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Zhang Z, Chen X, Li B, Xia T, Wu X, Wu C. Helicobacter pylori induces urease subunit B-specific CD8 + T cell responses in infected individuals via cytosolic pathway of cross-presentation. Helicobacter 2023; 28:e13005. [PMID: 37382428 DOI: 10.1111/hel.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urease subunit B (UreB), a conserved and key virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), can induce the host CD4+ T cell immune responses to provide protection, but less is known regarding CD8+ T cell responses. The characteristics of H. pylori-specific CD8+ T cell responses and the mechanism underlying antigen processing and presentation pathways remain unclear. This study was focus on protective antigen recombinant UreB (rUreb) to detect specific CD8+ T cell responses in vitro and elucidate the mechanism of UreB antigen processing and presentation. METHODS The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from H. pylori-infected individuals were stimulated with rUreB in vitro to detect specific CD8+ T cell responses after co-culture with rUreB-pulsed autologous hMDCs. Through blocking assay, we investigated the potential pathway of UreB antigen processing and presentation via the cytosolic pathway or vacuolar pathway. The cytokines production of UreB specific CD8+ T cell were evaluated as well. RESULTS We demonstrated UreB can induce specific CD8+ T cell immune responses in H. pylori infected individuals. Importantly, we characterized that UreB were mainly processed by proteasome instead of lysosomal proteases and presented through cytosolic pathway of cross-presentation, which requires endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi transport and newly synthesized MHC-I molecules, to induce functional-specific CD8+ T cell (IFN-γ + TNF-α + Grz A+ Grz B+) responses. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that H. pylori UreB induces specific CD8+ T cell responses through cytosolic pathway of cross-presentation in infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingchi Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tingting Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaobin Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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2
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Calado CRC. Antigenic and conserved peptides from diverse Helicobacter pylori antigens. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:535-545. [PMID: 35277779 PMCID: PMC8916697 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the revolutionary finding of Helicobacter pylori as a common bacterial infection, that a high research effort for its eradication has been conducted. Epitope based-vaccine presents advantages over protein-based, as they can be designed to contain epitopes from diverse proteins, therefore, more easily representing the immune-variability of the bacterial population, while minimizing the toxicity associated to some whole proteins. In the present work, an iterative method, to design antigenic and conserved B-epitopes from diverse virulent factors of H. pylori, was established. The method considered the trade-off between epitopes antigenicity and conservation among the bacterial population. For the method validation, five virulent factors from H. pylori were selected. From each virulent factor, two epitopes were predicted, each with twelve residues of aminoacids. The corresponding ten peptides were synthesised and evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using polyclonal antibodies raised against a specific H. pylori strain. All ten peptides were recognised by the antibodies and were consequently antigenic and conserved. This result could strongly contribute to the design of a multivalent epitope-based vaccine, representing the immunogenetic variability within the bacterial population, leading to a sustained and effective immunogenic protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecília R C Calado
- CIMOSM - Centro de Investigação em Modelação e Otimização de Sistemas Multifuncionais, ISEL - Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007, Lisboa, Portugal.
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3
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Huang Y, Gu M, Wu Q, Zhu J, Wu J, Wang P, Wang M, Luo J. Is Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Related to Helicobacter pylori?. Front Oncol 2022; 12:790997. [PMID: 35155235 PMCID: PMC8832492 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.790997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laryngeal carcinoma is a primary malignant tumor originating from the laryngeal mucosa. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have confirmed that Helicobacter pylori may play a role in the occurrence and development of laryngeal cancer. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and emphasize the relationship between laryngeal cancer and Helicobacter pylori infection. Methods We actively searched for systematic reviews of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane libraries to select studies that met the recommended guidelines. A total of 1756 patients with laryngeal cancer were included in this study to assess the association of Helicobacter pylori in the larynx with laryngeal cancer. A subassessment of the risk of bias for each study that met the inclusion criteria was carried out. To illustrate the reasons for heterogeneity, we performed a subgroup analysis to determine the type of study, the quality of the article, the diagnostic method, and the impact of exposure factors. Results The meta-analysis included a total of 17 case-control studies on the association between Helicobacter pylori in the larynx and laryngeal cancer. Our meta-analysis showed that Helicobacter pylori infection in the larynx significantly increased the risk of malignant tumors in the larynx (odds ratio, 2.96; 95% CI, 1.83-4.78; P<0.00001; I2 = 86%). They still existed when we controlled for patients’ exposure to smoking factors (odds ratio, 3.86; 95% CI, 1.89–7.88). Conclusion This systematic review and meta-analysis showed an association between Helicobacter pylori and laryngeal cancer. These findings are consistent with the understanding that chronic inflammatory tissue insult may lead to the development of malignancy. Controlling risk factors will help us identify patients with an increased risk of laryngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Min Gu
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou City, Changzhou, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Heze Medical College, Heze, China
| | - Juanfen Zhu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou City, Changzhou, China
| | - Meihua Wang
- Department of Pathology, Changzhou Tumor Hospital, Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Judong Luo
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
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4
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Mohammadzadeh R, Soleimanpour S, Pishdadian A, Farsiani H. Designing and development of epitope-based vaccines against Helicobacter pylori. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:489-512. [PMID: 34559599 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1979934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is the principal cause of serious diseases (e.g. gastric cancer and peptic ulcers). Antibiotic therapy is an inadequate strategy in H. pylori eradication because of which vaccination is an inevitable approach. Despite the presence of countless vaccine candidates, current vaccines in clinical trials have performed with poor efficacy which makes vaccination extremely challenging. Remarkable advancements in immunology and pathogenic biology have provided an appropriate opportunity to develop various epitope-based vaccines. The fusion of proper antigens involved in different aspects of H. pylori colonization and pathogenesis as well as peptide linkers and built-in adjuvants results in producing epitope-based vaccines with excellent therapeutic efficacy and negligible adverse effects. Difficulties of the in vitro culture of H. pylori, high genetic variation, and unfavourable immune responses against feeble epitopes in the complete antigen are major drawbacks of current vaccine strategies that epitope-based vaccines may overcome. Besides decreasing the biohazard risk, designing precise formulations, saving time and cost, and induction of maximum immunity with minimum adverse effects are the advantages of epitope-based vaccines. The present article is a comprehensive review of strategies for designing and developing epitope-based vaccines to provide insights into the innovative vaccination against H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Mohammadzadeh
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Reference Tuberculosis Laboratory, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Pishdadian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Hadi Farsiani
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Mir MA, Mehraj U, Sheikh BA, Hamdani SS. Nanobodies: The "Magic Bullets" in therapeutics, drug delivery and diagnostics. Hum Antibodies 2020; 28:29-51. [PMID: 31322555 DOI: 10.3233/hab-190390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies represent a well-established class of clinical diagnostics for medical applications as well as essential research and biotechnological tools. Although both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies are indispensable reagents in basic research and diagnostics but both of them have their limitations. Hence, there is urgent need to develop strategies aimed at production of alternative scaffolds and recombinant antibodies of smaller dimensions that could be easily produced, selected and manipulated. Unlike conventional antibodies, members of Camelidae and sharks produce antibodies composed only of heavy chains with small size, high solubility, thermal stability, refolding capacity and good tissue penetration in vivo. The discovery of these naturally occurring antibodies having only heavy-chain in Camelidae family and their further development into small recombinant nanobodies represents an attractive alternative in drug delivery, diagnostics and imaging. Nanobody derivatives are soluble, stable, versatile, have unique refolding capacities, reduced aggregation tendencies and high-target binding capabilities. They can be genetically customized to target enzymes, transmembrane proteins or molecular interactions. Their ability to recognize recessed antigenic sites has been attributed to their smaller size and the ability of the extended CDR3 loop to quickly penetrate into such epitopes. With the advent of molecular engineering and phage display technology, they can be of potential use in molecular imaging, drug delivery and therapeutics for several major diseases. In this review we present the recent advances in nanobodies for modulating immune functions, for targeting cancers, viruses, toxins and microbes as well as their utility as diagnostic and biosensor tools.
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Rahman N, Ajmal A, Ali F, Rastrelli L. Core proteome mediated therapeutic target mining and multi-epitope vaccine design for Helicobacter pylori. Genomics 2020; 112:3473-3483. [PMID: 32562830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative spiral-shaped bacterium that infects half of the human population worldwide and causes chronic inflammation. In the present study, we used the art of computational biology for therapeutic drug targets identification and a multi-epitope vaccine against multi-strains of H. pylori. For drug target identification, we used different tools and softwares to identify human non-homologous but pathogen essential proteins, with virulent properties and involved in unique metabolic pathways of H. pylori. For this purpose, the core proteome of 84 strains of H. pylori was retrieved from EDGAR 2.3 database. There were 59,808 proteins sequences in these strains. Duplicates and paralogous protein sequence removal was followed by human non-homologous protein miningPathogen essential and virulent proteins were subjected to pathway analysis Subcellular localization of the virulent proteins was predicted and druggability was also checked, leading to 30 druggable targets based on their similarity with the approved drug targets in Drugbank. For immunoinformatics analysis, we selected two outer membrane proteins (HPAKL86_RS06305 and HPSNT_RS00950) and subjected to determined immunogenic B and T-Cell epitopes. The B and T-Cell overlapped epitopes were selected to design 9 different vaccine constructs by using linkers and adjuvants. Least allergenic and most antigenic construct (C-8) was selected as a promiscuous vaccine to elicit host immune response. Cloning and in silico expression of the constructed vaccine (C-8) was done to produce a clone having the desired (gene) vaccine construct. In conclusion, the prioritized therapeutic targets for 84 strains of H.pylori will be useful for future therapy design. Vaccine design may also prove useful in the quest for targeting multi-strains of H. pylori in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Rahman
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Amar Ajmal
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, KP, Pakistan
| | - Fawad Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Luca Rastrelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
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Kim SH, Woo HJ, Lee MH, Park M, Nagendran T, Rhee KJ, Lee D, Jin YB, Choi SW, Seo WD, Kim JB. Antimicrobial effects of black rice extract on Helicobacter pylori infection in Mongolian gerbil. J Cereal Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Li B, Yuan H, Chen L, Sun H, Hu J, Wei S, Zhao Z, Zou Q, Wu C. The influence of adjuvant on UreB protection against Helicobacter pylori through the diversity of CD4+ T-cell epitope repertoire. Oncotarget 2017; 8:68138-68152. [PMID: 28978104 PMCID: PMC5620244 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are widely used to enhance the effects of vaccines against pathogen infections. Interestingly, different adjuvants and vaccination routes usually induce dissimilar immune responses, and can even have completely opposite effects. The mechanism remains unclear. In this study, urease B subunit (UreB), an antigen of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) that can induce protective immune responses, was used as a model to vaccinate mice. We investigated the effects of different adjuvants and routes on consequent T cell epitope-specific targeting and protection against H. pylori infection. Comparison of the protective effects of UreB, administered either subcutaneously (sc) or intranasally (in), with the adjuvants AddaVax (sc), Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA; sc), or CpG oligonucleotide (CpG; sc or in), indicated that only CFA (sc) and CpG (in) were protective. Protective vaccines induced T cells targeting epitopes that differed from that targeted by control vaccination. Subsequent peptide vaccination demonstrated that only two of the identified epitopes were protective: UreB373–385 and UreB317–329. Overall, we found that both adjuvant and vaccination route affected the T cell response repertoire to antigen epitopes. The data obtained in this study contribute to improved characterization of the relationship between adjuvants, routes of vaccination, and epitope-specific T cell response repertoires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hanmei Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Heqiang Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, PR China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Shanshan Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Quanming Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Chao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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9
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Pourasadi S, Mousavi Gargari SL, Rajabibazl M, Nazarian S. Efficient production of nanobodies against urease activity ofHelicobacter pylori in Pichia pastoris. Turk J Med Sci 2017; 47:695-701. [PMID: 28425268 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1509-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Helicobacter pylori is a major health problem. One of the therapeutic approaches is administration of antibody against H. pylori. The methylotrophic Pichia pastoris is a suitable host for expression of recombinant antibody fragments. The aims of this study were the expression and the evaluation of camelid nanobody in the yeast Pichia pastoris. MATERIALS AND METHODS The camelid-derived heavy-chain antibody (nanobody) against the UreC subunit of urease from H. pylori was subcloned in the pPink-HC shuttle vector and transferred into Escherichia coli TOP10. After digestion and purification, the shuttle vector was transformed in the PichiaPink expression system. The expression was evaluated in an in vitro system. RESULTS The yield of the nanobody expressed in P. pastoris was estimated to be 5 mg/L as compared to 2 mg/L expressed by E. coli. The nanobody was purified and binding affinity to the UreC antigen was evaluated using ELISA. Neutralization abilities of the two nanobodies expressed in yeast and E. coli were compared. The yeast-expressed nanobody specifically detected recombinant UreC and inhibited urease activity with high efficiency. CONCLUSION The results suggest attribution of the enhanced quality and quantity of the nanobody produced in P. pastoris to better posttranslational modification and folding in the yeast cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrbanoo Pourasadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Masoumeh Rajabibazl
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Nazarian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Solhi R, Alebouyeh M, Khafri A, Rezaeifard M, Aminian M. In vitro evaluation of cross-strain inhibitory effects of IgY polyclonal antibody against H. pylori. Microb Pathog 2017; 110:682-687. [PMID: 28351713 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate in vitro cross-strain inhibitory effects of IgY polyclonal antibody on both growth and urease enzyme of four local strains of H. pylori. Leghorn chickens were immunized with whole cells of four different strains of H. pylori, separately. Rising of specific IgY was detected by ELISA. The IgY purified using polyethylene glycol method and the purity was evaluated by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Each strain was treated with its own-specific and also other strain-specific IgYs. The strain-specific IgY could inhibit the growth of specific strains by 49-72% and also other different strains of H. pylori by 29-86%. Our findings revealed that strain-specific IgY could inhibit urease activity of its own by 64-72% and other different strains by 49-79%. These findings confirmed strain-specific and also cross-strain inhibitory effects of the IgY polyclonal antibody on both growth and urease activity of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Solhi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Alebouyeh
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Khafri
- Quality Control of Bacterial Vaccine Department, Quality Control Management, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Morteza Rezaeifard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Aminian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Recombinant Vaccine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Hassan A, Naz A, Obaid A, Paracha RZ, Naz K, Awan FM, Muhmmad SA, Janjua HA, Ahmad J, Ali A. Pangenome and immuno-proteomics analysis of Acinetobacter baumannii strains revealed the core peptide vaccine targets. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:732. [PMID: 27634541 PMCID: PMC5025611 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2951-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a significant nosocomial pathogen during the last few years, exhibiting resistance to almost all major classes of antibiotics. Alternative treatment options such as vaccines tend to be most promising and cost effective approaches against this resistant pathogen. In the current study, we have explored the pan-genome of A. baumannii followed by immune-proteomics and reverse vaccinology approaches to identify potential core vaccine targets. RESULTS The pan-genome of all available A. baumannii strains (30 complete genomes) is estimated to contain 7,606 gene families and the core genome consists of 2,445 gene families (~32 % of the pan-genome). Phylogenetic tree, comparative genomic and proteomic analysis revealed both intra- and inter genomic similarities and evolutionary relationships. Among the conserved core genome, thirteen proteins, including P pilus assembly protein, pili assembly chaperone, AdeK, PonA, OmpA, general secretion pathway protein D, FhuE receptor, Type VI secretion system OmpA/MotB, TonB dependent siderophore receptor, general secretion pathway protein D, outer membrane protein, peptidoglycan associated lipoprotein and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase are identified as highly antigenic. Epitope mapping of the target proteins revealed the presence of antigenic surface exposed 9-mer T-cell epitopes. Protein-protein interaction and functional annotation have shown their involvement in significant biological and molecular processes. The pipeline is validated by predicting already known immunogenic targets against Gram negative pathogen Helicobacter pylori as a positive control. CONCLUSION The study, based upon combinatorial approach of pan-genomics, core genomics, proteomics and reverse vaccinology led us to find out potential vaccine candidates against A. baumannii. The comprehensive analysis of all the completely sequenced genomes revealed thirteen putative antigens which could elicit substantial immune response. The integration of computational vaccinology strategies would facilitate in tackling the rapid dissemination of resistant A.baumannii strains. The scarcity of effective antibiotics and the global expansion of sequencing data making this approach desirable in the development of effective vaccines against A. baumannii and other bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afreenish Hassan
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Anam Naz
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Obaid
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rehan Zafar Paracha
- Research Center for Modeling and Simulation (RCMS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Naz
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Faryal Mehwish Awan
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Aun Muhmmad
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Hussnain Ahmed Janjua
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jamil Ahmad
- Research Center for Modeling and Simulation (RCMS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Stratford University, Falls Church, VA 22043 USA
| | - Amjad Ali
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
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12
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Ghasemian Safaei H, Faghri J, Moghim S, Nasr Esfahani B, Fazeli H, Makvandi M, Adib M, Rashidi N. Production of IFN-γ and IL-4 Against Intact Catalase and Constructed Catalase Epitopes of Helicobacter pylori From T-Cells. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e24697. [PMID: 26862387 PMCID: PMC4741185 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.24697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Helicobacter pylori infection is highly prevalent in the developing countries. It causes gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastrocarcinoma. Treatment with drugs and antibiotics is problematic due to the following reasons: cost, resistance to antibiotics, prolonged treatment and using multiple drugs. Catalase is highly conserved among the Helicobacter species and is important to the survival of the organism. It is expressed in high amounts and is exposed to the surface of this bacterium; therefore it represents a suitable candidate vaccine antigen. Objectives: A suitable approach in H. pylori vaccinology is the administration of epitope based vaccines. Therefore the responses of T-cells (IFN-γ and IL-4 production) against the catalase of H. pylori were determined. Then the quality of the immune responses against intact catalase and three epitopes of catalase were compared. Materials and Methods: In this study, a composition of three epitopes of the H. pylori catalase was selected based on Propred software. The effect of catalase epitopes on T-cells were assayed and immune responses identified. Results: The results of IFN-γ, IL-4 production against antigens, epitopes, and recombinant catalase by T-cells were compared for better understanding of epitope efficiency. Conclusions: The current research demonstrated that epitope sequence stimulates cellular immune responses effectively. In addition, increased safety and potency as well as a reduction in time and cost were advantages of this method. Authors are going to use this sequence as a suitable vaccine candidate for further research on animal models and humans in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajieh Ghasemian Safaei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Jamshid Faghri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Sharareh Moghim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Bahram Nasr Esfahani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Hossein Fazeli
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Manoochehr Makvandi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Minoo Adib
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Niloufar Rashidi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Paramedical School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Research Institute for Infectious Disease of Digestive System, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Niloufar Rashidi, Department of Laboratory Sciences, Paramedical School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9131942891, Fax: +98-6133738330, E-mail:
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13
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Immunodominant epitope-specific Th1 but not Th17 responses mediate protection against Helicobacter pylori infection following UreB vaccination of BALB/c mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14793. [PMID: 26434384 PMCID: PMC4593181 DOI: 10.1038/srep14793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infects more than half of the world’s population, causing chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. Urease B subunit (UreB), a conserved protein of H. pylori, is capable of inducing specific CD4+ T-cell responses and provides protection against this infection. Previous studies have confirmed the effectiveness of rUreB subunit vaccines in generating CD4+ T-cell-mediated protection, but less is known regarding the roles of different subtypes of T-cell immunity, such as Th1, Th2 and Th17, particularly the immunodominant epitopes inducing specific CD4+ T-cell responses, in vaccine-mediated protection. In this study, we demonstrated that the vaccination of BALB/c mice with rUreB resulted in significant antigen-specific Th1 and Th17 immune responses. Importantly, two novel Th epitopes, UreB317–329 and UreB409–421, which are recognized by a major population of CD4+ T cells, were identified in immunized mice. Our results demonstrated that two novel epitopes can simultaneously induce Th1 and Th17 immune responses; however, only the epitope vaccine-induced CD4+ T-cells secreting IFN-γ mediated the protection against H. pylori; cells secreting IL-17A did not. Taken together, our results suggest that two novel immunodominant epitopes can induce Th1 and Th17 immune responses, but only the induced Th1 lymphocytes mediate protection against H. pylori.
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14
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Guimarães NM, Azevedo NF, Vieira MJ, Figueiredo C. Water-induced modulation of Helicobacter pylori virulence properties. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 109:414-9. [PMID: 25075780 PMCID: PMC4155841 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
While the influence of water in Helicobacter pylori culturability
and membrane integrity has been extensively studied, there are little data concerning
the effect of this environment on virulence properties. Therefore, we studied the
culturability of water-exposed H. pylori and determined whether
there was any relation with the bacterium’s ability to adhere, produce functional
components of pathogenicity and induce inflammation and alterations in apoptosis in
an experimental model of human gastric epithelial cells. H. pylori
partially retained the ability to adhere to epithelial cells even after
complete loss of culturability. However, the microorganism is no longer effective in
eliciting in vitro host cell inflammation and apoptosis, possibly due to the
non-functionality of the cag type IV secretion system. These H.
pylori-induced host cell responses, which are lost along with
culturability, are known to increase epithelial cell turnover and, consequently,
could have a deleterious effect on the initial H. pylori
colonisation process. The fact that adhesion is maintained by H.
pylori to the detriment of other factors involved in later infection
stages appears to point to a modulation of the physiology of the pathogen after water
exposure and might provide the microorganism with the necessary means to, at least
transiently, colonise the human stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M Guimarães
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno F Azevedo
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria J Vieira
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ceu Figueiredo
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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15
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Abstract
Infection with Helicobacter pylori is established as the major risk factor for gastric cancer development. Damage of the mucosal barrier due to H. pylori-induced inflammation enhances the carcinogenic effect of other risk factors such as salt intake or tobacco smoking. The genetic disposition of both the bacterial strain and the host can increase the potential towards gastric cancer formation. Genetic variance of the bacterial proteins CagA and VacA is associated with a higher gastric cancer risk, as are polymorphisms and epigenetic changes in host gene coding for interleukins (IL1β, IL8), transcription factors (CDX2, RUNX3) and DNA repair enzymes. Application of high-throughput assays for genome-wide assessment of either genetic structural variance or gene expression patterns may lead to a better understanding of the pathobiological background of these processes, including the underlying signaling pathways. Understanding of the stepwise alterations that take place in the transition from chronic atrophic gastritis, via metaplastic changes, to invasive neoplasia is vital to define the 'point of no return' before which eradication of H. pylori has the potential to prevent gastric cancer. Currently, eradication as preventive strategy is only recommended for high-incidence regions in Asia; large population studies with an adequate follow-up are required to demonstrate the effectiveness of such an approach in Western populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bornschein
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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16
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Bernardini G, Braconi D, Lusini P, Santucci A. Helicobacter pylori: immunoproteomics related to different pathologies. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 4:679-89. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.4.5.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Rajasekaran A, Kalaivani M. Designer foods and their benefits: A review. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2013; 50:1-16. [PMID: 24425882 PMCID: PMC3550947 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-012-0726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Designer foods are normal foods fortified with health promoting ingredients. These foods are similar in appearance to normal foods and are consumed regularly as a part of diet. In this article we have reviewed the global regulatory status and benefits of available designer foods such as designer egg, designer milk, designer grains, probiotics, designer foods enriched with micro and macronutrients and designer proteins. Designer foods are produced by the process of fortification or nutrification. With the advances in the biotechnology, biofortification of foods using technologies such as recombinant DNA technology and fermentation procedures are gaining advantage in the industry. The ultimate acceptability and extensive use of designer foods depend on proper regulation in the market by the regulatory authorities of the country and by creating consumer awareness about their health benefits through various nationwide programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Rajasekaran
- />KMCH College of Pharmacy, Kalapatti Road, Coimbatore, 641 048 Tamil Nadu India
| | - M. Kalaivani
- />Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Sector-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002, Uttar Pradesh India
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18
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Cell-associated hemolysis induced by Helicobacter pylori is mediated by phospholipases with mitogen-activated protein kinase-activating properties. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:1014-8. [PMID: 22205825 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.05252-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Helicobacter pylori strains can selectively activate epithelial mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways linked with disease. We now demonstrate that H. pylori-induced hemolysis is strain specific and is mediated by phospholipases PldA1 and PldD. Inactivation of PldD inhibited activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), indicating that H. pylori hemolytic phospholipases also harbor MAPK-activating properties.
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19
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Bornschein J, Malfertheiner P. Gastric carcinogenesis. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2011; 396:729-42. [PMID: 21611816 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-011-0810-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In most patients, gastric cancer is diagnosed in advanced stage. Curative treatment options are limited and the mortality is high. The process of gastric carcinogenesis is triggered by Helicobacter pylori-driven gastritis and is further characterized by its complexity of interaction with other risk factors. Health care systems are challenged for the improvement of prevention, early diagnosis, and effective treatments. METHODS An extensive literature research has been performed to elucidate the interplay between etiological factors involved in gastric carcinogenesis. RESULTS H. pylori is the most important carcinogen for gastric adenocarcinoma. Evidence is provided by experiments including animal studies as well as clinical observational and interventional studies in humans. Eradication has the potential to prevent gastric cancer and offers the greatest benefit if performed before premalignant changes of the gastric mucosa have occurred. Bacterial virulence factors are essential players in modulating the immune response involved in the initiation of the carcinogenesis in the stomach. Host genetic factors contribute to the regulation of the inflammatory response and in the aggravation of mucosal damage. The harmful role of environmental factors is restricted to salt intake and smoking of tobacco. The ingestion of fruit and vegetables has some protective effect. CONCLUSION Infection with H. pylori is the major risk factor for gastric cancer development, and thus, eradication of the Helicobacter offers a promising best option for prevention of the disease. Bacterial virulence, host genetic factors, and environmental influences are interacting in the multifactorial process of gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bornschein
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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20
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Corthésy B. Role of secretory immunoglobulin A and secretory component in the protection of mucosal surfaces. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:817-29. [PMID: 20441552 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) antibodies in the defense of mucosal epithelia plays an important role in preventing pathogen adhesion to host cells, therefore blocking dissemination and further infection. This mechanism, referred to as immune exclusion, represents the dominant mode of action of the antibody. However, SIgA antibodies combine multiple facets, which together confer properties extending from intracellular and serosal neutralization of antigens, activation of non-inflammatory pathways and homeostatic control of the endogenous microbiota. The sum of these features suggests that future opportunities for translational application from research-based knowledge to clinics include the mucosal delivery of bioactive antibodies capable of preserving immunoreactivity in the lung, gastrointestinal tract, the genito-urinary tract for the treatment of infections. This article covers topics dealing with the structure of SIgA, the dissection of its mode of action in epithelia lining different mucosal surfaces and its potential in immunotherapy against infectious pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Corthésy
- R&D Laboratory of the Department of Immunology & Allergy, University State Hospital (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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21
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Ramana J, Gupta D. FaaPred: a SVM-based prediction method for fungal adhesins and adhesin-like proteins. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9695. [PMID: 20300572 PMCID: PMC2837750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion constitutes one of the initial stages of infection in microbial diseases and is mediated by adhesins. Hence, identification and comprehensive knowledge of adhesins and adhesin-like proteins is essential to understand adhesin mediated pathogenesis and how to exploit its therapeutic potential. However, the knowledge about fungal adhesins is rudimentary compared to that of bacterial adhesins. In addition to host cell attachment and mating, the fungal adhesins play a significant role in homotypic and xenotypic aggregation, foraging and biofilm formation. Experimental identification of fungal adhesins is labor- as well as time-intensive. In this work, we present a Support Vector Machine (SVM) based method for the prediction of fungal adhesins and adhesin-like proteins. The SVM models were trained with different compositional features, namely, amino acid, dipeptide, multiplet fractions, charge and hydrophobic compositions, as well as PSI-BLAST derived PSSM matrices. The best classifiers are based on compositional properties as well as PSSM and yield an overall accuracy of 86%. The prediction method based on best classifiers is freely accessible as a world wide web based server at http://bioinfo.icgeb.res.in/faap. This work will aid rapid and rational identification of fungal adhesins, expedite the pace of experimental characterization of novel fungal adhesins and enhance our knowledge about role of adhesins in fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree Ramana
- Structural and Computational Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinesh Gupta
- Structural and Computational Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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22
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Malfertheiner P, Bornschein J, Selgrad M. Role of Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric cancer pathogenesis: a chance for prevention. J Dig Dis 2010; 11:2-11. [PMID: 20132425 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2009.00408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer in the absence of strategies implemented for early detection continues to have a dismal prognosis. There are limited options for a curative therapy once patients present with clinical manifestations of this malignant disease. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection plays a key role in gastric carcinogenesis, supported by epidemiological, preclinical and clinical studies. The recognition of H. pylori infection as a critical risk factor in the development of gastric cancer opens the chance for new venues in prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Malfertheiner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg, Leipziger, Magdeburg, Germany.
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23
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Kim SJ, Lee JY, Jun DY, Song JY, Lee WK, Cho MJ, Kim YH. Oral administration of Lactococcus lactis expressing Helicobacter pylori Cag7-ct383 protein induces systemic anti-Cag7 immune response in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 57:257-68. [PMID: 19807786 PMCID: PMC7110310 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2009.00605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To express the 3′‐region (1152 bp) of the cag7 gene of Helicobacter pylori 51 strain, encoding the C‐terminal 383 amino acid (ct383 aa) region of Cag7 protein that is known to cover the needle region of T4SS, in a live delivery vehicle Lactococcus lactis, the cag7‐ct383 gene was amplified by PCR. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the amino acid sequence of Cag7‐ct383 of H. pylori 51 shared 98.4% and 97.4% identity with H. pylori 26695 and J99, respectively. Intramuscular injection of the GST‐Cag7‐ct383 fusion protein into a rat could raise the anti‐Cag7 antibody, indicating the immunogenicity of the Cag7‐ct383 protein. When the cag7‐ct383 gene was cloned in Escherichia coli–L. lactis shuttle vector (pMG36e) and transformed into L. lactis, the transformant could produce the Cag7‐ct383 protein, as evidenced by Western blot analysis. The Cag7‐ct383 protein level in the L. lactis transformant reached a maximum at the early stationary phase without extracellular secretion. The oral administration of the L. lactis transformant into mice generated anti‐Cag7 antibody in serum in five of five mice. These results suggest that L. lactis transformant expressing Cag7‐ct383 protein may be applicable as an oral vaccine to induce mucosal and systemic immunity to H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jung Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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24
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Selgrad M, Malfertheiner P, Fini L, Goel A, Boland CR, Ricciardiello L. The role of viral and bacterial pathogens in gastrointestinal cancer. J Cell Physiol 2008; 216:378-88. [PMID: 18338378 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The association of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) with gastric cancer is thus far the best understood model to comprehend the causal relationship between a microbial pathogen and cancer in the human gastrointestinal tract. Besides H. pylori, a variety of other pathogens are now being recognized as potential carcinogens in different settings of human cancer. In this context, viral causes of human cancers are central to the issue since these account for 10-20% of cancers worldwide. In the case of H. pylori and gastric cancer, as well as the human papillomavirus and anal cancer, the causal relationship between the infectious agent and the related cancer in the gastrointestinal tract has been clearly confirmed by epidemiological and experimental studies. Similarly, Epstein-Barr virus and the oncogenic JC virus are being suggested as possible causative agents for cancers in the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. This review discusses various viral and microbial pathogens and their oncogenic properties in the evolution of gastrointestinal carcinogenesis and summarizes the available experimental data make a convincing agreement favoring the associations between infectious agents and specific human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Selgrad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75246, USA
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25
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O'Keeffe J, Moran AP. Conventional, regulatory, and unconventional T cells in the immunologic response to Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2008; 13:1-19. [PMID: 18205661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2008.00559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infection by the gastroduodenal pathogen Helicobacter pylori elicits a complex immunologic response in the mucosa involving neutrophils, plasma cells, eosinophils, and lymphocytes, of which T cells are the principal orchestrators of immunity. While so-called classical T cells (e.g. T-helper cells) that are activated by peptide fragments presented on antigen-presenting cells have received much attention in H. pylori infection, there exists a diverse array of other T cell populations that are potentially important for the outcome of the ensuing immune response, some of which have not been extensively studied in H. pylori infection. Pathogen-specific regulatory T cells that control and prevent the development of immunopathology associated with H. pylori infection have been investigated, but these cells can also benefit the bacterium in helping to prolong the chronicity of the infection by suppressing protective immune responses. An overlooked T cell population, the more recently described Th17 cells, may play a role in H. pylori-induced inflammation, due to triggering responses that ultimately lead to the recruitment of polymorphs, including neutrophils. The so-called innate or unconventional T cells, that include two conserved T cell subsets expressing invariant antigen-specific receptors, the CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells which are activated by glycolipids, and the mucosal-associated invariant T cells which play a role in defense against orally acquired pathogens in the intestinal mucosa, have only begun to receive attention. A greater knowledge of the range of T cell responses induced by H. pylori is required for a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of this bacterium and its ability to perpetuate chronic infection, and could reveal new strategies for therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan O'Keeffe
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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26
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Azevedo NF, Guimarães N, Figueiredo C, Keevil CW, Vieira MJ. A new model for the transmission of Helicobacter pylori: role of environmental reservoirs as gene pools to increase strain diversity. Crit Rev Microbiol 2007; 33:157-69. [PMID: 17653985 DOI: 10.1080/10408410701451922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-five years after the first successful cultivation and isolation of Helicobacter pylori, the scientific community is still struggling to understand the way(s) this bacterium is transmitted among the human population. Here, both epidemiologic and microbiologic evidence addressing this matter is reviewed and explored to conclude that most H. pylori successful colonizations are derived from direct person-to-person contact and that even though exposure of humans to H. pylori from environmental sources is a very common event, in most occasions the host is able to fight off infection. In addition, under a new model developed here, we propose that the near elimination of environmental reservoirs is the main responsible for the lower prevalence observed in the more industrialized countries by acting on two levels: by decreasing the number of direct infections and by diminishing the number of intraspecies recombination events for producing strain variation within H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Azevedo
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal.
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27
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Romano M, Ricci V, Zarrilli R. Mechanisms of Disease: Helicobacter pylori-related gastric carcinogenesis—implications for chemoprevention. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 3:622-32. [PMID: 17068500 DOI: 10.1038/ncpgasthep0634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Infection with Helicobacter pylori is the single most common cause of adenocarcinoma of the distal stomach. Cancer risk is believed to be related to differences among H. pylori strains and inflammatory responses governed by host genetics. In particular, specific interactions between host factors that modulate the response to the infection, and bacterial virulence factors that can directly cause tissue damage seem to have a major pathogenic role in the development of gastric cancer. In addition, environmental factors can modify key growth signaling pathways within the gastric mucosa, which leads to the alteration of epithelial cell growth. Preventive strategies represent the most promising means of decreasing cancer risk, and must be aimed at the control of H. pylori infection, improvement of environmental conditions, and the identification of subjects who are genetically predisposed to the development of cancer in response to H. pylori infection. Understanding the intracellular signaling pathways that are specifically affected by H. pylori and that promote phenotypic and genotypic changes that might ultimately progress to malignant transformation could enable physicians to focus eradication therapy appropriately and design interventions targeted at the molecular level to prevent the development of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Romano
- Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale A Lanzara e F Magrassi--Gastroenterologia e CIRANAD, Seconda Università di Napoli, II Policlinico, Ed 3, Secondo piano, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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28
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Gerrits MM, van Vliet AHM, Kuipers EJ, Kusters JG. Helicobacter pylori and antimicrobial resistance: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2006; 6:699-709. [PMID: 17067919 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(06)70627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is an important human pathogen that colonises the stomach of about half of the world's population. The bacterium has now been accepted as the causative agent of several gastroduodenal disorders, ranging from chronic active gastritis and peptic ulcer disease to gastric cancer. The recognition of H pylori as a gastric pathogen has had a substantial effect on gastroenterological practice, since many untreatable gastroduodenal disorders with uncertain cause became curable infectious diseases. Treatment of H pylori infection results in ulcer healing and can reduce the risk of gastric cancer development. Although H pylori is susceptible to many antibiotics in vitro, only a few antibiotics can be used in vivo to cure the infection. The frequent indication for anti-H pylori therapy, together with the limited choice of antibiotics, has resulted in the development of antibiotic resistance in H pylori, which substantially impairs the treatment of H pylori-associated disorders. Antimicrobial resistance in H pylori is widespread, and although the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance shows regional variation per antibiotic, it can be as high as 95%. We focus on the treatment of H pylori infection and on the clinical relevance, mechanisms, and diagnosis of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique M Gerrits
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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29
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Han FC, Li XJ, Jiang H, Qin LP, Li D, Guo YH, Liu ZG, Zhang L, Yan XJ. Detection of H pylori antibody profile in serum by protein array. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:4044-8. [PMID: 16810756 PMCID: PMC4087718 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i25.4044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To detect multiple H pylori antibodies in serum samples of individuals who carryH pylori by protein array.
METHODS: Recombinant H pylori antigens, urease B subunit (UreB), vacuolating toxin A (VacA) and cytotoxin associated gene A protein (CagA), were prepared and immobilized in matrixes on nitrocellulose membrane by robotics to bind the specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in serum. Staphylococcus protein A (SPA) labeled by colloid gold was used to integrate the immuno-complex and gave red color signal. The scanner based on charge-coupled device (CCD) could collect the image signal and convert it into digital signal.
RESULTS: When human IgG was printed on the membrane in increasing concentrations and incubated with immunogold, a linear dose response curve was obtained and the detection limit for IgG was about 0.025 ng. The cutoff values, which were defined as the mean grey level plus 3 times of standard deviation, were 27.183, 28.546 and 27.402, for anti-UreB IgG, anti-CagA IgG and anti-VacA IgG, respectively, as 400 human serum samples with negative H pylori antibodies were detected by the protein array. When 180 serum samples from patients in hospital were employed for detection of IgG against UreB, CagA and VacA, the sensitivity of the protein array was 93.4%, 95.4%, 96.0%, and the specificity was 94.8%, 94.4% and 97.5%, respectively, as compared with the results obtained by ELISA. The assay also showed high reproducibility, uniformity and stability, and the results were available within 30 min.
CONCLUSION: The protein array is a very practical method for rapid detection of multiple antibodies in serum samples. It is especially useful for large scale epidemiological investigation of the infection of H pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Chan Han
- Institute of Genetic Diagnosis, The Fourth Military Medical University, 17 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China.
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30
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Kim SJ, Jun DY, Yang CH, Kim YH. Expression of Helicobacter pylori cag12 gene in Lactococcus lactis MG1363 and its oral administration to induce systemic anti-Cag12 immune response in mice. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 72:462-70. [PMID: 16586107 PMCID: PMC7079898 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0285-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To develop an oral vaccine against Helicobacter pylori infection, we have expressed the H. pyloricag12 (HP0532) gene, encoding the outer membrane protein Cag12 (31 kDa), in a live delivery vehicle Lactococcus lactis. The cag12 gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the genomic DNA of H. pylori K51 isolated from Korean patients. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the cag12 gene of H. pylori K51 has 98.1 and 97.4% identity with individual cag12 genes of the H. pylori 26695 and J99, respectively. The GST–Cag12 fusion protein, produced using the Escherichia coli expression system, was used to raise a rat polyclonal anti-Cag12 antibody. The PCR-amplified cag12 gene of H. pylori K51 was cloned in the E. coli–L. lactis shuttle vector (pMG36e) and transformed into L. lactis. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the Cag12 protein was expressed in the L. lactis transformant, with a maximum level at the log phase without extracelluar secretion. The oral administration of the transformant into mice resulted in the generation of the anti-Cag12 antibody in serum in two out of five cases. These results suggest that the recombinant L. lactis, which expresses Cag12, may be applicable as an oral vaccine to induce protective immunity against H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jung Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701 South Korea
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Daegu Health College, Daegu, 702-722 South Korea
| | - Do Youn Jun
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701 South Korea
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chae Ha Yang
- Department of Oriental Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, 706-060 South Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701 South Korea
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Uwins C, Deitrich C, Argo E, Stewart E, Davidson I, Cash P. Growth-induced changes in the proteome ofHelicobacter pylori. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:1136-46. [PMID: 16523451 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a major human pathogen that is responsible for a number of gastrointestinal infections. We have used 2-DE to characterise protein synthesis in bacteria grown either on solid agar-based media or in each of two broth culture media (Brucella and brain heart infusion (BHI) broth). Significant differences were observed in the proteomes of bacteria grown either on agar-based or in broth media. Major changes in protein abundance were identified using principal component analysis (PCA), which delineated the profiles derived for the three key growth conditions (i.e. agar plates, Brucella and BHI broth). Proteins detected across the gel series were identified by peptide mass mapping and Edman sequencing. A number of proteins associated with protein synthesis in general as well as specific amino acid synthesis were depressed in broth-grown bacteria compared to plate-grown bacteria. A similar reduction was also observed in the abundance of proteins involved in detoxification. Two of the most abundant spots, identified as UreB and GroEL, in plate-grown bacteria showed a >140-fold drop in abundance in bacteria grown in Brucella broth compared to bacteria grown on agar plates. Two protein spots induced in bacteria grown in broth culture were both identified as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase based on their N-terminal amino acid sequences derived by Edman degradation. The underlying causes of the changes in the proteins abundance were not clear, but it was likely that a significant proportion of the changes were due to the alkaline pH of the broth culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Uwins
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen, Scotland
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32
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Park H, Kim NI, Kim JM, Kim JS, Oh YK, Kim YJ, Kim N, Jung HC, Song IS. Expression of Eotaxin in Gastric Epithelial Cells Stimulated withHelicobacter pyloriVacuolating Cytotoxin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.4167/jbv.2006.36.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyokhan Park
- Department of Microbiology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Nam In Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Jung Mogg Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Liver Research, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Korea
| | | | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Liver Research, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Hyun Chae Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Liver Research, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - In Sung Song
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Liver Research, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea
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33
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Kawasaki K, Nishio A, Nakamura H, Uchida K, Fukui T, Ohana M, Yoshizawa H, Ohashi S, Tamaki H, Matsuura M, Asada M, Nishi T, Nakase H, Toyokuni S, Liu W, Yodoi J, Okazaki K, Chiba T. Helicobacter felis-induced gastritis was suppressed in mice overexpressing thioredoxin-1. J Transl Med 2005; 85:1104-17. [PMID: 15965489 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin-1 (TRX-1) is a redox-active protein involved in scavenging reactive oxygen species and regulating redox-sensitive transcription factors. TRX-1 is induced in various inflammatory conditions and shows cytoprotective action. We investigated the roles of TRX-1 in the host defense mechanism against Helicobacter felis (H. felis) infection. Transgenic (TG) mice overexpressing human TRX-1 and wild-type (WT) mice were orally inoculated with H. felis. After 2 months, histology, oxidative damage, and gene expression of several cytokines, including macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), a murine equivalent to interleukin (IL)-8, in the gastric mucosa were investigated. Furthermore, the effects of TRX-1 on oxidative stress and neutrophil migration were studied both in vivo and in vitro. The gastric mucosa was thickened in H. felis-infected WT mice, but not in infected TRX-1-TG mice. Histologically, all H. felis-infected WT mice developed moderate-to-severe gastritis, whereas the development of gastritis was significantly suppressed in infected TRX-1-TG mice. Oxidative damage markers, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and malondialdehyde, increased in the stomach of infected WT mice, but not TRX-1-TG mice. Upregulation of IL-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene expression in H. felis-infected TRX-1-TG mice was significantly lower than in WT mice. However, upregulation of MIP-2 and IL-7 was not different between the two groups. TRX-1 suppressed oxidative cytotoxicity and DNA damage, and inhibited neutrophil migration both in vivo and in vitro. The present study suggests that overexpression of TRX-1 suppresses H. felis-induced gastritis by inhibiting chemotaxis of neutrophils and reducing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimio Kawasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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34
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Suzuki Y, Gabazza EC, Imoto I, James RFL, Hirayama T, Wada A, Horiki N, Nakamura M, Inoue H, Kuroda M, Ogura A, Taguchi Y, Yano Y, Taguchi O, Suzuki K, Adachi Y. Vacuolating cytotoxin A is associated with increased thrombin generation in gastric mucosa. Helicobacter 2005; 10:323-31. [PMID: 16104949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2005.00323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of the coagulation system is a critical response for both the repair of tissue injury and the host defense against microbial pathogens. Activation of the coagulation cascade culminates with the generation of thrombin. In vitro studies have shown that thrombin protects gastric epithelial cells from injury. The present study was undertaken to assess in vivo the relationship between gastric intramucosal generation of thrombin and Helicobacter pylori infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study comprised 59 patients with gastroduodenal disorders. There were 27 patients with H. pylori infection (Hp+), 14 without it (Hp-), and 18 patients with cured H. pylori infection (Hp c). The gastric intramucosal concentrations of thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), epidermal growth factor (EGF), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) were measured by specific immunoassays. RESULTS The level of TAT was significantly increased in patients with Hp+ compared to Hp- and Hp c. The levels of TAT, EGF and PGE2 were higher in VacA (+) patients than in those with VacA (-). VacA induced significant expression of tissue factor in gastric epithelial cells in vitro. The gastric intramucosal level of VacA antigen was proportionally and significantly correlated with TAT, EGF and PGE2 in Hp+ patients. The level of TAT was proportionally and significantly correlated with EGF in Hp+ patients but not in Hp- and HP c patients. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that VacA produced by H. pylori is associated with increased thrombin generation, and that thrombin may play a protective role in H. pylori-associated gastroduodenal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Suzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University School of Medicine, Edobashi 2-174, Tsu city, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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35
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Voland P, Zeitner M, Hafsi N, Prinz C. Human immune response towards recombinant Helicobacter pylori urease and cellular fractions. Vaccine 2005; 24:3832-9. [PMID: 16122847 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination against Helicobacter pylori is of particular clinical interest. Recombinant urease, the major protein in H. pylori, has been used for mucosal vaccination trials in different animal models, but was found to be ineffective in humans. The current study therefore investigated the human immune response towards recombinant H. pylori urease A and B (rUreA/B) expressed in E. coli compared to different cellular fractions of H. pylori (cytosol, total, inner and outer membrane). Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DC) were generated from monocytes isolated by magnetic antigen cell separation (MACS) from healthy volunteers and cultured in the presence of hrIL-4 and hrGM-CSF. Mo-DC were stimulated for 48h with the recombinant proteins (1 microg/ml) or cellular fractions (1-10 microg/ml) and cytokine release was determined in the culture supernatant by ELISA. rUreA and rUreB were effective in inducing IL-12 secretion (6-10 fold) and, to a much lesser extent (2 fold), IL-10 secretion from Mo-DC. Total and outer membrane preparations from H. pylori stimulated IL-12 secretion significantly, and were even more potent than intact bacteria. Mo-DCs pulsed with rUreA activated allogenic CD56+ NK-cells, as determined by TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma secretion, but not allogenic CD4+/CD45RA+ naïve T-cells. In contrast, Mo-DCs pulsed with H. pylori total membrane or outer membrane preparations activated allogenic naive T-cells in co-culture systems, as determined by increased TNF-alpha secretion. It appears that outer membrane preparations of H. pylori, but not recombinant urease are more effective in inducing a Th1 polarized response in humans in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Voland
- II. Medical Department, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University, 81675 Munich, Germany
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36
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Abstract
The failure of current regimens to treat the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori is a growing problem. Responsible for gastritis and peptic ulcer disease, and designated as a Class 1 carcinogen, its presence in up to 90% of the population of the developing world makes its treatment a primary concern. The use of genomic, proteomic and transcriptomic data to determine essential gene products as targets for novel therapeutic agents is of key interest in this research. This review describes how such data can be obtained, evaluated and eventually used as a basis for the development of both vaccine and novel anti-helicobacter agents. It indicates both past successes and possible new avenues to exploit the increased availability of such data, whilst also examining the limitations of such approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Loughlin
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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37
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Mee B, Kelleher D, Frias J, Malone R, Tipton KF, Henehan GTM, Windle HJ. Characterization of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase of Helicobacter pylori. An aldehyde dismutating enzyme. FEBS J 2005; 272:1255-64. [PMID: 15720399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases (CAD; 1.1.1.195) catalyse the reversible conversion of p-hydroxycinnamaldehydes to their corresponding alcohols, leading to the biosynthesis of lignin in plants. Outside of plants their role is less defined. The gene for cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase from Helicobacter pylori (HpCAD) was cloned in Escherichia coli and the recombinant enzyme characterized for substrate specificity. The enzyme is a monomer of 42.5 kDa found predominantly in the cytosol of the bacterium. It is specific for NADP(H) as cofactor and has a broad substrate specificity for alcohol and aldehyde substrates. Its substrate specificity is similar to the well-characterized plant enzymes. High substrate inhibition was observed and a mechanism of competitive inhibition proposed. The enzyme was found to be capable of catalysing the dismutation of benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid. This dismutation reaction has not been shown previously for this class of alcohol dehydrogenase and provides the bacterium with a means of reducing aldehyde concentration within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanaid Mee
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland
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38
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Henderson IR, Navarro-Garcia F, Desvaux M, Fernandez RC, Ala'Aldeen D. Type V protein secretion pathway: the autotransporter story. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2004; 68:692-744. [PMID: 15590781 PMCID: PMC539010 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.68.4.692-744.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 595] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria possess an outer membrane layer which constrains uptake and secretion of solutes and polypeptides. To overcome this barrier, bacteria have developed several systems for protein secretion. The type V secretion pathway encompasses the autotransporter proteins, the two-partner secretion system, and the recently described type Vc or AT-2 family of proteins. Since its discovery in the late 1980s, this family of secreted proteins has expanded continuously, due largely to the advent of the genomic age, to become the largest group of secreted proteins in gram-negative bacteria. Several of these proteins play essential roles in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections and have been characterized in detail, demonstrating a diverse array of function including the ability to condense host cell actin and to modulate apoptosis. However, most of the autotransporter proteins remain to be characterized. In light of new discoveries and controversies in this research field, this review considers the autotransporter secretion process in the context of the more general field of bacterial protein translocation and exoprotein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Henderson
- Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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39
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Yahiro K, Wada A, Yamasaki E, Nakayama M, Nishi Y, Hisatsune J, Morinaga N, Sap J, Noda M, Moss J, Hirayama T. Essential domain of receptor tyrosine phosphatase beta (RPTPbeta) for interaction with Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:51013-21. [PMID: 15383529 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m406473200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori produces a potent exotoxin, VacA, which causes progressive vacuolation as well as gastric injury. Although VacA was able to interact with two receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatases, RPTPbeta and RPTPalpha, RPTPbeta was found to be responsible for gastric damage caused by VacA. To define the region of RPTPbeta involved in VacA binding, we made mutants of human cDNA RPTPbeta-B, a short receptor form of RPTPbeta. Immunoprecipitation experiments to assess VacA binding to RPTPbeta-B mutants indicated that five residues (QTTQP) at positions 747-751 of the extracellular domain of RPTPbeta-B (which is commonly retained in RPTPbeta-A, a long form of RPTPbeta) play a crucial role in its interaction with VacA, resulting in vacuolation as well as Git-1 phosphorylation. Transfected cells expressing deletion mutant Delta752, which lacks QTTQP, or the double point mutant Delta747 (T748A,T749A) had diminished vacuolation in response to VacA. Treatment of RPTPbeta-B and Delta747 (which have QTTQP at 747-751) with neuraminidase and O-glycosidase diminished their VacA binding, whereas chondroitinase ABC did not have an effect. No inhibitory effect of pleiotrophin, a natural RPTPbeta ligand, on VacA binding to RPTPbeta-B or Delta747 was observed, supporting the conclusion that the extracellular region of RPTPbeta-B responsible for VacA binding is different from that involved in binding pleiotrophin. These data define the region in the RPTPbeta extracellular domain critical for VacA binding, in particular the sequence QTTQP at positions 747-751 with crucial threonines at positions 748 and 749 and are consistent with a role for terminal sialic acids possibly because of threonine glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinnosuke Yahiro
- Department of Bacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 8528523, Japan
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Sachdeva G, Kumar K, Jain P, Ramachandran S. SPAAN: a software program for prediction of adhesins and adhesin-like proteins using neural networks. Bioinformatics 2004; 21:483-91. [PMID: 15374866 PMCID: PMC7109999 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bti028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION The adhesion of microbial pathogens to host cells is mediated by adhesins. Experimental methods used for characterizing adhesins are time-consuming and demand large resources. The availability of specialized software can rapidly aid experimenters in simplifying this problem. We have employed 105 compositional properties and artificial neural networks to develop SPAAN, which predicts the probability of a protein being an adhesin (Pad). RESULTS SPAAN had optimal sensitivity of 89% and specificity of 100% on a defined test set and could identify 97.4% of known adhesins at high Pad value from a wide range of bacteria. Furthermore, SPAAN facilitated improved annotation of several proteins as adhesins. Novel adhesins were identified in 17 pathogenic organisms causing diseases in humans and plants. In the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated human corona virus, the spike glycoprotein and nsps (nsp2, nsp5, nsp6 and nsp7) were identified as having adhesin-like characteristics. These results offer new lead for rapid experimental testing. AVAILABILITY SPAAN is freely available through ftp://203.195.151.45 CONTACT ramu@igib.res.in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Sachdeva
- G.N. Ramachandran Knowledge Center for Genome Informatics, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology Mall Road, Delhi 110 007, India
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41
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Joseph IM, Kirschner D. A model for the study of Helicobacter pylori interaction with human gastric acid secretion. J Theor Biol 2004; 228:55-80. [PMID: 15064083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2003.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2003] [Revised: 12/05/2003] [Accepted: 12/08/2003] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive mathematical model describing Helicobacter pylori interaction with the human gastric acid secretion system. We use the model to explore host and bacterial conditions that allow persistent infection to develop and be maintained. Our results show that upon colonization, there is a transient period (day 1-20 post-infection) prior to the establishment of persistence. During this period, changes to host gastric physiology occur including elevations in positive effectors of acid secretion (such as gastrin and histamine). This is promoted by reduced somatostatin levels, an inhibitor of acid release. We suggest that these changes comprise compensatory mechanisms aimed at restoring acid to pre-infection levels. We also show that ammonia produced by bacteria sufficiently buffers acid promoting bacteria survival and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Joseph
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Michigan Medical School, 6730 Medical Science Building II, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0620, USA
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42
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Yan J, Mao YF. Construction of a prokaryotic expression system of vacA gene and detection of vacA gene, VacA protein in Helicobacter pylori isolates and ant-VacA antibody in patients’ sera. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:985-90. [PMID: 15052679 PMCID: PMC4717117 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i7.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To construct a recombinant prokaryotic expression vector inserted with Helicobacter pylori vacA gene and identify the immunity of the expressed recombinant protein, and to determine prevalence of vacA-carrying/VacA expressing H pylori isolates and seroprevalence of specific ant-VacA antibody in H pylori infected patients.
METHODS: Polymerase chain reaction technique was used to amplify complete vacA gene of H pylori strain NCTC11637 and to detect vacA gene in 109 H pylori isolates. The amplification product of the complete vacA gene was sequenced after T-A cloning. A recombinant expression vector inserted with a complete vacA gene fragment, named as pET32a-vacA, was constructed. Expression of the target recombinant protein VacA (rVacA) was examined by SDS-PAGE. Western blot using commercial antibodies against whole cell of H pylori and an immunodiffusion assay using self-prepared rabbit anti-rVacA antibody were applied to determine immunoreaction and antigenicity of rVacA. Two ELISA methods were established to detect VacA expression in H pylori isolates and the specific anti-VacA antibody in sera from 125 patients infected with H pylori.
RESULTS: In comparison with the reported corresponding sequences, homologies of nucleotide and putative amino acid sequences of the cloned vacA gene were 99.82% and 100%, respectively. The constructed recombinant prokaryotic expression system efficiently produced rVacA. rVacA was able to combine with the commercial antibodies against whole cell of H pylori and to induce the immunized rabbit to produce specific antibody with an immunodiffusion titer of 1:4. All tested H pylori isolates carried vacA gene, but only 66.1% expressed VacA protein. Of the serum samples tested, 42.4% were positive for specific anti-VacA antibody.
CONCLUSION: A prokaryotic expression system of H pylori vacA gene was successfully constructed. The expressed rVacA can be used to detect specific anti-VacA antibody in human and to prepare antiserum in animals. The high frequency of vacA gene in H pylori isolates, but with a low frequency of VacA expression and specific anti-VacA antibody in H pylori infected patients implies that VacA is not an ideal antigen for H pylori vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medical Science, Zhejiang University, 353 Yan An Road, Hangzhou 310031, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Abstract
Therapeutic vaccines against chronic infectious diseases aim at eliciting broad humoral and cellular immune responses against multiple target antigens. Importantly, the development of such vaccines will help to establish surrogate markers of protection in humans and thus will augment the subsequent development of efficient prophylactic vaccines. A combination of synthetic small-molecule drugs and immunotherapeutics is likely to represent a powerful means of controlling chronic infections in the future. Challenges faced in developing therapeutic vaccines include the following: first, overcoming the potential impairment of immune responses due to established infection; second, optimizing schedules of vaccine administration in combination with standard of care chemotherapy; and third, defining what biological and immunological read-outs should be used to infer vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Moingeon
- Aventis Pasteur, Research and Development, Campus Mérieux, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
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