1
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Iwasa M, Shido Y, Hatama S. The possible role of haematophagous flies in the incidence of bovine teat papillomatosis. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 38:280-290. [PMID: 38498886 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between the incidence of bovine teat papillomatosis and the activity of haematophagous flies was investigated in Japan. A total of 15,737 flies consisting of 33 species were collected by dry ice-baited mosquito net (DMN) trap and a sweep net from udders of cattle. Simulium aokii (Takahasi) of Simuliidae (black flies) was the predominant species, followed by S. tobetsuense Ono and S. iwatense (Shiraki). Simulium aokii had the highest peak in October, followed by September. Numbers of blood spots from the bites per teat in nulliparous cattle were significantly correlated with numbers of S. aokii collected by DMN trap. Numbers of teats with warts and spots of blood from the bites per teat were significantly more abundant in anterior teats than posterior teats. The average incidence of teat papillomatosis in nulliparous cattle was significantly higher than that in parous cattle, and the highest incidence by month was in May, followed by April. Although bovine papillomavirus (BPV) DNA was not detected in flies examined, the presence of black flies and blood spots from their bites were associated with subsequent high incidence of growing warts. In particular, it would pay to give attention to species such as S. aokii that severely attack udders in the present locality. Further investigations for the detection of BPV DNA from flies parasitizing on teats are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Iwasa
- Laboratory of Entomology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yumeno Shido
- Laboratory of Entomology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hatama
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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2
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Gilio Gasparotto PH, Ribeiro dos Santos I, Viera Dantas Filho J, Soares da Silva M, dos Anjos Souza F, de Macedo Sousa JC, Driemeier D, Wageck Canal C, Chaves da Silva FR, Daudt C. Characterization of Bovine Papillomavirus Types Detected in Cattle Rumen Tissues from Amazon Region, Brazil. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2262. [PMID: 39123787 PMCID: PMC11311079 DOI: 10.3390/ani14152262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The Bos Taurus Papillomavirus, commonly known as bovine papillomavirus (BPV), can cause lesions in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in cattle and induce the formation of papillomas in organs such as the pharynx, esophagus, rumen and reticulum. GIT papillomas can lead to feeding and breathing distress. Moreover, the sample collection is challenging, which reduces the BPV diagnosis in these organs. BPV can cause exophytic nodular, cauliflower-like, flat, filiform or atypical-shape papillomas at the epidermis. Histologically, the papillomas demonstrate orthokeratotic/parakeratotic hyperkeratosis and koilocytosis and, currently, BPV comprises 45 described types. The aim of this study was to carry out the genetic characterization of BPV present in rumen neoplastic lesions of cattle raised extensively in the Western Amazon region, Brazil. A total of 100 papillomatous ruminal samples were collected from animals slaughtered in Ji-Paraná and Urupá municipalities from the Rondônia state, Brazil. The samples were submitted to PCR using the primer pair FAP59/FAP64 and sequenced by the Sanger method. Histopathological analysis was performed on 24 samples, which had enough material for this purpose. As a result, samples were histologically classified as fibropapilloma and squamous papilloma. Among the samples analyzed, it was possible to identify the BPVs 2, 13 (Delta PVs) and 44, with one sample classified as a putative new subtype of BPV44. The present study could identify BPV13 and 44 types in cattle rumen tissues from the Brazilian Amazon region for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Henrique Gilio Gasparotto
- Laboratório de Virologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Rio Branco 69920-900, Brazil (F.R.C.d.S.); (C.D.)
| | - Igor Ribeiro dos Santos
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Jerônimo Viera Dantas Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Rolim de Moura 76801-058, Brazil
- Department de Medicina Veterinária, Centro Universitário São Lucas Ji-Paraná (UniSL Afya), Ji-Paraná 76907-524, Brazil
| | - Mariana Soares da Silva
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo 93525-075, Brazil
| | - Fernanda dos Anjos Souza
- Laboratório de Virologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Rio Branco 69920-900, Brazil (F.R.C.d.S.); (C.D.)
| | | | - David Driemeier
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Wageck Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Flavio Roberto Chaves da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Rio Branco 69920-900, Brazil (F.R.C.d.S.); (C.D.)
| | - Cíntia Daudt
- Laboratório de Virologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Rio Branco 69920-900, Brazil (F.R.C.d.S.); (C.D.)
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3
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Hoikhman R, Molinková D, Pillárová D, Linhart P, Kopecká A, Jahn P. The serological detection of Bovine papillomavirus's E5 oncoprotein antibodies in horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 262:110633. [PMID: 37542957 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Equine sarcoids (ES) are known globally as the most frequent skin tumour affecting horses. These tumours affect the horse's monetary value, they can affect the horse's welfare and can be difficult and expensive to treat. Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is considered to be the aetiological agent of this tumour, as BPV 1, 2 and 13 have been detected in ES. This is the only known natural cross species infection by a papillomavirus. The BPV genome can be divided into two coding regions: The early region E which encodes the transforming proteins E5, E6 and E7 as well as the replication and transcription regulatory proteins E1 and E2 and the late region encoding the structural proteins of the virus L1 and L2. The E5 oncoprotein is believed to downregulate MHC 1 and as a result, escapes an immune reaction with affecting the cells cycle and eventually allows the viral affected cells to proliferate into ES. We have constructed an ELISA test by utilising the C terminal peptide of the E5 oncoprotein and explored the possibility of IgG antibodies existence in horses to the E5 oncoprotein. For this study we have examined 136 horses, some showing ES lesions (80 horses) and some without ES lesions (56 horses). By using our ELISA test, we have shown that antibodies to the E5 oncoprotein are in fact present and that from a certain level seem to be found only in ES positive horses. Therefore, proving that an immune response to this protein can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hoikhman
- University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; Swanspool Veterinary Clinic, 1 London Road, NN8 2BT, UK.
| | - D Molinková
- University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - D Pillárová
- University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Linhart
- University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A Kopecká
- University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Jahn
- University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
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4
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Hainisch EK, Jindra C, Kirnbauer R, Brandt S. Papillomavirus-like Particles in Equine Medicine. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020345. [PMID: 36851559 PMCID: PMC9966523 DOI: 10.3390/v15020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are a family of small DNA tumor viruses that can induce benign lesions or cancer in vertebrates. The observation that animal PV capsid-proteins spontaneously self-assemble to empty, highly immunogenic virus-like particles (VLPs) has led to the establishment of vaccines that efficiently protect humans from specific PV infections and associated diseases. We provide an overview of PV-induced tumors in horses and other equids, discuss possible routes of PV transmission in equid species, and present recent developments aiming at introducing the PV VLP-based vaccine technology into equine medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund K. Hainisch
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterinary University, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Jindra
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterinary University, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Haematology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Reinhard Kirnbauer
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology (LVO), Department of Dermatology, Medical University, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterinary University, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
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5
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Medeiros-Fonseca B, Abreu-Silva AL, Medeiros R, Oliveira PA, Gil da Costa RM. Pteridium spp. and Bovine Papillomavirus: Partners in Cancer. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:758720. [PMID: 34796228 PMCID: PMC8593235 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.758720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) are a cause for global concern due to their wide distribution and the wide range of benign and malignant diseases they are able to induce. Those lesions include cutaneous and upper digestive papillomas, multiple histological types of urinary bladder cancers—most often associated with BPV1 and BPV2—and squamous cell carcinomas of the upper digestive system, associated with BPV4. Clinical, epidemiological and experimental evidence shows that exposure to bracken fern (Pteridium spp.) and other related ferns plays an important role in allowing viral persistence and promoting the malignant transformation of early viral lesions. This carcinogenic potential has been attributed to bracken illudane glycoside compounds with immune suppressive and mutagenic properties, such as ptaquiloside. This review addresses the role of BPV in tumorigenesis and its interactions with bracken illudane glycosides. Current data indicates that inactivation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells by bracken fern illudanes plays a significant role in allowing viral persistence and lesion progression, while BPV drives unchecked cell proliferation and allows the accumulation of genetic damage caused by chemical mutagens. Despite limited progress in controlling bracken infestation in pasturelands, bracken toxins remain a threat to animal health. The number of recognized BPV types has steadily increased over the years and now reaches 24 genotypes with different pathogenic properties. It remains essential to widen the available knowledge concerning BPV and its synergistic interactions with bracken chemical carcinogens, in order to achieve satisfactory control of the livestock losses they induce worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Medeiros-Fonseca
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Lúcia Abreu-Silva
- Veterinary Sciences Department, State University of Maranhão (UEMA), São Luís, Brazil
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/Rede de Investigação em Saúde (RISE)@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal.,Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Biomedicine Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal.,Virology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rui M Gil da Costa
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/Rede de Investigação em Saúde (RISE)@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal.,LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Post-graduate Programme in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Department of Morphology, Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), UFMA University Hospital (HUUFMA), São Luís, Brazil
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6
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McLaughlin A, Tripp C, Bertram CA, Kiupel M, Thaiwong T, Reavill D. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus): 39 cases (1998-2019). J Exot Pet Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Abstract
Vaccination against γ-herpesviruses has been hampered by our limited understanding of their normal control. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B cells are killed by viral latency antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in vitro, but attempts to block B cell infection with antibody or to prime anti-viral CD8+ T cells have protected poorly in vivo. The Doherty laboratory used Murid Herpesvirus-4 (MuHV-4) to analyze γ-herpesvirus control in mice and found CD4+ T cell dependence, with viral evasion limiting CD8+ T cell function. MuHV-4 colonizes germinal center (GC) B cells via lytic transfer from myeloid cells, and CD4+ T cells control myeloid infection. GC colonization and protective, lytic antigen-specific CD4+ T cells are now evident also for EBV. Subunit vaccines have protected only transiently against MuHV-4, but whole virus vaccines give long-term protection, via CD4+ T cells and antibody. They block infection transfer to B cells, and need include no known viral latency gene, nor any MuHV-4-specific gene. Thus, the Doherty approach of in vivo murine analysis has led to a plausible vaccine strategy for EBV and, perhaps, some insight into what CD8+ T cells really do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland and Brisbane, Australia.,Child Health Research Center, Brisbane, Australia
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8
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Araldi RP, Sant’Ana TA, Módolo DG, de Melo TC, Spadacci-Morena DD, de Cassia Stocco R, Cerutti JM, de Souza EB. The human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancer biology: An overview. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1537-1556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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9
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Roperto S, Russo V, Rosati A, Ceccarelli DM, Munday JS, Turco MC, Roperto F. Chaperone-assisted selective autophagy in healthy and papillomavirus-associated neoplastic urothelium of cattle. Vet Microbiol 2018; 221:134-142. [PMID: 29981700 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chaperone-assisted selective autophagy (CASA) is a newly-described selective tension-induced macroautophagy pathway mediated by Bag3 that is believed to be essential for mechanotransduction in skeletal muscle and to be an important regulator of the immune system. We investigated CASA machinery both in healthy and in fifteen papillomavirus-associated neoplastic bovine urothelium. The components of CASA complex, that comprises the molecular chaperones HspA8/Hsc70 and Hsp8B/Hsp22 and the cochaperones Bag3 and STUB1/CHIP, were studied by molecular, microscopic and submicroscopic investigations. CASA complex was found to be constitutively expressed in healthy bovine urothelium; its expression increased in urothelial cancers of cattle, namely thirteen papillary carcinomas and two papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMPs). We suggest that basal levels of CASA are important in the healthy urothelium which interfaces with the community of urinary microbiota thus representing an important epithelial cell-autonomous mechanism of antibacterial defense. Co-immunoprecipitation studies using an antibody against bovine papillomavirus E5 protein revealed that the oncoprotein co-localized with CASA complex in urothelial cancer cells. This suggests that infection by BPV E5 could influence cell behaviour by interfering with basal autophagy processes although this study did not conclusively show that this interaction increased the expression of CASA proteins. In neoplastic urothelium, CASA could be involved in regulating fundamental cellular processes such adhesion, migration, and proliferation and so might influence the biological behaviour of urothelial tumors in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sante Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Valeria Russo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rosati
- Dipartimento di Medicina Chirurgia ed Odontoiatria, Schola Medica Salernitana, Università di Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Dora M Ceccarelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - John S Munday
- Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Maria C Turco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Chirurgia ed Odontoiatria, Schola Medica Salernitana, Università di Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Franco Roperto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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10
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Daudt C, Da Silva FRC, Lunardi M, Alves CBDT, Weber MN, Cibulski SP, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA, Canal CW. Papillomaviruses in ruminants: An update. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1381-1395. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Daudt
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza; Universidade Federal do Acre; Rio Branco AC Brazil
| | - F. R. C. Da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza; Universidade Federal do Acre; Rio Branco AC Brazil
| | - M. Lunardi
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Londrina PR Brazil
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Veterinária; Hospital Escola Veterinário; Universidade de Cuiabá; Várzea Grande MT Brazil
| | - C. B. D. T. Alves
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - M. N. Weber
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - S. P. Cibulski
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - A. F. Alfieri
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Londrina PR Brazil
| | - A. A. Alfieri
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Londrina PR Brazil
- Laboratório Multiusuário em Saúde Animal; Unidade de Biologia Molecular; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Londrina PR Brazil
| | - C. W. Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
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11
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Módolo DG, Araldi RP, Mazzuchelli-de-Souza J, Pereira A, Pimenta DC, Zanphorlin LM, Beçak W, Menossi M, de Cassia Stocco R, de Carvalho RF. Integrated analysis of recombinant BPV-1 L1 protein for the production of a bovine papillomavirus VLP vaccine. Vaccine 2017; 35:1590-1593. [PMID: 28222997 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomatosis is an infectious disease that is caused by bovine papillomavirus (BPV), which results in important economic losses. However, no BPV vaccines or effective treatment methods are commercially available to date. Moreover, the absence of papillomavirus replication in vitro makes the use of recombinant protein a promising candidate for vaccine formulations. Hence, we developed an integrated study on the L1 capsid protein of BPV-1, obtained from a bacterial expression system, regarding its purification, biosafety, thermostability and immunogenicity. The results indicated an absence of genotoxicity of the purified recombinant L1 protein, β-sheet prevalence of secondary structure folding, protein stability under high temperatures as well as the presence of capsomeres and VLPs. In addition, preliminary experimental vaccination of calves showed the production of specific antibodies against BPV-1 L1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Mazzuchelli-de-Souza
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Letícia Maria Zanphorlin
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Willy Beçak
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Menossi
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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12
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Araldi RP, Assaf SMR, Carvalho RFD, Carvalho MACRD, Souza JMD, Magnelli RF, Módolo DG, Roperto FP, Stocco RDC, Beçak W. Papillomaviruses: a systematic review. Genet Mol Biol 2017; 40:1-21. [PMID: 28212457 PMCID: PMC5409773 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, a group of viruses has received great attention due to its
relationship with cancer development and its wide distribution throughout the
vertebrates: the papillomaviruses. In this article, we aim to review some of the most
relevant reports concerning the use of bovines as an experimental model for studies
related to papillomaviruses. Moreover, the obtained data contributes to the
development of strategies against the clinical consequences of bovine
papillomaviruses (BPV) that have led to drastic hazards to the herds. To overcome the
problem, the vaccines that we have been developing involve recombinant DNA
technology, aiming at prophylactic and therapeutic procedures. It is important to
point out that these strategies can be used as models for innovative procedures
against HPV, as this virus is the main causal agent of cervical cancer, the second
most fatal cancer in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Jacqueline Mazzuchelli de Souza
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta Fiusa Magnelli
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Franco Peppino Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Campania, Italy
| | | | - Willy Beçak
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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13
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14
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Davis CR, Valentine BA, Gordon E, McDonough SP, Schaffer PA, Allen AL, Pesavento P. Neoplasia in 125 donkeys (Equus asinus): literature review and a survey of five veterinary schools in the United States and Canada. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:662-670. [PMID: 27698162 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716665659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A diagnosis of neoplasia was noted in 125 of 357 donkeys (35%) in our review of medical records from 5 veterinary schools in the United States and Canada. Equine sarcoid was the most common tumor in our study, accounting for 72% of all tumors and 82% of cutaneous tumors. Soft-tissue sarcomas were the second most common skin tumors. All other types of neoplasia were rare. Important differences in the occurrence of neoplasia in donkeys compared to horses included the rarity or absence of squamous cell carcinoma in any organ system and gray horse melanoma. Lymphosarcoma, the most common malignant tumor in horses, appears to be very rare in donkeys. We report several tumors in donkeys including melanocytoma, peripheral nerve sheath tumor, and gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Our data demonstrate commonalities as well as differences in neoplastic diseases of donkeys and horses. Understanding differences in carcinogenesis among these 2 closely related species can inform researchers pursuing pathogenic mechanisms of equine disease and inform veterinary diagnosticians regarding tumor prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrine R Davis
- Private pathology practice, Maupin, OR (Davis)College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Valentine, Gordon)College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (McDonough)Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Schaffer)Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Allen)Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Pesavento)
| | - Beth A Valentine
- Private pathology practice, Maupin, OR (Davis)College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Valentine, Gordon)College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (McDonough)Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Schaffer)Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Allen)Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Pesavento)
| | - Emma Gordon
- Private pathology practice, Maupin, OR (Davis)College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Valentine, Gordon)College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (McDonough)Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Schaffer)Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Allen)Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Pesavento)
| | - Sean P McDonough
- Private pathology practice, Maupin, OR (Davis)College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Valentine, Gordon)College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (McDonough)Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Schaffer)Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Allen)Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Pesavento)
| | - Paula A Schaffer
- Private pathology practice, Maupin, OR (Davis)College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Valentine, Gordon)College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (McDonough)Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Schaffer)Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Allen)Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Pesavento)
| | - Andrew L Allen
- Private pathology practice, Maupin, OR (Davis)College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Valentine, Gordon)College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (McDonough)Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Schaffer)Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Allen)Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Pesavento)
| | - Patricia Pesavento
- Private pathology practice, Maupin, OR (Davis)College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Valentine, Gordon)College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (McDonough)Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Schaffer)Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Allen)Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Pesavento)
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15
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Ewald PW, Swain Ewald HA. Infection and cancer in multicellular organisms. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0224. [PMID: 26056368 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary considerations suggest that oncogenic infections should be pervasive among animal species. Infection-associated cancers are well documented in humans and domestic animals, less commonly reported in undomesticated captive animals, and rarely documented in nature. In this paper, we review the literature associating infectious agents with cancer to evaluate the reasons for this pattern. Non-malignant infectious neoplasms occur pervasively in multicellular life, but oncogenic progression to malignancy is often uncertain. Evidence from humans and domestic animals shows that non-malignant infectious neoplasms can develop into cancer, although generally with low frequency. Malignant neoplasms could be difficult to find in nature because of a low frequency of oncogenic transformation, short survival after malignancy and reduced survival prior to malignancy. Moreover, the evaluation of malignancy can be ambiguous in nature, because criteria for malignancy may be difficult to apply consistently across species. The information available in the literature therefore does not allow for a definitive assessment of the pervasiveness of infectious cancers in nature, but the presence of infectious neoplasias and knowledge about the progression of benign neoplasias to cancer is consistent with a widespread but largely undetected occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Ewald
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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16
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Weisenseel P, Prinz J, Korting H. Therapie eines parungualen HPV-73-positiven Morbus Bowen mit Imiquimod-Creme. Hautarzt 2016; 57:309-10, 312. [PMID: 15800757 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-005-0934-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bowen disease - a squamous cell carcinoma in situ - is associated with oncogenic human papilloma viruses (HPV). The association is best established for genital Bowen disease but also holds for extragenital lesions. The immunomodulatory substance imiquimod is used for the treatment of HPV-induced skin disorders. In the case of paraungual Bowen disease, established treatment options as excision, cryosurgery, radiotherapy or laser treatment might cause persistent nail damage. We successfully treated HPV73-positive Bowen disease in this location with topical imiquimod.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Weisenseel
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität, München.
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17
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Doorbar J. Model systems of human papillomavirus-associated disease. J Pathol 2015; 238:166-79. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology; University of Cambridge; Tennis Court Road Cambridge UK
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18
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Schmid SC, Thümer L, Schuster T, Horn T, Kurtz F, Slotta-Huspenina J, Seebach J, Straub M, Maurer T, Autenrieth M, Kübler H, Retz M, Protzer U, Gschwend JE, Hoffmann D. Human papilloma virus is not detectable in samples of urothelial bladder cancer in a central European population: a prospective translational study. Infect Agent Cancer 2015; 10:31. [PMID: 26392819 PMCID: PMC4576373 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-015-0028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous investigations on the association of human papillomavirus (HPV) and human bladder cancer have led to conflicting results. The aim of this study was to determine if low and high risk HPV play a role in the etiology of superficial low grade and invasive high grade urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Methods We prospectively collected tumor samples of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder from 109 patients treated with transurethral resection or cystectomy, with bladder tissue from transurethral resection of the prostate serving as control. Unfixed, frozen tumor samples were analyzed for the presence of 14 high risk HPV types using real time PCR. Additionally, all specimens were tested for 35 low risk HPV types with a conventional PCR using degenerate primers located in the L1 region. Six frozen samples of cervical carcinoma served as positive controls. Results We included 109 cases of bladder cancer with 41 superficial (pTa low grade) tumors, 56 invasive (pT1-T4) high grade tumors and 12 others (pTa high grade + pTis). We have not detected HPV-DNA in any sample (95 % Confidence Interval [CI] 0–3.3 %), superficial tumors (95 % CI 0–6.4 %) or in invasive tumors (95 % CI 0–8.6 %) with correct positive controls. Conclusions Using a broad, sensitive assay with prospectively collected specimens of a Central European population we could not detect HPV-DNA in any of the cases. Our results suggest that it is unlikely that HPV infections play a major role in the development of urothelial bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian C Schmid
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany.,http://www.mriu.de
| | - Leonore Thümer
- Department of Virology, Technische Universität/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tibor Schuster
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Horn
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Kurtz
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Slotta-Huspenina
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Judith Seebach
- Department of Virology, Technische Universität/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Straub
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Maurer
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Autenrieth
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hubert Kübler
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Margitta Retz
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Department of Virology, Technische Universität/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen E Gschwend
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter Hoffmann
- Department of Virology, Technische Universität/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
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19
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Zaccone C, Cavoski I, Costi R, Sarais G, Caboni P, Traversa A, Miano TM. Ptaquiloside in Pteridium aquilinum subsp. aquilinum and corresponding soils from the South of Italy: influence of physical and chemical features of soils on its occurrence. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 496:365-372. [PMID: 25089695 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, one of the most common plant species on Earth, produces a wide range of secondary metabolites including the norsesquiterpene glucoside ptaquiloside (PTA). Several studies are present in literature about eco-toxicological aspects related to PTA, whereas results about the effect of growth conditions and soil properties on the production and mobility of PTA are sometimes conflicting and further investigations are needed. The aim of the present work is to investigate the occurrence and possible fate of PTA in soils showing different physical and chemical features, and collected in several areas of the South of Italy. The PTA content was determined in both soil and fern samples by GC-MS; both the extraction protocol and recovery were previously tested through incubation studies. Soils samples were also characterized from the physical and chemical points of view in order to correlate the possible influence of soil parameters on PTA production and occurrence. PTA concentration in P. aquilinum fern seemed to be significantly affected by the availability of nutrients (mainly P) and soil pH. At the same time, PTA concentration in soil samples was always undetectable, independent of the PTA concentration in the corresponding Pteridium samples and pedo-climatic conditions. This seems to suggest the degradation of the PTA by indigenous soil microbial community, whereas incubation studies underlined a certain affinity of PTA for both organic colloids and clay/silt particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Zaccone
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Ivana Cavoski
- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari-CIHEAM, via Ceglie 9, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Roberta Costi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Sarais
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Caboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andreina Traversa
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Teodoro M Miano
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
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20
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Gaynor AM, Fish S, Duerr RS, Cruz FND, Pesavento PA. Identification of a novel papillomavirus in a Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) with viral production in cartilage. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:553-61. [PMID: 25034110 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814542812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification of a novel papillomavirus, Fulmarus glacialis papillomavirus 1 (FgPV1), present within an interdigital foot mass of a Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis). The mass of interest was composed of normal stratified and keratinized epithelium and dense mesenchymal cells with central cartilaginous islands. Within the nuclei of many chondrocytes were loose aggregates or paracrystalline arrays of virions approximately 50 nm in size. Degenerate polymerase chain reaction was used to identify the virus as a putative papillomavirus, and the entire viral genome of 8132 base pairs was subsequently amplified and sequenced. Analysis revealed canonical papillomavirus architecture, including the early open reading frames E6, E7, E1, and E2 and the 2 late proteins L1 and L2. FgPV1 is most closely related to a cluster of avian and reptilian papillomaviruses as visualized by phylogenetic trees. This observation suggests that papillomavirus virion production can occur in mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Gaynor
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S Fish
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - R S Duerr
- International Bird Rescue, San Francisco Bay Center, Fairfield, CA, USA
| | - F N Dela Cruz
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - P A Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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21
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Bocaneti F, Altamura G, Corteggio A, Velescu E, Roperto F, Borzacchiello G. Bovine Papillomavirus: New Insights into an Old Disease. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:14-23. [PMID: 24661978 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) are small DNA tumoral viruses able to induce benign cutaneous and/or mucosal epithelial lesions. Generally, the benign tumours affecting the skin or mucosa spontaneously regress, but under special circumstances, the defence system may be overwhelmed, thus leading to cancer, especially in the presence of immunosuppressant and mutagen agents from bracken fern. To date, thirteen different BPV genotypes have been associated with skin and mucosal tumours in cattle, and out of these, only four types (BPV-1, -2, -5 and -13) cross-infect other species. Recent investigations in vivo have revealed new insights into the epidemiology and pathogenesis of this viral infection. This review briefly discusses viral epidemiology, will give data on BPV genome structure and viral genes and will describe the cellular events and new aspects of both cutaneous and mucosal tumours in large ruminants. Finally, some aspects of active immunization will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bocaneti
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iasi, Romania
| | - G Altamura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - A Corteggio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - E Velescu
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iasi, Romania
| | - F Roperto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - G Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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22
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Roperto S, Russo V, Borzacchiello G, Urraro C, Lucà R, Esposito I, Riccardi MG, Raso C, Gaspari M, Ceccarelli DM, Galasso R, Roperto F. Bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV-2) E5 oncoprotein binds to the subunit D of the V₁-ATPase proton pump in naturally occurring urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder of cattle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88860. [PMID: 24586417 PMCID: PMC3933332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Active infection by bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV-2) was documented for fifteen urinary bladder tumors in cattle. Two were diagnosed as papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP), nine as papillary and four as invasive urothelial cancers. Methods and Findings In all cancer samples, PCR analysis revealed a BPV-2-specific 503 bp DNA fragment. E5 protein, the major oncoprotein of the virus, was shown both by immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemical analysis. E5 was found to bind to the activated (phosphorylated) form of the platelet derived growth factor β receptor. PDGFβR immunoprecipitation from bladder tumor samples and from normal bladder tissue used as control revealed a protein band which was present in the pull-down from bladder cancer samples only. The protein was identified with mass spectrometry as “V1-ATPase subunit D”, a component of the central stalk of the V1-ATPase vacuolar pump. The subunit D was confirmed in this complex by coimmunoprecipitation investigations and it was found to colocalize with the receptor. The subunit D was also shown to be overexpressed by Western blot, RT-PCR and immunofluorescence analyses. Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence also revealed that E5 oncoprotein was bound to the subunit D. Conclusion For the first time, a tri-component complex composed of E5/PDGFβR/subunit D has been documented in vivo. Previous in vitro studies have shown that the BPV-2 E5 oncoprotein binds to the proteolipid c ring of the V0-ATPase sector. We suggest that the E5/PDGFβR/subunit D complex may perturb proteostasis, organelle and cytosol homeostasis, which can result in altered protein degradation and in autophagic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sante Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Settore Malattie Infettive, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
- * E-mail:
| | - Valeria Russo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Settore Patologia Generale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Settore Patologia Generale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
| | - Chiara Urraro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Settore Patologia Generale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
| | - Roberta Lucà
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Settore Patologia Generale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
| | - Iolanda Esposito
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Settore Patologia Generale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
| | - Marita Georgia Riccardi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Settore Patologia Generale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
| | - Cinzia Raso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Settore Patologia Generale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
| | - Marco Gaspari
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, Catanzaro, Italia
| | - Dora Maria Ceccarelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Settore Patologia Generale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
| | - Rocco Galasso
- Unit of clinical epidemiology, biostatistic and cancer registry, IRCCS CROB, Rionero in Vulture (Potenza), Italia
| | - Franco Roperto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
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23
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Chromosome aberrations in cells infected with bovine papillomavirus: comparing cutaneous papilloma, esophagus papilloma, and urinary bladder lesion cells. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2013; 2013:910849. [PMID: 24298391 PMCID: PMC3835608 DOI: 10.1155/2013/910849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The majority of malignant cells present genetic instability with chromosome number changes plus segmental defects: these changes involve intact chromosomes and breakage-induced alterations. Some pathways of chromosomal instability have been proposed as random breakage, telomere fusion, and centromere fission. Chromosome alterations in tumor cells have been described in animal models and in vitro experiments. One important question is about possible discrepancies between animal models, in vitro studies, and the real events in cancer cells in vivo. Papillomaviruses are relevant agents in oncogenic processes related to action on host genome. Recently, many reports have discussed the presence of virus DNA in peripheral blood, in humans and in animals infected by papillomaviruses. The meaning of this event is of controversy: possible product of apoptosis occurring in cancer cells, metastasized cancer cells, or active DNA sequences circulating in bloodstream. This study compares chromosome aberrations detected in bovine cells, in peripheral blood cells, and in BPV lesion cells: the literature is poor in this type of study. Comparing chromosome aberrations described in the different cells, a common mechanism in their origin, can be suggested. Furthermore blood cells can be evaluated as an effective way of virus transmission.
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24
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Sharma R, Bhat TK, Sharma OP. The environmental and human effects of ptaquiloside-induced enzootic bovine hematuria: a tumorous disease of cattle. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 224:53-95. [PMID: 23232919 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5882-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we address the major aspects of enzootic bovine hematuria and have placed special emphasis on describing the etiology, human health implications, and advanced molecular diagnosis of the disease.Enzootic bovine hematuria (EBH) is a bovine disease characterized by the intermittent presence of blood in the urine and is caused by malignant lesions in the urinary bladder. This incurable disease is a serious malady in several countries across many continents. Accurate early-stage diagnosis of the disease is possible by applying advanced molecular techniques, e.g., detection of genetic mutations in the urine of cows from endemic areas. Use of such diagnostic approaches may help create an effective therapy against the disease.There is a consensus that EBH is caused primarily by animals consuming bracken fern (P. aquilinum) as they graze. The putative carcinogen in bracken is ptaquiloside(PT), a glycoside. However, other bracken constituents like quercetin, isoquercetin,ptesculentoside, caudatoside, astragalin, and tannins may also be carcinogenic.Studies are needed to identify the role of other metabolites in inducing urinary bladder carcinogenesis.The bovine papilloma virus is also thought to be an associated etiology in causing EBH in cattle. There is growing alarm that these fern toxins and their metabolites reach and contaminate the soil and water environment and that the carcinogen (PT)is transmitted via cow's milk to the human food chain, where it may now pose a threat to human health. An increased incidence of gastric and esophageal cancer has been recorded in humans consuming bracken ferns, and among those living for long periods in areas infested with bracken ferns.Although preliminary therapeutic vaccine trials with inactivated BPV-2 against EBH have been performed, further work is needed to standardize and validate vaccine doses for animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinku Sharma
- Disease Investigation Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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25
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Maglennon GA, Doorbar J. The biology of papillomavirus latency. Open Virol J 2012; 6:190-7. [PMID: 23341854 PMCID: PMC3547330 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901206010190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of viral DNA in the absence of disease has suggested that papillomaviruses, like many other viruses, can exist as latent infections in the skin or other epithelial sites. In animal models, where detailed investigation has been carried out, papillomavirus DNA can be found at sites of previous infection following immune regression, with the site of latent infection being the epithelial basal layer. Such studies suggest that immune surveillance can restrict viral gene expression in the basal and parabasal layers without efficiently suppressing viral genome replication, most probably through the action of memory T-cells in the skin or dermis. Although gradual papillomavirus genome loss appears to occur over time at latent sites, immunosuppression can arrest this, and can lead to an elevation in viral genome copy number in experimental systems. In addition to immune-mediated latency, it appears that a similar situation can be achieved following infection at low virus titres and/or infection at epithelial sites where the virus life cycle is not properly supported. Such silent of asymptomatic infections do not necessarily involve the host immune system and may be controlled by different mechanisms. It appears that virus reactivation can be triggered by mechanical irritation, wounding or by UV irradiation which changes the local environment. Although the duration of papillomavirus latency in humans is not yet known, it is likely that some of the basic principles will resemble those elucidated in these model systems, and that persistence in the absence of disease may be the default outcome for at least some period of time following regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Adam Maglennon
- Pathology & Infectious Diseases, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - John Doorbar
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
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Di Loria A, Piantedosi D, Cortese L, Roperto S, Urraro C, Paciello O, Guccione J, Britti D, Ciaramella P. Clotting profile in cattle showing chronic enzootic haematuria (CEH) and bladder neoplasms. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:331-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Masuda EK, Kommers GD, Rosa FB, Barros CS, Fighera RA, Piazer JV. Relação entre a linfopenia e a persistência da papilomatose alimentar em bovinos intoxicados crônica e espontaneamente por samambaia (Pteridium aquilinum). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2011000500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Papilomavírus bovino tipo 4 (BPV-4) é responsável pelo desenvolvimento de papilomas no trato alimentar superior (TAS) de bovinos. Os passos necessários para o crescimento, o desenvolvimento e a regressão dos papilomas estão intimamente relacionados com o estado imunológico do animal. A ingestão de samambaia (Pteridium aquilinum) tem sido relacionada como o principal fator envolvido na persistência da infecção pelo BPV-4 no TAS. A teoria que estabelece a relação entre papilomatose alimentar e a formação de CCEs sugere a produção de um estado imunossupressivo crônico pela planta, permitindo a persistência dos papilomas no TAS. Os papilomas serviriam então como sítios de desenvolvimento dos CCEs através da interação entre as proteínas do BPV-4 e os carcinógenos da samambaia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação entre a quantidade de linfócitos circulantes e a papilomatose alimentar em casos de intoxicação espontânea crônica por P. aquilinum em bovinos com CCE no TAS. Quarenta bovinos com CCEs no TAS foram avaliados quanto à idade, à intensidade da papilomatose alimentar no TAS e ao leucograma. Três bovinos tinham leucopenia e um apresentava neutrofilia. A média de linfócitos foi de 5.395 (±1.696) na papilomatose leve, 4.560 (±1.561) na moderada e 5.007 (±1.786) na acentuada. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o grau de papilomatose, a idade e a quantidade de linfócitos circulantes. Imunossupressão por linfopenia foi um achado esporádico (três casos) neste estudo. Os resultados indicam que a persistência da papilomatose alimentar em casos espontâneos de intoxicação crônica por samambaia em bovinos não tem relação com a quantidade de linfócitos circulantes e que talvez esteja relacionada a outros fatores imunológicos.
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Brandt S, Tober R, Corteggio A, Burger S, Sabitzer S, Walter I, Kainzbauer C, Steinborn R, Nasir L, Borzacchiello G. BPV-1 infection is not confined to the dermis but also involves the epidermis of equine sarcoids. Vet Microbiol 2011; 150:35-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Melo TC, Diniz N, Campos SRC, Ferraz OP, Lindsey CJ, Rieger TT, Beçak W, Stocco RC. Cytogenetic studies in peripheral blood of bovines afflicted by papillomatosis. Vet Comp Oncol 2011; 9:269-74. [PMID: 22077407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2011.00263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ten types of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) have been described and there are reports of viral transmission via blood. The presence of viral DNA in lymphocytes was described to be associated with chromosome instability in these cells. This study presents an evaluation of chromosome instability in short-term peripheral lymphocyte cultures from cows presenting skin papillomatosis, compared with asymptomatic infected animals and non-infected healthy bovines. In a total of 2203 cells, 918 (42%) showed at least one chromosome aberration: 42.7 (± 7.8) in animals with papillomatosis (BPV + W), 40.2 (± 11) in asymptomatic animals (BPV-W) and 4 (± 2) in control animals. Significant differences were found between the infected group (with or without symptoms) and the control group (P < 0.0001). The increased frequencies of chromosome aberrations suggest an interaction between the virus and host cell chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Melo
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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30
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Bogaert L, Martens A, Kast WM, Van Marck E, De Cock H. Bovine papillomavirus DNA can be detected in keratinocytes of equine sarcoid tumors. Vet Microbiol 2010; 146:269-75. [PMID: 21095508 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV)-1 and -2 is linked to equine sarcoids, a commonly observed skin tumor in horses that is of considerable veterinary importance. Previous studies using in situ hybridization have detected BPV DNA only in fibroblasts and not in keratinocytes of sarcoids. In contrast, normal equine skin latently infected with BPV shows a dysplastic epithelium without dermal changes, similar to lesions induced by other papillomavirus types infecting the epithelium. The first goal of our study was to describe the epidermal and dermal characteristics of several stages in sarcoid development. Next, we explored whether BPV can infect epidermal cells in the horse using real-time PCR on laser-micro-dissected keratinocytes and fibroblasts. We found that latently infected normal skin samples and a subset of early stage sarcoids show dysplastic, koilocyte-like epithelial changes. BPV DNA was detected in keratinocytes in 40% of the samples with these particular epithelial properties, whereas advanced sarcoids only had BPV DNA in the fibroblasts. These data may indicate a novel and intriguing pathway of BPV infection in the horse composed of a first step of keratinocyte infection, followed by migration of viral material towards the dermis resulting in infection of sub-epidermal fibroblasts and their fully transformed phenotype. Additionally, an example of co-existence of a dermal BPV-1 and an epidermal BPV-2 infection in the same lesion is shown, indicating that horses can harbor infection with more than one BPV type at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lies Bogaert
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Francesco B, Giorgio B, Rosario N, Saverio RF, Francesco DG, Romano M, Adriano S, Cinzia R, Antonio T, Franco R, Valeria R, Sante R. A new, very sensitive method of assessment of ptaquiloside, the major bracken carcinogen in the milk of farm animals. Food Chem 2010; 124:660-665. [PMID: 31261490 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new method to detect trace levels of ptaquiloside (Pta), a major carcinogen of bracken fern in biological samples such as milk from farm animals. The method involves the absorption of analyte on carbograph followed by elution with solvents mixtures. The unstable analyte is then converted into Br-Pt (II), which is specific for Pta, as it is not a natural decay product of the glycoside in aqueous media. An internal standard, the Br-pterosine-d2, prepared in our laboratories has been used. Detection and quantification are possible with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in single ion monitoring mode (SIM). The detectable amount is in the range of ppb. The method allowed us to detect Pta not only in the milk from bracken fern-poisoned cattle but also, for the first time, in the milk from healthy farm animals such as sheep, goat, horse, and donkey mares.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Berardi Giorgio
- Department of Chemistry, Rome University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - De Giovanni Francesco
- Department of Zootechnics Sciences and Food Inspection, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Naples University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marabelli Romano
- Department for Veterinary Public Health, Nutrition and Food Safety, Minister of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Santoro Adriano
- Department of Zootechnics Sciences and Food Inspection, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Naples University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Raso Cinzia
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Naples University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Roperto Franco
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Naples University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Russo Valeria
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Naples University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roperto Sante
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Naples University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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32
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Rodrigues A, Gates L, Payne HR, Kiupel M, Mansell J. Multicentric Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ Associated With Papillomavirus in a Ferret. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:964-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985810369899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A 6-year-old castrated male ferret presented with multiple black and tan proliferative skin lesions. Histologically, the lesions were characterized by multifocal plaques of irregular epidermal hyperplasia and full-thickness dysplasia, with loss of normal epithelial stratification, loss of nuclear polarity, and rare eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the superficial layers of the epidermis. Immunohistochemical staining with a monoclonal antibody against papillomaviruses was strongly immunoreactive. Ultrastructurally, large numbers of hexagonal viral particles approximately 50 nm were observed within the nuclei of dysplastic superficial keratinocytes. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a ferret multicentric squamous cell carcinoma in situ associated with papillomavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Rodrigues
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - L. Gates
- Universal City Animal Hospital, Inc, Universal City, TX, USA
| | - H. R. Payne
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - M. Kiupel
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - J. Mansell
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Roperto S, Borzacchiello G, Brun R, Leonardi L, Maiolino P, Martano M, Paciello O, Papparella S, Restucci B, Russo V, Salvatore G, Urraro C, Roperto F. A Review of Bovine Urothelial Tumours and Tumour-Like Lesions of the Urinary Bladder. J Comp Pathol 2010; 142:95-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.08.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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McConnico RS, Blas-Machado U, Cooper VL, Reiners SR. Bilateral squamous cell carcinoma of the guttural pouches and the left middle ear in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2001.tb00085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Abstract
Papillomavirus (PV) induces exophytic lesions (papillomas, warts) and flat lesions (flat warts, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) in cutaneous and mucosal epithelia. The lesions are usually benign and generally regress without eliciting any serious clinical problems in a host but occasionally persist. Persistent lesions can be debilitating and can also provide a focus for malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma, particularly in the presence of environmental or genetic cofactors. This has been experimentally demonstrated in animals, particularly in cattle, where bovine PV (BPV)-induced papillomas progress to cancer of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the urinary bladder in animals exposed to bracken fern in the pasture, and in rabbits, where the progression of skin papillomas to squamous cell carcinoma depends on a particular variant of cottontail rabbit PV (CRPV) and on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II haplotype of the animal. In this review, various aspects of the biology of BPV and CRPV are described and compared with those of human PV, including viral genome structure, regulation of transcription of the viral oncogenes, function of the viral oncoproteins, co-operation between virus and cofactors, virus latency, immunity and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Campo
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Glasgow University Veterinary School, Glasgow, UK.
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36
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Latorre AO, Furlan MS, Sakai M, Fukumasu H, Hueza IM, Haraguchi M, Górniak SL. Immunomodulatory effects ofPteridium aquilinumon natural killer cell activity and select aspects of the cellular immune response of mice. J Immunotoxicol 2009; 6:104-14. [DOI: 10.1080/15476910902972465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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37
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Aggarwal S, Arora VK, Gupta S, Singh N, Bhatia A. Koilocytosis: correlations with high-risk HPV and its comparison on tissue sections and cytology, urothelial carcinoma. Diagn Cytopathol 2009; 37:174-7. [PMID: 19170170 DOI: 10.1002/dc.20978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study were (1) To correlate koilocytosis with high risk HPV(HrHPV) DNA in urinary bladder carcinoma and (2) To compare detection of koilocytosis on tissue sections and urine cytology. Biopsy and cytologic specimens from 33 patients of urinary bladder carcinoma were analyzed. HPV DNA was detected by PCR on biopsy specimens using consensus primers MY09 and MY11. Koilocytosis was assessed both on tissue sections and urine cytology. HrHPV DNA was found in 14 of 33 bladder carcinoma. Koilocytosis was seen in tissue sections from 13 patients. Eleven of these were HrHPV DNA positive (positive predictive value 84.6%). Koilocytosis was seen in urine cytology in three patients. All three were positive for HrHPV DNA. To conclude koilocytosis is a good morphological marker for HrHPV DNA in the urothelium. Tissue sections are better than cytologic smears for detection of koilocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Aggarwal
- Department of Pathology, University College of Medical Sciences, GTB Hospital, Delhi-110095, India
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38
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Silvestre O, Borzacchiello G, Nava D, Iovane G, Russo V, Vecchio D, D'Ausilio F, Gault EA, Campo MS, Paciello O. Bovine papillomavirus type 1 DNA and E5 oncoprotein expression in water buffalo fibropapillomas. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:636-41. [PMID: 19276046 DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0222-p-fl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Papillomas and fibropapillomas may occur in the skin and in different organs in animals. Ten different genotypes of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) have been identified. BPV-1 through BPV-10 are all strictly species-specific, but BPV-1/2 may also infect other species such as equids, inducing fibroblastic tumors. BPV-1 and BPV-2 are associated with fibropapillomas in cattle; these tumors are formed by excessive proliferation of virus-infected dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes. Nine water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) were examined for the presence of multiple cutaneous and perivulvar tumors. Cutaneous and perivulvar fibropapillomatosis were confirmed histologically. Negative-stain transmission electron microscopic examination revealed papillomavirus-like particles in the fibropapillomas, and papillomaviral DNA was also detected by the polymerase chain reaction. The amplified long control region (LCR) DNA sequence was identical to that of BPV-1. The BPV-1 E5 oncoprotein was strongly expressed in the tumor cells thus confirming a causal role of the virus. This article represents the first report of cutaneous, perivulvar, and vulvar fibropapilloma associated with BPV-1 infection in the water buffalo and describes another example of cross-species infection by BPV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Silvestre
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Italy
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Carvalho T, Naydan D, Nunes T, Pinto C, Peleteiro MC. Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Vascular Urinary Bladder Tumors from Cows with Enzootic Hematuria. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:211-21. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.46-2-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fifty-six endothelial-derived urinary bladder tumor samples collected from 26 animals with bovine enzootic hematuria were selected for immunohistochemical studies. Expression of factor VHI-related antigen (FVIIIra), CD31, muscle-specific actin, uroplakin III (UPIII), and the cell cycle-related proteins cyclin Dl and p53 was evaluated in hemangiomas, “hemangioendotheliomas” (a vascular tumor that histologically is intermediate in appearance between a hemangioma and a conventional hemangiosarcoma), and hemangiosarcomas. Although CD31 expression was seen in all endothelial tumors tested, FVIIIra was not expressed in poorly differentiated endothelial tumor cells from solid areas or in 7 muscle-invasive hemangiosarcomas. Cyclin Dl overexpression was seen in 53% of hemangiomas, 82% of hemangioendotheliomas, and 95% of hemangiosarcomas. P53 immunoreac-tivity was only seen in muscle-invasive hemangiosarcomas. The UPIII staining pattern, normally very intense on the apical aspect and cytoplasm of superficial urothelial cells, was altered in the urothelium in an estimated 25% of hemangiomas, most hemangioendotheliomas, and most hemangiosarcomas. In conclusion, CD31 is a better marker than FVIIIra in the characterization of bovine endothelial tumors. The cell cycle regulatory pathways involving cyclin Dl and p53 seem to be impaired in endothelial urinary bladder tumors, p53 immunoreactivity positively correlating with enhanced invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Carvalho
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Técnica de
Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - D. Naydan
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine,
University of California, Davis
| | - T. Nunes
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Técnica de
Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C. Pinto
- Serviçe de Desenvolvimento Agrário de São Miguel, Ponta Delgada, Açores,
Portugal
| | - M. C. Peleteiro
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Técnica de
Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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40
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Nasir L, Campo MS. Bovine papillomaviruses: their role in the aetiology of cutaneous tumours of bovids and equids. Vet Dermatol 2008; 19:243-54. [PMID: 18927950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is perhaps the most extensively studied animal papillomavirus. In cattle BPVs induce benign tumours of cutaneous or mucosal epithelia, called papillomas or warts. Cattle papillomas are benign tumours and generally regress without eliciting any serious clinical problems in the host, but occasionally persist and provide the focus for malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma, as in the case of cancer of the urinary bladder and cancer of the upper alimentary canal. BPV is the only papillomavirus that jumps species: the virus also infects equids, and gives rise to fibroblastic tumours called sarcoids. Sarcoids very rarely regress, more often they persist and can be locally aggressive. These tumours are the most common dermatological tumour of equids worldwide. The purpose of this review is to discuss the biology of BPV, the biology of bovine tumours and equine sarcoids, and present the current understanding of BPV in tumour pathogenesis in its natural host, cattle, and in its heterologous host, equids. Finally, the use of anti-BPV vaccines as a therapy for equine sarcoids will be discussed. Only limited information on the clinical or pathological aspects of either bovine or equine tumours will be provided as this subject has been extensively addressed previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Nasir
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH.
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41
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Roperto S, Brun R, Paolini F, Urraro C, Russo V, Borzacchiello G, Pagnini U, Raso C, Rizzo C, Roperto F, Venuti A. Detection of bovine papillomavirus type 2 in the peripheral blood of cattle with urinary bladder tumours: possible biological role. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:3027-3033. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/004457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV-2) infection has been associated with urinary bladder tumours in adult cattle grazing on bracken fern-infested land. In this study, we investigated the simultaneous presence of BPV-2 in whole blood and urinary bladder tumours of adult cattle in an attempt to better understand the biological role of circulating BPV-2. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 78 cattle clinically suffering from a severe chronic enzootic haematuria. Circulating BPV-2 DNA was detected in 61 of them and in two blood samples from healthy cows. Fifty of the affected animals were slaughtered at public slaughterhouses and neoplastic proliferations in the urinary bladder were detected in all of them. BPV-2 DNA was amplified and sequenced in 78 % of urinary bladder tumour samples and in 38.9 % of normal samples as a control. Circulating episomal BPV-2 DNA was detected in 78.2 % of the blood samples. Simultaneous presence of BPV-2 DNA in neoplastic bladder and blood samples was detected in 37 animals. Specific viral E5 mRNA and E5 oncoprotein were also detected in blood by RT-PCR and Western blot/immunocytochemistry, respectively. It is likely that BPV-2 can persist and be maintained in an active status in the bloodstream, in particular in the lymphocytes, as a reservoir of viral infection that, in the presence of co-carcinogens, may cause the development of urinary bladder tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sante Roperto
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Naples University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Brun
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Naples University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Urraro
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Naples University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Russo
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Naples University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Naples University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ugo Pagnini
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Naples University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Cinzia Raso
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Clinics, Catanzaro University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Consuelo Rizzo
- Laboratory of Virology, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Roperto
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Naples University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Aldo Venuti
- Laboratory of Virology, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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42
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Gardiner DW, Teifke JP, Podell BK, Kamstock DA. Fibropapilloma of the Glans Penis in a Horse. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:816-9. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An 18-year-old Arabian stallion was presented for recent onset of stranguria. Physical examination of the distal portion of the glans penis revealed multiple, smooth, glistening, grayish-pink, variably sized, exophytic, nodular masses circumferentially surrounding the external urethral orifice. Partial penile amputation was performed, and the entire specimen was submitted for histological evaluation. Microscopically, the masses consisted of abundant amounts of loosely arranged fibrovascular stroma with low numbers of spindloid to stellate fibrocytes. The overlying epithelium was mildly to moderately hyperplastic with short anastomosing rete ridges (pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia). The lesion was diagnosed as fibropapilloma because of features similar to bovine penile fibropapilloma including anatomical location, gross appearance, and histological characteristics. A sarcoid was considered but negated as the lesion lacked the classical streaming and interlacing spindle cell population, “picket-fence” appearance at the epithelial interface, and long, thin, dissecting rete ridges typical of most equine sarcoids. Polymerase chain reaction for the Bovine papillomavirus-1 and Bovine papillomavirus-2 E5 gene and for Equine herpesvirus 1, 3, and 4 was negative on formalin-fixed tissue specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Gardiner
- Colorado State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Ft. Collins, CO
| | - Jens P. Teifke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Riems Island, Germany (Teifke)
| | - Brendan K. Podell
- Colorado State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Ft. Collins, CO
| | - Debra A. Kamstock
- Colorado State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Ft. Collins, CO
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Balcos L, Borzacchiello G, Russo V, Popescu O, Roperto S, Roperto F. Association of bovine papillomavirus type-2 and urinary bladder tumours in cattle from Romania. Res Vet Sci 2008; 85:145-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Revised: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Borzacchiello G, Roperto F. Bovine papillomaviruses, papillomas and cancer in cattle. Vet Res 2008; 39:45. [PMID: 18479666 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2008022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine papillomaviruses (BPV) are DNA oncogenic viruses inducing hyperplastic benign lesions of both cutaneous and mucosal epithelia in cattle. Ten (BPV 1-10) different viral genotypes have been characterised so far. BPV 1-10 are all strictly species-specific but BPV 1/2 may also infect equids inducing fibroblastic tumours. These benign lesions generally regress but may also occasionally persist, leading to a high risk of evolving into cancer, particularly in the presence of environmental carcinogenic co-factors. Among these, bracken fern is the most extensively studied. The synergism between immunosuppressants and carcinogenic principles from bracken fern and the virus has been experimentally demonstrated for both urinary bladder and alimentary canal cancer in cows whose diets were based on this plant. BPV associated tumours have veterinary and agricultural relevance in their own right, although they have also been studied as a relevant model of Human papillomavirus (HPV). Recent insights into BPV biology have paved the way to new fields of speculation on the role of these viruses in neoplastic transformation of cells other than epithelial ones. This review will briefly summarise BPV genome organization, will describe in greater detail the functions of viral oncoproteins, the interaction between the virus and co-carcinogens in tumour development; relevant aspects of immunity and vaccines will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Pathology and Animal health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Naples University Federico II, Via F. Delpino, 1 - 80137, Naples, Italy.
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Hoory T, Monie A, Gravitt P, Wu TC. Molecular Epidemiology of Human Papillomavirus. J Formos Med Assoc 2008; 107:198-217. [PMID: 18400605 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-6646(08)60138-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Mattil-Fritz S, Scharner D, Piuko K, Thönes N, Gissmann L, Müller H, Müller M. Immunotherapy of equine sarcoid: dose-escalation trial for the use of chimeric papillomavirus-like particles. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:138-147. [PMID: 18089737 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine sarcoids are fibrosarcoma-like skin tumours with a prevalence of approximately 1-2 %. Strong evidence exists for a causative role of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) type 1 or type 2 in the development of sarcoids. No effective treatment of equine sarcoid is available and after surgical excision relapse of the tumours is very frequent. We developed chimeric virus-like particles (CVLPs) of BPV 1 L1-E7 for the immunotherapy of equine sarcoid. In a phase I clinical trial 12 horses suffering from equine sarcoid with an average number of more than 22 tumours per animal were vaccinated in a dose-escalation setting. The animals were followed-up for 63 days, eight of the twelve horses were followed-up for more than a year and side-effects, humoral immune responses and tumour appearance were recorded. BPV DNA was detected in tumours of 11 cases. CVLPs were well tolerated in all dose groups, a robust anti-L1 antibody response was induced in all but one of the horses. Anti-E7 antibodies were detected in five of the 12 animals at low titres. Two animals showed a clear improvement of the clinical status after treatment, i.e. the number of the tumours per horse was reduced. In another horse regression of five sarcoids was observed; three of them relapsed during the study. Two animals showed tumour regression as well as growth of new sarcoids. In two horses the clinical status remained unchanged, in another two horses growth of existing tumours or growth of additional tumours was observed. The remaining three animals showed simultaneously regression and growth of existing tumours. Neither the humoral immune responses nor the observed effects on the tumours was correlated with the dose group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Mattil-Fritz
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Doreen Scharner
- Universität Leipzig, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Chirurgische Tierklinik, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Konrad Piuko
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadja Thönes
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Gissmann
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Müller
- Universität Leipzig, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Institut für Virologie Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Müller
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Frazer IH, Lowy DR, Schiller JT. Prevention of cancer through immunization: Prospects and challenges for the 21st century. Eur J Immunol 2008; 37 Suppl 1:S148-55. [PMID: 17972339 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Persistent infection by several microbial agents is responsible for at least 15% of cancer globally, including most cancers of the liver, stomach, and cervix. The recent development of vaccines that can prevent infection and premalignant disease caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV), which cause virtually all cases of cervical cancer as well as some other cancers, has focused renewed attention on infection control as a means of reducing the global cancer burden. For vaccines to prevent cancer-causing infection with hepatitis C virus, Helicobacter pylori, or Epstein Barr virus, new vaccine technologies to induce more effective protective responses are required. For the two available cancer control vaccines, designed to prevent infection with HPV and hepatitis B virus, the major challenge is to promote effective vaccine deployment through education programs and increased affordability/accessibility for underserved populations, particularly in the developing world, where the cancer burden attributable to infection by these two viruses is greatest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian H Frazer
- Diamantina Institute for Cancer Immunology and Metabolic Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
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Cornegliani L, Vercelli A, Abramo F. Idiopathic mucosal penile squamous papillomas in dogs. Vet Dermatol 2007; 18:439-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00632.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Claus MP, Vivian D, Lunardi M, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. Análise filogenética de papilomavírus bovino associado com lesões cutâneas em rebanhos do Estado do Paraná. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2007000700010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A infecção pelo papilomavírus bovino (BPV) causa lesões hiperplásicas no epitélio cutâneo dos animais. De acordo com a localização e as características morfológicas das lesões, os seis tipos de BPV são classificados em dois sub-grupos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi identificar os tipos de BPV presentes em lesões cutâneas em bovinos de rebanhos do Estado do Paraná. Os primers degenerados FAP59 e FAP64 foram utilizados para a amplificação de um fragmento com 478 pb do gene L1 do BPV bovino em nove amostras de papilomas cutâneos obtidos de seis animais provenientes de quatro rebanhos bovinos do Estado. Em todas as amostras foi possível a amplificação de um produto com a massa molecular esperada. Por meio da análise filogenética das seqüências dos amplicons foi possível identificar o BPV-2 em três amostras, o BPV-1 em uma e o BPV-6 em cinco amostras de papilomas. O BPV-6 foi encontrado tanto em papilomas localizados no teto quanto em outras partes do corpo. Em um dos animais, do qual foram colhidas mais de uma amostra, foi detectada infecção concomitante do BPV-1 com o BPV-2. As cinco amostras positivas para o BPV-6 apresentaram 100% de identidade de nucleotídeos com a amostra padrão disponível no GenBank. No entanto, foram identificadas diferenças entre as amostras do BPV-2 e BPV-1 e aquelas depositadas neste banco de dados. Esse estudo demonstrou a diversidade de tipos do BPV circulantes em rebanhos do Estado do Paraná.
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Knottenbelt DC. Cancer--blame it all on viruses! Bladder tumours in cattle and sarcoids in horses may help us understand the relationship between some cancers and viruses. Vet J 2007; 174:456-9. [PMID: 17344078 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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