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Development of a laboratory scalable process for enhancing lentivirus production by transient transfection of HEK293 adherent cultures. Gene Ther 2020; 27:482-494. [DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-0152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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2
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Hagen B, Kraase M, Indikova I, Indik S. A high rate of polymerization during synthesis of mouse mammary tumor virus DNA alleviates hypermutation by APOBEC3 proteins. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007533. [PMID: 30768644 PMCID: PMC6395001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses have evolved multiple means to counteract host restriction factors such as single-stranded DNA-specific deoxycytidine deaminases (APOBEC3s, A3s). These include exclusion of A3s from virions by an A3-unreactive nucleocapsid or expression of an A3-neutralizing protein (Vif, Bet). However, a number of retroviruses package A3s and do not encode apparent vif- or bet-like genes, yet they replicate in the presence of A3s. The mode by which they overcome deleterious restriction remains largely unknown. Here we show that the prototypic betaretrovirus, mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), packages similar amounts of A3s as HIV-1ΔVif, yet its proviruses carry a significantly lower level of A3-mediated deamination events than the lentivirus. The G-to-A mutation rate increases when the kinetics of reverse transcription is reduced by introducing a mutation (F120L) to the DNA polymerase domain of the MMTV reverse transcriptase (RT). A similar A3-sensitizing effect was observed when the exposure time of single-stranded DNA intermediates to A3s during reverse transcription was lengthened by reducing the dNTP concentration or by adding suboptimal concentrations of an RT inhibitor to infected cells. Thus, the MMTV RT has evolved to impede access of A3s to transiently exposed minus DNA strands during reverse transcription, thereby alleviating inhibition by A3 family members. A similar mechanism may be used by other retroviruses and retrotransposons to reduce deleterious effects of A3 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Hagen
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Kraase
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivana Indikova
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stanislav Indik
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Gándara C, Affleck V, Stoll EA. Manufacture of Third-Generation Lentivirus for Preclinical Use, with Process Development Considerations for Translation to Good Manufacturing Practice. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2018; 29:1-15. [PMID: 29212357 PMCID: PMC5806069 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2017.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors are used in laboratories around the world for in vivo and ex vivo delivery of gene therapies, and increasingly clinical investigation as well as preclinical applications. The third-generation lentiviral vector system has many advantages, including high packaging capacity, stable gene expression in both dividing and post-mitotic cells, and low immunogenicity in the recipient organism. Yet, the manufacture of these vectors is challenging, especially at high titers required for direct use in vivo, and further challenges are presented by the process of translating preclinical gene therapies toward manufacture of products for clinical investigation. The goals of this paper are to report the protocol for manufacturing high-titer third-generation lentivirus for preclinical testing and to provide detailed information on considerations for translating preclinical viral vector manufacture toward scaled-up platforms and processes in order to make gene therapies under Good Manufacturing Practice that are suitable for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gándara
- 1 Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom .,2 Controlling Abnormal Network Dynamics using Optogenetics (CANDO) Consortium, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Affleck
- 1 Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom .,2 Controlling Abnormal Network Dynamics using Optogenetics (CANDO) Consortium, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Ann Stoll
- 1 Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom .,2 Controlling Abnormal Network Dynamics using Optogenetics (CANDO) Consortium, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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White M, Whittaker R, Gándara C, Stoll EA. A Guide to Approaching Regulatory Considerations for Lentiviral-Mediated Gene Therapies. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2018; 28:163-176. [PMID: 28817344 PMCID: PMC5568014 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2017.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors are increasingly the gene transfer tool of choice for gene or cell therapies, with multiple clinical investigations showing promise for this viral vector in terms of both safety and efficacy. The third-generation vector system is well characterized, effectively delivers genetic material and maintains long-term stable expression in target cells, delivers larger amounts of genetic material than other methods, is nonpathogenic, and does not cause an inflammatory response in the recipient. This report aims to help academic scientists and regulatory managers negotiate the governance framework to achieve successful translation of a lentiviral vector-based gene therapy. The focus is on European regulations and how they are administered in the United Kingdom, although many of the principles will be similar for other regions, including the United States. The report justifies the rationale for using third-generation lentiviral vectors to achieve gene delivery for in vivo and ex vivo applications; briefly summarizes the extant regulatory guidance for gene therapies, categorized as advanced therapeutic medicinal products (ATMPs); provides guidance on specific regulatory issues regarding gene therapies; presents an overview of the key stakeholders to be approached when pursuing clinical trials authorization for an ATMP; and includes a brief catalogue of the documentation required to submit an application for regulatory approval of a new gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael White
- 1 Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,2 Controlling Abnormal Network Dynamics using Optogenetics (CANDO) Consortium; Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Whittaker
- 1 Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,2 Controlling Abnormal Network Dynamics using Optogenetics (CANDO) Consortium; Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,3 Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Gándara
- 1 Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,2 Controlling Abnormal Network Dynamics using Optogenetics (CANDO) Consortium; Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A Stoll
- 1 Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,2 Controlling Abnormal Network Dynamics using Optogenetics (CANDO) Consortium; Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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5
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Low HZ, Ahrenstorf G, Pommerenke C, Habermann N, Schughart K, Ordóñez D, Stripecke R, Wilk E, Witte T. TLR8 regulation of LILRA3 in monocytes is abrogated in human immunodeficiency virus infection and correlates to CD4 counts and virus loads. Retrovirology 2016; 13:15. [PMID: 26969150 PMCID: PMC4788896 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND LILRA3 is an immunostimulatory molecule which can conditionally induce the proliferation of cytotoxic cells. LILRA3 has a deletion genotype which is associated with multiple immune disorders. In this study, we wanted to analyze the regulation of LILRA3 and its significance in the context of HIV infection. RESULTS We analyzed a panel of TLR agonists and found that ssRNA40, a TLR8 agonist, is a potent inducer of LILRA3 in healthy individuals. However, this regulation is much diminished in HIV. Comparison of TLR8 to TLR4 induction of LILRA3 indicated that LPS induces less LILRA3 than ssRNA40 among healthy controls, but not HIV patients. Levels of LILRA3 induction correlated to virus load and CD4 counts in untreated patients. Recombinant LILRA3 can induce a host of proinflammatory genes which include IL-6 and IL-1α, as well as alter the expression of MHC and costimulatory molecules in monocytes and B-cells. CONCLUSION Our experiments point towards a beneficial role for LILRA3 in virus infections, especially in ssRNA viruses, like HIV, that engage TLR8. However, the potentially beneficial role of LILRA3 is abrogated during a HIV infection. We believe that more work has to be done to study the role of LILRA3 in infectious diseases and that there is a potential for exploring the use of LILRA3 in the treatment of virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhi Low
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Gerrit Ahrenstorf
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Pommerenke
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nadine Habermann
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Schughart
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.,University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David Ordóñez
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Renata Stripecke
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Esther Wilk
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Torsten Witte
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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Meng F, Chen C, Wan H, Zhou Q. [Advances of lentiviral vectors]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2015; 17:870-6. [PMID: 25539614 PMCID: PMC6000409 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2014.12.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors are currently very effective tools in molecular and cell experiment. Lentiviral vector, a kind of retroviral vectors, has a number of unique advantages in target gene transferation, for example, the ability of transfection to the dividing or nondividing cells, its high efficiency of transfection and a capacity of large target gene fragments. This paper describes the sources of lentiviral vectors, molecular characteristics, research progress, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanrong Meng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenviroment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute,
Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenviroment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute,
Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Haisu Wan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenviroment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute,
Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenviroment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute,
Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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Takahashi M, Valdes G, Hiraoka K, Inagaki A, Kamijima S, Micewicz E, Gruber HE, Robbins JM, Jolly DJ, McBride WH, Iwamoto KS, Kasahara N. Radiosensitization of gliomas by intracellular generation of 5-fluorouracil potentiates prodrug activator gene therapy with a retroviral replicating vector. Cancer Gene Ther 2014; 21:405-410. [PMID: 25301172 PMCID: PMC4246057 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2014.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A tumor-selective non-lytic retroviral replicating vector (RRV), Toca 511, and an extended-release formulation of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), Toca FC, are currently being evaluated in clinical trials in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma (NCT01156584, NCT01470794 and NCT01985256). Tumor-selective propagation of this RRV enables highly efficient transduction of glioma cells with cytosine deaminase (CD), which serves as a prodrug activator for conversion of the anti-fungal prodrug 5-FC to the anti-cancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) directly within the infected cells. We investigated whether, in addition to its direct cytotoxic effects, 5-FU generated intracellularly by RRV-mediated CD/5-FC prodrug activator gene therapy could also act as a radiosensitizing agent. Efficient transduction by RRV and expression of CD were confirmed in the highly aggressive, radioresistant human glioblastoma cell line U87EGFRvIII and its parental cell line U87MG (U87). RRV-transduced cells showed significant radiosensitization even after transient exposure to 5-FC. This was confirmed both in vitro by a clonogenic colony survival assay and in vivo by bioluminescence imaging analysis. These results provide a convincing rationale for development of tumor-targeted radiosensitization strategies utilizing the tumor-selective replicative capability of RRV, and incorporation of radiation therapy into future clinical trials evaluating Toca 511 and Toca FC in brain tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Takahashi
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gilmer Valdes
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kei Hiraoka
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Akihito Inagaki
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shuichi Kamijima
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ewa Micewicz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Keisuke S Iwamoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Noriyuki Kasahara
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
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Konstantoulas CJ, Indik S. Mouse mammary tumor virus-based vector transduces non-dividing cells, enters the nucleus via a TNPO3-independent pathway and integrates in a less biased fashion than other retroviruses. Retrovirology 2014; 11:34. [PMID: 24779422 PMCID: PMC4098793 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-11-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is a complex, milk-born betaretrovirus, which preferentially infects dendritic cells (DC) in the gastrointestinal tract and then spreads to T and B lymphocytes and finally to the mammary gland. It is not clear how the prototypic betaretrovirus infects mucosal DCs and naïve lymphocytes as these cells are considered to be non-proliferative. Studies of MMTV biology have been hampered by the difficulty of obtaining sufficient virus/vector titers after transfection of a molecular clone in cultured cells. To surmount this barrier we developed a novel MMTV-based vector system with a split genome design containing potent posttranscriptional regulatory functions. RESULTS Using this system, vector particles were produced to markedly greater titers (>1000-fold) than those obtained previously. The titers (>106 transduction units /ml) were comparable to those achieved with lentiviral or gammaretroviral vectors. Importantly, the vector transduced the enhanced green fluorescence protein gene into the chromosomes of non-dividing cells, such as cells arrested at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and unstimulated hematopoietic progenitor cells, at an efficiency similar to that obtained with the HIV-1-based vector. In contrast to HIV-1, MMTV transductions were not affected by knocking down the expression of a factor involved in nuclear import of the HIV-1 pre-integration complexes, TNPO3. In contrast to HIV-1, the MMTV-based vector did not preferentially integrate in transcription units. Additionally, no preference for integration near transcription start sites, the regions preferentially targeted by gammaretroviral vectors, was observed. The vector derived from MMTV exhibits a random integration pattern. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the betaretroviral vector system should facilitate molecular virology studies of the prototypic betaretrovirus as well as studies attempting to elucidate fundamental cellular processes such as nuclear import pathways. Random integration in cycling and non-cycling cells may be applicable in unbiased gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stanislav Indik
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria.
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9
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Matsumoto H, Haga K, Ohno I, Hiraoka K, Kimura T, Hermann K, Kasahara N, Anton P, McGowan I. Mucosal gene therapy using a pseudotyped lentivirus vector encoding murine interleukin-10 (mIL-10) suppresses the development and relapse of experimental murine colitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14:68. [PMID: 24712338 PMCID: PMC3991919 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-14-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic gene transfer is currently being evaluated as a potential therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. This study investigates the safety and therapeutic benefit of a locally administered lentiviral vector encoding murine interleukin-10 in altering the onset and relapse of dextran sodium sulfate induced murine colitis. Methods Lentiviral vectors encoding the reporter genes firefly-luciferase and murine interleukin-10 were administered by intrarectal instillation, either once or twice following an ethanol enema to facilitate mucosal uptake, on Days 3 and 20 in Balb/c mice with acute and relapsing colitis induced with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). DSS colitis was characterized using clinical disease activity, macroscopic, and microscopic scores. Bioluminescence optical imaging analysis was employed to examine mucosal lentiviral vector uptake and transgene expression. Levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in homogenates of rectal tissue were measured by ELISA. Biodistribution of the lentiviral vector to other organs was evaluated by real time quantitative PCR. Results Mucosal delivery of lentiviral vector resulted in significant transduction of colorectal mucosa, as shown by bioluminescence imaging analysis. Lentiviral vector-mediated local expression of interleukin-10 resulted in significantly increased levels of this cytokine, as well as reduced levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6, and significantly reduced the clinical disease activity, macroscopic, and microscopic scores of DSS colitis. Systemic biodistribution of locally instilled lentiviral vector to other organs was not detected. Conclusions Topically-delivered lentiviral vectors encoding interleukin-10 safely penetrated local mucosal tissue and had therapeutic benefit in this DSS model of murine colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ian McGowan
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Anticancer gene transfer for cancer gene therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 818:255-80. [PMID: 25001541 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6458-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy vectors are among the treatments currently used to treat malignant tumors. Gene therapy vectors use a specific therapeutic transgene that causes death in cancer cells. In early attempts at gene therapy, therapeutic transgenes were driven by non-specific vectors which induced toxicity to normal cells in addition to the cancer cells. Recently, novel cancer specific viral vectors have been developed that target cancer cells leaving normal cells unharmed. Here we review such cancer specific gene therapy systems currently used in the treatment of cancer and discuss the major challenges and future directions in this field.
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Matsumoto H, Kimura T, Haga K, Kasahara N, Anton P, McGowan I. Effective in vivo and ex vivo gene transfer to intestinal mucosa by VSV-G-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors. BMC Gastroenterol 2010; 10:44. [PMID: 20459837 PMCID: PMC2881878 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-10-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene transfer to the gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa is a therapeutic strategy which could prove particularly advantageous for treatment of various hereditary and acquired intestinal disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), GI infections, and cancer. Methods We evaluated vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein envelope (VSV-G)-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors (LV) for efficacy of gene transfer to both murine rectosigmoid colon in vivo and human colon explants ex vivo. LV encoding beta-galactosidase (LV-β-Gal) or firefly-luciferase (LV-fLuc) reporter genes were administered by intrarectal instillation in mice, or applied topically for ex vivo transduction of human colorectal explant tissues from normal individuals. Macroscopic and histological evaluations were performed to assess any tissue damage or inflammation. Transduction efficiency and systemic biodistribution were evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR. LV-fLuc expression was evaluated by ex vivo bioluminescence imaging. LV-β-Gal expression and identity of transduced cell types were examined by histochemical and immunofluorescence staining. Results Imaging studies showed positive fLuc signals in murine distal colon; β-Gal-positive cells were found in both murine and human intestinal tissue. In the murine model, β-Gal-positive epithelial and lamina propria cells were found to express cytokeratin, CD45, and CD4. LV-transduced β-Gal-positive cells were also seen in human colorectal explants, consisting mainly of CD45, CD4, and CD11c-positive cells confined to the LP. Conclusions We have demonstrated the feasibility of LV-mediated gene transfer into colonic mucosa. We also identified differential patterns of mucosal gene transfer dependent on whether murine or human tissue was used. Within the limitations of the study, the LV did not appear to induce mucosal damage and were not distributed beyond the distal colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Matsumoto
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Jirmo AC, Koya RC, Sundarasetty BS, Pincha M, Yu GY, Lai M, Bakshi R, Schlaphoff V, Grabowski J, Behrens G, Wedemeyer H, Stripecke R. Monocytes transduced with lentiviral vectors expressing hepatitis C virus non-structural proteins and differentiated into dendritic cells stimulate multi-antigenic CD8(+) T cell responses. Vaccine 2010; 28:922-33. [PMID: 19931383 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Halting the spread of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and also eradicating HCV in subjects with chronic infection are major goals for global health. To this end, several years of research on HCV vaccine development have led to the conclusion that multi-antigenic and multi-functional vaccine types are necessary for effectiveness against HCV infection. In this study, we evaluated lentiviral vectors (LV) expressing clusters of HCV structural (LV-HCV-S) and non-structural (LV-HCV-NS) genes for future vaccine development. Batches of high titer LV were used to transduce differentiated dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. We report successful delivery of HCV gene clusters, particularly into monocytes, leading to >80% LV-HCV-NS and >70% LV-HCV-S and transduced cells, respectively. Intracellular expression of HCV proteins in monocyte-derived DC resulted in immunophenotypic changes, such as downregulation of CD83 and CD86. Monocytes expressing NS proteins and differentiated into DC stimulated allogeneic and autologous CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells in vitro and resulted in antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell responses against NS3, NS4a and NS5b. Hence, lentiviral-mediated expression of the multi-antigenic HCV-NS cluster in monocytes subsequently differentiated into DC is a novel potential anti-HCV vaccine modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adan C Jirmo
- Lymphatic Cell Therapy Laboratory, Clinic of Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Neonatal gene transfer using lentiviral vector for murine Pompe disease: long-term expression and glycogen reduction. Gene Ther 2009; 17:521-30. [PMID: 20033064 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pompe disease results from the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA), leading to accumulated glycogen in the heart and the skeletal muscles, which causes cardiomyopathy and muscle weakness. In this study, we tested the feasibility of gene therapy for Pompe disease using a lentivirus vector (LV). Newborn GAA knockout mice were treated with intravenous injection of LV encoding human GAA (hGAA) through the facial superficial temporal vein. The transgene expression in the tissues was analyzed up to 24 weeks after treatment. Our results showed that the recombinant LV was efficient not only in increasing the GAA activity in tissues but also in decreasing their glycogen content. The examination of histological sections showed clearence of the glycogen storage in skeletal and cardiac muscles 16 and 24 weeks after a single vector injection. Levels of expressed hGAA could be detected in serum of treated animals until 24 weeks. No significant immune reaction to transgene was detected in most treated animals. Therefore, we show that LV-mediated delivery system was effective in correcting the biochemical abnormalities and that this gene transfer system might be suitable for further studies on delivering GAA to Pompe disease mouse models.
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Ingram W, Kordasti S, Chan L, Barber LD, Tye GJ, Hardwick N, Mufti GJ, Farzaneh F. Human CD80/IL2 lentivirus transduced acute myeloid leukaemia cells enhance cytolytic activity in vitro in spite of an increase in regulatory CD4+ T cells in a subset of cultures. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1679-90. [PMID: 19283381 PMCID: PMC11030171 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0679-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic strategies are increasingly being explored as a method of enhancing anti-tumour immune responses in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Regulatory CD4(+) T cells (Tregs) suppress effector T and natural killer (NK) cells and therefore pose a potential challenge to the efficacy of immunotherapy. AML cells transduced with a lentivirus expressing CD80 (B7.1) and IL2 (LV-CD80/IL2) are capable of stimulating T and NK cell cytotoxicity in vitro. This study examines the effect of CD80/IL2 modified AML cells on Treg number and function. We report a significant increase in the number of CD8(+) T cells (P = 0.046) CD3(-)CD56(+) NK cells (P = 0.028) and CD3(+)CD4(+)CD25(high)Foxp3(+) Tregs (P = 0.043) following stimulation for 7 days with allogeneic LV-CD80/IL2 AMLs. In contrast, autologous LV-CD80/IL2 AML cell cultures provide a weaker stimulation with a lower number of CD8(+) T cells (P = 0.011) and no change in NK cell or Treg numbers. However, an increase in cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells and NK cells are detected following both allogeneic and autologous LV-CD80/IL2 stimulation as demonstrated by an increase in IFN-gamma and CD107a expression. Despite the presence of increased numbers of Tregs with suppressive activity in a subset of cultures, increased lysis of unmodified AMLs was still achieved following allogeneic (day 0, 2.2%; day 7, 20.4%) and more importantly, autologous LV-CD80/IL2 culture in which AML patients had recently received intensive chemotherapy (day 0, 0%; day 7, 16%). Vaccination with LV-CD80/IL2 therefore provides a potential strategy to enhance anti-leukaemia immune responses without a concomitant stimulation of Treg-mediated inhibition of cytotoxic immunological responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/genetics
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Middle Aged
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Transduction, Genetic
- Transgenes/physiology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Ingram
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London, Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK.
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15
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Smits ELJM, Berneman ZN, Van Tendeloo VFI. Immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia: current approaches. Oncologist 2009; 14:240-52. [PMID: 19289488 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Following standard therapy that consists of chemotherapy with or without stem cell transplantation, both relapsed and refractory disease shorten the survival of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Therefore, additional treatment options are urgently needed, especially to fight residual AML cells. The identification of leukemia-associated antigens and the observation that administration of allogeneic T cells can mediate a graft-versus-leukemia effect paved the way to the development of active and passive immunotherapy strategies, respectively. The aim of these strategies is the eradication of AML cells by the immune system. In this review, an overview is provided of both active and passive immunotherapy strategies that are under investigation or in use for the treatment of AML. For each strategy, a critical view on the state of the art is given and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien L J M Smits
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VIDI), Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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16
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in the orchestration of immune reactions. Manipulation of DC function through genetic manipulation for vaccine development provides a multitude of applications for active immunotherapy of cancer and chronic infections. Several laboratories have shown that lentiviral vectors (LVs) are efficient and consistent tools for ex vivo gene manipulation of DCs and their precursors. LVs integrate in the genome of target cells resulting in persistent and stable transgene expression, and gene delivery does not result in cytostatic or nonspecific adverse immunomodulatory reactions. Mouse, macaque, and human DCs are efficiently transduced with LVs, allowing preclinical vaccination studies to be gradually implemented into clinical trials. This chapter describes HIV-1-derived LV transduction used for ex vivo gene delivery of marking genes, antigens, and immunomodulatory molecules into mouse and human hematopoietic precursors and DCs. With the perspective of bioengineering DCs from the inside-out, we also describe a one-hit LV transduction method for constitutive expression of GM-CSF and IL-4 genes, which allows self-differentiation of mouse and human hematopoietic precursor cells into highly viable and potent DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Stripecke
- Department of Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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17
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Kohlschütter J, Michelfelder S, Trepel M. Drug delivery in acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5:653-63. [PMID: 18532921 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.5.6.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia was among the first malignancies to be cured by drug therapy alone, but overall survival rates remain unsatisfactory and have changed little over the past 20 years. Conventional chemotherapeutic regimens, which almost invariably include cytarabine and anthracyclines, are untargeted, and more specific therapies are needed. OBJECTIVE We have chosen acute myeloid leukemia as a disease prototype to review established and novel targeted approaches in leukemia treatment. METHODS Our selection of the reviewed literature focused on drug delivery aspects. CONCLUSION While the toxicity profile of chemotherapeutics has been improved by liposomal formulations and antibody conjugation for leukemia-directed uptake, their efficacy has probably not changed significantly. Drugs with an alternative mode of action, including kinase inhibitors, hold great promise. Further improvements may result from the characterization of novel acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell surface receptors and of leukemic stem cells, as well as from the design of leukemia-targeted gene therapy vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kohlschütter
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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18
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Sarafian T, Montes C, Harui A, Beedanagari SR, Kiertscher S, Stripecke R, Hossepian D, Kitchen C, Kern R, Belperio J, Roth MD. Clarifying CB2 receptor-dependent and independent effects of THC on human lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 231:282-90. [PMID: 18556036 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Marijuana smoking is associated with a number of abnormal findings in the lungs of habitual smokers. Previous studies revealed that Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) caused mitochondrial injury in primary lung epithelial cells and in the cell line, A549 [Sarafian, T. A., Kouyoumjian, S., Khoshaghideh, F., Tashkin, D. P., and Roth, M. D. (2003). Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol disrupts mitochondrial function and cell energetics. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 284, L298-306; Sarafian, T., Habib, N., Mao, J. T., Tsu, I. H., Yamamoto, M. L., Hsu, E., Tashkin, D. P., and Roth, M. D. (2005). Gene expression changes in human small airway epithelial cells exposed to Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Toxicol Lett 158, 95-107]. The role of cannabinoid receptors in this injury was unclear, as was the potential impact on cell function. In order to investigate these questions, A549 cells were engineered to over-express the type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) using a self-inactivating lentiviral vector. This transduction resulted in a 60-fold increase in CB2R mRNA relative to cells transduced with a control vector. Transduced cell lines were used to study the effects of THC on chemotactic activity and mitochondrial function. Chemotaxis in response to a 10% serum gradient was suppressed in a concentration-dependent manner by exposure to THC. CB2R-transduced cells exhibited less intrinsic chemotactic activity (p<0.05) and were 80- to 100-fold more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of THC. Studies using SR144528, a selective CB2R antagonist, verified that these effects were mediated by the CB2R. Marijuana smoke extract, but not smoke extracts from tobacco or placebo marijuana cigarettes, reproduced these effects (p<0.05). THC decreased ATP level and mitochondrial membrane potential (Psi(m)) in both control and CB2R-transduced cells. However, these decreases did not play a significant role in chemotaxis inhibition since cyclosporine A, which protected against ATP loss, did not increase cell migration. Moreover, CB2R-transduced cells displayed higher Psi(m) than did control cells. Since both Psi(m) and chemotaxis are regulated by intracellular signaling, we investigated the effects of THC on the activation of multiple signaling pathways. Serum exposure activated several signaling events of which phosphorylation of IkappaB-alpha and JNK was regulated in a CB2R- and THC-dependent manner. We conclude that airway epithelial cells are sensitive to both CB2R-dependent and independent effects mediated by THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Sarafian
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 37-131 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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19
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Abstract
The cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) is a 43-kDa nuclear transcription factor that regulates cell growth, memory, and glucose homeostasis. We showed previously that CREB is amplified in myeloid leukemia blasts and expressed at higher levels in leukemia stem cells from patients with myeloid leukemia. CREB transgenic mice develop myeloproliferative disease after 1 year, but not leukemia, suggesting that CREB contributes to but is not sufficient for leukemogenesis. Here, we show that CREB is most highly expressed in lineage negative hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). To understand the role of CREB in hematopoietic progenitors and leukemia cells, we examined the effects of RNA interference (RNAi) to knock down CREB expression in vitro and in vivo. Transduction of primary HSCs or myeloid leukemia cells with lentiviral CREB shRNAs resulted in decreased proliferation of stem cells, cell- cycle abnormalities, and inhibition of CREB transcription. Mice that received transplants of bone marrow transduced with CREB shRNA had decreased committed progenitors compared with control mice. Mice injected with Ba/F3 cells expressing either Bcr-Abl wild-type or T315I mutation with CREB shRNA had delayed leukemic infiltration by bioluminescence imaging and prolonged median survival. Our results suggest that CREB is critical for normal myelopoiesis and leukemia cell proliferation.
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20
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Hiraoka K, Kimura T, Logg CR, Tai CK, Haga K, Lawson GW, Kasahara N. Therapeutic efficacy of replication-competent retrovirus vector-mediated suicide gene therapy in a multifocal colorectal cancer metastasis model. Cancer Res 2007; 67:5345-53. [PMID: 17545615 PMCID: PMC8207455 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Replication-competent retrovirus (RCR) vectors are intrinsically incapable of infecting quiescent cells and have been shown to achieve highly efficient and tumor-restricted replicative spread and gene transfer in vivo after direct intratumoral injection in a variety of primary cancer models. However, i.v. delivery of RCR vectors expressing therapeutic genes has never previously been tested, particularly in an immunocompetent tumor model. Therefore, in the present study, we sought to test the therapeutic effect of an RCR vector (ACE-CD) carrying the yeast cytosine deaminase (CD) gene, which converts the nontoxic prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) into the chemotoxin 5-fluorouracil, after delivery by infusion into the locoregional circulation in a multifocal hepatic metastasis model of colon cancer. After confirmation of suicide gene cytotoxicity in vitro, multifocal hepatic tumors were established in syngeneic mice with murine CT26 colorectal cancer cells expressing firefly luciferase (CT26-Luc), and the ACE-CD vector was infused via intrasplenic injection into the portal circulation. Fourteen days after locoregional infusion, systemic administration of 5FC resulted in significant inhibition of bioluminescent signals in mice whose tumors had been infected with RCR but not in control mice. Notably, there was no detectable RCR vector spread to normal liver or bone marrow by quantitative PCR analysis. Our results thus show that locoregional delivery of a suicide gene by RCR vectors infused into the portal circulation results in progressive transduction of multiple tumor foci in the liver, without evidence of spread to adjacent normal parenchyma or extrahepatic tissues, and can achieve significant tumor growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Hiraoka
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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21
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Kimura T, Koya RC, Anselmi L, Sternini C, Wang HJ, Comin-Anduix B, Prins RM, Faure-Kumar E, Rozengurt N, Cui Y, Kasahara N, Stripecke R. Lentiviral Vectors with CMV or MHCII Promoters Administered In Vivo: Immune Reactivity Versus Persistence of Expression. Mol Ther 2007; 15:1390-9. [PMID: 17505480 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are potential tools for genetic vaccination. To improve the safety of LV vaccines, we evaluated the selectivity, bio-distribution, persistence of expression, and immune potency of vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV-G)-pseudotyped vectors transcriptionally targeted to antigen presenting cells (APCs) through a major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) promoter. Control vectors contained the ubiquitous cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. Bio-distribution studies after intravenous injections of LVs expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) or luciferase were conducted by a combination of flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-Q-PCR) and whole-body bioluminescence analyses. GFP-expressing vectors showed selective expression in MHCII(+) cells of spleen and LV-CMV-GFP administration produced noticeable spleen inflammation, whereas LV-MHCII-GFP did not. Long-term optical imaging analyses of C57BL/6 mice injected with LV-CMV-LUC showed diminishing luciferase expression in the liver and spleen over time. Vaccination/boost with LV-CMV expressing the melanoma antigen tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP2) yielded dose-dependent antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell reactivity and high protection against B16 melanoma challenge. Unexpectedly, administration of LVs containing the MHCII promoter resulted in persistence of luciferase expression and viral integration in MHCII(+) splenocytes and virtually no CD8(+) T-cell responses against TRP2. These studies reveal that APC transduction by LVs could lead to immune reactivity (LV-CMV) or persistence of transgene expression (LV-MHCII), providing a relevant paradigm for vaccination and gene replacement approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kimura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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22
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Koya RC, Kimura T, Ribas A, Rozengurt N, Lawson GW, Faure-Kumar E, Wang HJ, Herschman H, Kasahara N, Stripecke R. Lentiviral vector-mediated autonomous differentiation of mouse bone marrow cells into immunologically potent dendritic cell vaccines. Mol Ther 2007; 15:971-80. [PMID: 17375074 DOI: 10.1038/mt.sj.6300126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Approaches facilitating generation of dendritic cell (DC) vaccines for clinical trials and enhancing their viability, bio-distribution, and capacity to stimulate antigen-specific immune responses are critical for immunotherapy. We programmed mouse bone marrow (BM) cells with lentiviral vectors (LV-GI4) so that they produced granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in an autonomous manner. DC/LV-GI4 cells underwent autonomous trans-differentiation to yield typical phenotypic characteristics of DCs. DC/LV-GI4 cells that self-differentiated either ex vivo or in vivo showed persistent and robust viability and stimulated high influx of DCs into draining lymph nodes (LNs). The immunostimulatory efficacy of DC/LV-GI4 cells was evaluated using MART1 and TRP2 as co-expressed melanoma antigens. Mice vaccinated with DC/LV-GI4 cells that self-differentiated in vitro or in vivo produced potent antigen-specific responses against melanoma, which correlated with protective and long-term therapeutic anti-tumor effects. Thus, DC precursors can be genetically engineered after a single ex vivo manipulation, resulting in DC vaccines with improved activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Koya
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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23
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Chan L, Hardwick NR, Guinn BA, Darling D, Gäken J, Galea-Lauri J, Ho AY, Mufti GJ, Farzaneh F. An immune edited tumour versus a tumour edited immune system: Prospects for immune therapy of acute myeloid leukaemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:1017-24. [PMID: 16450142 PMCID: PMC11030980 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell based therapies for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) have made significant progress in the last decade benefiting the prognosis and survival of patients with this aggressive form of leukaemia. Due to advances in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and particularly the advent of reduced intensity conditioning (RIC), the scope of transplantation has now extended to those patients previously ineligible due to age and health restrictions and has been associated with a decrease in transplant related mortality. The apparent graft versus leukaemia (GvL) effect observed following HSCT demonstrates the potential of the immune system to target and eradicate AML cells. Building on previously published pre-clinical studies by ourselves and others, we are now initiating a Phase I clinical study in which lentiviral vectors are used to genetically modify AML cells to express B7.1 (CD80) and IL-2. By combining allogeneic HSCT with immunisation, using the autologous AML cells expressing B7.1 and IL-2, we hope to stimulate immune eradication of residual AML cells in poor prognosis patients that have achieved donor chimerism. In this report we describe the background to cell therapy based approaches for AML, and discuss difficulties associated with the deployment of a chronically stimulated, hence exhausted/depleted immune system to eradicate tumour cells that have already escaped immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Chan
- King’s College London, Department of Haematological Molecular Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Nicola R. Hardwick
- King’s College London, Department of Haematological Molecular Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Barbara-ann Guinn
- King’s College London, Department of Haematological Molecular Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Dave Darling
- King’s College London, Department of Haematological Molecular Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Joop Gäken
- King’s College London, Department of Haematological Molecular Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Joanna Galea-Lauri
- King’s College London, Department of Haematological Molecular Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Aloysius Y. Ho
- King’s College London, Department of Haematological Molecular Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Ghulam J. Mufti
- King’s College London, Department of Haematological Molecular Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Farzin Farzaneh
- King’s College London, Department of Haematological Molecular Medicine, The Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London, UK
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24
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Prins RM, Craft N, Bruhn KW, Khan-Farooqi H, Koya RC, Stripecke R, Miller JF, Liau LM. The TLR-7 agonist, imiquimod, enhances dendritic cell survival and promotes tumor antigen-specific T cell priming: relation to central nervous system antitumor immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:157-64. [PMID: 16365406 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.1.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy represents an appealing option to specifically target CNS tumors using the immune system. In this report, we tested whether adjunctive treatment with the TLR-7 agonist imiquimod could augment antitumor immune responsiveness in CNS tumor-bearing mice treated with human gp100 + tyrosine-related protein-2 melanoma-associated Ag peptide-pulsed dendritic cell (DC) vaccination. Treatment of mice with 5% imiquimod resulted in synergistic reduction in CNS tumor growth compared with melanoma-associated Ag-pulsed DC vaccination alone. Continuous imiquimod administration in CNS tumor-bearing mice, however, was associated with the appearance of robust innate immune cell infiltration and hemorrhage into the brain and the tumor. To understand the immunological mechanisms by which imiquimod augmented antitumor immunity, we tested whether imiquimod treatment enhanced DC function or the priming of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in vivo. With bioluminescent, in vivo imaging, we determined that imiquimod dramatically enhanced both the persistence and trafficking of DCs into the draining lymph nodes after vaccination. We additionally demonstrated that imiquimod administration significantly increased the accumulation of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in the spleen and draining lymph nodes after DC vaccination. The results suggest that imiquimod positively influences DC trafficking and the priming of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. However, inflammatory responses induced in the brain by TLR signaling must also take into account the local microenvironment in the context of antitumor immunity to induce clinical benefit. Nevertheless, immunotherapeutic targeting of malignant CNS tumors may be enhanced by the administration of the innate immune response modifier imiquimod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Prins
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA.
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25
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Chan L, Hardwick N, Darling D, Galea-Lauri J, Gäken J, Devereux S, Kemeny M, Mufti G, Farzaneh F. IL-2/B7.1 (CD80) fusagene transduction of AML blasts by a self-inactivating lentiviral vector stimulates T cell responses in vitro: a strategy to generate whole cell vaccines for AML. Mol Ther 2005; 11:120-31. [PMID: 15585413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/09/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined expression of costimulatory factors and proinflammatory cytokines stimulate effective immune-mediated tumor rejection in a variety of murine tumor models. Specifically, syngeneic tumor cells genetically modified to express B7.1 (CD80) have been shown to induce rejection of previously established murine solid tumors, and transduction with IL-2 can further increase survival. However, poor rates of gene transfer and inefficient expression of multiple transgenes encoded by single vectors have hampered the development of such autologous tumor cell vaccines for clinical trials in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Here we describe the development of a self-inactivating lentiviral vector encoding B7.1 and IL-2 as a single fusion protein postsynthetically cleaved to generate biologically active membrane-anchored B7.1 and secreted IL-2. This enables the efficient transduction of both established and primary AML blasts, resulting in expression of the transgenes in up to 98% of the cells following a single round of infection at an m.o.i. of 10. The combined expression of IL-2 and B7.1 in AML blasts enables increased stimulation of both allogeneic and autologous T cells. The stimulated lymphocytes secrete greater levels of Th1 cytokines and show evidence of specificity, as indicated by their increased proliferation in the presence of autologous AML compared to remission bone marrow cells.
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MESH Headings
- B7-1 Antigen/genetics
- B7-1 Antigen/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Humans
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Chan
- Department of Hematological and Molecular Medicine, Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' School of Medicine, University of London, London SE5 9NU, UK
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26
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Koya RC, Weber JS, Kasahara N, Lau R, Villacres MC, Levine AM, Stripecke R. Making dendritic cells from the inside out: lentiviral vector-mediated gene delivery of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 4 into CD14+ monocytes generates dendritic cells in vitro. Hum Gene Ther 2005; 15:733-48. [PMID: 15319031 DOI: 10.1089/1043034041648381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have evaluated a one-hit lentiviral transduction approach to genetically modifying monocytes in order to promote autocrine and paracrine production of factors required for their differentiation into immature dendritic cells (DCs). High-titer third-generation self-inactivating lentiviral vectors expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) efficiently achieved simultaneous and persistent codelivery of the transgenes into purified human CD14+ monocytes. Coexpression of GM-CSF and IL-4 in CD14+ cells was sufficient to induce their differentiation into a DC-like phenotype, as evidenced by their morphology, immature immunophenotypic profile (CD14-, CD1a+, CD80+, CD86+, MHC-I+, MHC-II+), and their ability to further develop into a mature phenotype (CD83+) on further treatment with soluble CD40 ligand. Mixed lymphocyte reactions showed that the T cell-stimulating activity of lentivirus-modified DCs was superior to that of DCs grown by conventional methods. Lentivirus-modified DCs displayed efficient antigen-specific, MHC class I-restricted stimulation of autologous CD8+ T cells, as shown by IFN-gamma production and CTL assays. DCs coexpressing GM-CSF and IL-4 could be kept metabolically active and viable in culture for 14 days in the absence of exogenously added growth factors, unlike conventionally produced DCs. Coexpression of FLT3 ligand did not improve the viability, expansion, or immunologic performance of lentivirus-modified DCs. This article demonstrates the proof-of-concept to genetically convert monocytes to DC-type antigen-presenting cells with lentiviral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Koya
- Department of Medicine, UCLA-Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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