With the increasing genome sequence information and advancement in genetic tools for archaea, identification of the components involved in the assembly of the archaeal flagellum is possible. A subset of these components shows similarities to components from type IV pilus-assembly systems. Whereas the molecular players involved in assembly of the archaeal flagellum are being identified, the mechanics and dynamics of the assembly of the archaeal flagellum have yet to be established. Recent computational analysis in our laboratory has identified conserved highly charged loop regions within one of the core proteins of the flagellum, the membrane integral protein FlaJ, and predicted that these are involved in the interaction with the assembly ATPase FlaI. Interestingly, considerable variation was found among the loops of FlaJ from the two major subkingdoms of archaea, the Euryarchaeota and the Crenarchaeota. Understanding the assembly pathway and creating an interaction map of the molecular players in the archaeal flagellum will shed light on the details of the assembly and also the evolutionary relationship to the bacterial type IV pili-assembly systems.
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23
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Chen FJ, Chan CH, Huang YJ, Liu KL, Peng HL, Chang HY, Liou GG, Yew TR, Liu CH, Hsu KY, Hsu L. Structural and mechanical properties of Klebsiella pneumoniae type 3 Fimbriae. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:1718-25. [PMID: 21239584 PMCID: PMC3067671 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01395-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the structural and mechanical properties of Klebsiella pneumoniae type 3 fimbriae, which constitute a known virulence factor for the bacterium. Transmission electron microscopy and optical tweezers were used to understand the ability of the bacterium to survive flushes. An individual K. pneumoniae type 3 fimbria exhibited a helix-like structure with a pitch of 4.1 nm and a three-phase force-extension curve. The fimbria was first nonlinearly stretched with increasing force. Then, it started to uncoil and extended several micrometers at a fixed force of 66 ± 4 pN (n = 22). Finally, the extension of the fimbria shifted to the third phase, with a characteristic force of 102 ± 9 pN (n = 14) at the inflection point. Compared with the P fimbriae and type 1 fimbriae of uropathogenic Escherichia coli, K. pneumoniae type 3 fimbriae have a larger pitch in the helix-like structure and stronger uncoiling and characteristic forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jung Chen
- Institute and Department of Electrophysics, Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Life Sciences, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China, Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Jhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Han Chan
- Institute and Department of Electrophysics, Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Life Sciences, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China, Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Jhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jung Huang
- Institute and Department of Electrophysics, Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Life Sciences, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China, Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Jhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuo-Liang Liu
- Institute and Department of Electrophysics, Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Life Sciences, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China, Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Jhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hwei-Ling Peng
- Institute and Department of Electrophysics, Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Life Sciences, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China, Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Jhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hwan-You Chang
- Institute and Department of Electrophysics, Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Life Sciences, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China, Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Jhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Gunn-Guang Liou
- Institute and Department of Electrophysics, Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Life Sciences, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China, Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Jhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tri-Rung Yew
- Institute and Department of Electrophysics, Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Life Sciences, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China, Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Jhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Hsien Liu
- Institute and Department of Electrophysics, Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Life Sciences, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China, Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Jhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ken Y. Hsu
- Institute and Department of Electrophysics, Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Life Sciences, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China, Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Jhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Long Hsu
- Institute and Department of Electrophysics, Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Life Sciences, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China, Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Jhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Cai X, Wang R, Filloux A, Waksman G, Meng G. Structural and functional characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa CupB chaperones. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16583. [PMID: 21304995 PMCID: PMC3031594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an important human pathogen, is estimated to be responsible for ∼10% of nosocomial infections worldwide. The pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa starts from its colonization in the damaged tissue or medical devices (e.g. catheters, prothesis and implanted heart valve etc.) facilitated by several extracellular adhesive factors including fimbrial pili. Several clusters containing fimbrial genes have been previously identified on the P. aeruginosa chromosome and named cup[1]. The assembly of the CupB pili is thought to be coordinated by two chaperones, CupB2 and CupB4. However, due to the lack of structural and biochemical data, their chaperone activities remain speculative. In this study, we report the 2.5 Å crystal structure of P. aeruginosa CupB2. Based on the structure, we further tested the binding specificity of CupB2 and CupB4 towards CupB1 (the presumed major pilus subunit) and CupB6 (the putative adhesin) using limited trypsin digestion and strep-tactin pull-down assay. The structural and biochemical data suggest that CupB2 and CupB4 might play different, but not redundant, roles in CupB secretion. CupB2 is likely to be the chaperone of CupB1, and CupB4 could be the chaperone of CupB4:CupB5:CupB6, in which the interaction of CupB4 and CupB6 might be mediated via CupB5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology at UCL/Birkbeck, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Filloux
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (GM); (AF)
| | - Gabriel Waksman
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology at UCL/Birkbeck, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guoyu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (GM); (AF)
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25
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Axner O, Andersson M, Björnham O, Castelain M, Klinth J, Koutris E, Schedin S. Assessing bacterial adhesion on an individual adhesin and single pili level using optical tweezers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 715:301-13. [PMID: 21557072 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0940-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Optical tweezers (OT) are a technique that, by focused laser light, can both manipulate micrometer sized objects and measure minute forces (in the pN range) in biological systems. The technique is therefore suitable for assessment of bacterial adhesion on an individual adhesin-receptor and single attachment organelle (pili) level. This chapter summarizes the use of OT for assessment of adhesion mechanisms of both non-piliated and piliated bacteria. The latter include the important helix-like pili expressed by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), which have shown to have unique and intricate biomechanical properties. It is conjectured that the large flexibility of this type of pili allows for a redistribution of an external shear force among several pili, thereby extending the adhesion lifetime of bacteria. Systems with helix-like adhesion organelles may therefore act as dynamic biomechanical machineries, enhancing the ability of bacteria to withstand high shear forces originating from rinsing flows such as in the urinary tract. This implies that pili constitute an important virulence factor and a possible target for future anti-microbial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ove Axner
- Department of Physics, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Castelain M, Ehlers S, Klinth J, Lindberg S, Andersson M, Uhlin BE, Axner O. Fast uncoiling kinetics of F1C pili expressed by uropathogenic Escherichia coli are revealed on a single pilus level using force-measuring optical tweezers. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2010; 40:305-16. [PMID: 21161524 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-010-0648-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) express various kinds of organelles, so-called pili or fimbriae, that mediate adhesion to host tissue in the urinary tract through specific receptor-adhesin interactions. The biomechanical properties of these pili have been considered important for the ability of bacteria to withstand shear forces from rinsing urine flows. Force-measuring optical tweezers have been used to characterize individual organelles of F1C type expressed by UPEC bacteria with respect to such properties. Qualitatively, the force-versus-elongation response was found to be similar to that of other types of helix-like pili expressed by UPEC, i.e., type 1, P, and S, with force-induced elongation in three regions, one of which represents the important uncoiling mechanism of the helix-like quaternary structure. Quantitatively, the steady-state uncoiling force was assessed as 26.4 ±1.4 pN, which is similar to those of other pili (which range from 21 pN for S(I) to 30 pN for type 1). The corner velocity for dynamic response (1,400 nm/s) was found to be larger than those of the other pili (400-700 nm/s for S and P pili, and 6 nm/s for type 1). The kinetics were found to be faster, with a thermal opening rate of 17 Hz, a few times higher than S and P pili, and three orders of magnitude higher than type 1. These data suggest that F1C pili are, like P and S pili, evolutionarily selected to primarily withstand the conditions expressed in the upper urinary tract.
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Pia̧tek R, Bruździak P, Wojciechowski M, Zalewska-Pia̧tek B, Kur J. The Noncanonical Disulfide Bond as the Important Stabilizing Element of the Immunoglobulin Fold of the Dr Fimbrial DraE Subunit. Biochemistry 2010; 49:1460-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bi901896b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Pia̧tek
- Department of Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Bruździak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marek Wojciechowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Beata Zalewska-Pia̧tek
- Department of Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Józef Kur
- Department of Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Zav'yalov V, Zavialov A, Zav'yalova G, Korpela T. Adhesive organelles of Gram-negative pathogens assembled with the classical chaperone/usher machinery: structure and function from a clinical standpoint. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2009; 34:317-78. [PMID: 20070375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes current knowledge on the structure, function, assembly and biomedical applications of the superfamily of adhesive fimbrial organelles exposed on the surface of Gram-negative pathogens with the classical chaperone/usher machinery. High-resolution three-dimensional (3D) structure studies of the minifibers assembling with the FGL (having a long F1-G1 loop) and FGS (having a short F1-G1 loop) chaperones show that they exploit the same principle of donor-strand complementation for polymerization of subunits. The 3D structure of adhesive subunits bound to host-cell receptors and the final architecture of adhesive fimbrial organelles reveal two functional families of the organelles, respectively, possessing polyadhesive and monoadhesive binding. The FGL and FGS chaperone-assembled polyadhesins are encoded exclusively by the gene clusters of the γ3- and κ-monophyletic groups, respectively, while gene clusters belonging to the γ1-, γ2-, γ4-, and π-fimbrial clades exclusively encode FGS chaperone-assembled monoadhesins. Novel approaches are suggested for a rational design of antimicrobials inhibiting the organelle assembly or inhibiting their binding to host-cell receptors. Vaccines are currently under development based on the recombinant subunits of adhesins.
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Pia̧tek R, Bruździak P, Zalewska-Pia̧tek B, Kur J, Stangret J. Preclusion of Irreversible Destruction of Dr Adhesin Structures by a High Activation Barrier for the Unfolding Stage of the Fimbrial DraE Subunit. Biochemistry 2009; 48:11807-16. [DOI: 10.1021/bi900920k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Intramolecular amide bonds stabilize pili on the surface of bacilli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:19992-7. [PMID: 19903875 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0910887106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-positive bacteria elaborate pili and do so without the participation of folding chaperones or disulfide bond catalysts. Sortases, enzymes that cut pilin precursors, form covalent bonds that link pilin subunits and assemble pili on the bacterial surface. We determined the x-ray structure of BcpA, the major pilin subunit of Bacillus cereus. The BcpA precursor encompasses 2 Ig folds (CNA(2) and CNA(3)) and one jelly-roll domain (XNA) each of which synthesizes a single intramolecular amide bond. A fourth amide bond, derived from the Ig fold of CNA(1), is formed only after pilin subunits have been incorporated into pili. We report that the domains of pilin precursors have evolved to synthesize a discrete sequence of intramolecular amide bonds, thereby conferring structural stability and protease resistance to pili.
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Lukyanenko V, Chikando A, Lederer WJ. Mitochondria in cardiomyocyte Ca2+ signaling. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:1957-71. [PMID: 19703657 PMCID: PMC3522519 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+) signaling is of vital importance to cardiac cell function and plays an important role in heart failure. It is based on sarcolemmal, sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial Ca(2+) cycling. While the first two are well characterized, the latter remains unclear, controversial and technically challenging. In mammalian cardiac myocytes, Ca(2+) influx through L-type calcium channels in the sarcolemmal membrane triggers Ca(2+) release from the nearby junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum to produce Ca(2+) sparks. When this triggering is synchronized by the cardiac action potential, a global [Ca(2+)](i) transient arises from coordinated Ca(2+) release events. The ends of intermyofibrillar mitochondria are located within 20 nm of the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum and thereby experience a high local [Ca(2+)] during the Ca(2+) release process. Both local and global Ca(2+) signals may thus influence calcium signaling in mitochondria and, reciprocally, mitochondria may contribute to the local control of calcium signaling. In addition to the intermyofibrillar mitochondria, morphologically distinct mitochondria are also located in the perinuclear and subsarcolemmal regions of the cardiomyocyte and thus experience a different local [Ca(2+)]. Here we review the literature in regard to several issues of broad interest: (1) the ultrastructural basis for mitochondrion - sarcoplasmic reticulum cross-signaling; (2) mechanisms of sarcoplasmic reticulum signaling; (3) mitochondrial calcium signaling; and (4) the possible interplay of calcium signaling between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and adjacent mitochondria. Finally, this review discusses experimental findings and mathematical models of cardiac calcium signaling between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, identifies weaknesses in these models, and suggests strategies and approaches for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriy Lukyanenko
- Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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de Breij A, Gaddy J, van der Meer J, Koning R, Koster A, van den Broek P, Actis L, Nibbering P, Dijkshoorn L. CsuA/BABCDE-dependent pili are not involved in the adherence of Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC19606T to human airway epithelial cells and their inflammatory response. Res Microbiol 2009; 160:213-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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34
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Mrsny RJ. Lessons from nature: "Pathogen-Mimetic" systems for mucosal nano-medicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:172-92. [PMID: 19146895 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces establish an interface with external environments that provide a protective barrier with the capacity to selectively absorb and secrete materials important for homeostasis of the organism. In man, mucosal surfaces such as those in the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tree and genitourinary system also represent significant barrier to the successful administration of certain pharmaceutical agents and the delivery of newly designed nano-scale therapeutic systems. This review examines morphological, physiological and biochemical aspects of these mucosal barriers and presents currently understood mechanisms used by a variety of virulence factors used by pathogenic bacteria to overcome various aspects of these mucosal barriers. Such information emphasizes the impediments that biologically active materials must overcome for absorption across these mucosal surfaces and provides a template for strategies to overcome these barriers for the successful delivery of nano-scale bioactive materials, also known as nano-medicines.
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Meng G, Fronzes R, Chandran V, Remaut H, Waksman G. Protein oligomerization in the bacterial outer membrane (Review). Mol Membr Biol 2009; 26:136-45. [PMID: 19225986 DOI: 10.1080/09687680802712422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The formation of homo-oligomeric assemblies is a well-established characteristic of many soluble proteins and enzymes. Oligomerization has been shown to increase protein stability, allow allosteric cooperativity, shape reaction compartments and provide multivalent interaction sites in soluble proteins. In comparison, our understanding of the prevalence and reasons behind protein oligomerization in membrane proteins is relatively sparse. Recent progress in structural biology of bacterial outer membrane proteins has suggested that oligomerization may be as common and versatile as in soluble proteins. Here we review the current understanding of oligomerization in the bacterial outer membrane from a structural and functional point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyu Meng
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and Birkbeck College, London, UK
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36
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Knight SD, Bouckaert J. Structure, Function, and Assembly of Type 1 Fimbriae. GLYCOSCIENCE AND MICROBIAL ADHESION 2009; 288:67-107. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2008_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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37
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Huang YJ, Liao HW, Wu CC, Peng HL. MrkF is a component of type 3 fimbriae in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Res Microbiol 2008; 160:71-9. [PMID: 19028568 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae type 3 fimbriae are encoded by mrkABCDF genes which produce the major pilin subunit MrkA, chaperone MrkB, outer membrane usher MrkC, adhesin MrkD and MrkF of unknown function, respectively. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the mrkF gene is contained within the mrk operon. Deletion of mrkF in K. pneumoniae CG43 was found to reduce biofilm formation. A higher level of biofilm formation activity was also observed in recombinant Escherichia coli JM109[pmrkABCDF] compared to that observed for JM109[pmrkABCD]. Immunoelectron microscopy analysis of recombinant type 3 fimbriae using anti-MrkA and anti-MrkF antibody-labeled gold particles revealed that MrkF intermittently inserted into the MrkA filament. An interaction between recombinant MrkA and MrkF was demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation analysis, further supporting the notion that MrkF is a structural component of the fimbriae. Intriguingly, the incorporation of MrkF appeared to decrease fimbrial length but increased activity of autoaggregation and biofilm formation in the bacteria JM109[pmrkABCDF]. This suggested that MrkF may play a role in assembly of the filament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jung Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin Chu, 30050 Taiwan, Republic of China
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38
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39
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40
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Salih O, Remaut H, Waksman G, Orlova EV. Structural analysis of the Saf pilus by electron microscopy and image processing. J Mol Biol 2008; 379:174-87. [PMID: 18448124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pili are important virulence factors involved in host cell attachment and/or biofilm formation, key steps in establishing and maintaining successful infection. Here we studied Salmonella atypical fimbriae (or Saf pili), formed by the conserved chaperone/usher pathway. In contrast to the well-established quaternary structure of typical/FGS-chaperone assembled, rod-shaped, chaperone/usher pili, little is known about the supramolecular organisation in atypical/FGL-chaperone assembled fimbriae. In our study, we have used negative stain electron microscopy and single-particle image analysis to determine the three-dimensional structure of the Salmonella typhimurium Saf pilus. Our results show atypical/FGL-chaperone assembled fimbriae are composed of highly flexible linear multi-subunit fibres that are formed by globular subunits connected to each other by short links giving a "beads on a string"-like appearance. Quantitative fitting of the atomic structure of the SafA pilus subunit into the electron density maps, in combination with linker modelling and energy minimisation, has enabled analysis of subunit arrangement and intersubunit interactions in the Saf pilus. Short intersubunit linker regions provide the molecular basis for flexibility of the Saf pilus by acting as molecular hinges allowing a large range of movement between consecutive subunits in the fibre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Salih
- Institute of Structural Molecular Biology at UCL/Birkbeck, London WC1E 7HX, UK
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41
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Burmølle M, Bahl MI, Jensen LB, Sørensen SJ, Hansen LH. Type 3 fimbriae, encoded by the conjugative plasmid pOLA52, enhance biofilm formation and transfer frequencies in Enterobacteriaceae strains. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2008; 154:187-195. [PMID: 18174137 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/010454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The conjugative plasmid pOLA52, which confers resistance to olaquindox and other antimicrobial agents through a multidrug efflux pump, was investigated for its ability to promote biofilm formation in Escherichia coli. Screening of a transposon-mutagenized pOLA52 clone library revealed several biofilm-deficient mutants, which all mapped within a putative operon with high homology to the mrkABCDF operon of Klebsiella pneumoniae, where these genes are responsible for type 3 fimbriae expression, attachment to surfaces and biofilm formation. Biofilm formation in microtitre plates and in urinary catheters of clones containing pOLA52 with a disrupted putative mrk operon was reduced by more than 100-fold and 2-fold, respectively, compared to mutants with an intact mrk operon. The conjugative transfer rate of pOLA52 was also significantly lower when the mrk operon was disrupted. Through reverse transcriptase analysis, it was demonstrated that the genes contained in the putative mrk operon were linked and likely to be expressed as a single operon. Immunoblotting with type 3 fimbriae (MrkA)-specific antibodies further verified expression of type 3 fimbriae. When transferred to other, potentially pathogenic, members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella Typhimurium, Kluyvera sp. and Enterobacter aerogenes, pOLA52 facilitated increased biofilm formation. pOLA52 is believed to represent the first example of a conjugative plasmid encoding type 3 fimbriae, resulting in enhanced conjugation frequencies and biofilm formation of the plasmid-harbouring strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Burmølle
- Department of Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Martin Iain Bahl
- Department of Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Lars Bogø Jensen
- Unit for Antimicrobial Resistance, The National Food Institute, DTU, Denmark
| | - Søren J Sørensen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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Crystal structure of the ternary FimC-FimFt-FimDNcomplex indicates conserved pilus chaperone-subunit complex recognition by the usher FimD. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:651-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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43
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Meissner A, Wild V, Simm R, Rohde M, Erck C, Bredenbruch F, Morr M, Römling U, Häussler S. Pseudomonas aeruginosa cupA-encoded fimbriae expression is regulated by a GGDEF and EAL domain-dependent modulation of the intracellular level of cyclic diguanylate. Environ Microbiol 2008; 9:2475-85. [PMID: 17803773 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic-diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is a widespread bacterial signal molecule that plays a major role in the modulation of cellular surface components, such as exopolysaccharides and fimbriae, and in the establishment of a sessile life style. Here, we report that intracellular c-di-GMP levels influence cupA-encoded fimbriae expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In an autoaggregative P. aeruginosa small colony variant (SCV) CupA fimbriae and the intracellular c-di-GMP concentration were found to be enhanced as compared with the clonal wild-type. The SCV morphology and the expression of CupA fimbriae were dependent on a functional PA1120 and morA gene both encoding a GGDEF domain. Overexpression of the GGDEF domain protein PA1120 complemented the PA1120 and the morA mutant with respect to CupA fimbriae expression. In agreement with these findings, overexpression of the EAL domain containing phenotypic variance regulator (PvrR) in the SCV resulted in a decreased intracellular level of c-di-GMP, a reduced cupA fimbriae expression and a switch to wild-type colony morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andree Meissner
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Donor-Strand Exchange in Chaperone-Assisted Pilus Assembly Revealed in Atomic Detail by Molecular Dynamics. J Mol Biol 2008; 375:908-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 10/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Clinically significant antibiotic resistance has evolved against virtually every antibiotic deployed. Yet the development of new classes of antibiotics has lagged far behind our growing need for such drugs. Rather than focusing on therapeutics that target in vitro viability, much like conventional antibiotics, an alternative approach is to target functions essential for infection, such as virulence factors required to cause host damage and disease. This approach has several potential advantages including expanding the repertoire of bacterial targets, preserving the host endogenous microbiome, and exerting less selective pressure, which may result in decreased resistance. We review new approaches to targeting virulence, discuss their advantages and disadvantages, and propose that in addition to targeting virulence, new antimicrobial development strategies should be expanded to include targeting bacterial gene functions that are essential for in vivo viability. We highlight both new advances in identifying these functions and prospects for antimicrobial discovery targeting this unexploited area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Clatworthy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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46
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Gossert AD, Bettendorff P, Puorger C, Vetsch M, Herrmann T, Glockshuber R, Wüthrich K. NMR structure of the Escherichia coli type 1 pilus subunit FimF and its interactions with other pilus subunits. J Mol Biol 2007; 375:752-63. [PMID: 18048056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 pili from uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains mediate bacterial attachment to target receptors on the host tissue. They are composed of up to 3000 copies of the subunit FimA, which form the stiff, helical pilus rod, and the subunits FimF, FimG, and FimH, which form the linear tip fibrillum. All subunits in the pilus interact via donor strand complementation, in which the incomplete immunoglobulin-like fold of each subunit is complemented by insertion of an N-terminal extension from the following subunit. We determined the NMR structure of a monomeric, self-complemented variant of FimF, FimF(F), which has a second FimF donor strand segment fused to its C-terminus that enables intramolecular complementation of the FimF fold. NMR studies on bimolecular complexes between FimF(F) and donor strand-depleted variants of FimF and FimG revealed that the relative orientations of neighboring domains in the tip fibrillum cover a wide range. The data provide strong support for the intrinsic flexibility of the tip fibrillum. They lend further support to the hypothesis that this flexibility would significantly increase the probability that the adhesin at the distal end of the fibrillum successfully targets host cell receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvar D Gossert
- Institut für Molekularbiologie und Biophysik, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Zavialov A, Zav'yalova G, Korpela T, Zav'yalov V. FGL chaperone-assembled fimbrial polyadhesins: anti-immune armament of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2007; 31:478-514. [PMID: 17576202 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2007.00075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current knowledge on the structure, function, assembly, and biomedical applications of the family of adhesive fimbrial organelles assembled on the surface of Gram-negative pathogens via the FGL chaperone/usher pathway. Recent studies revealed the unique structural and functional properties of these organelles, distinguishing them from a related family, FGS chaperone-assembled adhesive pili. The FGL chaperone-assembled organelles consist of linear polymers of one or two types of protein subunits, each possessing one or two independent adhesive sites specific to different host cell receptors. This structural organization enables these fimbrial organelles to function as polyadhesins. Fimbrial polyadhesins may ensure polyvalent fastening of bacteria to the host cells, aggregating their receptors and triggering subversive signals that allow pathogens to evade immune defense. The FGL chaperone-assembled fimbrial polyadhesins are attractive targets for vaccine and drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Zavialov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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48
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Van Molle I, Joensuu JJ, Buts L, Panjikar S, Kotiaho M, Bouckaert J, Wyns L, Niklander-Teeri V, De Greve H. Chloroplasts assemble the major subunit FaeG of Escherichia coli F4 (K88) fimbriae to strand-swapped dimers. J Mol Biol 2007; 368:791-9. [PMID: 17368480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
F4 fimbriae encoded by the fae operon are the major colonization factors associated with porcine neonatal and postweaning diarrhoea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Via the chaperone/usher pathway, the F4 fimbriae are assembled as long polymers of the major subunit FaeG, which also possesses the adhesive properties of the fimbriae. Intrinsically, the incomplete fold of fimbrial subunits renders them unstable and susceptible to aggregation and/or proteolytic degradation in the absence of a specific periplasmic chaperone. In order to test the possibility of producing FaeG in plants, FaeG expression was studied in transgenic tobacco plants. FaeG was directed to different subcellular compartments by specific targeting signals. Targeting of FaeG to the chloroplast results in much higher yields than FaeG targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum or the apoplast. Two chloroplast-targeted FaeG variants were purified from tobacco plants and crystallized. The crystal structures show that chloroplasts circumvent the absence of the fimbrial assembly machinery by assembling FaeG into strand-swapped dimers. Furthermore, the structures reveal how FaeG combines the structural requirements of a major fimbrial subunit with its adhesive role by grafting an additional domain on its Ig-like core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Van Molle
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Brussels, Belgium
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49
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Quinaud M, Plé S, Job V, Contreras-Martel C, Simorre JP, Attree I, Dessen A. Structure of the heterotrimeric complex that regulates type III secretion needle formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:7803-8. [PMID: 17470796 PMCID: PMC1876528 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610098104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III secretion systems (T3SS), found in several Gram-negative pathogens, are nanomachines involved in the transport of virulence effectors directly into the cytoplasm of target cells. T3SS are essentially composed of basal membrane-embedded ring-like structures and a hollow needle formed by a single polymerized protein. Within the bacterial cytoplasm, the T3SS needle protein requires two distinct chaperones for stabilization before its secretion, without which the entire T3SS is nonfunctional. The 2.0-A x-ray crystal structure of the PscE-PscF(55-85)-PscG heterotrimeric complex from Pseudomonas aeruginosa reveals that the C terminus of the needle protein PscF is engulfed within the hydrophobic groove of the tetratricopeptide-like molecule PscG, indicating that the macromolecular scaffold necessary to stabilize the T3SS needle is totally distinct from chaperoned complexes between pilus- or flagellum-forming molecules. Disruption of specific PscG-PscF interactions leads to impairment of bacterial cytotoxicity toward macrophages, indicating that this essential heterotrimer, which possesses homologs in a wide variety of pathogens, is a unique attractive target for the development of novel antibacterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuelle Quinaud
- *Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, 41 Rue Jules Horowitz, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5075, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Joseph Fourier, 38027 Grenoble, France; and
| | - Sophie Plé
- Institut de Recherches en Technologie et Sciences pour le Vivant, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5092, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Joseph Fourier, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Viviana Job
- *Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, 41 Rue Jules Horowitz, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5075, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Joseph Fourier, 38027 Grenoble, France; and
| | - Carlos Contreras-Martel
- *Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, 41 Rue Jules Horowitz, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5075, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Joseph Fourier, 38027 Grenoble, France; and
| | - Jean-Pierre Simorre
- *Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, 41 Rue Jules Horowitz, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5075, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Joseph Fourier, 38027 Grenoble, France; and
| | - Ina Attree
- Institut de Recherches en Technologie et Sciences pour le Vivant, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5092, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Joseph Fourier, 38054 Grenoble, France
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Andréa Dessen
- *Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, 41 Rue Jules Horowitz, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5075, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Joseph Fourier, 38027 Grenoble, France; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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Sperling O, Dubber M, Lindhorst TK. Functionalization of oligosaccharide mimetics and multimerization using squaric diester-mediated coupling. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:696-703. [PMID: 17234164 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized carbohydrate-centered glycoclusters formed the starting material for the synthesis of tagged oligosaccharide and glycoconjugate mimetics, which were obtained by thiourea-bridging, peptide coupling and in particular squaric diester-mediated coupling. The latter method could also be utilized to provide new multivalent glycoconjugates, which were tested for their anti-adhesive properties in an ELISA with Escherichia coli bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Sperling
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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