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Sato R, Yamada Y, Kashihara W, Nishihara T, Tanabe K, Xu YZ, Suzuki T. Excited state properties of 5-fluoro-4-thiouridine derivative †. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:434-442. [PMID: 38312100 DOI: 10.1111/php.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The excited state properties of thionated 5-fluorouridine (2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-5-fluoro-4-thiouridine; ta5F4TUrd), synthesized with Lawesson's reagent, have been intensively investigated with nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, time-resolved thermal lensing, near-infrared emission, and quantum chemical calculation. The intrinsic triplet lifetime of ta5F4TUrd was determined to be4.2 ± 0.7 μs in acetonitrile, and the formation quantum yield of the excited triplet state was as large as0.79 ± 0.01 . The quenching rate constants of the triplet ta5F4TUrd by the dissolved oxygen molecule and by the self-quenching process were found to be nearly equal to the diffusion-controlled rate of acetonitrile. The quantum yield of the singlet molecular oxygen produced through energy transfer between the triplet ta5F4TUrd and the dissolved oxygen,Φ Δ , was successfully determined to be0.61 ± 0.02 under the oxygen-saturated condition. From the oxygen concentration dependence of theΦ Δ value, the fraction of triplet ta5F4TUrd quenched by dissolved oxygen which gives rise to the 1 O2 * formation,S Δ , was successfully obtained to be0.78 ± 0.01 , which was the largest among the thionucleobases and the thionucleosides reported so far. This could be due to the lower energy and/or the ππ* character of the triplet state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rin Sato
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshino Yamada
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wataru Kashihara
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yao-Zhong Xu
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Keynes, UK
| | - Tadashi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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2
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Ortiz-Rodríguez LA, Fang YG, Niogret G, Hadidi K, Hoehn SJ, Folkwein HJ, Jockusch S, Tor Y, Cui G, Levi L, Crespo-Hernández CE. Thieno[3,4- d]pyrimidin-4(3 H)-thione: an effective, oxygenation independent, heavy-atom-free photosensitizer for cancer cells. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8831-8841. [PMID: 37621444 PMCID: PMC10445467 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02592f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
All-organic, heavy-atom-free photosensitizers based on thionation of nucleobases are receiving increased attention because they are easy to make, noncytotoxic, work both in the presence and absence of molecular oxygen, and can be readily incorporated into DNA and RNA. In this contribution, the DNA and RNA fluorescent probe, thieno[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(1H)-one, has been thionated to develop thieno[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-thione, which is nonfluorescent and absorbs near-visible radiation with about 60% higher efficiency. Steady-state absorption and emission spectra are combined with transient absorption spectroscopy and CASPT2 calculations to delineate the electronic relaxation mechanisms of both pyrimidine derivatives in aqueous and acetonitrile solutions. It is demonstrated that thieno[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-thione efficiently populates the long-lived and reactive triplet state generating singlet oxygen with a quantum yield of about 80% independent of solvent. It is further shown that thieno[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-thione exhibits high photodynamic efficacy against monolayer melanoma cells and cervical cancer cells both under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Our combined spectroscopic, computational, and in vitro data demonstrate the excellent potential of thieno[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(1H)-thione as a heavy-atom-free PDT agent and paves the way for further development of photosensitizers based on the thionation of thieno[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives. Collectively, the experimental and computational results demonstrate that thieno[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4(3H)-thione stands out as the most promising thiobase photosensitizer developed to this date.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ye-Guang Fang
- Key Lab of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Germain Niogret
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Kaivin Hadidi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Sean J Hoehn
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 USA
| | - Heather J Folkwein
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 USA
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University Bowling Green Ohio 43403 USA
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Lab of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Liraz Levi
- Celloram Inc Cleveland OH 44106 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
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3
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Lima BA, Varela JDJ, Ellena J, Batista AA, da Silva AB, Correa RS. Molecular Structure of Ru(II)/Diphosphine/4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinethiol Complexes: A Combined Experimental and Density Functional Theory Study. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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4
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Krancewicz K, Koput J, Hug GL, Marciniak B, Taras-Goslinska KM. Unusual photophysical properties of a new tricyclic derivative of thiopurines in terms of potential applications. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 281:121620. [PMID: 35853257 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The thio analogues of purine bases have been found to possess notable biological and pharmacological capabilities and have an important role to play as anticancer and immunosuppressive drugs. In this work a new tricyclic analogue of guanosine containing sulfur was synthesized, in particular, DTEG (2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-6,9-dithioethanoguanosine). Although there is promise for thiopurine derivatives for biomedical applications, there are some liabilities in regard to their exposure to light. As a preliminary survey for such difficulties with DTEG, this work looks into spectral and photophysical processes of DTEG using time-resolved and steady-state optical excitation. In contrast to other thiopurines, which have long-lived triplets, DTEG is shown to have a short-lived triplet making it less dangerous for singlet-oxygen sensitization. Even in anaerobic solutions, its photoreactivity is negligible. These various unusual photochemical properties of DTEG are consistent with DTEG being very promising as an alternative drug to the currently used 6-thiopurines. DTEG also has some interesting photophysical behavior that is distinct from other thioketones. Although thioketones have an unusual fluorescence violating Kasha's Rule and emitting from the second excited singlet state, DTEG does this also, but, in addition, it shows dual fluorescence by emitting from its first excited singlet as well. The assignments of the nature of these excited states are supported by DFT results. This theory and associated kinetic analysis show quantitatively that the dual fluorescence is, in part, tied to the relatively fast S2 to S1 internal conversion compared to other S2 decays and, in part, tied to the relatively slow nonradiative decay of S1 itself.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek Koput
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Gordon L Hug
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame 46556, USA
| | - Bronisław Marciniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; Centre for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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5
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Quenching Studies as Important Toolkit for Exploring Binding Propensity of Metal Complexes with Serum Albumin and DNA (A Review). Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02676-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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6
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Teles-Ferreira DC, Manzoni C, Martínez-Fernández L, Cerullo G, de Paula AM, Borrego-Varillas R. Ultrafast Excited-State Decay Mechanisms of 6-Thioguanine Followed by Sub-20 fs UV Transient Absorption Spectroscopy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041200. [PMID: 35208987 PMCID: PMC8878119 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the primary steps following UV photoexcitation in sulphur-substituted DNA bases (thiobases) is fundamental for developing new phototherapeutic drugs. However, the investigation of the excited-state dynamics in sub-100 fs time scales has been elusive until now due to technical challenges. Here, we track the ultrafast decay mechanisms that lead to the electron trapping in the triplet manifold for 6-thioguanine in an aqueous solution, using broadband transient absorption spectroscopy with a sub-20 fs temporal resolution. We obtain experimental evidence of the fast internal conversion from the S2(ππ*) to the S1(nπ*) states, which takes place in about 80 fs and demonstrates that the S1(nπ*) state acts as a doorway to the triplet population in 522 fs. Our results are supported by MS-CASPT2 calculations, predicting a planar S2(ππ*) pseudo-minimum in agreement with the stimulated emission signal observed in the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristian Manzoni
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (C.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Lara Martínez-Fernández
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IADCHEM), Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (C.M.); (G.C.)
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Ana Maria de Paula
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil;
| | - Rocío Borrego-Varillas
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (C.M.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Dubey SK, Khatkar S, Trivedi M, Gulati S, Batra SK, Rath N, Kumar S, Lakia R, Raghav N, Kaur S. Syntheses, Structural and Serum Protein Protecting Activity of Ruthenium(II)-DMSO Complexes Containing Mercapto Ligand. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01363k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four new ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(mpt)2(DMSO)2] (1), [Ru(mpt)2(bpy)] (2), [Ru(mpt)2(phen)] (3) and [Ru(mpt)2(tptz)] (4) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, 1H and 13C NMR, and electronic absorption spectroscopy....
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8
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Günsel A, Yıldırım A, Taslimi P, Erden Y, Taskin-Tok T, Pişkin H, Bilgiçli AT, Gülçin İ, Nilüfer Yarasir M. Cytotoxicity effects and biochemical investigation of novel tetrakis-phthalocyanines bearing 2-thiocytosine moieties with molecular docking studies. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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9
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Teles-Ferreira DC, van Stokkum IH, Conti I, Ganzer L, Manzoni C, Garavelli M, Cerullo G, Nenov A, Borrego Varillas R, de Paula AM. Coherent vibrational modes promote the ultrafast internal conversion and intersystem crossing in thiobases. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:21750-21758. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02073d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thionated nucleobases are obtained by replacing oxygen with sulphur atoms in the canonical nucleobases. They absorb light efficiently in the near-ultraviolet, populating singlet states which undergo intersystem crossing to the...
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10
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Ortiz-Rodríguez LA, Hoehn SJ, Acquah C, Abbass N, Waidmann L, Crespo-Hernández CE. Femtosecond intersystem crossing to the reactive triplet state of the 2,6-dithiopurine skin cancer photosensitizer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25048-25055. [PMID: 34730146 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04415j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Site-selected sulfur-substituted nucleobases are a class of all organic, heavy-atom-free photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy applications that exhibit excellent photophysical properties such as strong absorption in the ultraviolet-A region of the electromagnetic spectrum, near-unity triplet yields, and a high yield of singlet oxygen generation. Recent investigations on doubly thionated nucleobases, 2,4-dithiothymine, 2,4-dithiouracil, and 2,6-dithiopurine, demonstrated that these set of dithionated nucleobases outperform the photodynamic efficacy exhibit by 4-thiothymidine-the most widely studied singly substituted thiobase to date. Out of the three dithionated nucleobases, 2,6-dithiopurine was shown to be the most effective, exhibiting inhibition of cell proliferation of up to 63% when combined with a low UVA dose of 5 J cm-2. In this study, we elucidated the electronic relaxation pathways leading to the population of the reactive triplet state of 2,6-dithiopurine. 2,6-Dithiopurine populates the triplet manifold in less than 150 fs, reaching the nπ* triplet state minimum within a lifetime of 280 ± 50 fs. Subsequently, the population in the nπ* triplet state minimum internally converts to the long-lived ππ* triplet state within a lifetime of 3 ± 1 ps. The relatively slow internal conversion lifetime is associated with major conformational relaxation in going from the nπ* to ππ* triplet state minimum. A unity triplet yield of 1.0 ± 0.1 is measured.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean J Hoehn
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Chris Acquah
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Nadia Abbass
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Lidia Waidmann
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Core-Level Spectroscopy of 2-Thiouracil at the Sulfur L 1- and L 2,3-Edges Utilizing a SASE Free-Electron Laser. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216469. [PMID: 34770877 PMCID: PMC8586990 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we report X-ray absorption and core-level electron spectra of the nucleobase derivative 2-thiouracil at the sulfur L1- and L2,3-edges. We used soft X-rays from the free-electron laser FLASH2 for the excitation of isolated molecules and dispersed the outgoing electrons with a magnetic bottle spectrometer. We identified photoelectrons from the 2p core orbital, accompanied by an electron correlation satellite, as well as resonant and non-resonant Coster–Kronig and Auger–Meitner emission at the L1- and L2,3-edges, respectively. We used the electron yield to construct X-ray absorption spectra at the two edges. The experimental data obtained are put in the context of the literature currently available on sulfur core-level and 2-thiouracil spectroscopy.
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Chen D, Xu Q, Wang W, Shao J, Huang W, Dong X. Type I Photosensitizers Revitalizing Photodynamic Oncotherapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006742. [PMID: 34038611 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown great potential for tumor treatment with merits of non-invasiveness, high selectivity, and minimal side effects. However, conventional type II PDT relying on 1 O2 presents poor therapeutic efficacy for hypoxic tumors due to the oxygen-dependent manner. Alternatively, emerging researches have demonstrated that type I PDT exhibits superiority over type II PDT in tumor treatment owing to its diminished oxygen-dependence. In this review, state-of-the-art studies concerning recent progress in type I photosensitizers are scrutinized, emphasizing the strategies to construct highly effective type I photosensitizers. As the foundation, basic principles of type I PDT are presented, and up-to-date type I photosensitizers are summarized and classified based on their attributes. Then, a literature review of representative type I photosensitizers (including nanomaterials and small molecules) is presented with impetus to delineate their novel designs, action mechanisms, as well as anticancer PDT applications. Finally, the remaining challenges and development directions of type I photosensitizers are outlined, highlighting key scientific issues toward clinical translations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Chen
- Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Jinjun Shao
- Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xiaochen Dong
- Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 210009, China
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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13
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Xu T, Hu Z, Lv M, Zhou Z, Xu J, Sun Z, Sun H, Chen J. Hydrogen atom and water complex determine the excited state dynamics of 8-azaguanine. Chem Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2021.111118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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14
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Nonoshita D, Kashihara W, Tanabe K, Isozaki T, Xu YZ, Suzuki T. Excited States of Thio-2'-deoxyuridine Bearing an Extended π-Conjugated System: 3',5'-Di- O-acetyl-5-phenylethynyl-4-thio-2'-deoxyuridine. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:597-606. [PMID: 33307688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A new thio-2'-deoxyuridine with an extended π-conjugated group was successfully synthesized: 3',5'-di-O-acetyl-5-phenylethynyl-4-thio-2'-deoxyuridine. The thio-2'-deoxyuridine derivative has a large red-shifted absorption band in the UVA region and also shows fluorescence, a rare photo-property among thionucleobases/thionucleosides. The triplet-triplet absorption spectrum and the rate constants (the intrinsic decay rate constant of the triplet state, the self-quenching rate constant, and the quenching rate constant of the triplet state by an oxygen molecule) of the thio-2'-deoxyuridine were obtained by transient absorption spectroscopy. The quantum yield of intersystem crossing and the quantum yield of singlet molecular oxygen formation (ϕΔ) under an oxygen atmosphere were also determined. The ϕΔ value of the new thio-2'-deoxyuridine was found to be substantially higher than all reported values of other thio-2'-deoxyribonucleosides in low oxygen concentrations similar to cancer cell environments. The fluorescence quantum yield depended on the excitation wavelength, revealing certain photochemical reactions in the higher excited singlet states. However, when excited into the higher excited state with non-resonant two-photon absorption, the ϕΔ of the thio-2'-deoxyuridine derivative was found to remain sufficiently large. These findings should be very useful for the development of thio-2'-deoxyribonucleoside-based pharmaceuticals as DNA-specific photosensitizers for photochemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Nonoshita
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wataru Kashihara
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tasuku Isozaki
- Division of Natural Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, J. F. Oberlin University, Tokiwa-machi, Machida 194-0294, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yao Zhong Xu
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Keynes MK7 6AA, U.K
| | - Tadashi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Kanagawa, Japan
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15
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Ortiz-Rodríguez LA, Crespo-Hernández CE. Thionated organic compounds as emerging heavy-atom-free photodynamic therapy agents. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11113-11123. [PMID: 34094354 PMCID: PMC8162790 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04747c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This minireview focuses on recent progress in developing heavy-atom-free photosensitizers based on the thionation of nucleic acid derivatives and other biocompatible organic compounds for prospective applications in photodynamic therapy. Particular attention is given to the use of thionated nucleobase derivatives as "one-two punch" photodynamic agents. These versatile photosensitizers can act as "Trojan horses" upon metabolization into DNA and exposure to activating light. Their incorporation into cellular DNA increases their selectivity and photodynamic efficacy against highly proliferating skin cancer tumor cells, while simultaneously enabling the use of low irradiation doses both in the presence and in the absence of molecular oxygen. Also reviewed are their primary photochemical reactions, modes of action, and photosensitization mechanisms. New developments of emerging thionated organic photosensitizers absorbing visible and near-infrared radiation are highlighted. Future research directions, as well as, other prospective applications of heavy-atom-free, thionated photosensitizers are discussed.
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Tang J, Wang L, Loredo A, Cole C, Xiao H. Single-atom replacement as a general approach towards visible-light/near-infrared heavy-atom-free photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6701-6708. [PMID: 32953031 PMCID: PMC7473402 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02286a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy has become an emerging strategy for the treatment of cancer. This technology relies on the development of photosensitizers (PSs) that convert molecular oxygen to cytotoxic reactive oxygen species upon exposure to light. In this study, we have developed a facile and general strategy for obtaining visible light/near-infrared-absorbing PSs by performing a simple sulfur-for-oxygen replacement within existing fluorophores. Thionation of carbonyl groups within existing fluorophore cores leads to an improvement of the singlet oxygen quantum yield and molar absorption coefficient at longer wavelengths (deep to 600-800 nm). Additionally, these thio-based PSs lack dark cytotoxicity but exhibit significant phototoxicity against monolayer cancer cells and 3D multicellular tumor spheroids with IC50 in the micromolar range. To achieve tumor-specific delivery, we have conjugated these thio-based PSs to an antibody and demonstrated their tumor-specific therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tang
- Department of Chemistry , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , USA .
| | - Lushun Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , USA .
| | - Axel Loredo
- Department of Chemistry , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , USA .
| | - Carson Cole
- Department of Chemistry , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , USA .
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Chemistry , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , USA .
- Department of Biosciences , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , USA
- Department of Bioengineering , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , USA
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17
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Brister MM, Gustavsson T, Crespo-Hernández CE. Excited State Lifetimes of Sulfur-Substituted DNA and RNA Monomers Probed Using the Femtosecond Fluorescence Up-Conversion Technique. Molecules 2020; 25:E584. [PMID: 32013184 PMCID: PMC7037914 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur-substituted DNA and RNA nucleobase derivatives (a.k.a., thiobases) are an important family of biomolecules. They are used as prodrugs and as chemotherapeutic agents in medical settings, and as photocrosslinker molecules in structural-biology applications. Remarkably, excitation of thiobases with ultraviolet to near-visible light results in the population of long-lived and reactive triplet states on a time scale of hundreds of femtoseconds and with near-unity yields. This efficient nonradiative decay pathway explains the vanishingly small fluorescence yields reported for the thiobases and the scarcity of fluorescence lifetimes in the literature. In this study, we report fluorescence lifetimes for twelve thiobase derivatives, both in aqueous solution at physiological pH and in acetonitrile. Excitation is performed at 267 and 362 nm, while fluorescence emission is detected at 380, 425, 450, 525, or 532 nm. All the investigated thiobases reveal fluorescence lifetimes that decay in a few hundreds of femtoseconds and with magnitudes that depend and are sensitive to the position and degree of sulfur-atom substitution and on the solvent environment. Interestingly, however, three thiopyrimidine derivatives (i.e., 2-thiocytidine, 2-thiouridine, and 4-thiothymidine) also exhibit a small amplitude fluorescence component of a few picoseconds in aqueous solution. Furthermore, the N-glycosylation of thiobases to form DNA or RNA nucleoside analogues is demonstrated as affecting their fluorescence lifetimes. In aqueous solution, the fluorescence decay signals exciting at 267 nm are equal or slower than those collected exciting at 362 nm. In acetonitrile, however, the fluorescence decay signals recorded upon 267 nm excitation are, in all cases, faster than those measured exciting at 362 nm. A comparison to the literature values show that, while both the DNA and RNA nucleobase and thiobase derivatives exhibit sub-picosecond fluorescence lifetimes, the 1ππ* excited-state population in the nucleobase monomers primarily decay back to the ground state, whereas it predominantly populates long-lived and reactive triplet states in thiobase monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. Brister
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Thomas Gustavsson
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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18
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Teles‐Ferreira DC, Conti I, Borrego‐Varillas R, Nenov A, Van Stokkum IHM, Ganzer L, Manzoni C, Paula AM, Cerullo G, Garavelli M. A Unified Experimental/Theoretical Description of the Ultrafast Photophysics of Single and Double Thionated Uracils. Chemistry 2019; 26:336-343. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Cristina Teles‐Ferreira
- Departamento de Física Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais 31270-901 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
- Electrical Engineering Department Federal Institute of Minas Gerais Formiga MG Brazil
| | - Irene Conti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale Università degli Studi di Bologna Viale del Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Rocío Borrego‐Varillas
- IFN-CNR Department of Physics Politecnico di Milano P.za L. da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Artur Nenov
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale Università degli Studi di Bologna Viale del Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Ivo H. M. Van Stokkum
- Department of Physics and Astronomy Faculty of Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1081 1081HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Lucia Ganzer
- IFN-CNR Department of Physics Politecnico di Milano P.za L. da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Cristian Manzoni
- IFN-CNR Department of Physics Politecnico di Milano P.za L. da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Ana Maria Paula
- Departamento de Física Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais 31270-901 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- IFN-CNR Department of Physics Politecnico di Milano P.za L. da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale Università degli Studi di Bologna Viale del Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
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19
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Nguyen VN, Qi S, Kim S, Kwon N, Kim G, Yim Y, Park S, Yoon J. An Emerging Molecular Design Approach to Heavy-Atom-Free Photosensitizers for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy under Hypoxia. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16243-16248. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Van-Nghia Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujie Qi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Nahyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoungmi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yubin Yim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungnam Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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20
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Cyclopentadienyl ruthenium complexes of mixed heterocyclic thiol and Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene ligands. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Taras-Goslinska K, Vetica F, Barata-Vallejo S, Triantakostanti V, Marciniak B, Chatgilialoglu C. Converging Fate of the Oxidation and Reduction of 8-Thioguanosine. Molecules 2019; 24:E3143. [PMID: 31470553 PMCID: PMC6749358 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thione-containing nucleobases have attracted the attention of the scientific community for their application in oncology, virology, and transplantology. The detailed understanding of the reactivity of the purine derivative 8-thioguanosine (8-TG) with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals is crucial for its biological relevance. An extensive investigation on the fate of 8-TG under both reductive and oxidative conditions is here reported, and it was tested by employing steady-state photooxidation, laser flash photolysis, as well as γ-radiolysis in aqueous solutions. The characterization of the 8-TG T1 excited state by laser flash photolysis and the photooxidation experiments confirmed that singlet oxygen is a crucial intermediate in the formation of the unexpected reduced product guanosine, without the formation of the usual oxygenated sulfinic or sulfonic acids. Furthermore, a thorough screening of different radiolytic conditions upon γ-radiation afforded the reduced product. These results were rationalized by performing control experiments in the predominant presence of each reactive species formed by radiolysis of water, and the mechanistic pathway scenario was postulated on these bases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrizio Vetica
- R&D Laboratory, Lipinutragen srl, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- ISOF, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sebastián Barata-Vallejo
- ISOF, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimíca, Departamento de Quimíca Organíca, Junin 954, RA-1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Bronisław Marciniak
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Chemistry, Wieniawskiego 1, 61-712 Poznań, Poland
- Center of Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-712 Poznań, Poland
| | - Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu
- R&D Laboratory, Lipinutragen srl, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
- ISOF, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
- Center of Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-712 Poznań, Poland.
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22
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Ono K, Kitaoka K, Ikeno S, Yonemura T. Crystal structures, spectroscopic studies and photodenitrosylation reactions of stereoselectively formed dinitrosyl-molybdenum [Mo(bidentate-N,S)2(NO)2] complexes with 2-pyrimidinethiolate derivatives. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Mai S, Atkins AJ, Plasser F, González L. The Influence of the Electronic Structure Method on Intersystem Crossing Dynamics. The Case of Thioformaldehyde. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:3470-3480. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mai
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straß 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrew J. Atkins
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straß 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Plasser
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straß 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straß 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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24
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Mai S, Wolf AP, González L. Curious Case of 2-Selenouracil: Efficient Population of Triplet States and Yet Photostable. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:3730-3742. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mai
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna-Patricia Wolf
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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25
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Zhou Z, Hu Z, Zhang X, Jia M, Wang X, Su H, Sun H, Chen J, Xu J. pH Controlled Intersystem Crossing and Singlet Oxygen Generation of 8-Azaadenine in Aqueous Solution. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:757-765. [PMID: 30702794 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Azabases are intriguing DNA and RNA analogues and have been used as effective antiviral and anticancer medicines. However, photosensitivity of these drugs has also been reported. Here, pH-controlled intersystem crossing (ISC) process of 9H 8-azaadenine (8-AA) in aqueous solution is reported. Broadband transient absorption measurements reveal that the hydrogen atom at N9 position can greatly affect ISC of 8-AA and ISC is more favorable when 8-AA is in its neutral form in aqueous solution. The initial excited ππ* (S2 ) state evolves through ultrafast internal conversion (IC) (4.2 ps) to the lower-lying nπ* state (S1 ), which further stands as a door way state for ISC with a time constant of 160 ps. The triplet state has a lifetime of 6.1 μs. On the other hand, deprotonation at N9 position promotes the IC from the ππ* (S2 ) state to the ground state (S0 ) and the lifetime of the S2 state is determined to be 10 ps. The experimental results are further supported by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. Singlet oxygen generation yield is measured to be 13.8 % for the neutral 8-AA while the deprotonated one exhibit much lower yield (<2 %), implying that this compound could be a potential pH-sensitized photodynamic therapy agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongneng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Zhubin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xianwang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Menghui Jia
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Xueli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Hongmei Su
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jinquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Jianhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
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26
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Novel Synthesized Benzesulfonamide Nanosized Complexes; Spectral Characterization, Molecular Docking, Molecular Modeling and Analytical Application. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-018-01062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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27
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Janicki MJ, Szabla R, Šponer J, Góra RW. Solvation effects alter the photochemistry of 2-thiocytosine. Chem Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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28
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Miyata S, Tanabe S, Isozaki T, Xu YZ, Suzuki T. Characteristics of the excited triplet states of thiolated guanosine derivatives and singlet oxygen generation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:1469-1476. [PMID: 30280174 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00240a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Thioguanine is sensitive to UVA light and generates singlet molecular oxygen (1O2*) when exposed to UVA. Three thioguanosine derivatives, 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-6-thioguanosine (ta6TGuo), 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-8-thioguanosine (ta8TGuo), and 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-6,8-dithioguanosine (taDTGuo) were explored photophysically and photochemically. Nanosecond transient absorption and time-resolved near-infrared emission measurements were carried out to investigate the characteristics of their excited triplet states in acetonitrile solution. The quantum yield of intersystem crossing (ΦISC), the intrinsic decay rate constant (k0), the quenching rate constant by 3O2 (kq) and the self-quenching rate constant (kSQ) of their triplet states were all determined. From the precise analysis of the quantum yield of 1O2* generation (ΦΔ) against the concentration of dissolved molecular oxygen, the fraction of the triplet states quenched by dissolved oxygen which gives rise to 1O2* formation (SΔ) was successfully obtained with high accuracy. The ΦΔ values at low oxygen concentrations reveal that these thioguanosines, particularly taDTGuo, can still effectively generate 1O2* at low molecular oxygen concentrations like carcinomatous microenvironments. These findings indicate that taDTGuo would perform well as a potential agent for photo-induced cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoma Miyata
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan.
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29
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Ashwood B, Pollum M, Crespo-Hernández CE. Photochemical and Photodynamical Properties of Sulfur-Substituted Nucleic Acid Bases. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:33-58. [PMID: 29978490 DOI: 10.1111/php.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur-substituted nucleobases (a.k.a., thiobases) are among the world's leading prescriptions for chemotherapy and immunosuppression. Long-term treatment with azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine has been correlated with the photoinduced formation of carcinomas. Establishing an in-depth understanding of the photochemical properties of these prodrugs may provide a route to overcoming these carcinogenic side effects, or, alternatively, a basis for developing effective compounds for targeted phototherapy. In this review, a broad examination is undertaken, surveying the basic photochemical properties and excited-state dynamics of sulfur-substituted analogs of the canonical DNA and RNA nucleobases. A molecular-level understanding of how sulfur substitution so remarkably perturbs the photochemical properties of the nucleobases is presented by combining experimental results with quantum-chemical calculations. Structure-property relationships demonstrate the impact of site-specific sulfur substitution on the photochemical properties, particularly on the population of the reactive triplet state. The value of fundamental photochemical investigations for driving the development of ultraviolet-A chemotherapeutics is showcased. The most promising photodynamic agents identified thus far have been investigated in various carcinoma cell lines and shown to decrease cell proliferation upon exposure to ultraviolet-A radiation. Overarching principles have been elucidated for the impact that sulfur substitution of the carbonyl oxygen has on the photochemical properties of the nucleobases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan Ashwood
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Marvin Pollum
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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30
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Hedger AK, Oomen ME, Liu V, Moazami MP, Rhind N, Dekker J, Watts JK. Progress toward an amplifiable metabolic label for DNA: conversion of 4-thiothymidine (4sT) to 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine and synthesis of a 4sT phosphorodiamidate prodrug. CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability to metabolically label DNA in a way that produces a latent change from one nucleobase to another would create a signal that can be amplified by PCR — this in turn would allow studies of newly synthesized DNA using high-throughput sequencing. To function as an amplifiable metabolic label, a nucleotide analogue would need to be taken up by cells and incorporated into cellular DNA; after purification of DNA, it could be converted into a different nucleobase with a different base pairing pattern. We selected 4-thiothymidine (4sT) as a candidate metabolic label: 4sT is readily taken up by a large number of polymerases in vitro, and we present a method that allows 4sT to be converted into 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine (5mC) after incorporation into DNA. Encouraged by these results, we treated cells with 4sT nucleoside; however, we found that 4sT is not incorporated into DNA in bacterial, yeast, or mammalian cells to useful levels under the conditions we tested. A phosphorodiamidate prodrug of 4sTMP was successfully synthesized but did not measurably improve incorporation into cellular DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam K. Hedger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Marlies E. Oomen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Program in Systems Biology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Victor Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Michael P. Moazami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Nicholas Rhind
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Job Dekker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Program in Systems Biology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Jonathan K. Watts
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
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31
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Kopyra J, Kopyra KK, Abdoul-Carime H, Branowska D. Insights into the dehydrogenation of 2-thiouracil induced by slow electrons: Comparison of 2-thiouracil and 1-methyl-2-thiouracil. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:234301. [PMID: 29935521 DOI: 10.1063/1.5032162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present contribution, we study dissociative electron attachment to 1-methyl-2-thiouracil that has been synthesized and purified prior to the measurements. We compare the results with those previously obtained from 2-thiouracil. The comparison of the yield of the dehydrogenated parent anion from both the compounds allows us to assign the site from which the H atom is expulsed and to predict the mechanism that is involved in the formation of the peaks within the ion yield curve. It appears that the dehydrogenation observed for 2-thiouracil arising from the vibrational Feshbach resonances (at 0.7 and 1.0 eV) and a π*/σ* transition (at 0.1 eV) involves the bond cleavage at the N1 site, while that at the N3 site operates via the π*/σ* transition and occurs in the energy range of 1.1-3.3 eV. Besides the loss of the H atom from 1-methyl-2-thiouracil, we observe a relatively strong signal due to the loss of an entire methyl group (not observed from methyl-substituted thymine and uracil) that is formed from the N1-CH3 bond cleavage and can mimic the N-glycosidic bond cleavage within the DNA macromolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Kopyra
- Faculty of Sciences, Siedlce University, 3 Maja 54, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Konstancja K Kopyra
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hassan Abdoul-Carime
- Université de Lyon, F-69003 Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France; and CNRS/IN2P3, UMR5822, Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Danuta Branowska
- Faculty of Sciences, Siedlce University, 3 Maja 54, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
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32
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Miyata S, Yamada T, Isozaki T, Sugimura H, Xu YZ, Suzuki T. Absorption Characteristics and Quantum Yields of Singlet Oxygen Generation of Thioguanosine Derivatives. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 94:677-684. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shoma Miyata
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science; Aoyama Gakuin University; Sagamihara Kanagawa Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamada
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science; Aoyama Gakuin University; Sagamihara Kanagawa Japan
| | - Tasuku Isozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science; Aoyama Gakuin University; Sagamihara Kanagawa Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sugimura
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science; Aoyama Gakuin University; Sagamihara Kanagawa Japan
| | - Yao-Zhong Xu
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences; the Open University; Milton Keynes UK
| | - Tadashi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science; Aoyama Gakuin University; Sagamihara Kanagawa Japan
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33
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Miyata S, Hoshino M, Isozaki T, Yamada T, Sugimura H, Xu YZ, Suzuki T. Acid Dissociation Equilibrium and Singlet Molecular Oxygen Quantum Yield of Acetylated 6,8-Dithioguanosine in Aqueous Buffer Solution. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:2912-2921. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shoma Miyata
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Mina Hoshino
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Tasuku Isozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamada
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sugimura
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Yao-Zhong Xu
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, U.K
| | - Tadashi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
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34
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Bai S, Barbatti M. Mechanism of enhanced triplet decay of thionucleobase by glycosylation and rate-modulating strategies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:16428-16436. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02306a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Functionalization of the sugar group can be used to control the triplet decay rate of thionucleosides.
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35
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Photorelaxation and Photorepair Processes in Nucleic and Amino Acid Derivatives. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122203. [PMID: 29231852 PMCID: PMC6149726 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the fundamental interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter is essential for a large number of phenomena, with significance to civilization.[...].
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36
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Shahabadi N, Bazvandi B, Taherpour A(A. Synthesis, structural determination and HSA interaction studies of a new water-soluble Cu(II) complex derived from 1,10-phenanthroline and ranitidine drug. J COORD CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2017.1380195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Shahabadi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Department, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
- Medical Biology Research Center (MBRC) Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Behzad Bazvandi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Department, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Avat (Arman) Taherpour
- Chemistry Faculty, Organic Department, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
- Medical Biology Research Center (MBRC) Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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37
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Brem R, Guven M, Karran P. Oxidatively-generated damage to DNA and proteins mediated by photosensitized UVA. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 107:101-109. [PMID: 27989755 PMCID: PMC5462485 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UVA accounts for about 95% of the solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation that reaches Earth and most likely contributes to human skin cancer risk. In contrast to UVB, which comprises the remaining 5% and is absorbed by DNA nucleobases to cause direct photodamage, UVA damages DNA indirectly. It does this largely through its interactions with cellular chromophores that act as photosensitisers to generate reactive oxygen species. Exogenously supplied chemicals, including some widely-prescribed medicines, may also act as photosensitisers and these drugs are associated with an increased risk of sun-related cancer. Because they amplify the effects of UVA on cells, they provide a means to investigate the mechanisms and effects of UVA-induced photodamage. Here, we describe some of the major lesions induced by two groups of UVA photosensitisers, the DNA thionucleotides and the fluoroquinolone antibiotics. In thionucleotides, replacement of the oxygen atoms of canonical nucleobases by sulfur converts them into strong UVA chromophores that can be incorporated into DNA. The fluoroquinolones are also UVA chromophores. They are not incorporated into DNA and induce a different range of DNA damages. We also draw attention to the potentially important contribution of photochemical protein damage to the cellular effects of photosensitised UVA. Proteins targeted for oxidation damage include DNA repair factors and we suggest that UVA-mediated protein damage may contribute to sunlight-induced cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Brem
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Melisa Guven
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Peter Karran
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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38
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Mai S, Ashwood B, Marquetand P, Crespo-Hernández CE, González L. Solvatochromic Effects on the Absorption Spectrum of 2-Thiocytosine. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:5187-5196. [PMID: 28452483 PMCID: PMC5447245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The solvatochromic effects of six different solvents on the UV absorption spectrum of 2-thiocytosine have been studied by a combination of experimental and theoretical techniques. The steady-state absorption spectra show significant shifts of the absorption bands, where in more polar solvents the first absorption maximum shifts to higher transition energies and the second maximum to lower energies. The observed solvatochromic shifts have been rationalized using three popular solvatochromic scales and with high-level multireference quantum chemistry calculations including implicit and explicit solvent effects. It has been found that the dipole moments of the excited states account for some general shifts in the excitation energies, whereas the explicit solvent interactions explain the differences in the spectra recorded in the different solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mai
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Brennan Ashwood
- Center
for Chemical Dynamics and Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Philipp Marquetand
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carlos E. Crespo-Hernández
- Center
for Chemical Dynamics and Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Leticia González
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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39
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Tauraitė D, Jakubovska J, Dabužinskaitė J, Bratchikov M, Meškys R. Modified Nucleotides as Substrates of Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040672. [PMID: 28441732 PMCID: PMC6154577 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of novel modified nucleotides and their incorporation into DNA sequences opens many possibilities to change the chemical properties of oligonucleotides (ONs), and, therefore, broaden the field of practical applications of modified DNA. The chemical synthesis of nucleotide derivatives, including ones bearing thio-, hydrazino-, cyano- and carboxy groups as well as 2-pyridone nucleobase-containing nucleotides was carried out. The prepared compounds were tested as substrates of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). The nucleotides containing N4-aminocytosine, 4-thiouracil as well as 2-pyridone, 4-chloro- and 4-bromo-2-pyridone as a nucleobase were accepted by TdT, thus allowing enzymatic synthesis of 3’-terminally modified ONs. The successful UV-induced cross-linking of 4-thiouracil-containing ONs to TdT was carried out. Enzymatic post-synthetic 3’-modification of ONs with various photo- and chemically-reactive groups opens novel possibilities for future applications, especially in analysis of the mechanisms of polymerases and the development of photo-labels, sensors, and self-assembling structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiva Tauraitė
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania.
| | - Jevgenija Jakubovska
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania.
| | - Julija Dabužinskaitė
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania.
| | - Maksim Bratchikov
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Čiurlionio g. 21, Vilnius LT-03101, Lithuania.
| | - Rolandas Meškys
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania.
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40
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Guhathakurta B, Pradhan AB, Das S, Bandyopadhyay N, Lu L, Zhu M, Naskar JP. Spectroscopic and molecular docking studies on the interaction of human serum albumin with copper(II) complexes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 173:740-748. [PMID: 27792986 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two osazone based ligands, butane-2,3-dione bis(2'-pyridylhydrazone) (BDBPH) and hexane-3,4-dione bis(2'-pyridylhydrazone) (HDBPH), were synthesized out of the 2:1M Schiff base condensation of 2-hydrazino pyridine respectively with 2,3-butanedione and 3,4-hexanedione. The X-ray crystal structures of both the ligands have been determined. The copper(II) complex of HDBPH has also been synthesized and structurally characterized. HDBPH and its copper(II) complex have thoroughly been characterized through various spectroscopic and analytical techniques. The X-ray crystal structure of the copper complex of HDBPH shows that it is a monomeric Cu(II) complex having 'N4O2' co-ordination chromophore. Interaction of human serum albumin (HSA) with these ligands and their monomeric copper(II) complexes have been studied by various spectroscopic means. The experimental findings show that the ligands as well as their copper complexes are good HSA binders. Molecular docking investigations have also been done to unravel the mode of binding of the species with HSA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suman Das
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | | | - Liping Lu
- Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaoli Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
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41
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Martínez-Fernández L, Granucci G, Pollum M, Crespo-Hernández CE, Persico M, Corral I. Decoding the Molecular Basis for the Population Mechanism of the Triplet Phototoxic Precursors in UVA Light-Activated Pyrimidine Anticancer Drugs. Chemistry 2017; 23:2619-2627. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Martínez-Fernández
- Departamento de Química; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid Spain
- Current address: Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini; Consiglio delle Ricerche; 80134 Napoli Italy
| | - Giovanni Granucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; Università di Pisa; v. G. Moruzzi 3 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Marvin Pollum
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemical Dynamics; Case Western Reserve University; 10900 Euclid Avenue Cleveland OH 44106 USA
| | - Carlos E. Crespo-Hernández
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemical Dynamics; Case Western Reserve University; 10900 Euclid Avenue Cleveland OH 44106 USA
| | - Maurizio Persico
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; Università di Pisa; v. G. Moruzzi 3 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Inés Corral
- Departamento de Química; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid Spain
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42
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Pirillo J, Mazzone G, Russo N, Bertini L. Photophysical Properties of S, Se and Te-Substituted Deoxyguanosines: Insight into Their Ability To Act as Chemotherapeutic Agents. J Chem Inf Model 2017; 57:234-242. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Pirillo
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Gloria Mazzone
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Luca Bertini
- Department
of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza
della Scienza 2, I-20126 Milano, Italy
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43
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Bai S, Barbatti M. On the decay of the triplet state of thionucleobases. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:12674-12682. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02050c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The double-well triplet state of thionucleobases allows for a two-step mechanistic control of their triplet decay lifetime.
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44
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Martinez-Fernandez L, Fahleson T, Norman P, Santoro F, Coriani S, Improta R. Optical absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectra of thiouracils: a quantum mechanical study in solution. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:1415-1423. [DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00105c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The excited electronic states of thiouracils, the analogues of uracil where the carbonyl oxygens are substituted by sulphur atoms, have been investigated by computing the magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) and one-photon absorption (OPA) spectra at the TD-DFT level of theory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T. Fahleson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- SE-10044 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - P. Norman
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- SE-10044 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - F. Santoro
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM-CNR)
- Area della Ricerca del CNR
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - S. Coriani
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Denmark
- Denmark
| | - R. Improta
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR
- I-80134 Napoli
- Italy
- LIDYL
- CEA
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45
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Xie BB, Wang Q, Guo WW, Cui G. The excited-state decay mechanism of 2,4-dithiothymine in the gas phase, microsolvated surroundings, and aqueous solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:7689-7698. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00478h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
We have employed computational methods to systematically explore the excited-state decay mechanism of 2,4-dithiothymine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Wei-Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
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46
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Ruckenbauer M, Mai S, Marquetand P, González L. Photoelectron spectra of 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, and 2,4-dithiouracil. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:074303. [PMID: 26896982 DOI: 10.1063/1.4941948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ground- and excited-state UV photoelectron spectra of thiouracils (2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, and 2,4-dithiouracil) have been simulated using multireference configuration interaction calculations and Dyson norms as a measure for the photoionization intensity. Except for a constant shift, the calculated spectrum of 2-thiouracil agrees very well with experiment, while no experimental spectra are available for the two other compounds. For all three molecules, the photoelectron spectra show distinct bands due to ionization of the sulphur and oxygen lone pairs and the pyrimidine π system. The excited-state photoelectron spectra of 2-thiouracil show bands at much lower energies than in the ground state spectrum, allowing to monitor the excited-state population in time-resolved UV photoelectron spectroscopy experiments. However, the results also reveal that single-photon ionization probe schemes alone will not allow monitoring all photodynamic processes existing in 2-thiouracil. Especially, due to overlapping bands of singlet and triplet states the clear observation of intersystem crossing will be hampered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ruckenbauer
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Mai
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Marquetand
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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47
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Zhang XH, Xu YZ. NMR studies on 4-thio-5-furan-modified and 4-thio-5-thiophene-modified nucleosides. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2016; 54:887-892. [PMID: 27529164 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Systematic NMR characterization of 4-thio-5-furan-pyrimidine nucleosides or 4-thio-5-thiophene-pyrimidine nucleosides (ribonucleosides and 2'-deoxynucleosides) was performed. All proton and carbon signals of 4-thio-5-thiophene-ribouridine and related analogues were unambiguously assigned. The orientations of the base (4-thiouridine or its deoxy analogue) relative to the ring (furan or thiophene) are explored by a NMR approach and further supported by X-ray crystallographic studies. The procedures presented here would be applicable to other modified nucleosides and nucleotides. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Zhang
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian, 116622, China.
| | - Yao-Zhong Xu
- Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
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48
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Bai S, Barbatti M. Why Replacing Different Oxygens of Thymine with Sulfur Causes Distinct Absorption and Intersystem Crossing. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:6342-50. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b05110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuming Bai
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS,
ICR, Marseille, France
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49
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Mai S, Marquetand P, González L. Intersystem Crossing Pathways in the Noncanonical Nucleobase 2-Thiouracil: A Time-Dependent Picture. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:1978-83. [PMID: 27167106 PMCID: PMC4893732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The deactivation mechanism after ultraviolet irradiation of 2-thiouracil has been investigated using nonadiabatic dynamics simulations at the MS-CASPT2 level of theory. It is found that after excitation the S2 quickly relaxes to S1, and from there intersystem crossing takes place to both T2 and T1 with a time constant of 400 fs and a triplet yield above 80%, in very good agreement with recent femtosecond experiments in solution. Both indirect S1 → T2 → T1 and direct S1 → T1 pathways contribute to intersystem crossing, with the former being predominant. The results contribute to the understanding of how some noncanonical nucleobases respond to harmful ultraviolet light, which could be relevant for prospective photochemotherapeutic applications.
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50
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Rizzi V, Matera S, Semeraro P, Fini P, Cosma P. Interactions between 4-thiothymidine and water-soluble cyclodextrins: Evidence for supramolecular structures in aqueous solutions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:549-63. [PMID: 27340447 PMCID: PMC4901997 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Since several years the inclusion of organic compounds (guests) within the hydrophobic cavity (host) of cyclodextrins (CDs) has been the subject of many investigations. Interestingly, the formation of inclusion complexes could affect the properties of the guest molecules and, for example, the influence of the delivery system can be a method to improve/change the photochemical behavior of the guest. In particular, very recent studies have shown the protective role of CDs preventing the degradation of the encapsulated guest. Starting from this consideration, in this work, only the structure and complexation mode of the inclusion complexes involving 4-thiothymidine (S(4)TdR, a known photosensitizer) and five CDs, namely 2-hydroxypropyl-α-cyclodextrin (2-HP-α-CD), 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2-HP-β-CD), 2-hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin (2-HP-γ-CD), heptakis-(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (DIMEB CD) and heptakis-(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (TRIMEB CD) were investigated by different spectroscopic techniques (UV-vis, FTIR-ATR, (1)H NMR) and cyclic voltammetry analysis (CV). This work is necessary for a prospective research on the photoreactivity of S(4)TdR in aqueous environment and in the presence of CDs to prevent its degradation under irradiation. UV-vis, FTIR-ATR and CV measurements suggested the formation of supramolecular structures involving the employed CDs and mainly the pyrimidine ring of S(4)TdR. (1)H NMR analyses confirmed such indication, unveiling the presence of inclusion complexes. The strongest and deepest interactions were suggested when TRIMEB and DIMEB CDs were studied. The S(4)TdR affinity towards CDs was also evaluated by using the Benesi-Hildebrand (B-H) equation at 25 °C employing CV and (1)H NMR methods. The stoichiometry of the interaction was also inferred and it appears to be 1:1 for all examined CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Rizzi
- Università degli Studi “Aldo Moro” di Bari, Dipartimento di Chimica Chimica, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Sergio Matera
- Università degli Studi “Aldo Moro” di Bari, Dipartimento di Chimica Chimica, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Semeraro
- Università degli Studi “Aldo Moro” di Bari, Dipartimento di Chimica Chimica, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Fini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche CNR-IPCF, UOS Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Pinalysa Cosma
- Università degli Studi “Aldo Moro” di Bari, Dipartimento di Chimica Chimica, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche CNR-IPCF, UOS Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
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