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Kugathas I, Johansson HKL, Chan Sock Peng E, Toupin M, Evrard B, Darde TA, Boberg J, Draskau MK, Rolland AD, Mazaud-Guittot S, Chalmel F, Svingen T. Transcriptional profiling of the developing rat ovary following intrauterine exposure to the endocrine disruptors diethylstilbestrol and ketoconazole. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:849-863. [PMID: 36653537 PMCID: PMC9968686 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during development may cause reproductive disorders in women. Although female reproductive endpoints are assessed in rodent toxicity studies, a concern is that typical endpoints are not sensitive enough to detect chemicals of concern to human health. If so, measured endpoints must be improved or new biomarkers of effects included. Herein, we have characterized the dynamic transcriptional landscape of developing rat ovaries exposed to two well-known EDCs, diethylstilbestrol (DES) and ketoconazole (KTZ), by 3' RNA sequencing. Rats were orally exposed from day 7 of gestation until birth, and from postnatal day 1 until days 6, 14 or 22. Three exposure doses for each chemical were used: 3, 6 and 12 µg/kg bw/day of DES; 3, 6, 12 mg/kg bw/day of KTZ. The transcriptome changed dynamically during perinatal development in control ovaries, with 1137 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) partitioned into 3 broad expression patterns. A cross-species deconvolution strategy based on a mouse ovary developmental cell atlas was used to map any changes to ovarian cellularity across the perinatal period to allow for characterization of actual changes to gene transcript levels. A total of 184 DEGs were observed across dose groups and developmental stages in DES-exposed ovaries, and 111 DEGs in KTZ-exposed ovaries across dose groups and developmental stages. Based on our analyses, we have identified new candidate biomarkers for female reproductive toxicity induced by EDC, including Kcne2, Calb2 and Insl3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indusha Kugathas
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, 9 avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Hanna K. L. Johansson
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Edith Chan Sock Peng
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, 9 avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Maryne Toupin
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, 9 avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Bertrand Evrard
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, 9 avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - Julie Boberg
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Monica K. Draskau
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Antoine D. Rolland
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, 9 avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Séverine Mazaud-Guittot
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, 9 avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Chalmel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, 9 avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Terje Svingen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Pawlicki P, Galuszka A, Pardyak L, Tuz R, Płachno BJ, Malopolska M, Dubniewicz K, Yang P, Kotula-Balak M, Tarasiuk K. Leydig Cells in Immunocastrated Polish Landrace Pig Testis: Differentiation Status and Steroid Enzyme Expression Status. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6120. [PMID: 35682797 PMCID: PMC9181736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porker immunocastration against gonadoliberin (GnRH) secretion has been utilized since 2009; however, consumers are still skeptical of it. This is due to not having full information available on the problem of a boar taint, as well as a lack of research on morphological and molecular changes that may occur in the animal reproductive system and other body systems. The present study aimed to explore the functional status of steroidogenic Leydig cells of the testicular interstitial tissue in immunocastrated Polish Landrace pigs. Analyses were performed using Western blot, immunohistochemistry for relaxin (RLN), insulin-like 3 protein (INSL3), pelleted growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα), cytochrome P450scc, 3β- and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (3β-HSD, 17β-HSD), cytochrome P450arom, and 5α-reductase (5α-RED). Immunoassay ELISA was used to measure the androstenone, testosterone, and estradiol levels in the testis and serum of immunocastrates. We revealed disturbances in the distribution and expression of (i) RLN, indicating an inflammatory reaction in the interstitial tissue; (ii) INSL3 and PDGFRα, indicating alterations in the differentiation and function of fetal, perinatal, or adult Leydig cell populations; (iii) P450scc, 3β-HSD, 17β-HSD, P450arom, and 5α-RED, indicating disturbances in the sex steroid hormone production and disturbed functional status of Leydig cells; as well as (iv) decreased levels of androstenone, testosterone, and estradiol in testicular tissue and serum, indicating the dedicated action of Improvac to reduce boar taint at both the hypothalamic-hypophysis-gonadal axis and local level (Leydig cells). In summary, our study provides a significant portion of knowledge on the function of Leydig cells after immunocastration, which is also important for the diagnosis and therapy of testis dysfunction due to GnRH action failure and/or Leydig cell differentiational-functional alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Pawlicki
- Center of Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Redzina 1c, 30-248 Krakow, Poland; (P.P.); (L.P.)
| | - Anna Galuszka
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Preclinical Sciences, University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Laura Pardyak
- Center of Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Redzina 1c, 30-248 Krakow, Poland; (P.P.); (L.P.)
| | - Ryszard Tuz
- Department of Genetics, Animal Breeding and Ethology, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Krakow, Poland;
| | - Bartosz J. Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Martyna Malopolska
- Department of Pig Breeding, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland;
| | - Klaudia Dubniewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases of Animals and Food Hygiene, University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (K.D.); (K.T.)
| | - Ping Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210009, China;
| | - Malgorzata Kotula-Balak
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Preclinical Sciences, University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Kazimierz Tarasiuk
- Department of Infectious Diseases of Animals and Food Hygiene, University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (K.D.); (K.T.)
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Zhang YF, Yuan KM, Liang Y, Chu YH, Lian QQ, Ge YF, Zhen W, Sottas CM, Su ZJ, Ge RS. Alterations of gene profiles in Leydig-cell-regenerating adult rat testis after ethane dimethane sulfonate-treatment. Asian J Androl 2015; 17:253-60. [PMID: 25337835 PMCID: PMC4405920 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.136447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Only occupying about 1%–5% of total testicular cells, the adult Leydig cell (ALC) is a unique endocrine cell that produces androgens. Rat Leydig cells regenerate after these cells in the testis are eliminated with ethane dimethane sulfonate (EDS). In this study, we have characterized Leydig cell regeneration and messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNA) profiles of EDS treated rat testes. Serum testosterone, testicular gene profiling and some steroidogenesis-related proteins were analyzed at 7, 21, 35 and 90 days after EDS treatment. Testicular testosterone levels declined to undetectable levels until 7 days after treatment and then started to recover. Seven days after treatment, 81 mRNAs were down-regulated greater than or equal to two-fold, with 48 becoming undetectable. These genes increased their expression 21 days and completely returned to normal levels 90 days after treatment. The undetectable genes include steroidogenic pathway proteins: steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, Scarb1, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, Hsd3b1, Cyp1b1 and Cyp2a1. Seven days after treatment, there were 89 mRNAs up-regulated two-fold or more including Pkib. These up-regulated mRNAs returned to normal 90 days after treatment. Cyp2a1 did not start to recover until 35 days after treatment, indicating that this gene is only expressed in ALCs not in the precursor cells. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and semi-quantitative immunohistochemical staining using tissue array confirmed the changes of several randomly picked genes and their proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yan-Hui Chu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Anti-fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China,
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ren-Shan Ge
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325000, China; The Population Council, New York 10065, USA,
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Griswold SL, Behringer RR. Fetal Leydig cell origin and development. Sex Dev 2009; 3:1-15. [PMID: 19339813 DOI: 10.1159/000200077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Male sexual differentiation is a complex process requiring the hormone-producing function of somatic cells in the gonad, including Sertoli cells and fetal Leydig cells (FLCs). FLCs are essential for virilization of the male embryo, but despite their crucial function, relatively little is known about their origins or development. Adult Leydig cells (ALCs), which arise at puberty, have been studied extensively and much of what has been learned about this cell population has been extrapolated to FLCs. This approach is problematic in that prevailing dogma in the field asserts that these 2 populations are distinct in origin. As such, it is imprudent to assume that FLCs arise and develop in a similar manner to ALCs. This review provides a critical assessment of studies performed on FLC populations, rather than those extrapolated from ALC studies to assemble a model for FLC origins and development. Furthermore, we underscore the need for conclusive identification of the source population of fetal Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Griswold
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex., USA
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Kim HH, Kwak DH, Yon JM, Baek IJ, Lee SR, Lee JE, Nahm SS, Jeong JH, Lee BJ, Yun YW, Nam SY. Differential Expression of 3.BETA.-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase mRNA in Rat Testes Exposed to Endocrine Disruptors. J Reprod Dev 2007; 53:465-71. [PMID: 17229994 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.18134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) is mainly found in the Leydig cells from which steroid hormones are biosynthesized in the testes. To investigate whether endocrine disruptors affect the microenvironment of the testes, the mRNA expression of 3beta-HSD as a molecular marker for androgen biosynthesis was analyzed in rat testes exposed to several endocrine disruptors using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction technique. Testosterone [50, 200 and 1,000 microg/kg body weight (BW)], flutamide (1, 5 and 25 mg/kg BW), ketoconazole (0.2, 1, 5 and 25 mg/kg BW), diethylhexyl phthalate (10, 50 and 250 mg/kg BW), nonylphenol (10, 50, 100 and 250 mg/kg BW), octylphenol (10, 50 and 250 mg/kg BW), and diethylstilbestrol (10, 20 and 40 microg/kg BW) were orally administered to 4-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats for 3 weeks daily. Although testosterone at a low dose (50 microg/kg/day) increased the expression of 3beta-HSD mRNA, it was significantly decreased in the rats treated with 200 or 1,000 microg/kg/day testosterone compared with the control group (P<0.05). Furthermore, ketoconazole, diethylhexyl phthalate, nonylphenol, octylphenol and diethylstilbestrol caused significant downregulation of 3beta-HSD mRNA in the testes at all doses (P<0.05). However, flutamide remarkably increased the level of 3beta-HSD mRNA in the testes (P<0.05). These results suggest that endocrine disruptors may influence androgen biosynthesis in the testes by alteration of 3beta-HSD mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan-Hee Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Korea
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Yamamoto M, Narita A, Kagohata M, Shirai M, Akahori F, Arishima K. Effects of maternal exposure to 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) or 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB169) on testicular steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis in male offspring rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 26:205-14. [PMID: 15713826 DOI: 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2005.tb01087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
On days 7-21 of gestation, Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered 3 or 30 mug/kg/d of 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) or 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB169) daily. Their male offspring were autopsied at 3, 6, and 15 weeks after birth to investigate the effects of the 2 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in their testes. PCB treatment caused a decrease in the area ratio of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD)-expressing cells (Leydig cells)/testis at 3 weeks after birth. When PCB126 was administered to pregnant rats, the plasma testosterone levels in their offspring were decreased at 3 weeks. The expression levels of P450scc, 3beta-HSD, and P450(17alpha) mitochondrial RNAs (mRNAs) were unchanged, although the StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein) mRNA expression level was increased at 6 weeks. On the other hand, when PCB169 was administered, plasma testosterone levels were decreased at 3 and 6 weeks and were increased at 15 weeks. Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were decreased at 6 weeks, and plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were increased at 15 weeks. The expression levels of 3beta-HSD and P450(17alpha) were increased, and the mRNA level of 5alpha-reductase 1 was decreased at 15 weeks. PCB169 treatment suppressed the conversion of round spermatids between stages VII and VIII. These results indicate that in utero and lactational exposure to PCB126 or PCB169 decreases plasma testosterone levels in 3-week-old rats, with no change in the expression levels of the mRNAs of enzymes, and that PCB169 inhibits testicular steroid synthesis more strongly than PCB126. PCB169 greatly altered the concentration of testosterone, indicating a stronger inhibitory effect on spermatogenesis. Low testosterone and LH levels in prenatally PCB169-exposed rats until 6 weeks after birth presumably retard the functional differentiation of testicular Leydig cells; however, the increased testosterone levels at 15 weeks suggest that Leydig cells in PCB-exposed rats are virtually mature by the 15th week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Yamamoto
- Department of Anatomy II, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8501, Japan.
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Van Der Eerden BCJ, Van De Ven J, Lowik CWGM, Wit JM, Karperien M. Sex steroid metabolism in the tibial growth plate of the rat. Endocrinology 2002; 143:4048-55. [PMID: 12239116 DOI: 10.1210/en.2002-220093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To assess whether growth plate-specific production of sex steroids is possible, we have surveyed the presence of several key-enzymes involved in androgen and estrogen metabolism in the tibial growth plate of female and male rats during development. Using in situ hybridization, mRNAs of aromatase p450, type I and II 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD), steroid sulfatase (STS), and 5alpha-reductase were detected in proliferating and hypertrophic chondrocytes of the growth plate. The former three were strongly up-regulated around sexual maturation (7 wk), whereas the latter two were expressed at a relatively constant level during development. These data were supported by measuring aromatase, type I 17beta-HSD, and STS enzyme activities in chondrocytes collected from tibial growth plates at 1 and 7 wk of age. Of the enzymes studied, there were minor differences between the sexes in aromatase and 5alpha-reductase expression only. In conclusion, our findings clearly indicate the presence of various enzymes involved in sex steroid metabolism in the tibial growth plate, especially in sexually maturing rats, a timepoint at which sex steroids have major effects on longitudinal growth. Our data suggest that intracrinology in the rat growth plate can occur and may be a major source of local sex steroid delivery.
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Biagini G, Pich EM. Corticosterone administration to rat pups, but not maternal separation, affects sexual maturation and glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity in the testis. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002; 73:95-103. [PMID: 12076728 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00754-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal stress strongly affects sexual dimorphism of male rats. Much less information is instead available on the effects of postnatal stress on sexual maturation during the so-called stress hyporesponsive period (SHRP). For this reason, we compared corticosterone-treated (CS; 10 mg/kg sc, suspended in sesame oil) or maternally separated pups (MS; 5 h/day in the first week of life) with control rats. Control and MS pups also received sesame oil injections. The effects of these procedures on physical development (body weight and eye opening), sexual maturation [anogenital distance, testis weight, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/(Delta5-4) (3betaHSD) isomerase activity and time to testis descent] and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) immunoreactivity in the testis were examined. Corticosterone treatment significantly (P<.05) advanced testis descent and increased testis weight and 3betaHSD activity at puberty. In addition, adult CS rats presented higher levels of GR immunoreactivity in testicular tubules when compared to control and MS rats. No differences were found between control and MS rats. On this basis, we propose that the silencing of adrenocortical function during the SHRP could be finalized to preserve sexual maturation from the influence of glucocorticoid effects. As SHRP is unique to rodents, this phenomenon could be related to their successful reproductive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Biagini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, and Centre of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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