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Placidi G, D'Agostino E, Maltese PE, Savastano MC, Gambini G, Rizzo S, Bonetti G, Bertelli M, Chiurazzi P, Falsini B. A novel homozygous splice site variant in ARL2BP causes a syndromic autosomal recessive rod-cone dystrophy with situs inversus, asthenozoospermia, unilateral renal agenesis and microcysts. BMC Med Genomics 2024; 17:100. [PMID: 38649918 PMCID: PMC11036775 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-024-01868-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This report presents a clinical case of syndromic rod-cone dystrophy due to a splice site variant in the ARL2BP gene causing situs inversus, asthenozoospermia, unilateral renal agenesis and microcysts. The presence of renal agenesis and cryptorchidism expands the clinical manifestations due to ARL2BP variants. The detailed, long-term follow-up contributes valuable insights into disease progression, aiding clinical diagnosis and patient management. CASE PRESENTATION The male patient complained of photophobia as the first symptom when he was 20 years old followed by nyctalopia, loss of central visual acuity and peripheral visual field ten years later. Genetic analysis identified a likely pathogenic homozygous variant (c.294-1G > C) involving the splicing acceptor site of intron 4. Reported symptoms together with full-field stimulus threshold testing, electroretinogram and advanced multimodal imaging allowed us to recognize the typical characteristics of a mixed retinal dystrophy. Despite the end-stage retinal disease, this patient still retained a useful residual vision at 63 years and had a slow disease progression during the last 5 years of evaluation. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our findings underscore the variable clinical presentation of ARL2BP variants, emphasizing the importance of a nuanced approach in diagnosing and managing patients. The presence of renal cysts warrants consideration of a differential diagnosis, particularly with Senior-Loken (SLS), Bardet-Biedl (BBS) and Joubert syndromes (JS) but also with Short Rib Thoracic Dysplasia 9, highlighting the need for careful phenotypic evaluation in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Placidi
- UOC Oculistica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena D'Agostino
- UOC Oculistica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Cristina Savastano
- UOC Oculistica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Istituto di Oftalmologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Gloria Gambini
- UOC Oculistica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Istituto di Oftalmologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Stanislao Rizzo
- UOC Oculistica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Istituto di Oftalmologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Bonetti
- MAGI'S LAB, 38068, Rovereto, Italy
- MAGI EUREGIO, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Matteo Bertelli
- MAGI'S LAB, 38068, Rovereto, Italy
- MAGI EUREGIO, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
- MAGISNAT, Atlanta Tech Park, 107 Technology Parkway, 30092, Peachtree Corners, GA, USA
| | - Pietro Chiurazzi
- Istituto di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
- UOC Genetica Medica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetto Falsini
- UOC Oculistica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Istituto di Oftalmologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
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Tsilosani A, Gao C, Chen E, Lightle AR, Shehzad S, Sharma M, Tran PV, Bates CM, Wallace DP, Zhang W. Pkd2 Deficiency in Embryonic Aqp2 + Progenitor Cells Is Sufficient to Cause Severe Polycystic Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 35:398-409. [PMID: 38254271 PMCID: PMC11000715 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a devastating disorder caused by mutations in polycystin 1 ( PKD1 ) and polycystin 2 ( PKD2 ). Currently, the mechanism for renal cyst formation remains unclear. Here, we provide convincing and conclusive data in mice demonstrating that Pkd2 deletion in embryonic Aqp2 + progenitor cells (AP), but not in neonate or adult Aqp2 + cells, is sufficient to cause severe polycystic kidney disease (PKD) with progressive loss of intercalated cells and complete elimination of α -intercalated cells, accurately recapitulating a newly identified cellular phenotype of patients with ADPKD. Hence, Pkd2 is a new potential regulator critical for balanced AP differentiation into, proliferation, and/or maintenance of various cell types, particularly α -intercalated cells. The Pkd2 conditional knockout mice developed in this study are valuable tools for further studies on collecting duct development and early steps in cyst formation. The finding that Pkd2 loss triggers the loss of intercalated cells is a suitable topic for further mechanistic studies. BACKGROUND Most cases of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) are caused by mutations in PKD1 or PKD2. Currently, the mechanism for renal cyst formation remains unclear. Aqp2 + progenitor cells (AP) (re)generate ≥5 cell types, including principal cells and intercalated cells in the late distal convoluted tubules (DCT2), connecting tubules, and collecting ducts. METHODS Here, we tested whether Pkd2 deletion in AP and their derivatives at different developmental stages is sufficient to induce PKD. Aqp2Cre Pkd2f/f ( Pkd2AC ) mice were generated to disrupt Pkd2 in embryonic AP. Aqp2ECE/+Pkd2f/f ( Pkd2ECE ) mice were tamoxifen-inducted at P1 or P60 to inactivate Pkd2 in neonate or adult AP and their derivatives, respectively. All induced mice were sacrificed at P300. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to categorize and quantify cyst-lining cell types. Four other PKD mouse models and patients with ADPKD were similarly analyzed. RESULTS Pkd2 was highly expressed in all connecting tubules/collecting duct cell types and weakly in all other tubular segments. Pkd2AC mice had obvious cysts by P6 and developed severe PKD and died by P17. The kidneys had reduced intercalated cells and increased transitional cells. Transitional cells were negative for principal cell and intercalated cell markers examined. A complete loss of α -intercalated cells occurred by P12. Cysts extended from the distal renal segments to DCT1 and possibly to the loop of Henle, but not to the proximal tubules. The induced Pkd2ECE mice developed mild PKD. Cystic α -intercalated cells were found in the other PKD models. AQP2 + cells were found in cysts of only 13/27 ADPKD samples, which had the same cellular phenotype as Pkd2AC mice. CONCLUSIONS Hence, Pkd2 deletion in embryonic AP, but unlikely in neonate or adult Aqp2 + cells (principal cells and AP), was sufficient to cause severe PKD with progressive elimination of α -intercalated cells, recapitulating a newly identified cellular phenotype of patients with ADPKD. We proposed that Pkd2 is critical for balanced AP differentiation into, proliferation, and/or maintenance of cystic intercalated cells, particularly α -intercalated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akaki Tsilosani
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Enuo Chen
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Andrea R. Lightle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Sana Shehzad
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Madhulika Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Pamela V. Tran
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Carlton M. Bates
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Darren P. Wallace
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Wenzheng Zhang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
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3
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Aitken C, Mehta V, Schwartz MA, Tzima E. Mechanisms of endothelial flow sensing. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2023; 2:517-529. [PMID: 39195881 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-023-00276-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Fluid shear stress plays a key role in sculpting blood vessels during development, in adult vascular homeostasis and in vascular pathologies. During evolution, endothelial cells evolved several mechanosensors that convert physical forces into biochemical signals, a process termed mechanotransduction. This Review discusses our understanding of endothelial flow sensing and suggests important questions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Aitken
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vedanta Mehta
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martin A Schwartz
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and Departments of Cell Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Ellie Tzima
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Sharma K, Sizova I, Sanyal SK, Pandey GK, Hegemann P, Kateriya S. Deciphering the role of cytoplasmic domain of Channelrhodopsin in modulating the interactome and SUMOylome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125135. [PMID: 37247713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Translocation of channelrhodopsins (ChRs) is mediated by the intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery. However, the functional role of the network involving photoreceptors, IFT and other proteins in controlling algal ciliary motility is still not fully delineated. In the current study, we have identified two important motifs at the C-terminus of ChR1, VXPX and LKNE. VXPX is a known ciliary targeting sequence in animals, and LKNE is a well-known SUMOylation motif. To the best of our knowledge, this study gives prima facie insight into the role of SUMOylation in Chlamydomonas. We prove that VMPS of ChR1 is important for interaction with GTPase CrARL11. We show that SUMO motifs are present in the C-terminus of putative ChR1s from green algae. Performing experiments with n-Ethylmaleimide (NEM) and Ubiquitin-like protease 1 (ULP-1) we show that SUMOylation may modulate ChR1 protein in Chlamydomonas. Experiments with 2D08, a known sumoylation blocker, increased the concentration of ChR1 protein. Finally, we show the endogenous SUMOylated proteins (SUMOylome) of C. reinhardtii, identified by using immunoprecipitation followed by nano-LC-MS/MS detection. This report establishes a link between evolutionarily conserved SUMOylation, and ciliary machinery for the maintenance and functioning of cilia across the eukaryotes. Our enriched SUMOylome of C. reinhardtii comprehends the proteins related to ciliary development and, photo-signaling, along with orthologue(s) associated to human ciliopathies as SUMO targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India; Laboratory of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Irina Sizova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre, «Kurchatov Institute», St. Petersburg, Gatchina 1 188300, Russia
| | - Sibaji K Sanyal
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India; Laboratory of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Girdhar K Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institut für Biologie, Experimentelle Biophysik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Suneel Kateriya
- Laboratory of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Gottardo M, Riparbelli MG, Callaini G, Megraw TL. Evidence for intraflagellar transport in butterfly spermatocyte cilia. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2023; 80:112-122. [PMID: 37036073 PMCID: PMC10330035 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
In the model organism insect Drosophila melanogaster short cilia assemble on spermatocytes that elaborate into 1.8 mm long flagella during spermatid differentiation. A unique feature of these cilia/flagella is their lack of dependence on intraflagellar transport (IFT) for their assembly. Here, we show that in the common butterfly Pieris brassicae, the spermatocyte cilia are exceptionally long: about 40 μm compared to less than 1 μm in Drosophila. By transmission electron microscopy, we show that P. brassicae spermatocytes display several features not found in melanogaster, including compelling evidence of IFT structures and features of motile cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gottardo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Italy
- These Authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Maria Giovanna Riparbelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Italy
- These Authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | - Timothy L. Megraw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL USA
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6
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Yap YT, Li W, Huang Q, Zhou Q, Zhang D, Sheng Y, Mladenovic-Lucas L, Yee SP, Orwig KE, Granneman JG, Williams DC, Hess RA, Toure A, Zhang Z. DNALI1 interacts with the MEIG1/PACRG complex within the manchette and is required for proper sperm flagellum assembly in mice. eLife 2023; 12:e79620. [PMID: 37083624 PMCID: PMC10185345 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The manchette is a transient and unique structure present in elongating spermatids and required for proper differentiation of the germ cells during spermatogenesis. Previous work indicated that the MEIG1/PACRG complex locates in the manchette and is involved in the transport of cargos, such as SPAG16L, to build the sperm flagellum. Here, using co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down approaches in various cell systems, we established that DNALI1, an axonemal component originally cloned from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, recruits and stabilizes PACRG and we confirm in vivo, the co-localization of DNALI1 and PACRG in the manchette by immunofluorescence of elongating murine spermatids. We next generated mice with a specific deficiency of DNALI1 in male germ cells, and observed a dramatic reduction of the sperm cells, which results in male infertility. In addition, we observed that the majority of the sperm cells exhibited abnormal morphology including misshapen heads, bent tails, enlarged midpiece, discontinuous accessory structure, emphasizing the importance of DNALI1 in sperm differentiation. Examination of testis histology confirmed impaired spermiogenesis in the mutant mice. Importantly, while testicular levels of MEIG1, PACRG, and SPAG16L proteins were unchanged in the Dnali1 mutant mice, their localization within the manchette was greatly affected, indicating that DNALI1 is required for the formation of the MEIG1/PACRG complex within the manchette. Interestingly, in contrast to MEIG1 and PACRG-deficient mice, the DNALI1-deficient mice also showed impaired sperm spermiation/individualization, suggesting additional functions beyond its involvement in the manchette structure. Overall, our work identifies DNALI1 as a protein required for sperm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tian Yap
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUnited States
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUnited States
| | - Qian Huang
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUnited States
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUnited States
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - David Zhang
- College of William and MaryWilliamsburgUnited States
| | - Yi Sheng
- Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghUnited States
| | - Ljljiana Mladenovic-Lucas
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUnited States
| | - Siu-Pok Yee
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health CenterFarmingtonUnited States
| | - Kyle E Orwig
- Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghUnited States
| | - James G Granneman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUnited States
| | - David C Williams
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North CarolinaChapel HillUnited States
| | - Rex A Hess
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of IllinoisUrbanaUnited States
| | - Aminata Toure
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team Physiology and Pathophysiology of Sperm cells, Institute for Advanced BiosciencesGrenobleFrance
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroitUnited States
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State UniversityDetroitUnited States
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Van Houten J. A Review for the Special Issue on Paramecium as a Modern Model Organism. Microorganisms 2023; 11:937. [PMID: 37110360 PMCID: PMC10143506 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides background and perspective for the articles contributing to the Special Issue of MDPI Micro-organisms on Paramecium as a Modern Model Organism. The six articles cover a variety of topics, each taking advantage of an important aspect of Paramecium biology: peripheral surface proteins that are developmentally regulated, endosymbiont algae and bacteria, ion channel regulation by calmodulin, regulation of cell mating reactivity and senescence, and the introns that dwell in the large genome. Each article highlights a significant aspect of Paramecium and its versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Van Houten
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Sale WS, Christensen ST. Peter Satir (1936-2022), cell biology pioneer and mentor. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:285814. [PMID: 36484464 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Winfield S Sale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Agborbesong E, Li LX, Li L, Li X. Molecular Mechanisms of Epigenetic Regulation, Inflammation, and Cell Death in ADPKD. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:922428. [PMID: 35847973 PMCID: PMC9277309 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.922428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a genetic disorder, which is caused by mutations in the PKD1 and PKD2 genes, characterizing by progressive growth of multiple cysts in the kidneys, eventually leading to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and requiring renal replacement therapy. In addition, studies indicate that disease progression is as a result of a combination of factors. Understanding the molecular mechanisms, therefore, should facilitate the development of precise therapeutic strategies for ADPKD treatment. The roles of epigenetic modulation, interstitial inflammation, and regulated cell death have recently become the focuses in ADPKD. Different epigenetic regulators, and the presence of inflammatory markers detectable even before cyst growth, have been linked to cyst progression. Moreover, the infiltration of inflammatory cells, such as macrophages and T cells, have been associated with cyst growth and deteriorating renal function in humans and PKD animal models. There is evidence supporting a direct role of the PKD gene mutations to the regulation of epigenetic mechanisms and inflammatory response in ADPKD. In addition, the role of regulated cell death, including apoptosis, autophagy and ferroptosis, have been investigated in ADPKD. However, there is no consensus whether cell death promotes or delays cyst growth in ADPKD. It is therefore necessary to develop an interactive picture between PKD gene mutations, the epigenome, inflammation, and cell death to understand why inherited PKD gene mutations in patients may result in the dysregulation of these processes that increase the progression of renal cyst formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewud Agborbesong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Linda Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Nasser F, Kohl S, Kurtenbach A, Kempf M, Biskup S, Zuleger T, Haack TB, Weisschuh N, Stingl K, Zrenner E. Ophthalmic and Genetic Features of Bardet Biedl Syndrome in a German Cohort. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071218. [PMID: 35886001 PMCID: PMC9322102 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the ophthalmic and genetic features of Bardet Biedl (BBS) syndrome in a cohort of patients from a German specialized ophthalmic care center. Sixty-one patients, aged 5−56 years, underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination including visual acuity and color vision testing, electroretinography (ERG), visually evoked potential recording (VEP), fundus examination, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Adaptive optics flood illumination ophthalmoscopy was performed in five patients. All patients had received diagnostic genetic testing and were selected upon the presence of apparent biallelic variants in known BBS-associated genes. All patients had retinal dystrophy with morphologic changes of the retina. Visual acuity decreased from ~0.2 (decimal) at age 5 to blindness 0 at 50 years. Visual field examination could be performed in only half of the patients and showed a concentric constriction with remaining islands of function in the periphery. ERG recordings were mostly extinguished whereas VEP recordings were reduced in about half of the patients. The cohort of patients showed 51 different likely biallelic mutations—of which 11 are novel—in 12 different BBS-associated genes. The most common associated genes were BBS10 (32.8%) and BBS1 (24.6%), and by far the most commonly observed variants were BBS10 c.271dup;p.C91Lfs*5 (21 alleles) and BBS1 c.1169T>G;p.M390R (18 alleles). The phenotype associated with the different BBS-associated genes and genotypes in our cohort is heterogeneous, with diverse features without genotype−phenotype correlation. The results confirm and expand our knowledge of this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Nasser
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (S.K.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (N.W.); (K.S.); (E.Z.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Susanne Kohl
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (S.K.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (N.W.); (K.S.); (E.Z.)
| | - Anne Kurtenbach
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (S.K.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (N.W.); (K.S.); (E.Z.)
| | - Melanie Kempf
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (S.K.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (N.W.); (K.S.); (E.Z.)
- Center for Rare Eye Diseases, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Theresia Zuleger
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (T.Z.); (T.B.H.)
| | - Tobias B. Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (T.Z.); (T.B.H.)
| | - Nicole Weisschuh
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (S.K.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (N.W.); (K.S.); (E.Z.)
| | - Katarina Stingl
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (S.K.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (N.W.); (K.S.); (E.Z.)
- Center for Rare Eye Diseases, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Eberhart Zrenner
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (S.K.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (N.W.); (K.S.); (E.Z.)
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Depletion of Ift88 in thymic epithelial cells affects thymic synapse and T-cell differentiation in aged mice. Anat Sci Int 2022; 97:409-422. [PMID: 35435578 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-022-00663-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are ubiquitous hair-like organelles, usually projecting from the cell surface. They are essential for the organogenesis and homeostasis of various physiological functions, and their dysfunction leads to a plethora of human diseases. However, there are few reports on the role of primary cilia in the immune system; therefore, we focused on their role in the thymus that nurtures immature lymphocytes to full-fledged T cells. We detected primary cilia on the thymic epithelial cell (TEC) expressing transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) receptor in the basal body, and established a line of an intraflagellar transport protein 88 (Ift88) knockout mice lacking primary cilia in TECs (Ift88-TEC null mutant) to clarify their precise role in thymic organogenesis and T-cell differentiation. The Ift88-TEC null mutant mice showed stunted cilia or lack of cilia in TECs. The intercellular contact between T cells and the "thymic synapse" of medullary TECs was slightly disorganized in Ift88-TEC null mutants. Notably, the CD4- and CD8-single positive thymocyte subsets increased significantly. The absence or disorganization of thymic cilia downregulated the TGF-β signaling cascade, increasing the number of single positive thymocytes. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the physiological role of primary cilia and Ift88 in regulating the differentiation of the thymus and T cells.
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12
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The multiciliated cells in Rathke's cleft express CYP26A1 and respond to retinoic acid in the pituitary. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 388:583-594. [PMID: 35316373 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03614-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The adenohypophysis consists of the anterior and intermediate lobes (AL and IL). The marginal cell layer (MCL), including the ventral region of the IL and the dorsal region of the AL lining the Rathke's cleft, acts as the primary stem/progenitor cell niches in adult adenohypophysis. The cells of the MCL on the IL side consisted of cluster of differentiation 9 (CD9)-positive stem/progenitor cells with or without motile cilia. However, any additional cellular properties of multiciliated CD9-positive cells are not known. The present study aimed to identify the character of the multiciliated cells in stem cell niche of the pituitary gland. We observed the fine structure of the multiciliated cells in the MCL of male Wistar rats at an early stage after birth and in adulthood (P60) using scanning electron microscopy. Since the previous study showed that the MCL cells of adult rats synthesize retinoic acid (RA), the present study determined whether the multiciliated cells are involved in RA regulation by the expression of retinal aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (RALDH1) and CYP26A1, an enzyme synthesizing and degrading RA, respectively. Results showed that 96% of multiciliated cells in adult male rats expressed CYP26A1, while 60% expressed RALDH1. Furthermore, the isolated CD9-positive cells from the IL side MCL responded to RA and activated the degradation system of RA by increasing Cyp26a1 expression. These findings indicated that multiciliated cells are involved in RA metabolism in the MCL. Our observations provide novel insights regarding the stem cell niche of the adult pituitary.
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13
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Chandra B, Tung ML, Hsu Y, Scheetz T, Sheffield VC. Retinal ciliopathies through the lens of Bardet-Biedl Syndrome: Past, present and future. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 89:101035. [PMID: 34929400 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a highly specialized and evolutionary conserved organelle in eukaryotes that plays a significant role in cell signaling and trafficking. Over the past few decades tremendous progress has been made in understanding the physiology of cilia and the underlying pathomechanisms of various ciliopathies. Syndromic ciliopathies consist of a group of disorders caused by ciliary dysfunction or abnormal ciliogenesis. These disorders have multiorgan involvement in addition to retinal degeneration underscoring the ubiquitous distribution of primary cilia in different cell types. Genotype-phenotype correlation is often challenging due to the allelic heterogeneity and pleiotropy of these disorders. In this review, we discuss the clinical and genetic features of syndromic ciliopathies with a focus on Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) as a representative disorder. We discuss the structure and function of primary cilia and their role in retinal photoreceptors. We describe the progress made thus far in understanding the functional and genetic characterization including expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis of BBS genes. In the future directions section, we discuss the emerging technologies, such as gene therapy, as well as anticipated challenges and their implications in therapeutic development for ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharatendu Chandra
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Moon Ley Tung
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Todd Scheetz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Val C Sheffield
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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14
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Valentine M, Van Houten J. Using Paramecium as a Model for Ciliopathies. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101493. [PMID: 34680887 PMCID: PMC8535419 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramecium has served as a model organism for the studies of many aspects of genetics and cell biology: non-Mendelian inheritance, genome duplication, genome rearrangements, and exocytosis, to name a few. However, the large number and patterning of cilia that cover its surface have inspired extraordinary ultrastructural work. Its swimming patterns inspired exquisite electrophysiological studies that led to a description of the bioelectric control of ciliary motion. A genetic dissection of swimming behavior moved the field toward the genes and gene products underlying ciliary function. With the advent of molecular technologies, it became clear that there was not only great conservation of ciliary structure but also of the genes coding for ciliary structure and function. It is this conservation and the legacy of past research that allow us to use Paramecium as a model for cilia and ciliary diseases called ciliopathies. However, there would be no compelling reason to study Paramecium as this model if there were no new insights into cilia and ciliopathies to be gained. In this review, we present studies that we believe will do this. For example, while the literature continues to state that immotile cilia are sensory and motile cilia are not, we will provide evidence that Paramecium cilia are clearly sensory. Other examples show that while a Paramecium protein is highly conserved it takes a different interacting partner or conducts a different ion than expected. Perhaps these exceptions will provoke new ideas about mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Valentine
- State University of New York at Plattsburgh, 101 Broad Street, Plattsburgh, NY 12901, USA;
| | - Judith Van Houten
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, 120 Marsh Life Science, 109 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Correspondence:
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15
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Wensel TG, Potter VL, Moye A, Zhang Z, Robichaux MA. Structure and dynamics of photoreceptor sensory cilia. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1517-1537. [PMID: 34050409 PMCID: PMC11216635 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The rod and cone photoreceptor cells of the vertebrate retina have highly specialized structures that enable them to carry out their function of light detection over a broad range of illumination intensities with optimized spatial and temporal resolution. Most prominent are their unusually large sensory cilia, consisting of outer segments packed with photosensitive disc membranes, a connecting cilium with many features reminiscent of the primary cilium transition zone, and a pair of centrioles forming a basal body which serves as the platform upon which the ciliary axoneme is assembled. These structures form a highway through which an enormous flux of material moves on a daily basis to sustain the continual turnover of outer segment discs and the energetic demands of phototransduction. After decades of study, the details of the fine structure and distribution of molecular components of these structures are still incompletely understood, but recent advances in cellular imaging techniques and animal models of inherited ciliary defects are yielding important new insights. This knowledge informs our understanding both of the mechanisms of trafficking and assembly and of the pathophysiological mechanisms of human blinding ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore G Wensel
- Vera and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Valencia L Potter
- Vera and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Abigail Moye
- Vera and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhixian Zhang
- Vera and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Michael A Robichaux
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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16
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Yamaguchi H, Meyer MD, He L, Senavirathna L, Pan S, Komatsu Y. The molecular complex of ciliary and golgin protein is crucial for skull development. Development 2021; 148:270770. [PMID: 34128978 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Intramembranous ossification, which consists of direct conversion of mesenchymal cells to osteoblasts, is a characteristic process in skull development. One crucial role of these osteoblasts is to secrete collagen-containing bone matrix. However, it remains unclear how the dynamics of collagen trafficking is regulated during skull development. Here, we reveal the regulatory mechanisms of ciliary and golgin proteins required for intramembranous ossification. During normal skull formation, osteoblasts residing on the osteogenic front actively secreted collagen. Mass spectrometry and proteomic analysis determined endogenous binding between ciliary protein IFT20 and golgin protein GMAP210 in these osteoblasts. As seen in Ift20 mutant mice, disruption of neural crest-specific GMAP210 in mice caused osteopenia-like phenotypes due to dysfunctional collagen trafficking. Mice lacking both IFT20 and GMAP210 displayed more severe skull defects compared with either IFT20 or GMAP210 mutants. These results demonstrate that the molecular complex of IFT20 and GMAP210 is essential for the intramembranous ossification during skull development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew D Meyer
- Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Li He
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lakmini Senavirathna
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sheng Pan
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Graduate Program in Genetics & Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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17
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Bauer D, Ishikawa H, Wemmer KA, Hendel NL, Kondev J, Marshall WF. Analysis of biological noise in the flagellar length control system. iScience 2021; 24:102354. [PMID: 33898946 PMCID: PMC8059064 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Any proposed mechanism for organelle size control should be able to account not only for average size but also for the variation in size. We analyzed cell-to-cell variation and within-cell variation of length for the two flagella in Chlamydomonas, finding that cell-to-cell variation is dominated by cell size, whereas within-cell variation results from dynamic fluctuations. Fluctuation analysis suggests tubulin assembly is not directly coupled with intraflagellar transport (IFT) and that the observed length fluctuations reflect tubulin assembly and disassembly events involving large numbers of tubulin dimers. Length variation is increased in long-flagella mutants, an effect consistent with theoretical models for flagellar length regulation. Cells with unequal flagellar lengths show impaired swimming but improved gliding, raising the possibility that cells have evolved mechanisms to tune biological noise in flagellar length. Analysis of noise at the level of organelle size provides a way to probe the mechanisms determining cell geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bauer
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th St., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hiroaki Ishikawa
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th St., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Wemmer
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th St., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nathan L. Hendel
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th St., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jane Kondev
- Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Abelson-Bass-Yalem Building, 97-301, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Wallace F. Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th St., San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Cellular Construction, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th St., San Francisco, CA, USA
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18
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Yang Y, Chen M, Li J, Hong R, Yang J, Yu F, Li T, Yang S, Ran J, Guo C, Zhao Y, Luan Y, Liu M, Li D, Xie S, Zhou J. A cilium-independent role for intraflagellar transport 88 in regulating angiogenesis. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:727-739. [PMID: 36654447 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cilia are microtubule-based hair-like protrusions in the lumen ofblood vessels that function as fluid mechanosensors to regulate vascular hemodynamics.However, the functions of endothelial cilia in vascular development remain controversial. In this study, depletion of several key proteins responsible for ciliogenesis allows us to identify a cilium-independent role for intraflagellartransport88 (IFT88) in mammalian angiogenesis. Disruption of primary cilia by heat shock does not affect the angiogenic process. However, depletion of IFT88 significantly inhibits angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. IFT88 mediates angiogenesis by regulating the migration, polarization, proliferation, and oriented division of vascular endothelial cells. Further mechanistic studies demonstrate that IFT88 interacts with γ-tubulin and microtubule plus-end tracking proteins and promotes microtubule stability. Our findings indicate that IFT88 regulates angiogenesis through its actions in microtubule-based cellular processes, independent of its role in ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Department of Translational Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Miao Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jingrui Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Renjie Hong
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jia Yang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fan Yu
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Te Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Song Yang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jie Ran
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Chunyue Guo
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yi Luan
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Dengwen Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Songbo Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Jun Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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19
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The Transition Zone Protein AHI1 Regulates Neuronal Ciliary Trafficking of MCHR1 and Its Downstream Signaling Pathway. J Neurosci 2021; 41:3932-3943. [PMID: 33741721 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2993-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Abelson-helper integration site 1 (AHI1) gene encodes for a ciliary transition zone localizing protein that when mutated causes the human ciliopathy, Joubert syndrome. We prepared and examined neuronal cultures derived from male and female embryonic Ahi1 +/+ and Ahi1 -/- mice (littermates) and found that the distribution of ciliary melanin-concentrating hormone receptor-1 (MchR1) was significantly reduced in Ahi1 -/- neurons; however, the total and surface expression of MchR1 on Ahi1 -/- neurons was similar to controls (Ahi1 +/+). This indicates that a pathway for MchR1 trafficking to the surface plasma membrane is intact, but the process of targeting MchR1 into cilia is impaired in Ahi1-deficient mouse neurons, indicating a role for Ahi1 in localizing MchR1 to the cilium. Mouse Ahi1 -/- neurons that fail to accumulate MchR1 in the ciliary membrane have significant decreases in two downstream MchR1 signaling pathways [cAMP and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)] on MCH stimulation. These results suggest that the ciliary localization of MchR1 is necessary and critical for MchR1 signaling, with Ahi1 participating in regulating MchR1 localization to cilia, and further supporting cilia as critical signaling centers in neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our work here demonstrates that neuronal primary cilia are powerful and focused signaling centers for the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), melanin-concentrating hormone receptor-1 (MCHR1), with a role for the ciliary transition zone protein, Abelson-helper integration site 1 (AHI1), in mediating ciliary trafficking of MCHR1. Moreover, our manuscript further expands the repertoire of cilia functions on neurons, a cell type that has not received significant attention in the cilia field. Lastly, our work demonstrates the significant influence of ciliary GPCR signaling in the overall signaling of neurons.
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20
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Xie C, Martens JR. Potential Therapeutic Targets for Olfactory Dysfunction in Ciliopathies Beyond Single-Gene Replacement. Chem Senses 2021; 46:6159785. [PMID: 33690843 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is a common disorder in the general population. There are multiple causes, one of which being ciliopathies, an emerging class of human hereditary genetic disorders characterized by multiple symptoms due to defects in ciliary biogenesis, maintenance, and/or function. Mutations/deletions in a wide spectrum of ciliary genes have been identified to cause ciliopathies. Currently, besides symptomatic therapy, there is no available therapeutic treatment option for olfactory dysfunction caused by ciliopathies. Multiple studies have demonstrated that targeted gene replacement can restore the morphology and function of olfactory cilia in olfactory sensory neurons and further re-establish the odor-guided behaviors in animals. Therefore, targeted gene replacement could be potentially used to treat olfactory dysfunction in ciliopathies. However, due to the potential limitations of single-gene therapy for polygenic mutation-induced diseases, alternative therapeutic targets for broader curative measures need to be developed for olfactory dysfunction, and also for other symptoms in ciliopathies. Here we review the current understanding of ciliogenesis and maintenance of olfactory cilia. Furthermore, we emphasize signaling mechanisms that may be involved in the regulation of olfactory ciliary length and highlight potential alternative therapeutic targets for the treatment of ciliopathy-induced dysfunction in the olfactory system and even in other ciliated organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1149 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Martens
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1149 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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21
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Turn RE, Linnert J, Gigante ED, Wolfrum U, Caspary T, Kahn RA. Roles for ELMOD2 and Rootletin in ciliogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:800-822. [PMID: 33596093 PMCID: PMC8108518 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-10-0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ELMOD2 is a GTPase-activating protein with uniquely broad specificity for ARF family GTPases. We previously showed that it acts with ARL2 in mitochondrial fusion and microtubule stability and with ARF6 during cytokinesis. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts deleted for ELMOD2 also displayed changes in cilia-related processes including increased ciliation, multiciliation, ciliary morphology, ciliary signaling, centrin accumulation inside cilia, and loss of rootlets at centrosomes with loss of centrosome cohesion. Increasing ARL2 activity or overexpressing Rootletin reversed these defects, revealing close functional links between the three proteins. This was further supported by the findings that deletion of Rootletin yielded similar phenotypes, which were rescued upon increasing ARL2 activity but not ELMOD2 overexpression. Thus, we propose that ARL2, ELMOD2, and Rootletin all act in a common pathway that suppresses spurious ciliation and maintains centrosome cohesion. Screening a number of markers of steps in the ciliation pathway supports a model in which ELMOD2, Rootletin, and ARL2 act downstream of TTBK2 and upstream of CP110 to prevent spurious release of CP110 and to regulate ciliary vesicle docking. These data thus provide evidence supporting roles for ELMOD2, Rootletin, and ARL2 in the regulation of ciliary licensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Turn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Biochemistry, Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Joshua Linnert
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz 655099, Germany
| | - Eduardo D Gigante
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz 655099, Germany
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Richard A Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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22
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Expression of α-Tubulin Acetyltransferase 1 and Tubulin Acetylation as Selective Forces in Cell Competition. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020390. [PMID: 33672816 PMCID: PMC7918103 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The wound healing response of fibroblasts critically depends on the primary cilium, a sensory organelle protruding into the environment and comprising a stable axonemal structure. A characteristic marker for primary cilia is acetylation of axonemal tubulin. Although formation of primary cilia is under cell cycle control, the environmental cues affecting ciliation are not fully understood. Our purpose was, therefore, to study the impact of culture conditions on cilia formation in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. We quantified ciliation in different NIH3T3 sub-cell lines and culture conditions by immunodetection of primary cilia and counting. Quantitative Western blotting, qRT-PCR, and proliferation assays completed our investigation. We observed large differences between NIH3T3 sub-cell lines in their ability to generate acetylated primary cilia that correlated with cytoplasmic tubulin acetylation. We found no increased activity of the major tubulin deacetylase, HDAC6, but instead reduced expression of the α-tubulin acetyltransferase 1 (Atat1) as being causative. Our observations demonstrate that cells with reduced expression of Atat1 and tubulin acetylation proliferate faster, eventually displacing all other cells in the population. Expression of Atat1 and tubulin acetylation are therefore selective forces in cell competition.
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23
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Moreno-Leon L, West EL, O’Hara-Wright M, Li L, Nair R, He J, Anand M, Sahu B, Chavali VRM, Smith AJ, Ali RR, Jacobson SG, Cideciyan AV, Khanna H. RPGR isoform imbalance causes ciliary defects due to exon ORF15 mutations in X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP). Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:3706-3716. [PMID: 33355362 PMCID: PMC7823108 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) cause severe retinal ciliopathy, X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Although two major alternatively spliced isoforms, RPGRex1-19 and RPGRORF15, are expressed, the relative importance of these isoforms in disease pathogenesis is unclear. Here, we analyzed fibroblast samples from eight patients and found that all of them form longer cilia than normal controls, albeit to different degrees. Although all mutant RPGRORF15 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are unstable, their steady-state levels were similar or higher than those in the control cells, suggesting there may be increased transcription. Three of the fibroblasts that had higher levels of mutant RPGRORF15 mRNA also exhibited significantly higher levels of RPGRex1-19 mRNA. Four samples with unaltered RPGRex1-19 levels carried mutations in RPGRORF15 that resulted in this isoform being relatively less stable. Thus, in all cases, the RPGRex1-19/RPGRORF15 isoform ratio was increased, and this was highly correlative to the cilia extension defect. Moreover, overexpression of RPGRex1-19 (mimicking the increase in RPGRex1-19 to RPGRORF15 isoform ratio) or RPGRORF15 (mimicking reduction of the ratio) resulted in significantly longer or shorter cilia, respectively. Notably, the cilia length defect appears to be attributable to both the loss of the wild-type RPGRORF15 protein and to the higher levels of the RPGRex1-19 isoform, indicating that the observed defect is due to the altered isoform ratios. These results suggest that maintaining the optimal RPGRex1-9 to RPGRORF15 ratio is critical for cilia growth and that designing strategies that focus on the best ways to restore the RPGRex1-19/RPGRORF15 ratio may lead to better therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Moreno-Leon
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Emma L West
- Division of Molecular Therapy, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9El, UK
| | | | - Linjing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Rohini Nair
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jie He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Manisha Anand
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Bhubanananda Sahu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | | | - Alexander J Smith
- Division of Molecular Therapy, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9El, UK
| | - Robin R Ali
- Division of Molecular Therapy, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9El, UK
| | - Samuel G Jacobson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Artur V Cideciyan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hemant Khanna
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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24
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Gerakopoulos V, Ngo P, Tsiokas L. Loss of polycystins suppresses deciliation via the activation of the centrosomal integrity pathway. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:e202000750. [PMID: 32651191 PMCID: PMC7368097 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a microtubule-based, antenna-like organelle housing several signaling pathways. It follows a cyclic pattern of assembly and deciliation (disassembly and/or shedding), as cells exit and re-enter the cell cycle, respectively. In general, primary cilia loss leads to kidney cystogenesis. However, in animal models of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, a major disease caused by mutations in the polycystin genes (Pkd1 or Pkd2), primary cilia ablation or acceleration of deciliation suppresses cystic growth, whereas deceleration of deciliation enhances cystogenesis. Here, we show that deciliation is delayed in the cystic epithelium of a mouse model of postnatal deletion of Pkd1 and in Pkd1- or Pkd2-null cells in culture. Mechanistic experiments show that PKD1 depletion activates the centrosomal integrity/mitotic surveillance pathway involving 53BP1, USP28, and p53 leading to a delay in deciliation. Reduced deciliation rate causes prolonged activation of cilia-based signaling pathways that could promote cystic growth. Our study links polycystins to cilia dynamics, identifies cellular deciliation downstream of the centrosomal integrity pathway, and helps explain pro-cystic effects of primary cilia in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Gerakopoulos
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Peter Ngo
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Leonidas Tsiokas
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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25
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The emerging role of tubulin posttranslational modifications in cilia and ciliopathies. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41048-020-00111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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26
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Sonar P, Youyen W, Cleetus A, Wisanpitayakorn P, Mousavi SI, Stepp WL, Hancock WO, Tüzel E, Ökten Z. Kinesin-2 from C. reinhardtii Is an Atypically Fast and Auto-inhibited Motor that Is Activated by Heterotrimerization for Intraflagellar Transport. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1160-1166.e5. [PMID: 32142698 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Construction and function of virtually all cilia require the universally conserved process of intraflagellar transport (IFT) [1, 2]. During the atypically fast IFT in the green alga C. reinhardtii, on average, 10 kinesin-2 motors "line up" in a tight assembly on the trains [3], provoking the question of how these motors coordinate their action to ensure smooth and fast transport along the flagellum without standing in each other's way. Here, we show that the heterodimeric FLA8/10 kinesin-2 alone is responsible for the atypically fast IFT in C. reinhardtii. Notably, in single-molecule studies, FLA8/10 moved at speeds matching those of in vivo IFT [4] but additionally displayed a slow velocity distribution, indicative of auto-inhibition. Addition of the KAP subunit to generate the heterotrimeric FLA8/10/KAP relieved this inhibition, thus providing a mechanistic rationale for heterotrimerization with the KAP subunit fully activating FLA8/10 for IFT in vivo. Finally, we linked fast FLA8/10 and slow KLP11/20 kinesin-2 from C. reinhardtii and C. elegans through a DNA tether to understand the molecular underpinnings of motor coordination during IFT in vivo. For motor pairs from both species, the co-transport velocities very nearly matched the single-molecule velocities, and both complexes spent roughly 80% of the time with only one of the two motors attached to the microtubule. Thus, irrespective of phylogeny and kinetic properties, kinesin-2 motors work mostly alone without sacrificing efficiency. Our findings thus offer a simple mechanism for how efficient IFT is achieved across diverse organisms despite being carried out by motors with different properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punam Sonar
- Physik Department E22, Technische Universität München, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Wiphu Youyen
- Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Augustine Cleetus
- Physik Department E22, Technische Universität München, Garching 85748, Germany
| | | | - Sayed I Mousavi
- Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Willi L Stepp
- Physik Department E22, Technische Universität München, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - William O Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Erkan Tüzel
- Bioengineering Department, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Zeynep Ökten
- Physik Department E22, Technische Universität München, Garching 85748, Germany.
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27
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Nabi A, Yano J, Valentine MS, Picariello T, Van Houten JL. SF-Assemblin genes in Paramecium: phylogeny and phenotypes of RNAi silencing on the ciliary-striated rootlets and surface organization. Cilia 2019; 8:2. [PMID: 31673332 PMCID: PMC6819543 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-019-0062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cilia emanate from basal bodies just underneath the cell membrane. Basal bodies must withstand torque from the ciliary beat and be appropriately spaced for cilia to beat in metachronal waves. Basal body rootlets provide stability for motile cilia. Paramecium has three. Our focus is on the largest one, the striated rootlet (SR). Paramecium basal bodies align in straight rows. Previously we found a potential role for the SR in this alignment. Here we present a phylogeny of the Paramecium homologs of the SF-Assemblin gene of the SR of Chlamydomonas, and the organization of these genes. We describe the phenotypes from RNA interference (RNAi) silencing of genes and gene groups. Methods Phenotypes of the RNAi depletions were characterized by immunofluorescence (IF), electron microscopy, and mass spectrometry. Results We found 30 genes for Paramecium SF-Assemblin homologs (SFA) organized into 13 Paralog Groups (further categorized in five Structural Groups). Representatives of Paralog Groups were found in the SRs. Silencing the transcripts of any of the Structural Groups correlates with misaligned rows of basal bodies, SRs, and cortical units. The silencing of Structural Groups was key and gave us the ability to systematically disrupt SR structures and cell surface organization. Conclusions Silencing of SFA genes and Paralog Groups shows no effects on the SR or the cell surface organization. Silencing of the larger Structural Groups has an enormous impact on rows of basal bodies, SRs and cortical units, and SR striations, and length. Misaligned basal bodies have cilia causing the cells to swim in abnormal paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashikun Nabi
- 1University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 USA.,4Present Address: Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Junji Yano
- 1University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
| | - Megan S Valentine
- 2State University of New York at Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY 12901 USA
| | - Tyler Picariello
- 3University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
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28
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Kakiuchi A, Kohno T, Kakuki T, Kaneko Y, Konno T, Hosaka Y, Hata T, Kikuchi S, Ninomiya T, Himi T, Takano K, Kojima T. Rho-kinase and PKCα Inhibition Induces Primary Cilia Elongation and Alters the Behavior of Undifferentiated and Differentiated Temperature-sensitive Mouse Cochlear Cells. J Histochem Cytochem 2019; 67:523-535. [PMID: 30917058 DOI: 10.1369/0022155419841013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia, regulated via distinct signal transduction pathways, play crucial roles in various cellular behaviors. However, the full regulatory mechanism involved in primary cilia development during cellular differentiation is not fully understood, particularly for the sensory hair cells of the mammalian cochlea. In this study, we investigated the effects of the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y27632 and PKCα inhibitor GF109203X on primary cilia-related cell behavior in undifferentiated and differentiated temperature-sensitive mouse cochlear precursor hair cells (the conditionally immortalized US/VOT-E36 cell line). Our results indicate that treatment with Y27632 or GF109203X induced primary cilia elongation and tubulin acetylation in both differentiated and undifferentiated cells. Concomitant with cilia elongation, Y27632 treatment also increased Hook2 and cyclinD1 expression, while only Hook2 expression was increased after treatment with GF109203X. In the undifferentiated cells, we observed an increase in the number of S and G2/M stage cells and a decrease of G1 cells after treatment with Y27632, while the opposite was observed after treatment with GF109203X. Finally, while both treatments decreased oxidative stress, only treatment with Y27632, not GF109203X, induced cell cycle-dependent cell proliferation and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Kakiuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohno
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuya Kakuki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yakuto Kaneko
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takumi Konno
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yukino Hosaka
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Hata
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shin Kikuchi
- Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ninomiya
- Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Himi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Takano
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kojima
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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29
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Kubo T, Oda T. Chlamydomonas as a tool to study tubulin polyglutamylation. Microscopy (Oxf) 2019; 68:80-91. [PMID: 30364995 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfy044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of α- and β-tubulin is facilitated by various post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as acetylation, tyrosination, glycylation, glutamylation, phosphorylation and methylation. These PTMs affect the stability and structure of microtubules as well as the interaction between microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins, including molecular motors. Therefore, it is extremely important to investigate the roles of tubulin PTMs for understanding the cell cycle, cell motility and intracellular trafficking. Tubulin PTMs were first studied in the 1980s, and considerable progress has been made since then; it is likely that additional mechanisms remain yet to be elucidated. Here, we discuss one such modification, tubulin glutamylation, and introduce our research on the eukaryotic flagellum of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kubo
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Oda
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
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30
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Di Mise A, Ranieri M, Centrone M, Venneri M, Tamma G, Valenti D, Valenti G. Activation of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor Corrects the Impaired Mitochondrial Energy Status Observed in Renal Polycystin-1 Knockdown Cells Modeling Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:77. [PMID: 30197885 PMCID: PMC6117232 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal Dominant Polycistic kidney Disease (ADPKD) is a renal channelopathy due to loss-of-function mutations in the PKD1 or PKD2 genes, encoding polycystin-1 (PC1) or polycystin-2 (PC2), respectively. PC1 is a large protein found predominantly on the plasma membrane where interacts with different proteins, including PC2. PC2 is a smaller integral membrane protein also expressed in intracellular organelles, acting as a non-selective cation channel permeable to calcium. Both PC1 and PC2 are also localized to the primary cilium of renal epithelial cells serving as mechanosensor that controls calcium influx through the plasma membrane and regulates intracellular calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum. The mechanisms by which PC1/2 dysfunction leads to ADPKD needs still to be clarified. We have recently reported that selective Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CaSR) activation in human conditionally immortalized Proximal Tubular Epithelial cells deficient for PC1 (ciPTEC-PC1KD), deriving from urine sediments reduces intracellular cAMP and mTOR activity, and increases intracellular calcium reversing the principal ADPKD dysregulations. Reduced cellular free calcium found in ADPKD can, on the other hand, affect mitochondrial function and ATP production and, interestingly, a relationship between mitochondria and renal polycystic diseases have been suggested. By using ciPTEC-PC1KD as experimental tool modeling of ADPKD, we show here that, compared with wild type cells, ciPTEC-PC1KD have significantly lower mitochondrial calcium levels associated with a severe deficit in mitochondrial ATP production, secondary to a multilevel impairment of oxidative phosphorylation. Notably, selective CaSR activation with the calcimimetic NPS-R568 increases mitochondrial calcium content close to the levels found in resting wild type cells, and fully recovers the cell energy deficit associated to the PC1 channel disruption. Treatment of ciPTEC-PC1KD with 2-APB, an IP3R inhibitor, prevented the rescue of bioenergetics deficit induced by CaSR activation supporting a critical role of IP3Rs in driving ER-to-mitochondria Ca2+ shuttle. Together these data indicate that, besides reversing the principal dysregulations considered the most proximal events in ADPKD pathogenesis, selective CaSR activation in PKD1 deficient cells restores altered mitochondrial function that, in ADPKD, is known to facilitate cyst formation. These findings identify CaSR as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Di Mise
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marianna Ranieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Mariangela Centrone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Venneri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Tamma
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Valenti
- Institute of Biomembranes Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Council of Research, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Valenti
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy.,Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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31
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Abstract
Although tumours initiate from oncogenic changes in a cancer cell, subsequent tumour progression and therapeutic response depend on interactions between the cancer cells and the tumour microenvironment (TME). The primary monocilium, or cilium, provides a spatially localized platform for signalling by Hedgehog, Notch, WNT and some receptor tyrosine kinase pathways and mechanosensation. Changes in ciliation of cancer cells and/or cells of the TME during tumour development enforce asymmetric intercellular signalling in the TME. Growing evidence indicates that some oncogenic signalling pathways as well as some targeted anticancer therapies induce ciliation, while others repress it. The links between the genomic profile of cancer cells, drug treatment and ciliary signalling in the TME likely affect tumour growth and therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Anna A Kiseleva
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Erica A Golemis
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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32
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Peripheral Gene Therapeutic Rescue of an Olfactory Ciliopathy Restores Sensory Input, Axonal Pathfinding, and Odor-Guided Behavior. J Neurosci 2018; 38:7462-7475. [PMID: 30061191 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0084-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are the primary site of odor binding; hence, their loss results in anosmia, a clinical manifestation of pleiotropic ciliopathies for which there are no curative therapies. We used OSN-specific Ift88 knock-out mice (Ift88osnKO) of both sexes to examine the mechanisms of ciliopathy-induced olfactory dysfunction and the potential for gene replacement to rescue odorant detection, restore olfactory circuitry, and restore odor-guided behaviors. Loss of OSN cilia in Ift88osnKO mice resulted in substantially reduced odor detection and odor-driven synaptic activity in the olfactory bulb (OB). Defects in OSN axon targeting to the OB were also observed in parallel with aberrant odor-guided behavior. Intranasal gene delivery of wild-type IFT88 to Ift88osnKO mice rescued OSN ciliation and peripheral olfactory function. Importantly, this recovery of sensory input in a limited number of mature OSNs was sufficient to restore axonal targeting in the OB of juvenile mice, and with delayed onset in adult mice. In addition, restoration of sensory input re-established course odor-guided behaviors. These findings highlight the spare capacity of the olfactory epithelium and the plasticity of primary synaptic input into the central olfactory system. The restoration of peripheral and central neuronal function supports the potential for treatment of ciliopathy-related anosmia using gene therapy.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Ciliopathies, for which there are no curative therapies, are genetic disorders that alter cilia morphology and/or function in numerous tissue types, including the olfactory system, leading to sensory dysfunction. We show that in vivo intranasal gene delivery restores peripheral olfactory function in a ciliopathy mouse model, including axonal targeting in the juvenile and adult olfactory bulb. Gene therapy also demonstrated restoration of olfactory perception by rescuing odor-guided behaviors. Understanding the therapeutic window and viability for gene therapy to restore odor detection and perception may facilitate translation of therapies to ciliopathy patients with olfactory dysfunctions.
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33
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Chekuri A, Guru AA, Biswas P, Branham K, Borooah S, Soto-Hermida A, Hicks M, Khan NW, Matsui H, Alapati A, Raghavendra PB, Roosing S, Sarangapani S, Mathavan S, Telenti A, Heckenlively JR, Riazuddin SA, Frazer KA, Sieving PA, Ayyagari R. IFT88 mutations identified in individuals with non-syndromic recessive retinal degeneration result in abnormal ciliogenesis. Hum Genet 2018; 137:447-458. [PMID: 29978320 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1897-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed to identify the variants responsible for inherited retinal degeneration (IRD) in a Caucasian family. Segregation analysis of selected rare variants with pathogenic potential identified a set of compound heterozygous changes p.Arg266*:c.796C>T and p.Ala568Thr:c.1702G>A in the intraflagellar transport protein-88 (IFT88) gene segregating with IRD. Expression of IFT88 with the p.Arg266* and p.Ala568Thr mutations in mIMDC3 cells by transient transfection and in HeLa cells by introducing the mutations using CRISPR-cas9 system suggested that both mutations result in the formation of abnormal ciliary structures. The introduction of the IFT88 p.Arg266* variant in the homozygous state in HeLa cells by CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing revealed that the mutant transcript undergoes nonsense-mediated decay leading to a significant depletion of IFT88 transcript. Additionally, abnormal ciliogenesis was observed in these cells. These observations suggest that the rare and unique combination of IFT88 alleles observed in this study provide insight into the physiological role of IFT88 in humans and the likely mechanism underlying retinal pathology in the pedigree with IRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Chekuri
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, 9415 Campus Point Drive, JRC 206, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Aditya A Guru
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, 9415 Campus Point Drive, JRC 206, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Pooja Biswas
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, 9415 Campus Point Drive, JRC 206, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,School of Biotechnology, REVA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kari Branham
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shyamanga Borooah
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, 9415 Campus Point Drive, JRC 206, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Angel Soto-Hermida
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, 9415 Campus Point Drive, JRC 206, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Naheed W Khan
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hiroko Matsui
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Akhila Alapati
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, 9415 Campus Point Drive, JRC 206, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Pongali B Raghavendra
- School of Biotechnology, REVA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University-MAHE, Bangalore, India
| | - Susanne Roosing
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - John R Heckenlively
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S Amer Riazuddin
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kelly A Frazer
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Division of Genome Information Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Paul A Sieving
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Radha Ayyagari
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, 9415 Campus Point Drive, JRC 206, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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34
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Reynolds MJ, Phetruen T, Fisher RL, Chen K, Pentecost BT, Gomez G, Ounjai P, Sui H. The Developmental Process of the Growing Motile Ciliary Tip Region. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7977. [PMID: 29789632 PMCID: PMC5964098 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic motile cilia/flagella play vital roles in various physiological processes in mammals and some protists. Defects in cilia formation underlie multiple human disorders, known as ciliopathies. The detailed processes of cilia growth and development are still far from clear despite extensive studies. In this study, we characterized the process of cilium formation (ciliogenesis) by investigating the newly developed motile cilia of deciliated protists using complementary techniques in electron microscopy and image analysis. Our results demonstrated that the distal tip region of motile cilia exhibit progressive morphological changes as cilia develop. This developmental process is time-dependent and continues after growing cilia reach their full lengths. The structural analysis of growing ciliary tips revealed that B-tubules of axonemal microtubule doublets terminate far away from the tip end, which is led by the flagellar tip complex (FTC), demonstrating that the FTC might not directly mediate the fast turnover of intraflagellar transport (IFT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Reynolds
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201, USA
- Biology Department, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, 18510, USA
| | - Tanaporn Phetruen
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201, USA
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Rebecca L Fisher
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201, USA
| | - Ke Chen
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201, USA
| | - Brian T Pentecost
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201, USA
| | - George Gomez
- Biology Department, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, 18510, USA
| | - Puey Ounjai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Haixin Sui
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12201, USA.
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Mohamed MAA, Stepp WL, Ökten Z. Reconstitution reveals motor activation for intraflagellar transport. Nature 2018; 557:387-391. [PMID: 29743676 PMCID: PMC5967604 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The human body represents a striking example of ciliary diversification. Extending from the surface of most cells, cilia accomplish an astonishingly diverse set of tasks. Predictably, mutations in ciliary genes cause a wide range of human diseases such as male infertility or blindness. In C. elegans sensory cilia, this functional diversity appears to be traceable to the differential regulation of the kinesin-2-powered intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery. Here, we reconstituted the first functional, multi-component IFT complex that is deployed in the sensory cilia of C. elegans. Our bottom-up approach revealed the molecular basis of specific motor recruitment to the IFT trains. We identified the key component that incorporates homodimeric kinesin-2 into its physiologically relevant context which in turn allosterically activates the motor for efficient transport. These results lay the groundwork for a molecular delineation of IFT regulation that eluded understanding since its ground-breaking discovery more than two decades ago.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Willi L Stepp
- Physik Department E22, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Zeynep Ökten
- Physik Department E22, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany. .,Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Munich, Germany.
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Kubo T, Hou Y, Cochran DA, Witman GB, Oda T. A microtubule-dynein tethering complex regulates the axonemal inner dynein f (I1). Mol Biol Cell 2018. [PMID: 29540525 PMCID: PMC5921573 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-11-0689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
FAP44 and FAP43/FAP244 form a complex that tethers the Inner dynein subspecies f to the microtubule in Chlamydomonas flagella. The tether complex regulates flagellar motility by restraining conformational change in the dynein motor. Motility of cilia/flagella is generated by a coordinated activity of thousands of dyneins. Inner dynein arms (IDAs) are particularly important for the formation of ciliary/flagellar waveforms, but the molecular mechanism of IDA regulation is poorly understood. Here we show using cryoelectron tomography and biochemical analyses of Chlamydomonas flagella that a conserved protein FAP44 forms a complex that tethers IDA f (I1 dynein) head domains to the A-tubule of the axonemal outer doublet microtubule. In wild-type flagella, IDA f showed little nucleotide-dependent movement except for a tilt in the f β head perpendicular to the microtubule-sliding direction. In the absence of the tether complex, however, addition of ATP and vanadate caused a large conformational change in the IDA f head domains, suggesting that the movement of IDA f is mechanically restricted by the tether complex. Motility defects in flagella missing the tether demonstrates the importance of the IDA f-tether interaction in the regulation of ciliary/flagellar beating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kubo
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yuqing Hou
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Deborah A Cochran
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - George B Witman
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Toshiyuki Oda
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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Radhakrishnan U, Alsrhani A, Sundaramoorthi H, Khandekar G, Kashyap M, Fuchs JL, Perkins BD, Omori Y, Jagadeeswaran P. Intraflagellar transport proteins are involved in thrombocyte filopodia formation and secretion. Platelets 2017; 29:811-820. [PMID: 29125377 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1361524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins are vital for the genesis and maintenance of cilia. Our identification of ift122 transcripts in zebrafish thrombocytes that lack primary cilia was unexpected. IFT proteins serve transport in cilia, whose narrow dimensions may have necessitated the evolution of IFT from vesicular transport in ancestral eukaryotes. We hypothesized that IFTs might also facilitate transport within the filopodia that form when thrombocytes are activated. To test this possibility, we knocked down ift122 expression by injecting antisense Morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) into zebrafish embryos. Laser-induced arterial thrombosis showed prolonged time to occlusion (TTO) of the vessel, as would be expected with defective thrombocyte function. Acute effects in adult zebrafish were evaluated by Vivo-Morpholino (Vivo-MO) knockdown of ift122. Vivo-MO morphants showed a prolonged time to thrombocyte aggregation (TTA) in the plate tilt assay after thrombocyte activation by the following agonists: ADP, collagen, PAR1 peptide, and epinephrine. A luminescence assay for ATP revealed that ATP secretion by thrombocytes was reduced in collagen-activated blood of Vivo-MO ift122 morphants. Moreover, DiI-C18 labeled morphant thrombocytes exposed to collagen showed reductions in filopodia number and length. Analysis of ift mutants, in which cilia defects have been noted, also showed prolongation of TTO in our arterial laser thrombosis assay. Additionally, collagen activation of wild-type thrombocytes led to a concentration of IFT122 both within and at the base of filopodia. Taken together these results, suggest that IFT proteins are involved in both the extension of filopodia and secretion of ATP, which are critical in thrombocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uvaraj Radhakrishnan
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of North Texas , Denton , TX, USA
| | - Abdullah Alsrhani
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of North Texas , Denton , TX, USA
| | | | - Gauri Khandekar
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of North Texas , Denton , TX, USA
| | - Meghana Kashyap
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of North Texas , Denton , TX, USA
| | - Jannon L Fuchs
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of North Texas , Denton , TX, USA
| | - Brian D Perkins
- b Department of Ophthalmic Research , Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland , OH, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Omori
- c Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Pudur Jagadeeswaran
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of North Texas , Denton , TX, USA
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Oda T. Three-dimensional structural labeling microscopy of cilia and flagella. Microscopy (Oxf) 2017; 66:234-244. [PMID: 28541401 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfx018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Locating a molecule within a cell using protein-tagging and immunofluorescence is a fundamental technique in cell biology, whereas in three-dimensional electron microscopy, locating a subunit within a macromolecular complex remains challenging. Recently, we developed a new structural labeling method for cryo-electron tomography by taking advantage of the biotin-streptavidin system, and have intensively used this method to locate a number of proteins and protein domains in cilia and flagella. In this review, we summarize our findings on the three-dimensional architecture of the axoneme, especially the importance of coiled-coil proteins. In addition, we provide an overview of the technical aspects of our structural labeling method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Oda
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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Li Y, Tian X, Ma M, Jerman S, Kong S, Somlo S, Sun Z. Deletion of ADP Ribosylation Factor-Like GTPase 13B Leads to Kidney Cysts. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:3628-3638. [PMID: 27153923 PMCID: PMC5118478 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015091004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene for ADP ribosylation factor-like GTPase 13B (Arl13b) encodes a small GTPase essential for cilia biogenesis in multiple model organisms. Inactivation of arl13b in zebrafish leads to a number of phenotypes indicative of defective cilia, including cystic kidneys. In mouse, null mutation in Arl13b results in severe patterning defects in the neural tube and defective Hedgehog signaling. Human mutations of ARL13B lead to Joubert syndrome, a ciliopathy. However, patients with mutated ARL13B do not develop kidney cysts. To investigate whether Arl13b has a role in ciliogenesis in mammalian kidney and whether loss of function of Arl13b leads to cystic kidneys in mammals, we generated a mouse model with kidney-specific conditional knockout of Arl13b Deletion of Arl13b in the distal nephron at the perinatal stage led to a cilia biogenesis defect and rapid kidney cyst formation. Additionally, we detected misregulation of multiple pathways in the cystic kidneys of this model. Moreover, valproic acid, a histone deacetylase inhibitor that we previously showed slows cyst progression in a mouse cystic kidney model with neonatal inactivation of Pkd1, inhibited the early rise of Wnt7a expression, ameliorated fibrosis, slowed cyst progression, and improved kidney function in the Arl13b mutant mouse. Finally, in rescue experiments in zebrafish, all ARL13B allele combinations identified in patients with Joubert syndrome provided residual Arl13b function, supporting the idea that the lack of cystic kidney phenotype in human patients with ARL13B mutations is explained by the hypomorphic nature of the mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Tian
- Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ming Ma
- Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | | | - Stefan Somlo
- Departments of *Genetics and
- Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Padovano V, Kuo IY, Stavola LK, Aerni HR, Flaherty BJ, Chapin HC, Ma M, Somlo S, Boletta A, Ehrlich BE, Rinehart J, Caplan MJ. The polycystins are modulated by cellular oxygen-sensing pathways and regulate mitochondrial function. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 28:261-269. [PMID: 27881662 PMCID: PMC5231895 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-08-0597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The polycystin proteins are encoded by the genes mutated in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. A new role for these proteins in oxygen sensing and cell metabolism is proposed. Oxygen regulates the trafficking and channel activity of the polycystin complex, which modulates mitochondrial function by altering mitochondrial calcium uptake. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is caused by mutations in the genes encoding polycystin-1 (PC1) and polycystin-2 (PC2), which form an ion channel complex that may mediate ciliary sensory processes and regulate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ release. Loss of PC1 expression profoundly alters cellular energy metabolism. The mechanisms that control the trafficking of PC1 and PC2, as well as their broader physiological roles, are poorly understood. We found that O2 levels regulate the subcellular localization and channel activity of the polycystin complex through its interaction with the O2-sensing prolyl hydroxylase domain containing protein EGLN3 (or PHD3), which hydroxylates PC1. Moreover, cells lacking PC1 expression use less O2 and show less mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in response to bradykinin-induced ER Ca2+ release, indicating that PC1 can modulate mitochondrial function. These data suggest a novel role for the polycystins in sensing and responding to cellular O2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Padovano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Ivana Y Kuo
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Lindsey K Stavola
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Hans R Aerni
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520.,Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516
| | - Benjamin J Flaherty
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Hannah C Chapin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Ming Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Stefan Somlo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Alessandra Boletta
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Dibit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara E Ehrlich
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Jesse Rinehart
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520.,Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516
| | - Michael J Caplan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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Yaghi A, Dolovich MB. Airway Epithelial Cell Cilia and Obstructive Lung Disease. Cells 2016; 5:cells5040040. [PMID: 27845721 PMCID: PMC5187524 DOI: 10.3390/cells5040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelium is the first line of defense against exposure of the airway and lung to various inflammatory stimuli. Ciliary beating of airway epithelial cells constitutes an important part of the mucociliary transport apparatus. To be effective in transporting secretions out of the lung, the mucociliary transport apparatus must exhibit a cohesive beating of all ciliated epithelial cells that line the upper and lower respiratory tract. Cilia function can be modulated by exposures to endogenous and exogenous factors and by the viscosity of the mucus lining the epithelium. Cilia function is impaired in lung diseases such as COPD and asthma, and pharmacologic agents can modulate cilia function and mucus viscosity. Cilia beating is reduced in COPD, however, more research is needed to determine the structural-functional regulation of ciliary beating via all signaling pathways and how this might relate to the initiation or progression of obstructive lung diseases. Additionally, genotypes and how these can influence phenotypes and epithelial cell cilia function and structure should be taken into consideration in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Yaghi
- Firestone Research Aerosol Laboratory, Fontbonne Bldg. Room F132, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada.
- St. Joseph's Healthcare, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, 50 Charlton Ave East, FIRH Room T2135, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada.
| | - Myrna B Dolovich
- Firestone Research Aerosol Laboratory, Fontbonne Bldg. Room F132, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
- St. Joseph's Healthcare, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, 50 Charlton Ave East, FIRH Room T2135, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada.
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Parfitt DA, Lane A, Ramsden C, Jovanovic K, Coffey PJ, Hardcastle AJ, Cheetham ME. Using induced pluripotent stem cells to understand retinal ciliopathy disease mechanisms and develop therapies. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:1245-1251. [PMID: 27911706 PMCID: PMC5238943 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The photoreceptor cells in the retina have a highly specialised sensory cilium, the outer segment (OS), which is important for detecting light. Mutations in cilia-related genes often result in retinal degeneration. The ability to reprogramme human cells into induced pluripotent stem cells and then differentiate them into a wide range of different cell types has revolutionised our ability to study human disease. To date, however, the challenge of producing fully differentiated photoreceptors in vitro has limited the application of this technology in studying retinal degeneration. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in stem cell technology and photoreceptor differentiation. In particular, the development of photoreceptors with rudimentary OS that can be used to understand disease mechanisms and as an important model to test potential new therapies for inherited retinal ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Parfitt
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL UK
| | - Amelia Lane
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL UK
| | - Conor Ramsden
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL UK
| | | | - Peter J. Coffey
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL UK
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Canonical and noncanonical intraflagellar transport regulates craniofacial skeletal development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2589-97. [PMID: 27118846 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1519458113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a cellular organelle that coordinates signaling pathways critical for cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and homeostasis. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) plays a pivotal role in assembling primary cilia. Disruption and/or dysfunction of IFT components can cause multiple diseases, including skeletal dysplasia. However, the mechanism by which IFT regulates skeletogenesis remains elusive. Here, we show that a neural crest-specific deletion of intraflagellar transport 20 (Ift20) in mice compromises ciliogenesis and intracellular transport of collagen, which leads to osteopenia in the facial region. Whereas platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) was present on the surface of primary cilia in wild-type osteoblasts, disruption of Ift20 down-regulated PDGFRα production, which caused suppression of PDGF-Akt signaling, resulting in decreased osteogenic proliferation and increased cell death. Although osteogenic differentiation in cranial neural crest (CNC)-derived cells occurred normally in Ift20-mutant cells, the process of mineralization was severely attenuated due to delayed secretion of type I collagen. In control osteoblasts, procollagen was easily transported from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus. By contrast, despite having similar levels of collagen type 1 alpha 1 (Col1a1) expression, Ift20 mutants did not secrete procollagen because of dysfunctional ER-to-Golgi trafficking. These data suggest that in the multipotent stem cells of CNCs, IFT20 is indispensable for regulating not only ciliogenesis but also collagen intracellular trafficking. Our study introduces a unique perspective on the canonical and noncanonical functions of IFT20 in craniofacial skeletal development.
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Ciliary Extracellular Vesicles: Txt Msg Organelles. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:449-57. [PMID: 26983828 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are sensory organelles that protrude from cell surfaces to monitor the surrounding environment. In addition to its role as sensory receiver, the cilium also releases extracellular vesicles (EVs). The release of sub-micron sized EVs is a conserved form of intercellular communication used by all three kingdoms of life. These extracellular organelles play important roles in both short and long range signaling between donor and target cells and may coordinate systemic responses within an organism in normal and diseased states. EV shedding from ciliated cells and EV-cilia interactions are evolutionarily conserved phenomena, yet remarkably little is known about the relationship between the cilia and EVs and the fundamental biology of EVs. Studies in the model organisms Chlamydomonas and Caenorhabditis elegans have begun to shed light on ciliary EVs. Chlamydomonas EVs are shed from tips of flagella and are bioactive. Caenorhabditis elegans EVs are shed and released by ciliated sensory neurons in an intraflagellar transport-dependent manner. Caenorhabditis elegans EVs play a role in modulating animal-to-animal communication, and this EV bioactivity is dependent on EV cargo content. Some ciliary pathologies, or ciliopathies, are associated with abnormal EV shedding or with abnormal cilia-EV interactions. Until the 21st century, both cilia and EVs were ignored as vestigial or cellular junk. As research interest in these two organelles continues to gain momentum, we envision a new field of cell biology emerging. Here, we propose that the cilium is a dedicated organelle for EV biogenesis and EV reception. We will also discuss possible mechanisms by which EVs exert bioactivity and explain how what is learned in model organisms regarding EV biogenesis and function may provide insight to human ciliopathies.
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Jung B, Padula D, Burtscher I, Landerer C, Lutter D, Theis F, Messias AC, Geerlof A, Sattler M, Kremmer E, Boldt K, Ueffing M, Lickert H. Pitchfork and Gprasp2 Target Smoothened to the Primary Cilium for Hedgehog Pathway Activation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149477. [PMID: 26901434 PMCID: PMC4763541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The seven-transmembrane receptor Smoothened (Smo) activates all Hedgehog (Hh) signaling by translocation into the primary cilia (PC), but how this is regulated is not well understood. Here we show that Pitchfork (Pifo) and the G protein-coupled receptor associated sorting protein 2 (Gprasp2) are essential components of an Hh induced ciliary targeting complex able to regulate Smo translocation to the PC. Depletion of Pifo or Gprasp2 leads to failure of Smo translocation to the PC and lack of Hh target gene activation. Together, our results identify a novel protein complex that is regulated by Hh signaling and required for Smo ciliary trafficking and Hh pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bomi Jung
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniela Padula
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ingo Burtscher
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cedric Landerer
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville TN 37996, United States of America
| | - Dominik Lutter
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Diabetes and Adipositas, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ana C. Messias
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Arie Geerlof
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kremmer
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Department of Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Centre of Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmology Research, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Department of Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Centre of Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmology Research, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Li L, Rao KN, Zheng-Le Y, Hurd TW, Lillo C, Khanna H. Loss of retinitis pigmentosa 2 (RP2) protein affects cone photoreceptor sensory cilium elongation in mice. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 72:447-54. [PMID: 26383048 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of photoreceptors (rods and cones) results in blindness. As we rely almost entirely on our daytime vision mediated by the cones, it is the loss of these photoreceptors that results in legal blindness and poor quality of life. Cone dysfunction is usually observed due to two mechanisms: noncell-autonomous due to the secondary effect of rod death if the causative gene is specifically expressed in rods and cell autonomous, if the mutation is in a cone-specific gene. However, it is difficult to dissect cone autonomous effect of mutations in the genes that are expressed in both rods and cones. Here we report a property of murine cone photoreceptors, which is a cone-autonomous effect of the genetic perturbation of the retinitis pigmentosa 2 (Rp2) gene mutated in human X-linked RP. Constitutive loss of Rp2 results in abnormal extension of the cone outer segment (COS). This effect is phenocopied when the Rp2 gene is ablated specifically in cones but not when ablated in rods. Furthermore, the elongated COS exhibits abnormal ultrastructure with disorganized lamellae. Additionally, elongation of both the outer segment membrane and the microtubule cytoskeleton was observed in the absence of RP2. Taken together, our studies identify a cone morphological defect in retinal degeneration due to ablation of RP2 and will assist in understanding cone-autonomous responses during disease and develop targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Kollu Nageswara Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Yun Zheng-Le
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | | | - Concepción Lillo
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla Y León-INCyL, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-IBSAL, Cell Biology and Pathology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Hemant Khanna
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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Zhang L, Li W, Ni J, Wu J, Liu J, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Li H, Shi Y, Teves ME, Song S, Strauss JF, Zhang Z. RC/BTB2 is essential for formation of primary cilia in mammalian cells. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 72:171-81. [PMID: 25762510 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
RC/BTB2 is a binding partner of sperm associated antigen 16S (SPAG16S), which is a regulator of spermiogenesis in mice, a process during which sperm flagella are formed. The expression of Rc/btb2 is also regulated by multicilin, a protein that controls ciliogenesis. Given that mouse Rc/btb2 mRNA is not only expressed in tissues bearing motile cilia, but also in tissues without motile cilia, we investigated whether RC/BTB2 plays a role in the general process of ciliogenesis by studying two cell lines that have primary cilia, NIH3T3, and IMCD3. We discovered that the subcellular localization of RC/BTB2 in the NIH3T3 and IMCD3 cells encompasses the pathway for ciliogenesis. RC/BTB2 was found in the Golgi bodies and centrosomes, two key structures essential for normal ciliogenesis. Knockdown of Rc/btb2 gene expression in these cell lines disrupted ciliogenesis. The percentage of cells with primary cilia was significantly reduced in stable cell lines transduced with specific Rc/btb2 shRNA viruses as compared to the control cells. When cilia were formed in the knockdown cells, they were significantly shorter than those in the control cells. Knockdown of Rc/btb2 expression did not affect cell proliferation and the cell cycle. Exogenous expression of RC/BTB2 in these stable knockdown cells restored ciliogenesis. These findings suggest that RC/BTB2 is a necessary component of the process of formation of primary cilia in somatic cells, perhaps through the transportation of cargos from Golgi bodies to centrosomes for cilia assembling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jin Ni
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinghua Wu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Junping Liu
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Zhengang Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongfei Li
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Yuqin Shi
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Maria E Teves
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Shizheng Song
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jerome F Strauss
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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48
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Rachel RA, Yamamoto EA, Dewanjee MK, May-Simera HL, Sergeev YV, Hackett AN, Pohida K, Munasinghe J, Gotoh N, Wickstead B, Fariss RN, Dong L, Li T, Swaroop A. CEP290 alleles in mice disrupt tissue-specific cilia biogenesis and recapitulate features of syndromic ciliopathies. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3775-91. [PMID: 25859007 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct mutations in the centrosomal-cilia protein CEP290 lead to diverse clinical findings in syndromic ciliopathies. We show that CEP290 localizes to the transition zone in ciliated cells, precisely to the region of Y-linkers between central microtubules and plasma membrane. To create models of CEP290-associated ciliopathy syndromes, we generated Cep290(ko/ko) and Cep290(gt/gt) mice that produce no or a truncated CEP290 protein, respectively. Cep290(ko/ko) mice exhibit early vision loss and die from hydrocephalus. Retinal photoreceptors in Cep290(ko/ko) mice lack connecting cilia, and ciliated ventricular ependyma fails to mature. The minority of Cep290(ko/ko) mice that escape hydrocephalus demonstrate progressive kidney pathology. Cep290(gt/gt) mice die at mid-gestation, and the occasional Cep290(gt/gt) mouse that survives shows hydrocephalus and severely cystic kidneys. Partial loss of CEP290-interacting ciliopathy protein MKKS mitigates lethality and renal pathology in Cep290(gt/gt) mice. Our studies demonstrate domain-specific functions of CEP290 and provide novel therapeutic paradigms for ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeeva Munasinghe
- National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA and
| | | | - Bill Wickstead
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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IFT46 plays an essential role in cilia development. Dev Biol 2015; 400:248-57. [PMID: 25722189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based structures that project into the extracellular space. Ciliary defects are associated with several human diseases, including polycystic kidney disease, primary ciliary dyskinesia, left-right axis patterning, hydrocephalus and retinal degeneration. However, the genetic and cellular biological control of ciliogenesis remains poorly understood. The IFT46 is one of the highly conserved intraflagellar transport complex B proteins. In zebrafish, ift46 is expressed in various ciliated tissues such as Kupffer׳s vesicle, pronephric ducts, ears and spinal cord. We show that ift46 is localized to the basal body. Knockdown of ift46 gene results in multiple phenotypes associated with various ciliopathies including kidney cysts, pericardial edema and ventral axis curvature. In ift46 morphants, cilia in kidney and spinal canal are shortened and abnormal. Similar ciliary defects are observed in otic vesicles, lateral line hair cells, olfactory pits, but not in Kupffer׳s vesicle. To explore the functions of Ift46 during mouse development, we have generated Ift46 knock-out mice. The Ift46 mutants have developmental defects in brain, neural tube and heart. In particular Ift46(-/-) homozygotes displays randomization of the embryo heart looping, which is a hallmark of defective left-right (L/R) axis patterning. Taken together, our results demonstrated that IFT46 has an essential role in vertebrate ciliary development.
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Ciliary ectosomes: transmissions from the cell's antenna. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:276-85. [PMID: 25618328 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cilium is the site of function for a variety of membrane receptors, enzymes and signal transduction modules crucial for a spectrum of cellular processes. Through targeted transport and selective gating mechanisms, the cell localizes specific proteins to the cilium that equip it for the role of sensory antenna. This capacity of the cilium to serve as a specialized compartment where specific proteins can be readily concentrated for sensory reception also makes it an ideal organelle to employ for the regulated emission of specific biological material and information. In this review we present and discuss an emerging body of evidence centered on ciliary ectosomes - bioactive vesicles released from the surface of the cilium.
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