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Raju B, Choudhary S, Narendra G, Verma H, Silakari O. Molecular modeling approaches to address drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) mediated chemoresistance: a review. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:45-75. [PMID: 33535824 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1874406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Resistance against clinically approved anticancer drugs is the main roadblock in cancer treatment. Drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) that are capable of metabolizing a variety of xenobiotic get overexpressed in malignant cells, therefore, catalyzing drug inactivation. As evident from the literature reports, the levels of DMEs increase in cancer cells that ultimately lead to drug inactivation followed by drug resistance. To puzzle out this issue, several strategies inclusive of analog designing, prodrug designing, and inhibitor designing have been forged. On that front, the implementation of computational tools can be considered a fascinating approach to address the problem of chemoresistance. Various research groups have adopted different molecular modeling tools for the investigation of DMEs mediated toxicity problems. However, the utilization of these in-silico tools in maneuvering the DME mediated chemoresistance is least considered and yet to be explored. These tools can be employed in the designing of such chemotherapeutic agents that are devoid of the resistance problem. The current review canvasses various molecular modeling approaches that can be implemented to address this issue. Special focus was laid on the development of specific inhibitors of DMEs. Additionally, the strategies to bypass the DMEs mediated drug metabolism were also contemplated in this report that includes analogs and pro-drugs designing. Different strategies discussed in the review will be beneficial in designing novel chemotherapeutic agents that depreciate the resistance problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baddipadige Raju
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Shalki Choudhary
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Gera Narendra
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Himanshu Verma
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Om Silakari
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
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Verma H, Singh Bahia M, Choudhary S, Kumar Singh P, Silakari O. Drug metabolizing enzymes-associated chemo resistance and strategies to overcome it. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:196-223. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1632886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Verma
- MolecularModelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | | | - Shalki Choudhary
- MolecularModelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- MolecularModelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Om Silakari
- MolecularModelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
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3
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Dong SC, Sha HH, Xu XY, Hu TM, Lou R, Li H, Wu JZ, Dan C, Feng J. Glutathione S-transferase π: a potential role in antitumor therapy. Drug Des Devel Ther 2018; 12:3535-3547. [PMID: 30425455 PMCID: PMC6204874 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s169833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase π (GSTπ) is a Phase II metabolic enzyme that is an important facilitator of cellular detoxification. Traditional dogma asserts that GSTπ functions to catalyze glutathione (GSH)-substrate conjunction to preserve the macromolecule upon exposure to oxidative stress, thus defending cells against various toxic compounds. Over the past 20 years, abnormal GSTπ expression has been linked to the occurrence of tumor resistance to chemotherapy drugs, demonstrating that this enzyme possesses functions beyond metabolism. This revelation reveals exciting possibilities in the realm of drug discovery, as GSTπ inhibitors and its prodrugs offer a feasible strategy in designing anticancer drugs with the primary purpose of reversing tumor resistance. In connection with the authors' current research, we provide a review on the biological function of GSTπ and current developments in GSTπ-targeting drugs, as well as the prospects of future strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chen Dong
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research and Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China, ;
| | - Huan-Huan Sha
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research and Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China, ;
| | - Xiao-Yue Xu
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research and Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China, ;
| | - Tian-Mu Hu
- Department of Biological Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Rui Lou
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research and Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China, ;
| | - Huizi Li
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research and Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China, ;
| | - Jian-Zhong Wu
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research and Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China, ;
| | - Chen Dan
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research and Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China, ;
| | - Jifeng Feng
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research and Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China, ;
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Stefan SM, Wiese M. Small-molecule inhibitors of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 and related processes: A historic approach and recent advances. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:176-264. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Marcel Stefan
- Pharmaceutical Institute; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University; Bonn Germany
| | - Michael Wiese
- Pharmaceutical Institute; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University; Bonn Germany
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Drug metabolizing enzymes and their inhibitors' role in cancer resistance. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:53-65. [PMID: 29843045 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite continuous research on chemotherapeutic agents, different mechanisms of resistance have become a major pitfall in cancer chemotherapy. Although, exhaustive efforts are being made by several researchers to target resistance against chemotherapeutic agents, there is another class of resistance mechanism which is almost carrying on unattended. This class of resistance includes pharmacokinetics resistance such as efflux by ABC transporters and drug metabolizing enzymes. ABC transporters are the membrane bound proteins which are responsible for the movement of substrates through the cell membrane. Drug metabolizing enzymes are an integral part of phase-II metabolism that helps in the detoxification of exogenous, endogenous and xenobiotics substrates. These include uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenases (DPDs) and thiopurine methyltransferases (TPMTs). These enzymes may affect the role of drugs in both positive as well negative manner, depending upon the type of tissue and cells present and when present in tumors, can result in drug resistance. However, the underlying mechanism of resistance by drug metabolizing enzymes is still not clear. Here, we have tried to cover various aspects of these enzymes in relation to anticancer drugs.
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Mohana K, Achary A. Human cytosolic glutathione-S-transferases: quantitative analysis of expression, comparative analysis of structures and inhibition strategies of isozymes involved in drug resistance. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 49:318-337. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1343343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamoorthy Mohana
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Research, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, India
| | - Anant Achary
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Research, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, India
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Al-Qattan MN, Mordi MN, Mansor SM. Assembly of ligands interaction models for glutathione-S-transferases from Plasmodium falciparum, human and mouse using enzyme kinetics and molecular docking. Comput Biol Chem 2016; 64:237-249. [PMID: 27475235 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione-s-transferases (GSTs) are enzymes that principally catalyze the conjugation of electrophilic compounds to the endogenous nucleophilic glutathione substrate, besides, they have other non-catalytic functions. The Plasmodium falciparum genome encodes a single isoform of GST (PfGST) which is involved in buffering the toxic heme, thus considered a potential anti-malarial target. In mammals several classes of GSTs are available, each of various isoforms. The human (human GST Pi-1 or hGSTP1) and mouse (murine GST Mu-1 or mGSTM1) GST isoforms control cellular apoptosis by interaction with signaling proteins, thus considered as potential anti-cancer targets. In the course of GSTs inhibitors development, the models of ligands interactions with GSTs are used to guide rational molecular modification. In the absence of X-ray crystallographic data, enzyme kinetics and molecular docking experiments can aid in addressing ligands binding modes to the enzymes. METHODS Kinetic studies were used to investigate the interactions between the three GSTs and each of glutathione, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, cibacron blue, ethacrynic acid, S-hexyl glutathione, hemin and protoporphyrin IX. Since hemin displacement is intended for PfGST inhibitors, the interactions between hemin and other ligands at PfGST binding sites were studied kinetically. Computationally determined binding modes and energies were interlinked with the kinetic results to resolve enzymes-ligands interaction models at atomic level. RESULTS The results showed that hemin and cibacron blue have different binding modes in the three GSTs. Hemin has two binding sites (A and B) with two binding modes at site-A depending on presence of GSH. None of the ligands were able to compete hemin binding to PfGST except ethacrynic acid. Besides bind differently in GSTs, the isolated anthraquinone moiety of cibacron blue is not maintaining sufficient interactions with GSTs to be used as a lead. Similarly, the ethacrynic acid uses water bridges to mediate interactions with GSTs and at least the conjugated form of EA is the true hemin inhibitor, thus EA may not be a suitable lead. CONCLUSIONS Glutathione analogues with bulky substitution at thiol of cysteine moiety or at γ-amino group of γ-glutamine moiety may be the most suitable to provide GST inhibitors with hemin competition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Nizam Mordi
- Centre For Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Gelugor 11700 Penang, Malaysia
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Luisi G, Mollica A, Carradori S, Lenoci A, De Luca A, Caccuri AM. Nitrobenzoxadiazole-based GSTP1-1 inhibitors containing the full peptidyl moiety of (pseudo)glutathione. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:924-30. [PMID: 26329912 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1070845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT The inhibition of glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (GSTP1-1) is a sound strategy to overcome drug resistance in oncology practice. OBJECTIVE The nitrobenzoxadiazolyl (NBD) S-conjugate of glutathione and the corresponding γ-oxa-glutamyl isostere (compounds 1 and 5, respectively) have been disclosed as GST inhibitors. The rationale of their design is discussed in juxtaposition to non-peptide NBD thioethers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Synthesis of derivatives 1 and 5 and in vitro evaluation on human GSTP1-1 and M2-2 are reported. RESULTS Conjugates 1 and 5 were found to be low micromolar inhibitors of both isoforms. Furthermore, they display a threefold reduction in selectivity for GSTM2-2 over the P1-1 isozyme in comparison with the potent non-peptide inhibitor nitrobenzoxadiazolyl-thiohexanol (NBDHEX). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Spectroscopic data are congruent with the formation of a stable sigma-complex between GSH and the inhibitors in the protein active site. Conjugate 5 is suitable for in vivo modulation of GST activity in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Luisi
- a Department of Pharmacy , "Gabriele d'Annunzio" University , Chieti , Italy
| | - Adriano Mollica
- a Department of Pharmacy , "Gabriele d'Annunzio" University , Chieti , Italy
| | - Simone Carradori
- a Department of Pharmacy , "Gabriele d'Annunzio" University , Chieti , Italy
| | - Alessia Lenoci
- b Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies , "Sapienza" University , Rome , Italy
| | - Anastasia De Luca
- c The NAST Centre for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology & Innovative Instrumentation, University of Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy , and
| | - Anna Maria Caccuri
- c The NAST Centre for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology & Innovative Instrumentation, University of Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy , and.,d Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery , University of Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
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Mondal M, Hirsch AKH. Dynamic combinatorial chemistry: a tool to facilitate the identification of inhibitors for protein targets. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:2455-88. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00493k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic combinatorial chemistry enables efficient identification of protein binder(s) from a library of interconverting compounds. The library responds to the addition of the target by amplifying the strongest binder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milon Mondal
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Anna K. H. Hirsch
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
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Tang Y, Xuan XY, Li M, Dong ZM. Roles of GST-π and polβ genes in chemoresistance of esophageal carcinoma cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:7375-9. [PMID: 24460306 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.12.7375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to investigate the roles of GST-π and polβ genes in the chemoresistance of esophageal carcinoma cells. Eukaryotic expression vectors containing each gene were constructed and transfected into EC9706 cells, and the biological effects of the two genes assessed based on a resistance index. We additionally investigated the in vitro and in vivo anti-resistance effects of GST-π and polβ genes using recombinant lentiviruses carrying siRNAs against the two genes. Our results showed that upregulation of GST-π and polβ genes suppresses chemosensitivity of esophageal carcinoma cells to cisplatin, while downregulation of these two genes with RNAi technology reverses this chemoresistance. Multi-site injection of recombinant lentivirus targeting the GST-π gene into transplanted cDDP tumors effectively reversed their chemoresistant phenotype. However, the same treatment against the polβ gene did not lead to significant efficacy against chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China E-mail :
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione (GSH) and related enzymes are critical to cell protection from toxins, both endogenous and environmental, including a number of anti-cancer cytotoxic agents. SCOPE OF REVIEW Enhancing GSH and associated enzymes represents a longtime and persistent aim in the search for cytoprotective strategies against cancer, neurologic degeneration, pulmonary and inflammatory conditions, as well as cardiovascular ailments. The challenge is to identify effective GSH analogues or precursors that generate mimic molecules with glutathione's cellular protective effects. This review will provide an update on these efforts. Much effort has also been directed at depleting cellular GSH and related cytoprotective effects, in order to sensitize established tumors to the cytotoxic effects of anti-cancer agents. Efforts to deplete GSH have been limited by the challenge of selectivity doing so in tumor and not in normal tissue so as to avoid enhancing the toxicity of anti-cancer drugs. This review will also provide an update of efforts at overcoming the challenge of targeting the desired GSH depletion to tumor cells. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS This chapter provides a brief background and update of progress in the development and use of GSH analogues in the therapeutic setting, including the pharmacological aspects of these compounds. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This is an area of enormous research activity, and major advances promise the advent of novel therapeutic opportunities in the near future. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Cellular functions of glutathione.
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Erat M, Şakiroğlu H. The effect of some antineoplastic agents on glutathione S-transferase from human erythrocytes. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2012; 28:711-6. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2012.677837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Erat
- Atatürk University, Erzurum Vocational College, Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies, Erzurum-Turkey
| | - Halis Şakiroğlu
- Atatürk University, Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Erzurum-Turkey
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Diverse Effects of Glutathione and UPF Peptides on Antioxidant Defense System in Human Erythroleukemia Cells K562. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2012; 2012:124163. [PMID: 22611414 PMCID: PMC3348524 DOI: 10.1155/2012/124163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of the present paper was to examine the influence of the replacement of γ-Glu moiety to α-Glu in glutathione and in its antioxidative tetrapeptidic analogue UPF1 (Tyr(Me)-γ-Glu-Cys-Gly), resulting in α-GSH and UPF17 (Tyr(Me)-Glu-Cys-Gly), on the antioxidative defense system in K562 cells. UPF1 and GSH increased while UPF17 and α-GSH decreased the activity of CuZnSOD in K562 cells, at peptide concentration of 10 μM by 42% and 38% or 35% and 24%, respectively. After three-hour incubation, UPF1 increased and UPF17 decreased the intracellular level of total GSH. Additionally, it was shown that UPF1 is not degraded by γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, which performs glutathione breakdown. These results indicate that effective antioxidative character of peptides does not depend only on the reactivity of the thiol group, but also of the other functional groups, and on the spatial structure of peptides.
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Laborde E. Glutathione transferases as mediators of signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation and cell death. Cell Death Differ 2010; 17:1373-80. [DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Dourado DFAR, Fernandes PA, Mannervik B, Ramos MJ. Glutathione Transferase A1-1: Catalytic Importance of Arginine 15. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:1690-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp908251z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F. A. R. Dourado
- REQUIMTE/Departamento de Química Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal, and Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pedro Alexandrino Fernandes
- REQUIMTE/Departamento de Química Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal, and Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- REQUIMTE/Departamento de Química Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal, and Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria João Ramos
- REQUIMTE/Departamento de Química Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal, and Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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Li WS, Lam WS, Liu KC, Wang CH, Chang HC, Jen YC, Hsu YT, Shivatare SS, Jao SC. Overcoming the Drug Resistance in Breast Cancer Cells by Rational Design of Efficient Glutathione S-Transferase Inhibitors. Org Lett 2009; 12:20-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol902298s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shan Li
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan, Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Wing See Lam
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan, Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan, Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chie-Hong Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan, Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hui Chuan Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan, Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ya Ching Jen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan, Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Hsu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan, Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Sachin S. Shivatare
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan, Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chuan Jao
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan, Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Ehrlich K, Viirlaid S, Mahlapuu R, Saar K, Kullisaar T, Zilmer M, Langel U, Soomets U. Design, synthesis and properties of novel powerful antioxidants, glutathione analogues. Free Radic Res 2009; 41:779-87. [PMID: 17577738 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701348611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the major low-molecular weight antioxidant in mammalian cells. Thus, its analogues carrying similar and/or additional positive properties might have clinical perspectives. Here, we report the design and synthesis of a library of tetrapeptidic GSH analogues called UPF peptides. Compared to cellular GSH our designed peptidic analogues showed remarkably higher hydroxyl radical scavenging ability (EC(50) of GSH: 1,231.0 +/- 311.8 microM; EC(50) of UPF peptides: from 0.03 to 35 microM) and improved antiradical efficiency towards a stable alpha,alpha-diphenyl-beta-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. The best of UPF peptides was 370-fold effective hydroxyl radical scavengers than melatonin (EC(50): 11.4 +/- 1.0 microM). We also found that UPF peptides do not influence the viability and membrane integrity of K562 human erythroleukemia cells even at 200 microM concentration. Dimerization of GSH and UPF peptides was compared in water and in 0.9% saline solutions. The results, together with an earlier finding that UPF1 showed protective effects in global cerebral ischemia model in rats, suggest that UPF peptides might serve both as potent antioxidants as well as leads for design of powerful non-peptidic antioxidants that correct oxidative stress-driven events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kersti Ehrlich
- Department of Biochemistry, National and European Centre of Excellence of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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Appiah-Opong R, Commandeur JNM, Istyastono E, Bogaards JJ, Vermeulen NPE. Inhibition of human glutathioneS-transferases by curcumin and analogues. Xenobiotica 2009; 39:302-11. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250802702316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Dourado D, Fernandes P, Mannervik B, Ramos M. Glutathione Transferase: New Model for Glutathione Activation. Chemistry 2008; 14:9591-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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4-Aryl-1,3,2-oxathiazolylium-5-olate: a novel GST inhibitor to release JNK and activate c-Jun for cancer therapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 62:509-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-007-0632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Shi B, Stevenson R, Campopiano DJ, Greaney MF. Discovery of glutathione S-transferase inhibitors using dynamic combinatorial chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:8459-67. [PMID: 16802811 DOI: 10.1021/ja058049y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein-directed dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC) relies on reversible chemical reactions that can function under the near-physiological conditions required by the biological target. Few classes of reaction have so far proven effective at generating dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs) under such constraints. In this study, we establish the conjugate addition of thiols to enones as a reaction well-suited for the synthesis of dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs) directed by the active site of the enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST). The reaction is fast, freely reversible at basic pH, and easily interfaced with the protein, which is a target for the design of inhibitors in cancer therapy and the treatment of parasitic diseases such as schistosomiasis. We have synthesized DCLs based on glutathione (GSH, 1) and the enone ethacrynic acid, 2a. By varying either set of components, we can choose to probe either the GSH binding region ("G site") or the adjacent hydrophobic acceptor binding region ("H site") of the GST active site. In both cases the strongest binding DCL components are identified due to molecular amplification by GST which, in the latter system, leads to the identification of two new inhibitors for the GST enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolu Shi
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
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22
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Zahid S, Udenigwe CC, Ata A, Eze MO, Segstro EP, Holloway P. New bioactive natural products from Coprinus micaceus. Nat Prod Res 2007; 20:1283-9. [PMID: 17393652 DOI: 10.1080/14786410601101829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chemical studies on the crude methanolic extract of Coprinus micaceus, collected from the Canadian Prairie region, have resulted in the isolation of two new natural products, micaceol (1), a sterol and (Z,Z)-4-oxo-2,5-hetpadienedioic acid (2). Compound 2 was isolated for the first time as a natural product. Structures of these new compounds were established with the aid of extensive NMR spectroscopic studies. Compound 1 has shown anti-bacterial activity against Corynebacterium xerosis and Staphylococcus aureus, whereas compound 2 exhibited glutathione S-transferase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsulhaq Zahid
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3B 2E9
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23
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Kool J, Eggink M, van Rossum H, van Liempd SM, van Elswijk DA, Irth H, Commandeur JNM, Meerman JHN, Vermeulen NPE. Online biochemical detection of glutathione-S-transferase P1-specific inhibitors in complex mixtures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 12:396-405. [PMID: 17379858 DOI: 10.1177/1087057107299527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A high-resolution screening (HRS) technology is described, which couples 2 parallel enzyme affinity detection (EAD) systems for substrates and inhibitors of rat cytosolic glutathione-S-transferases (cGSTs) and purified human GST P1 to gradient reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The cGSTs and GST P1 EAD systems were optimized and validated first in flow injection analysis (FIA) mode, and optimized values were subsequently used for HPLC mode. The IC(50) values of 8 ligands thus obtained online agreed well with the IC(50) values obtained with microplate reader-based assays. For ethacrynic acid, an IC(50) value of 1.8 +/- 0.4 microM was obtained with the cGSTs EAD system in FIA mode and 0.8 +/- 0.6 microM in HPLC mode. For ethacrynic acid with the GST P1 EAD system, IC(50) values of 6.0 +/- 2.9 and 3.6 +/- 2.8 microM were obtained in FIA and HPLC modes, respectively. An HRS GST EAD system, consisting of both the cGSTs and the GST P1 EAD system in HPLC mode in parallel, was able to separate complex mixtures of compounds and to determine online their individual affinity for cGSTs and GST P1. Finally, a small library of GST inhibitors, synthesized by reaction of several electrophiles with glutathione (GSH), was successfully screened with the newly developed parallel HRS GST EAD system. It is concluded that the present online gradient HPLC-based HRS screening technology offers new perspectives for sensitive and simultaneous screening of general cGSTs and specific GST P1 inhibitors in mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Kool
- LACDR-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Pharmacochemistry, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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24
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Ramachandran PV, Burghardt TE, Bland-Berry L. Chiral synthesis of functionalized tetrahydropyridines: gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake inhibitor analogues. J Org Chem 2006; 70:7911-8. [PMID: 16277310 DOI: 10.1021/jo0508200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[Chemical reaction: See text] A convenient preparation of functionalized chiral tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxylates from nitriles in 68-90% enantiomeric excess (ee) via allylboration, followed by a conjugate addition-elimination and ring-closing metathesis, has been developed. Thus, the treatment of the acetate derived from vinylalumination of formaldehyde by use of [alpha-(ethoxycarbonyl)vinyl]diisobutylaluminum with chiral beta-substituted and beta-unsubstituted homoallylic amines, prepared in >98% diastereomeric excess (de) and 68-90% ee via allylboration of the corresponding N-aluminoimines, furnished functionalized aminodienes, which underwent ring-closing metathesis to provide chiral C5-C6 disubstituted tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxylates. This methodology has been applied for the synthesis of a chiral C6-substituted tetrahydropyridine with known GABA-inhibiting properties at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Veeraraghavan Ramachandran
- Herbert C. Brown Center for Borane Research, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA.
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25
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Bernardi D, Battaglia E, Kirsch G. Synthesis and evaluation of an N-acylated photoactivatable analogue of glutathione as probe for glutathione-utilizing enzymes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1601-4. [PMID: 16387494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Revised: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The first synthesis of an N-acylated photoactivatable analogue of reduced glutathione is described. N-(4-Benzoylbenzoyl)glutathione (8) was found to be an inhibitor and a photoaffinity probe of purified rat liver glutathione S-transferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Bernardi
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie Moléculaire et Biochimie Pharmacologique, Université Paul Verlaine-Metz, 1 boulevard Arago, 57078 METZ Cedex 3, France
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26
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Mahlapuu R, Vaher M, Ehrlich K, Kaljurand M, Soomets U. Comparison of the stability of glutathione and related synthetic tetrapeptides by HPLC and capillary electrophoresis. J Pept Sci 2006; 12:796-9. [PMID: 17131291 DOI: 10.1002/psc.814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione and related peptides are interesting targets as protectors of biological systems against an oxidative injury. Two novel glutathione analogues, UPF1 and UPF15, have been designed and synthesised. As a result of different reactions taking place, the thiol-containing compounds oxidise to disulfides. In this study, the stability of UPF1, UPF15 and glutathione in various solutions was investigated by using HPLC and CE. The results showed that UPF1 and UPF15 are powerful hydroxyl radical scavengers and their dimerisation process velocity is higher than that of glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riina Mahlapuu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu; National and European Centre of Excellence of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ravila Str. 19, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
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27
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Burg D, Riepsaame J, Pont C, Mulder G, van de Water B. Peptide-bond modified glutathione conjugate analogs modulate GSTπ function in GSH-conjugation, drug sensitivity and JNK signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 71:268-77. [PMID: 16337611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2005] [Revised: 10/30/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase pi (GST, E.C.2.5.1.18) overexpression contributes to resistance of cancer cells towards cytostatic drugs. Furthermore, GSTpi is involved in the cellular stress response through inhibition of Jun N-terminal-kinase (JNK), a process that can be modulated by GST inhibitors. GSH conjugates are potent GST inhibitors, but are sensitive towards gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gammaGT)-mediated breakdown. In search for new peptidase stable GST inhibitors we employed the following strategy: (1) selection of a suitable (GST inhibiting) peptide-bond isostere from a series of previously synthesized gammaGT stabilized GSH-analogs. (2) The use of this peptidomimetic strategy to prepare a GSTpi selective inhibitor. Two gammaGT stable GSH conjugate analogs inhibited human GSTs, although non-selectively. One of these, a urethane-type peptide-bond is well accepted by GSTs and we selected this modification for the development of a gammaGT stable, GSTpi selective inhibitor, UrPhg-Et(2). This compound displayed selectivity for GSTpi compared to alpha and mu class enzymes. Furthermore, the inhibitor reversed GSTpi-mediated drug resistance (MDR) in breast tumor cells. In addition, short-term exposure of cells to UrPhg-Et(2) led to GSTpi oligomerization and JNK activation, suggesting that it activates the JNK-cJun signaling module through GSTpi dissociation. Altogether, we show the successful use of peptidomimetic glutathione conjugate analogs as GST inhibitors and MDR-modifiers. As many MDR related enzymes, such as MRP1, glyoxalase 1 and DNA-pk are also inhibited by GSH conjugates, these peptidomimetic compounds can be used as scaffolds for the development of multi-target MDR drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Burg
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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28
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Boumendjel A, Baubichon-Cortay H, Trompier D, Perrotton T, Di Pietro A. Anticancer multidrug resistance mediated by MRP1: recent advances in the discovery of reversal agents. Med Res Rev 2005; 25:453-72. [PMID: 15834856 DOI: 10.1002/med.20032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) belongs to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family. It is able to transport a broad range of anticancer drugs through cellular membranes, thus limiting their antiproliferative action. Since its discovery in 1992, MRP1 has been the most studied among MRP proteins, which now count nine members. Besides the biological work, which targets structure elucidation, binding sites location, and mode of action, most efforts have been focused on finding molecules which act as MRP1 inhibitors. In this review, we attempt to summarize and highlight studies dealing with modulators of MRP1-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR), which have been accomplished in the last 5 years. The reported MRP1 inhibitors are discussed according to their chemical class. Finally, we try to bring information on structure-activity relationship (SAR) aspects and how modulators might interact with MRP1. This study may facilitate the rational design of future modulators of MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahcène Boumendjel
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, UMR 5063 CNRS/Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, 5 Avenue de Verdun BP 138, 38243 Meylan, France. Ahcène.Boumendjelujf-grenoble.fr
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29
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Lherbet C, Gravel C, Keillor JW. Synthesis of S-alkyl L-homocysteine analogues of glutathione and their kinetic studies with gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:3451-5. [PMID: 15177451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of S-alkyl L-homocysteine analogues of glutathione was synthesized with varied oxidation state of the sulfur and tested for inhibition of rat kidney gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). The strong selectivity of the enzyme with respect to the sulfur oxidation state reveals important information for the development of powerful competitive inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lherbet
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Que., Canada H3C 3J7
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30
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Cacciatore I, Caccuri AM, Di Stefano A, Luisi G, Nalli M, Pinnen F, Ricci G, Sozio P. Synthesis and activity of novel glutathione analogues containing an urethane backbone linkage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 58:787-93. [PMID: 13679171 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(03)00135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The new GSH analogues H-Glo(-Ser-Gly-OH)-OH (5), its O-benzyl derivative 4, and H-Glo(-Asp-Gly-OH)-OH (9), characterized by the replacement of central cysteine with either serine or aspartic acid, and containing an urethanic fragment as isosteric substitution of the scissile gamma-glutamylic junction, have been synthesized and characterized. Their ability to inhibit human GST P1-1 (hGST P1-1) in comparison with H-Glu(-Ser-Gly-OH)-OH and H-Glu(-Asp-Gly-OH)-OH, which are potent competitive inhibitors of rat GST 3-3 and 4-4, has been evaluated. In order to further investigate the effect of the isosteric substitution on the binding abilities of the new GSH analogues 4, 5 and 9, the previously reported cysteinyl-containing analogue H-Glo(-Cys-Gly-OH)-OH has been also evaluated as a co-substrate for hGSTP1-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Cacciatore
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi G. D'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, I-66100 Chieti, Italy
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31
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Paradisi MP, Mollica A, Cacciatore I, Di Stefano A, Pinnen F, Caccuri AM, Ricci G, Duprè S, Spirito A, Lucente G. Proline-glutamate chimeras in isopeptides. Synthesis and biological evaluation of conformationally restricted glutathione analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:1677-83. [PMID: 12659754 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The two novel diastereoisomeric glutathione analogues 1 and 2 have been designed and synthesized by replacing the native gamma-glutamylic moiety with the conformational rigid skeleton of cis- or trans-4-carboxy-L-proline residue. Both analogues have been obtained by following the solution phase peptide chemistry methodologies and final reduction of the corresponding disulfide forms 13 and 14. The two analogues 1 and 2 have been tested towards gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT) and human glutathione S-transferase (hGST P1-1). Both analogues 1 and 2 are completely resistant to enzymatic degradation by gamma-GT. The S-transferase utilizes the analogue 2 as a good substrate while is unable to bind the analogue 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Paglialunga Paradisi
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, CNR Sezione di Roma, c/o Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro, 00185 Rome, Italy
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32
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Lherbet C, Morin M, Castonguay R, Keillor JW. Synthesis of aza and oxaglutamyl-p-nitroanilide derivatives and their kinetic studies with gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:997-1000. [PMID: 12643897 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new series of L-glutamic acid p-nitroanilide analogues has been synthesized and tested as substrates and inhibitors of rat kidney gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT). Kinetic parameters (K(m) and k(cat)) were determined for each analogue and provide insight into the scope and limits of GGT catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lherbet
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
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33
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Burg D, Wielinga P, Zelcer N, Saeki T, Mulder GJ, Borst P. Inhibition of the multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) by peptidomimetic glutathione-conjugate analogs. Mol Pharmacol 2002; 62:1160-6. [PMID: 12391280 DOI: 10.1124/mol.62.5.1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) mediated cytostatic drug efflux might be useful in the treatment of drug resistant tumors. Because the glutathione (GSH) conjugate of ethacrynic acid (EA), GS-EA, is a good substrate of MRP1, GS-EA derivatives are expected to be good inhibitors of MRP1. To study structure-activity relationships of MRP1 inhibition, a series of novel GS-EA analogs was synthesized in which peptide bonds of the GSH backbone were replaced by isosteric groups [Bioorg Med Chem 10:195-205, 2002]. Several of these compounds were effective inhibitors of MRP1-mediated [(3)H]GS-EA and [(3)H]E(2)17betaG transport, as studied in membrane vesicles prepared from MRP1-overproducing Sf9 cells. The modifications of the peptide backbone have distinct implications for recognition by MRP1: the gamma-glutamyl-cysteine peptide bond is important for binding, whereas the cysteinyl-glycine amide does not seem essential. When the gamma-glutamyl-cysteine peptide bond (C-CO-N) is replaced by a urethane isostere (O-CO-N), an effective competitive MRP1-inhibitor (K(i) = 11 microM) is obtained. After esterification of this compound to improve its cellular uptake, it inhibited MRP1-mediated efflux of calcein from 2008 ovarian carcinoma cells overexpressing MRP1. This compound also partially reversed the resistance of these cells to methotrexate. Because the urethane isostere is stable toward gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-mediated breakdown, it is an interesting lead-compound for the development of in vivo active MRP1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Burg
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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34
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Burg D, Mulder GJ. Glutathione conjugates and their synthetic derivatives as inhibitors of glutathione-dependent enzymes involved in cancer and drug resistance. Drug Metab Rev 2002; 34:821-63. [PMID: 12487151 DOI: 10.1081/dmr-120015695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in levels of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione-dependent enzymes have been implicated in cancer and multidrug resistance of tumor cells. The activity of a number of these, the multidrug resistance-associated protein 1, glutathione S-transferase, DNA-dependent protein kinase, glyoxalase I, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, can be inhibited by GSH-conjugates and synthetic analogs thereof. In this review we focus on the function of these enzymes and carriers in cancer and anti-cancer drug resistance, in relation to their inhibition by GSH-conjugate analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Burg
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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35
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Burg D, Hameetman L, Filippov DV, van der Marel GA, Mulder GJ. Inhibition of glutathione S-transferase in rat hepatocytes by a glycine-tetrazole modified S-alkyl-GSH analogue. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1579-82. [PMID: 12039566 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) conjugates inhibit enzymes that are involved in drug metabolism and drug resistance, but their cellular uptake is very low. To improve membrane-permeability, we synthesized a novel GSH-conjugate analogue with a tetrazole carboxylate isostere at the glycine position. Introduction of the tetrazole decreases inhibitory potency towards CDNB conjugation by glutathione S-transferase. However, the tetrazole derivative inhibited 2-bromoisovalerylurea conjugation in rat liver cytosol, as well as in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Burg
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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