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Operative Management in Stage IV Breast Cancer. Surg Clin North Am 2023; 103:93-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Therapeutic Potential of Thymoquinone in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Prevention and Progression through the Modulation of the Tumor Microenvironment. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010079. [PMID: 35010954 PMCID: PMC8746460 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, the tumor microenvironment (TME) has gained considerable attention in various areas of cancer research due to its role in driving a loss of immune surveillance and enabling rapid advanced tumor development and progression. The TME plays an integral role in driving advanced aggressive breast cancers, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a pivotal mediator for tumor cells to communicate with the surrounding cells via lymphatic and circulatory systems. Furthermore, the TME plays a significant role in all steps and stages of carcinogenesis by promoting and stimulating uncontrolled cell proliferation and protecting tumor cells from the immune system. Various cellular components of the TME work together to drive cancer processes, some of which include tumor-associated adipocytes, fibroblasts, macrophages, and neutrophils which sustain perpetual amplification and release of pro-inflammatory molecules such as cytokines. Thymoquinone (TQ), a natural chemical component from black cumin seed, is widely used traditionally and now in clinical trials for the treatment/prevention of multiple types of cancer, showing a potential to mitigate components of TME at various stages by various pathways. In this review, we focus on the role of TME in TNBC cancer progression and the effect of TQ on the TME, emphasizing their anticipated role in the prevention and treatment of TNBC. It was concluded from this review that the multiple components of the TME serve as a critical part of TNBC tumor promotion and stimulation of uncontrolled cell proliferation. Meanwhile, TQ could be a crucial compound in the prevention and progression of TNBC therapy through the modulation of the TME.
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Primary tumor removal improves the prognosis in patients with stage IV breast cancer: A population-based study (cohort study). Int J Surg 2020; 83:109-114. [PMID: 32931976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvant therapy including chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and radiotherapy were often used as a common stereotypy for female stage IV breast cancer rather than surgery. This study aimed to define the role of local surgery in metastatic breast cancer. Female metastatic breast cancer patients were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program data (2010-2013). We compared survival time between patients who received primary tumor removal (PTR) versus those who did not. Multivariate Cox regression models and competitive risk models were built to adjust potential confounders. Of 7669 female stage IV breast cancer patients, 2704 (35.3%) had surgery on their breast tumor and 4965 (64.7%) did not. In the entire cohort, women who underwent PTR had a 45% reduced risk of breast cancer-related death (multi-adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.55; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.60) compared with women who did not undergo PTR (P < 0.001). In a cause-specific hazard model (CS model), the multivariable HRs (95% CI) for the association of PTR with breast cancer related-death were 0.54 (0.50-0.60) in the multivariate-adjusted analysis. Similar results were also observed in the sub-distribution hazard function model (SD model) with corresponding multivariate HRs (95%CI) of 0.57 (0.52-0.63). Our study suggested that PTR was associated with improved survival in female stage IV breast cancer patients. The role of PTR in these patients needs to be re-evaluated.
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Lin Y, Huang K, Zeng Q, Zhang J, Song C. Impact of breast surgery on survival of patients with stage IV breast cancer: a SEER population-based propensity score matching analysis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8694. [PMID: 32219021 PMCID: PMC7085290 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast surgery for stage IV breast cancer remains controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of breast surgery on survival of stage IV breast cancer patients based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database from 2010 to 2015. Methods In total, 13,034 patients were selected and divided into surgery and non-surgery groups. Univariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to determine factors related to survival. Propensity score matching method was utilized to achieve balanced covariates across different groups. One-to-one (1:1) PSM was conducted to construct a matched sample consisting of pairs of surgery and non-surgery subjects. Breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) and overall survival (OS) of the two groups were assessed by Kaplan-Meier plots and Cox proportional hazard regression models. Stratified analysis according to different variables was also performed. Results Patients treated with breast surgery were more likely to be younger, smaller tumor size, more advanced nodal status, higher histology grade and higher proportion of bone-only metastasis. Those who received chemotherapy and radiotherapy also tended to be treated with surgery. After adjustment for potential confounders, breast surgery group exhibited a better survival both in BCSS (HR = 0.557, 95% CI [0.523-0.594], p < 0.001) and OS (HR = 0.571, 95% CI [0.537-0.607], p < 0.001). After propensity score matching, the surgery and non-surgery group consisted of 2,269 patients respectively. The median survival time was 43 months for the surgery group and 27 months for the non-surgery group. Kaplan-Meier curves indicated that breast surgery could clearly improve both the BCSS and OS for patients with stage IV breast cancer. On multivariate analysis, surgery group was associated with a better survival compared with the non-surgery group (BCSS: HR = 0.542, 95% CI [0.499-0.589], p < 0.001; OS: HR = 0.555, 95% CI [0.512-0.601], p < 0.001). Furthermore, this survival advantage persisted in all subgroups irrespective of age, race, tumor size, nodal status, histology grade, molecular subtype, chemotherapy status, radiotherapy status or status of distant metastasis. Conclusion Our study provided additional evidence that patients with stage IV breast cancer could benefit from breast surgery and it might play a more important role in multimodality therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Lin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Kaiyan Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chuangui Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Shiarli AM, McDonald F, Gomez DR. When Should we Irradiate the Primary in Metastatic Lung Cancer? Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2019; 31:815-823. [PMID: 31383534 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic lung cancer encompasses a heterogenous group of patients in terms of burdens of disease, ranging from patients with extensive metastases to those with a limited number of metastatic lesions (oligometastatic disease). Histopathological heterogeneity also exists within two broad categories, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), portraying different patterns and evolution of disease. Local consolidative therapy to the primary tumour and metastatic sites, including surgery and/or radical dose radiotherapy, is increasingly being used to improve survival outcomes, particularly in the context of oligometastatic disease, with or without the use of molecular targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Recently, randomised studies in oligometastatic NSCLC have shown that local consolidative therapy may confer a survival advantage. This review explores whether treating just the primary tumour with radiotherapy may similarly produce improved clinical outcomes. Such a treatment strategy may carry less potential toxicity than treating multiple sites upfront. The biological rationale behind the potential benefits of treating just the primary in metastatic malignancy is discussed. The clinical evidence of such an approach across tumour sites, such as breast and prostate cancer, is also explored. Then the review focuses on treating the primary in NSCLC and SCLC with radiotherapy, by first exploring patterns of failure in metastatic NSCLC and second exploring evidence on survival outcomes from studies in metastatic NSCLC and SCLC. It is challenging to draw conclusions on the clinical benefit of treating the primary cancer in isolation from the evidence available. This highlights the need to collect data within the ongoing clinical trials on the clinical outcome and toxicity of radiotherapy delivery to primary thoracic disease specifically. This challenge also identifies the need to design future clinical trials to produce randomised evidence for such an approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-M Shiarli
- Radiotherapy Department, The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, UK.
| | - F McDonald
- Radiotherapy Department, The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, UK
| | - D R Gomez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Jia J, Zhang H, Zhang H, Du H, Liu W, Shu M. Activated androgen receptor accelerates angiogenesis in cutaneous neurofibroma by regulating VEGFA transcription. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:157-166. [PMID: 31059067 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated the significant progression of cutaneous neurofibroma (cNF) without necrosis during puberty. However, the molecular events involved in this process remain unclear. The alteration of the steroid hormone levels during puberty has led to the investigation of the expression levels of the androgen receptor (AR). A positive correlation between AR expression and microvessel density has been reported in human cNF tissues in combination with enhanced endothelial cell tube formation in vitro. In addition, activated AR signaling can promote neurofibroma cell growth in vivo and in vitro and tube formation in vitro. In the present study, AR was shown to bind directly to the promoter of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), a key factor involved in angiogenesis, and to sequentially induce its expression. Furthermore, the AR inhibitor, MDV3100, downregulated VEGFA expression and abolished endothelial cell recruitment and tube formation. Taken collectively, the findings of this study revealed that AR signaling enhanced tumor growth and angiogenesis in cNF by regulating VEGFA transcription. However, whether AR can be regarded a therapeutic target for cNF requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jia
- Department of Plastic, Cosmetic and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Haibao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Hongke Zhang
- Department of Plastic, Cosmetic and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Huicong Du
- Department of Plastic, Cosmetic and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Department of Plastic, Cosmetic and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Maoguo Shu
- Department of Plastic, Cosmetic and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Anticancer Activity of Chitosan, Chitosan Derivatives, and Their Mechanism of Action. Int J Biomater 2018; 2018:2952085. [PMID: 30693034 PMCID: PMC6332982 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2952085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tailoring of chitosan through the involvement of its amino, acetamido, and hydroxy groups can give derivatives of enhanced solubility and remarkable anticancer activity. The general mechanism of such activity is associated with the disturbances in normal functioning of cell cycle, interference to the central dogma of biological system from DNA to RNA to protein or enzymatic synthesis, and the disruption of hormonal path to biosynthesis to inhibit the growth of cancer cells. Both chitosan and its various derivatives have been reported to selectively permeate through the cancer cell membranes and show anticancer activity through the cellular enzymatic, antiangiogenic, immunoenhancing, antioxidant defense mechanism, and apoptotic pathways. They get sequestered from noncancer cells and provide their enhanced bioavailability in cancer cells in a sustained release manner. This review presents the putative mechanisms of anticancer activity of chitosan and mechanistic approaches of structure activity relation upon the modification of chitosan through functionalization, complex formation, and graft copolymerization to give different derivatives.
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Majumder P. Integrin-Mediated Delivery of Drugs and Nucleic Acids for Anti-Angiogenic Cancer Therapy: Current Landscape and Remaining Challenges. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018; 5:bioengineering5040076. [PMID: 30241287 PMCID: PMC6315429 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, sprouting of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculatures, plays a critical role in regulating tumor growth. Binding interactions between integrin, a heterodimeric transmembrane glycoprotein receptor, and its extracellular matrix (ECM) protein ligands govern the angiogenic potential of tumor endothelial cells. Integrin receptors are attractive targets in cancer therapy due to their overexpression on tumor endothelial cells, but not on quiescent blood vessels. These receptors are finding increasing applications in anti-angiogenic therapy via targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs and nucleic acids to tumor vasculatures. The current article attempts to provide a retrospective account of the past developments, highlight important contemporary contributions and unresolved set-backs of this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Majumder
- Division of Lipid Science and Technology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India.
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles St, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Could local surgery improve survival in de novo stage IV breast cancer? BMC Cancer 2018; 18:885. [PMID: 30200932 PMCID: PMC6131766 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4767-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Resection of the primary tumor is recommended for symptom relief in de novo stage IV breast cancer. We explored whether local surgery could provide a survival benefit in these patients and attempted to characterize the population that could benefit from surgery. Methods Metastatic Breast cancer patients (N = 313) with intact primary tumor between January 2006 and April 2013 were separated into two groups according to whether or not they had undergone surgery. The difference in characteristics between the two groups was analyzed using chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test and Mann-Whitney test. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression and stratified survival analysis were used to assess the effect of surgery on survival. Results Of the 313 patients, 188 (60.1%) underwent local surgery. Patients with local surgery had a 47% reduction in mortality risk vs. those with no surgery (median survival 78 months vs. 37 months; HR = 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36–0.78) after adjustment for clinical and tumor characteristics. Stratified survival analysis showed that patients with bone metastasis alone (and primary tumor ≤5 cm), soft tissue metastasis, or ≤ 3 metastasis sites benefit from surgery. Conclusion Surgical resection of the primary tumor can improve survival in selected de novo stage IV breast cancer patients.
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Fukuda H, Numata K, Hara K, Nozaki A, Kondo M, Chuma M, Nakano M, Nozawa A, Maeda S, Tanaka K. Comparison of vascularity observed using contrast-enhanced 3D ultrasonography and pathological changes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after sorafenib treatment. J Cancer 2018; 9:2408-2414. [PMID: 30026837 PMCID: PMC6036707 DOI: 10.7150/jca.24236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to compare vascularity observed using contrast-enhanced 3D ultrasonography and pathological changes in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and surrounding non-tumorous areas after sorafenib treatment. Materials and methods: Twelve patients with HCC were enrolled in this clinical study. The maximum tumor diameter as measured using sonography ranged from 15 to 33 mm (mean, 24.0 mm; SD, 5.7 mm). Assessments using contrast-enhanced (0.2 mL of Sonazoid suspension; Daiichi Sankyo, Tokyo, Japan) 3D ultrasonography (LOGIQ 7; GE Healthcare, Milwaukee) were performed in all the patients before and 1 week after sorafenib treatment. The microvessel density (MVD) of the HCC and surrounding non-tumorous area was evaluated based on the immunohistochemical staining of microvessels using an antigen for CD34. Results: Blood flow in the tumor was decreased in all 12 cases after sorafenib treatment. The MVD of the tumorous area at 1 week after sorafenib administration (38.8 ± 5.2) was significantly lower than that observed before sorafenib administration (72.4 ± 13.0) (P < 0.01). Blood flow in the non-tumorous area had decreased in 6 cases at 1 week after sorafenib treatment and had not changed in the 6 other cases. In the reduced blood flow group, the MVD of the non-tumorous area at 1 week after sorafenib administration had decreased significantly, compared with the MVD of the non-tumorous area before sorafenib administration. However, in the group with no change in blood flow, the MVD of the non-tumorous area at 1 week after sorafenib treatment had not changed, compared with the MVD of the non-tumorous area before sorafenib treatment. Conclusion: Contrast-enhanced 3D ultrasonography studies showed a correlation between vascularity and pathological changes in human HCC and the surrounding non-tumorous area after sorafenib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Fukuda
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 232-0024, Japan
| | - Kazushi Numata
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 232-0024, Japan
| | - Koji Hara
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 232-0024, Japan
| | - Akito Nozaki
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 232-0024, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kondo
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 232-0024, Japan
| | - Makoto Chuma
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 232-0024, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nakano
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 232-0024, Japan
| | - Akinori Nozawa
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 232-0024, Japan
| | - Shin Maeda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Tanaka
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 232-0024, Japan
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Pacholczak R, Bazan-Socha S, Iwaniec T, Zaręba L, Kielczewski S, Walocha JA, Musiał J, Dropiński J. Endothelial dysfunction in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis: a case-control study. Rheumatol Int 2018; 38:1521-1530. [PMID: 29850964 PMCID: PMC6060787 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-018-4061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a rare granulomatous vasculitis affecting small- and medium-sized blood vessels. In optimally treated patients with long-standing disease, the common cause of death is atherosclerosis even in the absence of typical risk factors. Objective To evaluate endothelial dysfunction in GPA patients. Methods 44 patients (21 men and 23 women) diagnosed with GPA and 53 controls matched for age, sex, BMI and typical risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (22 men and 31 women) were enrolled in the study. We measured each participant’s serum levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and thrombomodulin. We also studied flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery, intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery and aortic stiffness using echocardiography. Results Patients with GPA showed a 15.9% increase in serum levels of VCAM-1 (p = 0.01), 66% of IL-6 (p < 0.001) and 50.9% of thrombomodulin (p < 0.001) compared to controls. FMD% was 48.9% lower in patients with GPA in comparison to controls (p < 0.001), after adjustment for potential confounders, with no differences regarding IMT or aortic stiffness. FMD% was negatively associated with duration of the disease (β = − 0.18 [95% CI: − 0.32 to − 0.04]), C-reactive protein (β = − 0.17 [95% CI: − 0.27 to − 0.07]), IL-6 (β = − 0.29 [95% CI: − 0.39 to − 0.19]), blood creatinine level (β = − 0.2 [95% CI: − 0.3 to − 0.1]), and IMT (β = − 0.14 (− 0.24 to − 0.04). In a multiple linear regression model, kidney function, IMT, pack-years of smoking, diabetes and level of VCAM-1 were independent predictors of lower FMD%. Conclusion GPA is characterized by endothelial dysfunction. FMD is a useful tool for the detection of endothelial injury. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00296-018-4061-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Pacholczak
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Cracow, Poland.,Centre of Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Cracow Branch, Cracow, Poland
| | - Stanisława Bazan-Socha
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, ul.Skawińska 8, 31-066, Cracow, Poland
| | - Teresa Iwaniec
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, ul.Skawińska 8, 31-066, Cracow, Poland
| | - Lech Zaręba
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Stan Kielczewski
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Jerzy A Walocha
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Jacek Musiał
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, ul.Skawińska 8, 31-066, Cracow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Dropiński
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, ul.Skawińska 8, 31-066, Cracow, Poland.
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Cascinu S, Valenti A, Mesiti M, Gasparini G. Angiosuppression and Chemotherapy: Strategies Aimed at Their Integration in Cancer Patients. Int J Biol Markers 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/172460089901400407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A number of antiangiogenic agents have been developed as pharmaceuticals and are currently being tested in clinical studies. Potential strategies to enhance the activity of angiogenesis inhibitors could be to combine them, or better still, to administer them either sequentially or concurrently with cytotoxic drugs. Chemotherapy would be a more appropriate initial choice for patients with advanced disease since cytostatic agents can induce a fast regression of the tumor and cancer-related symptoms. Antiangiogenic treatment could be used after chemotherapy in patients who achieve disease remission to prolong the time to progression, the symptom-free interval and the overall survival. Antiangiogenic treatment is likely to attain an important role in the adjuvant setting. In fact, it could be used for prolonged periods after radical surgery to maintain dormancy of residual tumor cells. In spite of these promising preclinical data, several points need to be clarified before the initiation of clinical trials. In fact, certain misconceptions may interfere with their optimum design and result analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Cascinu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedali Riuniti “Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli”, Reggio Calabria - Italy
| | - A. Valenti
- Department of General Pathology, Azienda Ospedali Riuniti “Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli”, Reggio Calabria - Italy
| | - M. Mesiti
- Department of Oncology, University of Messina, Messina
| | - G. Gasparini
- Division of Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedali Riuniti “Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli”, Reggio Calabria - Italy
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13
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Yip CH. Palliation and breast cancer. J Surg Oncol 2017; 115:538-543. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.24560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Har Yip
- Department of Surgery; University of Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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Näyhä V, Laitakari J, Stenbäck F. Stage-Dependent Expression of an Angiogenic Agent and Vascular Organization in Experimental Skin Tumor Development. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 31:539-48. [PMID: 14692622 DOI: 10.1080/01926230390226654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Increased angiogenesis and expression of antibodies to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an angiogenic agent, have been shown in the tumor development of many tissues. Areas of skin expressing VEGF and total volume of vessels expressing laminin in the wall were measured in chemical carcinogen-exposed mice using CAS-200 morphometry apparatus having a sensitivity exceeding 99% and reproducibility exceeding 99%. The area of VEGF expression was increased in carcinogen-exposed skin, dysplasia and in well-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas, but decreased in squamous cell carcinomas with decreased degree of differentiation. The vessel volume increased prior to the formation of tumors in carcinogen-exposed skin as well as in highly malignant neoplasms. In well-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas with an expansive growth pattern, the vessels were parallel to the basal membrane, in moderately differentiated tumors the vessels were in the direction of tumor invasion, and in poorly differentiated tumors, active angiogenesis consisted of numerous, enlarged vessels within the tumor. This study showed increased VEGF expression and number of vessels occurring in early stages of skin tumor development, pointing to a role of angiogenesis in chemical risk assessment and in cancer prevention. Altered vessel structure and vessel arrangement were distinct in later stages of tumor growth and in malignant neoplasms, pointing to the utility of detailed vessel analysis in neoplasm characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Näyhä
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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15
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Moyret-Lalle C, Pommier R, Bouard C, Nouri E, Richard G, Puisieux A. [Cancer cell plasticity and metastatic dissemination]. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:725-31. [PMID: 27615180 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163208020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic dissemination consists of a sequence of events resulting in the invasion by cancer cells of tissues located away from the primary tumour. This process is highly inefficient, since each event represents an obstacle that only a limited number of cells can overcome. However, two biological phenomena intrinsically linked with tumour development facilitate the dissemination of cancer cells throughout the body and promote the formation of metastases, namely the genetic diversity of cancer cells within a given tumour, which arises from their genetic instability and from successive clonal expansions, and cellular plasticity conveyed to the cells by micro-environmental signals. Genetic diversity increases the probability of selecting cells that are intrinsically resistant to biological and physical constraints encountered during metastatic dissemination, whereas cellular plasticity provides cells with the capacity to adapt to stressful conditions and to changes in the microenvironment. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition, an embryonic trans-differentiation process frequently reactivated during tumour development, plays an important role in that context by endowing tumor cells with a unique capacity of motility, survival and adaptability to the novel environments and stresses encountered during the invasion-metastasis cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Moyret-Lalle
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, 28, rue Laënnec, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Roxane Pommier
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, 28, rue Laënnec, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Charlotte Bouard
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, 28, rue Laënnec, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Ebticem Nouri
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, 28, rue Laënnec, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Geoffrey Richard
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, 28, rue Laënnec, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Alain Puisieux
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, 28, rue Laënnec, 69008 Lyon, France
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Alexandrakis MG, Passam FH, Pappa CA, Dambaki C, Sfakiotaki G, Alegakis AK, Kyriakou DS, Stathopoulos E. Expression of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) in Multiple Myeloma: Its Relationship to Bone Marrow Microvessel Density and other Factors of Disease Activity. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 17:49-56. [PMID: 15000866 DOI: 10.1177/039463200401700107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was studied in plasma cells in bone marrow biopsies from patients with multiple myeloma (MM) using a double immunostaining method. In the same samples, microvessel density (MVD), after staining with anti-CD34 antibodies, was determined before and after chemotherapy. The correlation of PCNA expression and MVD with other myeloma parameters (clinical stage, bone marrow plasma cell infiltration and serum interleukin –6 (IL-6)) was also investigated. The study population included 51 newly diagnosed MM patients, 12 patients in plateau phase after treatment and 15 normal controls. Pretreatment mean ± SE values of PCNA, MVD, plasma cell infiltration and serum IL-6 were significantly higher than post treatment values and controls. Pretreatment PCNA expression correlated significantly with bone marrow MVD (p<0.05) plasma cell infiltration (p<0.01) and IL-6 (p<0.01). These findings show that the proliferative activity of plasma cells is related to the angiogenic activity in the bone marrow of multiple myeloma patients. Both PCNA and MVD correlate with markers of disease activity thus may provide additional information when included in the initial evaluation of myeloma bone marrow biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Alexandrakis
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Medical School of Crete, Greece.
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Sung YS, Park B, Choi Y, Lim HS, Woo DC, Kim KW, Kim JK. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for oncology drug development. J Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 44:251-64. [PMID: 26854494 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) is a promising tool for evaluating tumor vascularity, as it can provide vasculature-derived, functional, and quantitative parameters. To implement DCE-MRI parameters as biomarkers for monitoring the effect of antiangiogenic or vascular-disrupting treatment, two crucial elements of surrogate endpoint, ie, validation and qualification, should be satisfied. Although early studies have shown the accuracy and reliability of DCE-MRI parameters for evaluating treatment-driven vascular alterations, there have been an increasing number of studies demonstrating the limitations of DCE-MRI parameters as surrogate endpoints. Therefore, in order to improve the application of DCE-MRI parameters in drug development, it is necessary to establish a standardized evaluation method and to determine the correct therapeutics-oriented meaning of individual DCE-MRI parameter. In this regard, this article describes the biophysical background and data acquisition/analysis techniques of DCE-MRI while focusing on the validation and qualification issues. Specifically, the causes of disagreement and confusion encountered in the preclinical and clinical trials using DCE-MRI are presented in detail. Finally, considering these limitations, we present potential strategies to optimize implementation of DCE-MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:251-264.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sub Sung
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Center for Bioimaging of New Drug Development, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bumwoo Park
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Center for Bioimaging of New Drug Development, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoonseok Choi
- Center for Bioimaging of New Drug Development, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeong-Seok Lim
- Center for Bioimaging of New Drug Development, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Cheol Woo
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Center for Bioimaging of New Drug Development, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Center for Bioimaging of New Drug Development, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Kon Kim
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Center for Bioimaging of New Drug Development, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Chieffi P, Boscia F. New discovered molecular markers as promising therapeutic targets in germ cell tumors. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2015. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2015.1074070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Jiang Z, Han B, Li H, Yang Y, Liu W. Carboxymethyl chitosan represses tumor angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 129:1-8. [PMID: 26050881 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), with potent water solubility, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity, has emerged as a promising candidate for biomedical applications. In this study, the anti-tumor angiogenesis effects of CMCS were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that CMCS could inhibit the 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. CMCS significantly inhibited the growth of mouse hepatocarcinoma 22 tissues and could promote tumor cell necrosis as suggested by pathological observations. The CD34 expression in H22 tumor tissue, the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 in serum was regulated by CMCS treatment. CMCS could significantly improve thymus index, spleen index, tumor necrosis factor α and interferon γ level. In a conclusion, CMCS possessed potent anti-tumor effects by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis, stimulating immune functions. Our date provide more foundation for application of CMCS in biomedicine or biomaterials for targeted anticancer drugs delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Jiang
- Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, PR China
| | - Baoqin Han
- Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Hui Li
- Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, PR China
| | - Wanshun Liu
- Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, PR China
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Tykhomyrov AA, Shram SI, Grinenko TV. [Role of angiostatins in diabetic complications]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2015; 61:41-56. [PMID: 25762598 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20156101041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a process through which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels. Angiogenesis is regulated by a number of factors of peptide nature. Disbalance of angiogenic system appears to be the major causative factor contributing vascular abnormalities in diabetes mellitus, resulting in various complications. Angiostatins, which are kringle-containing fragments of plasminogen/plasmin, are known to be powerful physiological inhibitors of neovascularization. In the present review, current literature data on peculiarities of production of angiostatins and their functioning at diabetes mellitus are summarized and analyzed for the first time. Also, role of angiostatins in the pathogenesis of typical diabetic complications, including retinopathies, nephropathies and cardiovascular diseases, is discussed. Data presented in this review may be useful for elaboration of novel effective approaches for diagnostics and therapy of vascular abnormalities in diabetes mellitus.
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Anti-tumor effect of a novel soluble recombinant human endostatin: administered as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy agents in mouse tumor models. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107823. [PMID: 25229620 PMCID: PMC4168263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiogenesis has become an attractive target in cancer treatment. Endostatin is one of the potent anti-angiogenesis agents. Its recombinant form expressed in the yeast system is currently under clinical trials. Endostatin suppresses tumor formation through the inhibition of blood vessel growth. It is anticipated that combined therapy using endostatin and cytotoxic compounds may exert an additive effect. In the present study, we expressed and purified recombinant human endostatin (rhEndostatin) that contained 3 additional amino acid residues (arginine, glycine, and serine) at the amino-terminus and 6 histidine residues in its carboxyl terminus. The recombinant protein was expressed in E. Coli and refolded into a soluble form in a large scale purification process. The protein exhibited a potent anti-tumor activity in bioassays. Furthermore, rhEndostatin showed an additive effect with chemotherapy agents including cyclophosphamide (CTX) and cisplatin (DDP). Methods rhEndostatin cDNA was cloned into PQE vector and expressed in E. Coli. The protein was refolded through dialysis with an optimized protocol. To establish tumor models, nude mice were subcutaneously injected with human cancer cells (lung carcinoma A549, hepatocellular carcinoma QGY-7703, or breast cancer Bcap37). rhEndostatin and/or DDP was administered peritumorally to evaluate the rate of growth inhibition of A549 tumors. For the tumor metastasis model, mice were injected intravenously with mouse melanoma B16 cells. One day after tumor cell injection, a single dose of rhEndostatin, or in combination with CTX, was administered intravenously or at a site close to the tumor. Results rhEndostatin reduced the growth of A549, QGY-7703, and Bcap37 xenograft tumors in a dose dependent manner. When it was administered peritumorally, rhEndostatin exhibited a more potent inhibitory activity. Furthermore, rhEndostatin displayed an additive effect with CTX or DDP on the inhibition of metastasis of B16 tumors or growth of A549 tumors. Conclusion Soluble rhEndostatin exhibits a potent anti-tumor activity in mouse xenograft models and it also has an additive effect with CTX and DDP, implying possible applications in clinical settings.
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Tykhomyrov AA, Shram SI, Grinenko TV. The role of angiostatins in diabetic complications. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750814020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Jun HY, Lee YH, Juhng SK, Lee MS, Oh J, Yoon KH. Micro-CT measurements of tumoral vessels supplied by portal circulation in hepatic colorectal metastasis mouse model. Microsc Res Tech 2014; 77:415-21. [PMID: 24659362 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the micro CT findings of tumoral vessels supplied by portal circulation during establishment of hepatic metastasis of colorectal cancer in a mouse model. Hepatic metastases were induced in 15 BALB/c mice through the injection of murine colonic adenocarcinoma tumor cells into the mesenteric vein. Micro-CT imaging of the tumoral vessels was obtained to clarify the microvascular architecture. We evaluated the sinusoidal structure, diameter of the tumoral vessels (DTV) and blood vessel density (BVD) according to tumor sizes ranging from 201 to 3,000 µm in diameter. A total of 116 tumors were observed on day 15 after cell injection. The mean diameter of a normal hepatic sinusoid was 11.7 ± 2.0 µm on micro CT. The DTV supplied by the portal vein of tumors measuring 1,001-1,500 µm in diameter was greater than that of tumors 200-1,000 µm in diameter. The mean BVD from the portal vein gradually decrease according to size of tumor from 201 to 3,000 µm in diameter (r(2) = -0.584, P < 0.01). The characteristics of tumoral vessels supplied by portal circulation during establishment of hepatic colorectal metastases were well visualized with micro-CT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Young Jun
- Imaging Science-Based Lung and Bone Diseases Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea; BK21plus Program and Department of Smart Life-Care Convergence, Wonkwang University, Graduate School, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
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Mi D, Yi J, Liu E, Li X. Relationship between PTEN and VEGF expression and clinicopathological characteristics in HCC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 26:682-5. [PMID: 17357488 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-006-0614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the expressions and significance of the tumor suppressor gene phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten protein (PTEN) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and to analyze the relationship between their expressions and the tumor's invasion and their peri-carcinomatous tissues, the correlation of their expressions with the tumor's clinicopathological characteristics and invasion potential were studied. Our study showed that the expression level of PTEN in HCC was remarkably lower than that in peri-carcinomatous liver tissues, while the expressions of both VEGF and MVD were higher than that in peri-carcinomatous liver tissues. Correlation analysis revealed that the expression of PTEN was negatively related to the progression of the pathological differentiation and invasion of tumor, whereas the expressions of VEGF and MVD were positively related. Moreover, there was a negative relationship between the expression of PTEN and the expressions of VEGF and MVD, and a positive one between VEGF and MVD. The expressions of PTEN and VEGF may reveal the degree of differentiation and the invasive potential of HCC tissues. The mechanism by which the lack of PTEN expression probably induces abnormal hyperexpression of VEGF may play an important role in the invasion and metastasis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denghai Mi
- Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huanzhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Recent advances in molecular and cell biology of testicular germ-cell tumors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 312:79-100. [PMID: 25262239 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800178-3.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Testicular germ-cell tumors (TGCTs) are the most frequent solid malignant tumors in men 20-40 years of age and the most frequent cause of death from solid tumors in this age group. TGCTs comprise two major histologic groups: seminomas and nonseminomas germ-cell tumors (NSGCTs). NSGCTs can be further divided into embryonal, carcinoma, Teratoma, yolk sac tumor, and choriocarcinoma. Seminomas and NSGCTs present significant differences in clinical features, therapy, and prognosis, and both show characteristics of the primordial germ cells. Many discovered biomarkers including OCT3/4, SOX2, SOX17, HMGA1, Nek2, GPR30, Aurora-B, estrogen receptor β, and others have given further advantages to discriminate between histological subgroups and could represent useful novel molecular targets for antineoplastic strategies. More insight into the pathogenesis of TGCTs is likely to improve disease management not only to better treatment of these tumors but also to a better understanding of stem cells and oncogenesis.
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Rashid OM, Takabe K. Does removal of the primary tumor in metastatic breast cancer improve survival? J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2013; 23:184-8. [PMID: 24261650 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2013.4517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although relative survival for breast cancer has improved in recent years, patients who present with metastatic disease have a less than 30% 5-year survival. Thus, improvements in treatment for these patients have the potential to have a significant impact on outcomes. Historically, removal of the primary breast tumor has been offered to these patients only for palliation. However, there have been recent reports that removal of the primary tumor may improve survival. Here, we review the theories and data at the center of the debate, the landmark studies that historically guided treatment, the retrospective data that revisited the role of removal of the primary tumor, as well as the latest advances in basic science and the accruing clinical studies to provide for future directions in this field. Although the definitive role of removal of the primary tumor in metastatic breast cancer is not settled, it is critical to understand the complexities of this debate in order to make further gains in breast cancer survivorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar M Rashid
- 1 H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute , Tampa, Florida
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Reni M, Cereda S, Milella M, Novarino A, Passardi A, Mambrini A, Di Lucca G, Aprile G, Belli C, Danova M, Bergamo F, Franceschi E, Fugazza C, Ceraulo D, Villa E. Maintenance sunitinib or observation in metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a phase II randomised trial. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:3609-15. [PMID: 23899530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New strategies to prolong disease control warrant investigation in patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. This open-label, randomised, multi-centre phase II trial explored the role of maintenance sunitinib after first-line chemotherapy in this setting. METHODS Patients with pathologic diagnosis of metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma, performance status >50%, no progression after 6 months of chemotherapy were centrally randomised by an independent contract research organisation, which was also responsible for data collection and monitoring, to observation (arm A) or sunitinib at 37.5mg daily until progression or a maximum of 6 months (arm B). The primary outcome measure was the probability of being progression-free at 6 months (PFS-6) from randomisation. Assuming P0 = 10%; P1 = 30%, α .10; β .10, the target accrual was 26 patients per arm. RESULTS 28 per arm were randomised. One arm B patient had kidney cancer and was excluded. Sunitinib was given for a median of 91 days (7-186). Main grade 3-4 toxicity was thrombocytopenia, neutropenia and hand-foot syndrome (12%), diarrhoea 8%. In arm A versus B, PFS-6 was 3.6% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0-10.6%) and 22.2% (95% CI: 6.2-38.2%; P<0.01); 2 y overall survival was 7.1% (95% CI: 0-16.8%) and 22.9% (95% CI: 5.8-40.0%; P = 0.11), stable disease 21.4% and 51.9% (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION This is the first randomised trial on maintenance therapy in metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The primary end-point was fulfilled and 2 y overall survival was remarkably high, suggesting that maintenance sunitinib is promising and should be further explored in this patient population.
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Rashid OM, Nagahashi M, Ramachandran S, Graham L, Yamada A, Spiegel S, Bear HD, Takabe K. Resection of the primary tumor improves survival in metastatic breast cancer by reducing overall tumor burden. Surgery 2013; 153:771-8. [PMID: 23489938 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many retrospective studies suggest that resection of the primary tumor improves survival in metastatic breast cancer, animal studies suggest that resection induces metastasis. Moreover, there has been no critical evaluation of how well animal studies actually model metastatic breast cancer. We used our newly established orthotopic cancer implantation under direct vision model to evaluate the hypothesis that primary tumor resection improves survival in metastatic breast cancer by reducing overall tumor burden and improving immune responsiveness. METHODS Murine mammary adenocarcinoma 4T1-luc2 cells that can be visualized by bioluminescence were implanted orthotopically into BALB/c mice under direct vision. Resection of the primary tumors at days 6, 10, and 28 were compared to sham resection of the contralateral normal mammary gland and observation alone. Tumor burden was quantified by bioluminescence. Tumor-draining lymph nodes were identified by intradermal injection of lymphazurin, and primary tumors, lymph nodes, and lungs were examined pathologically. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were performed. Splenocyte myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and CD4 or CD8 single positive T lymphocytes were quantified by flow cytometry. RESULTS Tumors invaded locally, metastasized to regional lymph nodes, and then metastasized to distant organs, with subsequent mortality. Surgical stress increased tumor burden only transiently without affecting survival. When primary tumor resection decreased overall tumor burden substantially, further growth of metastatic lesions did not increase the overall tumor burden compared to observation, and survival was improved, which was not the case when resection did not significantly reduce the overall tumor burden. Decreasing overall tumor burden through resection of the primary tumor resulted in decreased splenic MDSC numbers and increased CD4 and CD8 cells, suggesting the potential for an improved immunologic response to cancer. CONCLUSION Decreasing overall tumor burden through resection of the primary breast tumor decreased MDSCs, increased CD4 and CD8 cells, and improved survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar M Rashid
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298-0011, USA
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SCUBE3 regulation of early lung cancer angiogenesis and metastatic progression. Clin Exp Metastasis 2013; 30:741-52. [PMID: 23420440 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-013-9575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Signal peptide-CUB-EGF-like domain-containing protein 3 (SCUBE3) is strongly expressed in extremely invasive lung carcinoma. We showed in our previous study that SCUBE3 triggers the transforming growth factor-β pathway and subsequently promotes tumor angiogenesis and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the role of SCUBE3 in early tumor expansion hasn't been fully demonstrated in vivo. The present study used dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) to temporally assess tumor angiogenesis in SCUBE3-knockdown and control non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cancer cells in the early tumor stage (weeks 1-3). We further evaluated the metastatic potential of the SCUBE3-knockdown and control tumor cells using a circulating tumor cell (CTC) assay. The differences in gene expression profile between these cell lines were determined using microarray analysis. The results show that SCUBE3 knockdown was associated with lower vascular permeability in the tumor and effectively inhibited the metastatic potential of NSCLC, as evidenced by the decreased CTCs in the mice bearing SCUBE3-knockdown tumors. Microarray analysis revealed that several genes involved in angiogenesis and EMT were down-regulated in SCUBE3-knockdown tumors, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2, 9, and 14, (MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-14, respectively), fibronectin (FN-1), lysyl oxidase (LOX), hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif protein 1 (HEY1), early growth response protein 1 (EGR1), and interleukin 8 (IL-8). Together these data suggest that SCUBE3 is a potential target for pharmacological intervention. The findings of the present study also show that differences in vascular permeability precede the CTCs detection, indicating that DCE-MRI may be a sensitive biomarker for assessing tumor invasiveness.
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Vartanian AA. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Signaling pathways in tumor vasculogenic mimicry. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:1044-55. [DOI: 10.1134/s000629791209012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Fragioudaki M, Tsirakis G, Pappa CA, Aristeidou I, Tsioutis C, Alegakis A, Kyriakou DS, Stathopoulos EN, Alexandrakis MG. Serum BAFF levels are related to angiogenesis and prognosis in patients with multiple myeloma. Leuk Res 2012; 36:1004-8. [PMID: 22498341 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
B-cell activating factor (BAFF) is a B-cell growth factor. We measured its serum levels and correlated them with parameters of disease activity, as serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and lactate dehydrogenase, bone marrow microvascular density and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression, in 50 myeloma patients, in 22 of them in plateau phase and in 20 controls. All of them were higher in patients and in advanced disease while reduced in plateau phase. BAFF correlated with all the above markers. Higher BAFF levels predicted a shorter survival, suggesting an important prognostic marker and a possible therapeutic target in myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fragioudaki
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
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Farrag A. Efficacy and Toxicity of Metronomic Capecitabine in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2012.31010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ahn SJ, An CS, Koom WS, Song HT, Suh JS. Correlations of 3T DCE-MRI quantitative parameters with microvessel density in a human-colorectal-cancer xenograft mouse model. Korean J Radiol 2011; 12:722-30. [PMID: 22043155 PMCID: PMC3194777 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2011.12.6.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the correlation between quantitative dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) parameters and microvascular density (MVD) in a human-colon-cancer xenograft mouse model using 3 Tesla MRI. Materials and Methods A human-colon-cancer xenograft model was produced by subcutaneously inoculating 1 × 106 DLD-1 human-colon-cancer cells into the right hind limbs of 10 mice. The tumors were allowed to grow for two weeks and then assessed using MRI. DCE-MRI was performed by tail vein injection of 0.3 mmol/kg of gadolinium. A region of interest (ROI) was drawn at the midpoints along the z-axes of the tumors, and a Tofts model analysis was performed. The quantitative parameters (Ktrans, Kep and Ve) from the whole transverse ROI and the hotspot ROI of the tumor were calculated. Immunohistochemical microvessel staining was performed and analyzed according to Weidner's criteria at the corresponding MRI sections. Additional Hematoxylin and Eosin staining was performed to evaluate tumor necrosis. The Mann-Whitney test and Spearman's rho correlation analysis were performed to prove the existence of a correlation between the quantitative parameters, necrosis, and MVD. Results Whole transverse ROI of the tumor showed no significant relationship between the MVD values and quantitative DCE-MRI parameters. In the hotspot ROI, there was a difference in MVD between low and high group of Ktrans and Kep that had marginally statistical significance (ps = 0.06 and 0.07, respectively). Also, Ktrans and Kep were found to have an inverse relationship with MVD (r = -0.61, p = 0.06 in Ktrans; r = -0.60, p = 0.07 in Kep). Conclusion Quantitative analysis of T1-weighted DCE-MRI using hotspot ROI may provide a better histologic match than whole transverse section ROI. Within the hotspots, Ktrans and Kep tend to have a reverse correlation with MVD in this colon cancer mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jun Ahn
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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Bowden DJ, Barrett T. Angiogenesis imaging in neoplasia. J Clin Imaging Sci 2011; 1:38. [PMID: 21977389 PMCID: PMC3182525 DOI: 10.4103/2156-7514.83229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays a key role in physiological and pathophysiological processes and is recognized as being essential for tumor growth and metastases. The recent oncological development of anti-angiogenic drugs brings with it a need for angiogenesis quantification and monitoring of response. The nature of these agents means that traditional anatomical methods of assessing morphologic change are outmoded and functional imaging techniques and/or agents are necessary. Herein, we describe the various imaging techniques that can be employed to assess angiogenesis, along with their inherent advantages and disadvantages and discuss the current and future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bowden
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Soriano JL, Batista N, Santiesteban E, Lima M, González J, García R, Zarza Y, López MV, Rodríguez M, Loys JL, Montejo N, Aguirre F, Macías A, Vázquez AM. Metronomic Cyclophosphamide and Methotrexate Chemotherapy Combined with 1E10 Anti-Idiotype Vaccine in Metastatic Breast Cancer. Int J Breast Cancer 2011; 2011:710292. [PMID: 22295231 PMCID: PMC3262579 DOI: 10.4061/2011/710292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of low doses of cytotoxic agents continuously for prolonged periods is an alternative for the treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer who have developed resistance to conventional chemotherapy. The combination of metronomic chemotherapy with therapeutic vaccines might increase the efficacy of the treatment. Twenty one patients with metastatic breast cancer in progression and a Karnosky index ≥60%, were treated with metronomic chemotherapy (50 mg of cyclophospamide orally daily and 2.5 mg of methotrexate orally bi-daily), in combination with five bi-weekly subcutaneous injections of 1 mg of aluminum hydroxide-precipitated 1E10 anti-idiotype MAb (1E10-Alum), followed by reimmunizations every 28 days. Five patients achieved objective response, eight showed stable disease and eight had disease progression. Median time to progression was 9,8 months, while median overall survival time was 12,93 months. The median duration of the response (CR+PR+SD) was 18,43 months (12,20–24,10 months), being higher than 12 months in 76,9% of the patients. Overall toxicity was generally mild. Metronomic chemotherapy combined with 1E10-Alum vaccine immunotherapy might be a useful therapeutic option for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer due to its potential impact on survival and patient quality of live, low toxicity and advantages of the administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Soriano
- Oncology Service, Hermanos Amejeiras Hospital, Havana 10300, Cuba
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He T, Smith N, Saunders D, Doblas S, Watanabe Y, Hoyle J, Silasi-Mansat R, Lupu F, Lerner M, Brackett DJ, Towner RA. Molecular MRI assessment of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 in rat C6 gliomas. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15:837-49. [PMID: 20497492 PMCID: PMC2951496 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is essential to tumour progression and a precise evaluation of angiogenesis is important for tumour early diagnosis and treatment. The quantitative and dynamic in vivo assessment of tumour angiogenesis can be achieved by molecular magnetic resonance imaging (mMRI). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) are the main regulatory systems in angiogenesis and have been used as hot targets for radionuclide-based molecular imaging. However, little research has been accomplished in targeting VEGF/VEGFRs by mMRI. In our study, we aimed to assess the expression of VEGFR2 in C6 gliomas by using a specific molecular probe with mMRI. The differential uptake of the probe conjugated to anti-VEGFR2 monoclonal antibody, shown by varied increases in T(1) signal intensity during a 2 hr period, demonstrated the heterogeneous expression of VEGFR2 in different tumour regions. Microscopic fluorescence imaging, obtained for the biotin group in the probe with streptavidin-Cy3, along with staining for cellular VEGFR2 levels, laminin and CD45, confirmed the differential distribution of the probe which targeted VEGFR2 on endothelial cells. The angiogenesis process was also assessed using magnetic resonance angiography, which quantified tumour blood volume and provided a macroscopic view and a dynamic change of the correlation between tumour vasculature and VEGFR2 expression. Together these results suggest mMRI can be very useful in assessing and characterizing the expression of specific angiogenic markers in vivo and help evaluate angiogenesis associated with tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting He
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma City, OK, USA
- The Oklahoma Center for Neurosciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Nataliya Smith
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Debra Saunders
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sabrina Doblas
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Yasuko Watanabe
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jessica Hoyle
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Robert Silasi-Mansat
- Cardiovascular Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Florea Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Megan Lerner
- O’Donoghue Research Institute, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Daniel J Brackett
- O’Donoghue Research Institute, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Rheal A Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma City, OK, USA
- The Oklahoma Center for Neurosciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
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Kanwar JR, Mahidhara G, Kanwar RK. Antiangiogenic therapy using nanotechnological-based delivery system. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:188-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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The role of angiogenesis in the transformation of plexiform neurofibroma into malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in children with neurofibromatosis type 1. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2010; 32:548-53. [PMID: 20686424 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0b013e3181e887c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of angiogenesis in the transformation of peripheral neurofibroma (PNF) to malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) remains elusive and forms the objective of this study. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Archival tissue from 5 children with NF1 and PNF, who developed MPNST between the ages of 8 and 15 years were analyzed for differences in microvasculature. The role of proangiogenic growth factors such as Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), and its receptors Flk-1 and Flt-1, and vessel maturity, defined as von Willebrand factor (vWf), α-smooth muscle actin+ (SMA+), were evaluated by immuno-histochemistry. RESULTS A qualitative evaluation of the vasculature showed predominantly α-SMA+/vWf+ more stable vessels in PNF, and an irregular meshwork of α-SMA-/vWf+ endothelial cells structures in MPNST. In NF and PNF tumor cells were VEGF-, in contrast to VEGF+ tumor cells in MPNST. If present, the VEGF stain was confined mainly to the perivascular spaces in PNF, unlike the mainly stromal VEGF stain in MPNST. VEGF receptors also manifested a tumor stage-specific pattern. Flk-1 and Flt-1 were restricted to the mature, well-formed vasculature in PNF, but exhibited a diffuse pattern in MPNST. CONCLUSION Our study provides a rare opportunity to document consistent and histologically detectable differences in the vascular organization of PNF and MPNST. It permits a pair-wise evaluation of the malignant conversion of benign PNF into its malignant counterpart, in the same patients. The phenotypic variations and characteristics of the vessels in these tumors are consistent with the idea that a strong proangiogenic drive contributes to the progressive growth in MPNST.
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Capp C, Wajner SM, Siqueira DR, Brasil BA, Meurer L, Maia AL. Increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2, in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2010; 20:863-71. [PMID: 20615131 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2009.0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) expression is upregulated in the majority of human tumors, where it stimulates proliferation, migration, and survival of endothelial cells. Studies have suggested that VEGF inhibitors can be used as an alternative therapy in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), but data about expression of VEGF-A and its receptor in this tumor are scarce. The aims of this study were to evaluate VEGF-A, VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-1, VEGFR-2, and microvessel density (MVD) expression in MTC samples and correlate it with clinical parameters. METHODS Paraffin-embedded samples from 38 MTC patients were evaluated for VEGF-A, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and MVD expression by immunohistochemistry. Clinical data were retrospectively reviewed in medical records. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients aged 31.8 +/- 17.1 years were enrolled. Twenty-seven patients had hereditary disease (71.1%). Twenty-five of them were found to have multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) 2A and two were found to have MEN 2B. VEGF-A immunohistochemical staining was detected in 95% (36/38), VEGFR-1 in 96% (36/37), and VEGFR-2 in 91% (31/34) of MTC samples. Age at surgery was positively correlated with VEGFR-2 (p = 0.003). There was no correlation between VEGF-A, VEGFR-2, and tumor stage (tumor node metastasis). Nevertheless, VEGFR-1 was found to be inversely correlated with tumor node metastasis (p = 0.034). We also observed a trend toward an association between VEGFR-1 signal intensity and cure of disease, although this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.054). Neither VEGF-A nor VEGFR-2 was associated with disease outcome after a median follow-up period of 5 years (p = 0.882 and p = 0.236, respectively). As expected, MVD was correlated with age at surgery (p = 0.005) and tumor size (p = 0.03). Patients with the hereditary form of the disease had a stronger intensity for VEGFR-1 (p = 0.039), whereas patients with sporadic disease displayed higher MVD counts (44 [27-63] vs. 21 [9-49], p = 0.018). CONCLUSION The VEGF-A, VEGFR-1, and VEGFR-2 immunoreactive proteins are overexpressed in MTC lesions and might be implicated in tumor progression. It is not clear, however, if expression of these molecules provides prognostic information regarding the spread or outcome of MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Capp
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Experimental Anticancer Therapy with Vascular-disruptive Peptide and Liposome-entrapped Chemotherapeutic Agent. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:235-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0077-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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McAteer MA, Choudhury RP. Chapter 4 - Applications of nanotechnology in molecular imaging of the brain. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2009; 180:72-96. [PMID: 20302829 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)80004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Rapid advances in the field of nanotechnology promise revolutionary improvements in the diagnosis and therapy of neuroinflammatory disorders. An array of iron oxide nano- and microparticle agents have been developed for in vivo molecular magnetic resonance imaging (mMRI) of cerebrovascular endothelial targets, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin, and the glycoprotein receptor GP IIb/IIIa expressed on activated platelets. Molecular markers of glioma cells, such as matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and markers for brain tumor angiogenesis, such as alpha (v) beta (3) integrin (alpha(v)beta(3)), have also been successfully targeted using nanoparticle imaging probes. This chapter provides an overview of targeted, iron oxide nano- and microparticles that have been applied for in vivo mMRI of the brain in experimental models of multiple sclerosis (MS), brain ischemia, cerebral malaria (CM), brain cancer, and Alzheimer's disease. The potential of targeted nanoparticle agents for application in clinical imaging is also discussed, including multimodal and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina A McAteer
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK.
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Alford R, Ogawa M, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Molecular probes for the in vivo imaging of cancer. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 5:1279-91. [PMID: 19823742 PMCID: PMC3407672 DOI: 10.1039/b911307j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in medical imaging have brought about unprecedented changes in the in vivo assessment of cancer. Positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, optical imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging are the primary tools being developed for oncologic imaging. These techniques may still be in their infancy, as recently developed chemical molecular probes for each modality have improved in vivo characterization of physiologic and molecular characteristics. Herein, we discuss advances in these imaging techniques, and focus on the major design strategies with which molecular probes are being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Alford
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 1B40, MSC1088, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20892-1088, USA; Fax: +1 301-402-3191; Tel: +1 301-451-4220
- Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mikako Ogawa
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 1B40, MSC1088, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20892-1088, USA; Fax: +1 301-402-3191; Tel: +1 301-451-4220
| | - Peter L. Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 1B40, MSC1088, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20892-1088, USA; Fax: +1 301-402-3191; Tel: +1 301-451-4220
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 1B40, MSC1088, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20892-1088, USA; Fax: +1 301-402-3191; Tel: +1 301-451-4220
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Verhoeff JJC, Stalpers LJA, Claes A, Hovinga KE, Musters GD, Peter Vandertop W, Richel DJ, Leenders WPJ, van Furth WR. Tumour control by whole brain irradiation of anti-VEGF-treated mice bearing intracerebral glioma. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:3074-80. [PMID: 19734041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Tumour angiogenesis and invasion are key features of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Angiogenesis inhibitors increase progression-free survival (PFS) of recurrent GBM patients. VEGF inhibition controls the bulk tumour growth by inhibition of angiogenesis, but does not inhibit the invasive tumour component. We investigated if invasive tumour growth can be controlled by combining anti-VEGF treatment with irradiation of tumour plus surrounding brain in an orthotopic murine model for GBM. METHODS AND MATERIALS GBM cell line U251-NG2 was inoculated through a guide screw in the right frontal lobe of 53 athymic nude mice. Pegaptanib (a slow-releasing aptamer against VEGF) was injected in the tumour bed either or not followed by irradiation treatment with implanted I-125 seeds. Pegaptanib and/or irradiation were compared with sham-treated controls, resulting in four groups of 10-15 mice each. After 6 weeks of treatment, histological analysis was performed on all brains. RESULTS VEGF inhibition by locally deposited pegaptanib decreased tumour blood vessel density, and increased tumour hypoxia. Pegaptanib treatment still allowed the formation of tumour satellites. Irradiation decreased tumour size and suppressed formation of satellites. Combined pegaptanib plus irradiation further increased PFS. Tumour size directly correlated with PFS. CONCLUDING STATEMENT The anti-tumour effects of local VEGF inhibition are partially circumvented by the formation of invasive tumour satellites. Additional irradiation is effective in slowing down proliferation of these invasive tumour components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost J C Verhoeff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Martiniova L, Schimel D, Lai EW, Limpuangthip A, Kvetnansky R, Pacak K. In vivo micro-CT imaging of liver lesions in small animal models. Methods 2009; 50:20-5. [PMID: 19520168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2009.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional micro computed tomography (microCT) offers the opportunity to capture images liver structures and lesions in mice with a high spatial resolution. Non-invasive microCT allows for accurate calculation of vessel tortuosity and density, as well as liver lesion volume and distribution. Longitudinal monitoring of liver lesions is also possible. However, distinguishing liver lesions from variations within a normal liver is impossible by microCT without the use of liver- or tumor-specific contrast-enhancing agents. The combination of microCT for morphologic imaging with functional imaging, such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission tomography (SPECT), offers the opportunity for better abdominal imaging and assessment of structure discrepancies visible by functional imaging. This paper describes methods of current microCT imaging options for imaging of liver lesions compared to other imaging techniques in small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Martiniova
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1109, USA
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Grabherr S, Hess A, Karolczak M, Thali MJ, Friess SD, Kalender WA, Dirnhofer R, Djonov V. Angiofil-mediated visualization of the vascular system by microcomputed tomography: a feasibility study. Microsc Res Tech 2009; 71:551-6. [PMID: 18393302 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Visualization of the vascular systems of organs or of small animals is important for an assessment of basic physiological conditions, especially in studies that involve genetically manipulated mice. For a detailed morphological analysis of the vascular tree, it is necessary to demonstrate the system in its entirety. In this study, we present a new lipophilic contrast agent, Angiofil, for performing postmortem microangiography by using microcomputed tomography. The new contrast agent was tested in 10 wild-type mice. Imaging of the vascular system revealed vessels down to the caliber of capillaries, and the digital three-dimensional data obtained from the scans allowed for virtual cutting, amplification, and scaling without destroying the sample. By use of computer software, parameters such as vessel length and caliber could be quantified and remapped by color coding onto the surface of the vascular system. The liquid Angiofil is easy to handle and highly radio-opaque. Because of its lipophilic abilities, it is retained intravascularly, hence it facilitates virtual vessel segmentation, and yields an enduring signal which is advantageous during repetitive investigations, or if samples need to be transported from the site of preparation to the place of actual analysis, respectively. These characteristics make Angiofil a promising novel contrast agent; when combined with microcomputed tomography, it has the potential to turn into a powerful method for rapid vascular phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Grabherr
- Centre of Forensic Imaging, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Chieffi P, Franco R, Portella G. Molecular and cell biology of testicular germ cell tumors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 278:277-308. [PMID: 19815181 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(09)78006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are relatively uncommon, they are particularly important as they tend to affect children and young men, representing the most common tumor in male aged from 20 to 40years. TGCTs are a heterogeneous group of tumors, with specific peculiarities reflecting on epidemiologic distribution and clinic-pathological features. TGCTs show a high-cure rates in both seminomas and nonseminomas and represent the model of a curable neoplasia: sensitive serum tumor markers, accurate prognostic classification, contribute to a high effectiveness of cancer therapy. However, up to 30% of patients diagnosed with metastatic nonseminomas do not achieve a durable remission, and in metastatic teratomas cisplatin-based treatment resistance has been observed. These different prognostic and therapeutic features of TGCTs highlight the need for a better understanding of the molecular biology of TGCT, that could help to improve disease management and to tailor aggressiveness of treatment to the severity of the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Chieffi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, II Università di Napoli, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Somford DM, Fütterer JJ, Hambrock T, Barentsz JO. Diffusion and perfusion MR imaging of the prostate. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2008; 16:685-95, ix. [PMID: 18926431 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Conventional anatomic MR imaging has evolved to a superior modality in the evaluation of prostate carcinoma and is now a widely established technique in the detection and staging of this disease, aiding in clinical decision making on treatment and therapy evaluation. Recent improvements in functional MR techniques, such as diffusion-weighted MR imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging, have greatly increased the impact of MR imaging in prostate cancer. The combination of T2-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted MR imaging, and dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging may overcome the limitations of conventional T2-weighted MR imaging of the prostate and may be able accurately to detect, localize, stage, and grade prostate carcinoma and guide biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diederik M Somford
- Department of Urology, Radboud University, Nijmegan Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Inhibitory effects of parthenolide on the angiogenesis induced by human multiple myeloma cells and the mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 28:525-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-008-0508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Miyazaki S, Murase K, Sugawara Y, Kajihara M, Kikuchi K, Miki H, Mochizuki T. Visualization of treatment response in tumors by use of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Radiol Phys Technol 2008; 1:129-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s12194-008-0019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 12/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
Background
Antiangiogenic therapy has become a reality with the recent introduction of bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor.
Methods
Relevant medical literature from PubMed, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence and National Institutes of Health websites to August 2007 was reviewed.
Results and conclusions
Although often described as the fourth modality of treatment after surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, many antiangiogenic drugs have failed to live up to expectations. Nevertheless, research continues and there are reasons to believe that antiangiogenic therapy may yet have a future in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R John
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Division of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - S R Bramhall
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - M C Eggo
- Division of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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