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David DD, Zanetti G, Souto-Neto JA, Sua-Cespedes CD, Lacerda JT, Castrucci AMDL. Temperature-driven changes in the neuroendocrine axis of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus during the molt cycle. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 357:114598. [PMID: 39122124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Environmental cues such as temperature induce macroscopic changes in the molting cycle of crustaceans, however, the physiological mechanisms behind these changes remain unclearWe aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanisms in the intermolt and premolt stages of the Callinectes sapidus molt cycle in response to thermal stimuli. The concentration of ecdysteroids and lipids in the hemolymph, and the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and molt key genes were assessed at 19 °C, 24 °C and 29 °C. The premolt animals exhibited a much larger response to the colder temperature than intermolt animals. Ecdysteroids decreased drastically in premolt animals, whereas the expression of their hepatopancreas receptor (CasEcR) increased, possibly compensating for the low hemolymphatic levels at 19 °C. This decrease might be due to increased HSPs and inhibited ecdysteroidogenesis in the Y-organ. In addition, the molting-inhibiting hormone expression in the X-organ/sinus gland (XO/SG) remained constant between temperatures and stages, suggesting it is constitutive in this species. Lipid concentration in the hemolymph, and the expression of CasEcR and CasHSP90 in the XO/SG were influenced by the molting stage, not temperature. On the other hand, the expression of HSPs in the hepatopancreas is the result of the interaction between the two factors evaluated in the study. Our results demonstrated that temperature is an effective modulator of responses related to the molting cycle at the endocrine level and that temperature below the control condition caused a greater effect on the evaluated responses compared to the thermostable condition, especially when the animal was in the premolt stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Dantas David
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Giovanna Zanetti
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Araújo Souto-Neto
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José Thalles Lacerda
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria de Lauro Castrucci
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Klahan R, Deevong P, Wiboonsirikul J, Yuangsoi B. Growth Performance, Feed Utilisation, Endogenous Digestive Enzymes, Intestinal Morphology, and Antimicrobial Effect of Pacific White Shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei) Fed with Feed Supplemented with Pineapple Waste Crude Extract as a Functional Feed Additive. AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2023; 2023:1160015. [PMID: 37038376 PMCID: PMC10082680 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1160015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This study used pineapple waste crude extract (PWCE) to increase the potential of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production for food sustainability and stability. The objective was to investigate the appropriate technique to increase the yield production and quality of shrimp and decrease waste from shrimp culture. Pacific white shrimp (average body size: 0.51 g) were fed with commercial feed supplemented with PWCE at various concentrations of 0 (control), 90, 170, and 250 ppt. Shrimp were fed five times per day for 80 days. At the end of the trial, the results showed that shrimp fed with the PWCE 250 ppt supplementation provided the highest growth rate and the best feed utilisation and yield (P < 0.05). The protein content of whole shrimp in all shrimp fed with the PWCE supplementation diet was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). On the contrary, the variation of endogenous digestive enzymes, including protease, trypsin, and the T/C ratio, was significantly lower in shrimp fed a diet supplemented with PWCE 250 ppt (P < 0.05). While in this group, the number of microorganisms on thiosulfate-citrate-bile salt-sucrose (TCBS), blood agar, and trypticase soy agar (TSA) was lowest (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the dietary PWCE at 250 ppt increased the volume of microvilli in the hindgut of shrimp, but the supplementation at 170 ppt improved the number of F-cells in the epithelial cells of the hepatopancreas. Nevertheless, the supplementation of PWCE in the diet did not affect the water quality (P > 0.05). Therefore, pineapple waste crude extract supplementation improves both quantitative and qualitative yields and tends to reduce waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungkan Klahan
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Phetchaburi Rajabhat University, Phetchaburi, Thailand
| | | | - Jintana Wiboonsirikul
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Phetchaburi Rajabhat University, Phetchaburi, Thailand
| | - Bundit Yuangsoi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Muhlia-Almazán AT, Fernández-Gimenez AV. Understanding the Digestive Peptidases from Crustaceans: from Their Biochemical Basis and Classical Perspective to the Biotechnological Approach. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:480-491. [PMID: 35384610 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Scientific studies about decapod crustaceans' digestive physiology have increased, being an important topic with novel results in the last years. This revision aims to show how the study of crustacean peptidases has evolved, from the classical biochemical characterization studies to the assessment of their usefulness in biotechnological and industrial processes, with emphasis on commercial species of interest to world aquaculture and fisheries. First studies determined the proteolytic activity of the midgut gland crude extracts and evaluated the optimum biochemical properties of specific enzymes. Peptidase's identity was determined using inhibitors and specific protein substrates on tube tests and electrophoresis gels. Later, various studies focused on the characterization of purified peptidases and their gene expression. Recently, the integrated mechanisms of enzyme participation during the digestive process of food protein have been established using novel techniques. Scientific research has revealed some of the potential biotechnological applications of crustacean peptidases in the food industry and other processes. However, the knowledge field is enormous, and there is much to explore and study in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Teresita Muhlia-Almazán
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Unidad Hermosillo, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, ZP 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Analía Verónica Fernández-Gimenez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC) , Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Funes 3350, ZP 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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4
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Li X, Han T, Zheng S, Wu G. Nutrition and Functions of Amino Acids in Aquatic Crustaceans. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1285:169-198. [PMID: 33770407 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Crustaceans (e.g., shrimp and crabs) are a good source of protein-rich foods for human consumption. They are the second largest aquaculture species worldwide. Understanding the digestion of dietary protein, as well as the absorption, metabolism and functions of amino acids (AAs) and small peptides is essential to produce cost-effective and sustainable aquafeeds. Hepatopancreas (the midgut gland) is the main site for the digestion of dietary protein as well as the absorption of small peptides and AAs into the hemolymph. Besides serving as the building blocks of protein, AAs (particularly aspartate, glutamate, glutamine and alanine) are the primary metabolic fuels for the gut and extra-hepatopancreas tissues (e.g., kidneys and skeletal muscle) of crustaceans. In addition, AAs are precursors for the syntheses of glucose, lipids, H2S, and low-molecular-weight molecules (e.g., nitric oxide, glutathione, polyamines, histamine, and hormones) with enormous biological importance, such as physical barrier, immunological and antioxidant defenses. Therefore, both nutritionally essential and nonessential AAs are needed in diets to improve the growth, development, molt rate, survival, and reproduction of crustaceans. There are technical difficulties and challenges in the use of crystalline AAs for research and practical production due to the loss of free AAs during feed processing, the leaching of in-feed free AAs to the surrounding water environment, and asynchronous absorption with peptide-bounded AAs. At present, much knowledge about AA metabolism and functions in crustaceans is based on studies of mammals and fish species. Basic research in this area is necessary to lay a solid foundation for improving the balances and bioavailability of AAs in the diets for optimum growth, health and wellbeing of crustaceans, while preventing and treating their metabolic diseases. This review highlights recent advances in AA nutrition and metabolism in aquatic crustacean species at their different life stages. The new knowledge is expected to guide the development of the next generation of their improved diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Li
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Tao Han
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shixuan Zheng
- Guangdong Yuehai Feeds Group Co., Ltd., Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Wu P, Mo W, Wang Y, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Li N. RETRACTED: Effluent containing Rubrivivax gelatinosus promoting the yield, digestion system, disease resistance, mTOR and NF-kB signaling pathway, intestinal microbiota and aquaculture water quality of crucian carp. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:166-174. [PMID: 31446081 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of Editors-in-Chief and first Author. The article duplicates significant parts of a paper that had already appeared in Fish & Shellfish Immunology, Volume 93 (2019) 726-731, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.052. One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is that authors declare explicitly that the paper has not been previously published and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. As such this article represents a misuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process. The first author informed the journal that the article was published without the knowledge of the co-authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wu
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China; School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Wentao Mo
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The third affiliated hospital of SunYat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China; School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China; School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Zhaobo Chen
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China; School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Ning Li
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China; School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Schultzhaus JN, Dean SN, Leary DH, Hervey WJ, Fears KP, Wahl KJ, Spillmann CM. Pressure cycling technology for challenging proteomic sample processing: application to barnacle adhesive. Integr Biol (Camb) 2019; 11:235-247. [DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSuccessful proteomic characterization of biological material depends on the development of robust sample processing methods. The acorn barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite is a biofouling model for adhesive processes, but the identification of causative proteins involved has been hindered by their insoluble nature. Although effective, existing sample processing methods are labor and time intensive, slowing progress in this field. Here, a more efficient sample processing method is described which exploits pressure cycling technology (PCT) in combination with protein solvents. PCT aids in protein extraction and digestion for proteomics analysis. Barnacle adhesive proteins can be extracted and digested in the same tube using PCT, minimizing sample loss, increasing throughput to 16 concurrently processed samples, and decreasing sample processing time to under 8 hours. PCT methods produced similar proteomes in comparison to previous methods. Two solvents which were ineffective at extracting proteins from the adhesive at ambient pressure (urea and methanol) produced more protein identifications under pressure than highly polar hexafluoroisopropanol, leading to the identification and description of >40 novel proteins at the interface. Some of these have homology to proteins with elastomeric properties or domains involved with protein-protein interactions, while many have no sequence similarity to proteins in publicly available databases, highlighting the unique adherent processes evolved by barnacles. The methods described here can not only be used to further characterize barnacle adhesive to combat fouling, but may also be applied to other recalcitrant biological samples, including aggregative or fibrillar protein matrices produced during disease, where a lack of efficient sample processing methods has impeded advancement. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD012730.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna N Schultzhaus
- National Research Council Research Associateship Programs Fellow, Washington, D.C., USA
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Scott N Dean
- National Research Council Research Associateship Programs Fellow, Washington, D.C., USA
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Dagmar H Leary
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - W Judson Hervey
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Kenan P Fears
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Kathryn J Wahl
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Christopher M Spillmann
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., USA
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Song Y, Villeneuve DL, Toyota K, Iguchi T, Tollefsen KE. Ecdysone Receptor Agonism Leading to Lethal Molting Disruption in Arthropods: Review and Adverse Outcome Pathway Development. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4142-4157. [PMID: 28355071 PMCID: PMC6135102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Molting is critical for growth, development, reproduction, and survival in arthropods. Complex neuroendocrine pathways are involved in the regulation of molting and may potentially become targets of environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Based on several known ED mechanisms, a wide range of pesticides has been developed to combat unwanted organisms in food production activities such as agriculture and aquaculture. Meanwhile, these chemicals may also pose hazards to nontarget species by causing molting defects, and thus potentially affecting the health of the ecosystems. The present review summarizes the available knowledge on molting-related endocrine regulation and chemically mediated disruption in arthropods (with special focus on insects and crustaceans), to identify research gaps and develop a mechanistic model for assessing environmental hazards of these compounds. Based on the review, multiple targets of EDCs in the molting processes were identified and the link between mode of action (MoA) and adverse effects characterized to inform future studies. An adverse outcome pathway (AOP) describing ecdysone receptor agonism leading to incomplete ecdysis associated mortality was developed according to the OECD guideline and subjected to weight of evidence considerations by evolved Bradford Hill Criteria. This review proposes the first invertebrate ED AOP and may serve as a knowledge foundation for future environmental studies and AOP development.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Song
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Section of Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
- Corresponding Author: Knut Erik Tollefsen, Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway. Tlf.: 02348, Fax: (+47) 22 18 52 00, , You Song, Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway. Tlf.: 02348, Fax: (+47) 22 18 52 00,
| | | | - Kenji Toyota
- Environmental Genomics Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- Department of Basic Biology, Faculty of Life Science, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Section of Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV). P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
- Corresponding Author: Knut Erik Tollefsen, Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway. Tlf.: 02348, Fax: (+47) 22 18 52 00, , You Song, Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway. Tlf.: 02348, Fax: (+47) 22 18 52 00,
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8
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Kuz'mina VV, Zolotareva GV, Sheptitskiy VA. Proteolytic activity in some freshwater animals and associated microflora in a wide pH range. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 43:373-383. [PMID: 27681591 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0293-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic activity in some freshwater animals (crustacean plankton, sandhopper Amphipoda sp., larvae of chironomids Chironomus sp., oligochaetes Oligohaeta sp., dreissena Dreissena polymorpha, roach Rutilus rutilus heckelii, rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus, ruff Acerina cernua, and monkey goby Neogobius fluviatilis) prevailing within the food of fishes of various ecological groups as well as in their associated microflora in a wide pH range was investigated. It has been shown that the optimum pH of proteases in the animals' whole organism varies: 6.0 for sandhopper; 8.0 for chironomid larvae, oligochaetes, monkey goby, and ruff; 8.0-9.0 for zooplankton; and 10.0 for roach and rudd. The optimum pH of associated microflora proteases is 6.0 for monkey goby; 7.0 for sandhopper and roach and ruff ; 8.0-9.0 for oligochaetes; 9.0 for zooplankton; and 10.0 for chironomid larvae and rudd. The compensatory role of food items and enteric microbiota proteases in digestive processes in fish of different ecological groups at low pH is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Kuz'mina
- I.D.Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters RAS, PO Box 152742, Borok, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - G V Zolotareva
- T.G. Shevchenko State University, PO Box 3300, Tiraspol, Moldova.
| | - V A Sheptitskiy
- T.G. Shevchenko State University, PO Box 3300, Tiraspol, Moldova
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Pereira NDLA, Fernández-Gimenez AV. Exogenous enzymes in dairy technology: acidic proteases from processing discards of shrimpPleoticus muelleriand their use as milk-clotting enzymes for cheese manufacture. Int J Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nair de los Angeles Pereira
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas); Buenos Aires Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET; Funes 3350 7600 Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - Analia Verónica Fernández-Gimenez
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas); Buenos Aires Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET; Funes 3350 7600 Mar del Plata Argentina
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Bkhairia I, Ktari N, Younes I, Kammoun M, Nasri M, Ghorbel S. Golden Grey Mullet (Liza aurata) Alkaline Proteases: Biochemical Characterization, Application in the Shrimp Wastes Deproteinization, Laundry Commercial Detergents, and Preparation of Antioxidant Protein Hydrolysate. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2013.796582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Senphan T, Benjakul S, Kishimura H. Purification and Characterization of Trypsin from Hepatopancreas of Pacific White Shrimp. J Food Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theeraphol Senphan
- Department of Food Technology; Faculty of Agro-Industry; Prince of Songkla University; Hat Yai Songkhla 90112 Thailand
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- Department of Food Technology; Faculty of Agro-Industry; Prince of Songkla University; Hat Yai Songkhla 90112 Thailand
| | - Hideki Kishimura
- Laboratory of Marine Products and Food Science; Research Faculty of Fisheries Sciences; Hokkaido University; Hakodate Hokkaido Japan
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12
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Samanta P, Pal S, Mukherjee AK, Senapati T, Ghosh AR. Alterations in Digestive Enzymes of Three Freshwater Teleostean Fishes by Almix Herbicide: A Comparative Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12595-014-0122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Trypsin isozymes in the lobster Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804): from molecules to physiology. J Comp Physiol B 2014; 185:17-35. [PMID: 25192870 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-014-0851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Trypsin enzymes have been studied in a wide variety of animal taxa due to their central role in protein digestion as well as in other important physiological and biotechnological processes. Crustacean trypsins exhibit a high number of isoforms. However, while differences in properties of isoenzymes are known to play important roles in regulating different physiological processes, there is little information on this aspect for decapod trypsins. The aim of this review is to integrate recent findings at the molecular level on trypsin enzymes of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus, into higher levels of organization (biochemical, organism) and to interpret those findings in relation to the feeding ecology of these crustaceans. Trypsin in lobster is a polymorphic enzyme, showing isoforms that differ in their biochemical features and catalytic efficiencies. Molecular studies suggest that polymorphism in lobster trypsins may be non-neutral. Trypsin isoenzymes are differentially regulated by dietary proteins, and it seems that some isoenzymes have undergone adaptive evolution coupled with a divergence in expression rate to increase fitness. This review highlights important but poorly studied issues in crustaceans in general, such as the relation among trypsin polymorphism, phenotypic (digestive) flexibility, digestion efficiency, and feeding ecology.
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Charron L, Geffard O, Chaumot A, Coulaud R, Jaffal A, Gaillet V, Dedourge-Geffard O, Geffard A. Influence of molting and starvation on digestive enzyme activities and energy storage in Gammarus fossarum. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96393. [PMID: 24788197 PMCID: PMC4005779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the many biological responses studied in ecotoxicology, energy-based biomarkers such as digestive enzyme activities and energy reserves appear to be useful predictive tools for detecting physiological disturbances in organisms. However, the use of these biological responses as biomarkers could be limited by the effects of confounding factors (biotic and abiotic) and physiological processes, such as the reproductive cycle. Thus, the optimal use of these biomarkers will be facilitated by understanding the effects of these factors on the energy metabolism of the sentinel species being studied. We considered abiotic factors (temperature and conductivity) in a previous study, whereas the present study investigated the effects of gender, the female reproductive stage, and food availability on the digestive enzyme activities and energy storage of Gammarus fossarum. The results indicated that, during the female reproductive cycle, the activities of digestive enzymes (amylase, cellulase, and trypsin) decreased significantly, whereas the levels of reserves (proteins, lipids, and sugar) increased until the last premolt stage. Restricted food diets only led to decreased amylase activities in both sexes. Food starvation also induced a decrease in the energy outcomes in females, whereas there were no effects in males. In general, the biochemical (digestive enzyme activities) and physiological (energy reserves) responses were more stable in males than in females. These results support the use of males fed ad libitum to limit the effects of confounding factors when using these energy biomarkers in Gammarus fossarum during biomonitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Charron
- Université Reims Champagne Ardenne, Unité Interactions Animal-Environnement, Reims, France
| | - Olivier Geffard
- Institut national de Recherche en sciences technologiques pour l’environnement et l’agriculture, Unité de Recherche Milieux Aquatiques, Ecologie et Pollutions (MAEP), Villeurbanne, France
| | - Arnaud Chaumot
- Institut national de Recherche en sciences technologiques pour l’environnement et l’agriculture, Unité de Recherche Milieux Aquatiques, Ecologie et Pollutions (MAEP), Villeurbanne, France
| | - Romain Coulaud
- Institut national de Recherche en sciences technologiques pour l’environnement et l’agriculture, Unité de Recherche Milieux Aquatiques, Ecologie et Pollutions (MAEP), Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ali Jaffal
- Université Reims Champagne Ardenne, Unité Interactions Animal-Environnement, Reims, France
| | - Véronique Gaillet
- Université Reims Champagne Ardenne, Unité Interactions Animal-Environnement, Reims, France
| | - Odile Dedourge-Geffard
- Université Reims Champagne Ardenne, Unité Interactions Animal-Environnement, Reims, France
| | - Alain Geffard
- Université Reims Champagne Ardenne, Unité Interactions Animal-Environnement, Reims, France
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15
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Purification and characteristics of serine protease from the head of pacific white shrimp. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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16
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Sowmya R, Rathinaraj K, Sachindra NM. An autolytic process for recovery of antioxidant activity rich carotenoprotein from shrimp heads. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 13:918-927. [PMID: 21243391 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-010-9353-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Studies were carried out to utilize in situ proteases of shrimp heads to recover carotenoproteins possessing antioxidant activity. Highest protease activity of the buffer extract was found at pH 8.0 (9.85 ± 0.61 units). The protease activity increased with temperature up to 50°C and reduced thereafter with highest activity being 19.32 ± 2.0 units. Thus, the autolysis of shrimp heads for recovery of carotenoprotein was carried out at pH 8.0 and at 50°C. Waste to buffer ratio had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on recovery of carotenoids in carotenoprotein filtrate with a maximum of 58.5 ± 6.4% recovery with a waste to buffer ratio of 1:2.5 (w:v). The carotenoid recovery increased significantly to 63.4% ± 3.6% at the end of a 4-h autolysis. The studies on combined effect of waste to buffer ratio and autolysis time indicated increase in protein recovery with increase in waste to buffer ratio but not with autolysis time. DPPH scavenging activity of the carotenoprotein isolate increased with autolysis time up to 100 min, and thereafter, reduced above 160 min of autolysis time. With increase in waste to buffer ratio, the scavenging activity increased, reaching more than 12.5 mg TBHQ equivalent/mg protein at waste to buffer ratio of 1:5. The optimum autolysis condition for obtaining antioxidant activity rich carotenoprotein from shrimp heads was found to be waste to buffer (pH 8.0) ratio of 1:5 and an autolysis time of 2 h at 50°C. The isolated carotenoprotein was found to have antioxidant activity with respect to singlet oxygen quenching, reducing power and metal chelating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sowmya
- Department of Meat, Fish and Poultry Technology, Central Food Technological Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Mysore, India, 570020
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17
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Louati H, Zouari N, Miled N, Gargouri Y. A new chymotrypsin-like serine protease involved in dietary protein digestion in a primitive animal, Scorpio maurus: purification and biochemical characterization. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:121. [PMID: 21777432 PMCID: PMC3161877 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most recent works on chymotrypsins have been focused on marine animals and insects. However, no study was reported in chelicerate. Results Scorpion chymotrypsin-like protease (SCP) was purified to homogeneity from delipidated hepatopancreases. The protease NH2-terminal sequence exhibited more than 60% monoacids identity with those of insect putative peptidases. The protease displayed no sequence homology with classical proteases. From this point of view, the protease recalls the case of the scorpion lipase which displayed no sequence homology with known lipases. The scorpion amylase purified and characterized by our time, has an amino-acids sequence similar to those of mammalian amylases. The enzyme was characterized with respect its biochemical properties: it was active on a chymotrypsin substrate and had an apparent molecular mass of 25 kDa, like the classically known chymotrypsins. The dependence of the SCP activity and stability on pH and temperature was similar to that of mammalian chymotrypsin proteases. However, the SCP displayed a lower specific activity and a boarder pH activity range (from 6 to 9). Conclusion lower animal have a less evaluated digestive organ: a hepatopancreas, whereas, higher ones possess individualized pancreas and liver. A new chymotrypsin-like protease was purified for the first time from the scorpion hepatopancreas. Its biochemical characterization showed new features as compared to classical chymotrypsin-higher-animals proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanen Louati
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, ENIS, Université de Sfax, route de Soukra 3038, BP 1173 Sfax-Tunisia
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18
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Ushakova NV, Kuz’mina VV. Proteinases of potential objects of fish nutrition. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s002209301102006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Lomate PR, Sanatan PT, Kalve ND, Hivrale VK. Characterization and Applicability of Digestive Proteinases from Hepatopancreas ofBarytelphusa cunicularis. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2011.547111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Perera E, Moyano FJ, Díaz M, Perdomo-Morales R, Montero-Alejo V, Rodriguez-Viera L, Alonso E, Carrillo O, Galich GS. Changes in digestive enzymes through developmental and molt stages in the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 151:250-6. [PMID: 18692150 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Changes in major digestive enzymes through developmental and molt stages were studied for the spiny lobster Panulirus argus. There were significant positive relationships between specific activity of trypsin and amylase enzymes and lobster size, whereas esterase and lipase specific activities decreased as lobsters aged. No relationship was found between amylase/trypsin ratio and lobster size. Positive trends were found, however, for trypsin/lipase and amylase/lipase ratios. Results suggest that changes in enzyme activity respond to the lobsters' physiological needs for particular dietary components although multivariate analysis suggested that enzyme activities could be not totally independent of diet. On the other hand, the pattern of changes of major enzyme activities through molt cycle was similar for most enzymes studied. Following molt, trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, and lipase activities gradually increased to maximal levels at late intermolt (C4) and premolt (D). There were no variations in the electrophoretic pattern of digestive enzymes through developmental and molt stages and thus, it is demonstrated that regulation is exerted quantitatively rather than qualitatively. Further studies on the effect of other intrinsic and extrinsic factors on digestive enzyme activities are needed to fully understand digestive abilities and regulation mechanisms in spiny lobsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Perera
- Center for Marine Research, University of Havana, Calle 16 No. 114 e/ 1ra y 3ra, Miramar, Playa, CP 11300, Havana, Cuba.
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21
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DíAZ AC, FERNáNDEZ GIMENEZ AV, VELURTAS SM, FENUCCI JL. Ontogenetic changes in the digestive system ofPleoticus muelleri(Decapoda, Penaeoidea). INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2008.9652266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Wei Z, Yin Y, Zhang B, Wang Z, Peng G, Cao Y, Xia Y. Cloning of a novel protease required for the molting of Locusta migratoria manilensis. Dev Growth Differ 2007; 49:611-21. [PMID: 17716305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2007.00957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molting is required for progression between larval stages in the life cycle of an insect. The essence of insect molting is the laying down of new cuticle followed by shedding of the old cuticle. Degradation and recycling of old cuticle are brought about by enzymes present in the molting fluid, which fills the space between the old and new cuticle. Here, we describe the cloning of a novel protease gene from Locusta migratoria manilensis, designated as Lm-TSP. The cDNA and its deduced protein sequences were deposited in GenBank (accession numbers EF081255 and ABN13876, respectively). Sequence analysis indicated that Lm-TSP belongs to the trypsin-like serine protease family. We show, by RNA interference (RNAi), that silencing of Lm-TSP leads to dramatic reductions in protease and cuticle-degrading activity of a molting fluid, which leads to molting defects from fourth-instar larvae (L4) to fifth-instar larvae (L5), and between L5 and adult stages. These observations suggest that Lm-TSP plays a critical role in L. migratoria manilensis ecdysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Wei
- Genetic Engineering Research Center; School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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23
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Ahsan MN, Aoki H, Watabe S. Characterization of cDNA clones encoding two distinct cathepsins with restricted expression pattern in a marine pelagic fish. Mol Biol Rep 2006; 33:233-41. [PMID: 16850193 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-005-0415-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.15) from aquatic animals are quite stable and active at neutral or alkaline pH values while their mammalian equivalents work at an acidic environment of the lysosomes. To understand the molecular properties at the gene level we employed a PCR-based strategy using degenerate oligonucleotide primers to isolate cathepsin L-like genes from anchovy Engraulis japonicus. As a result, we obtained two closely related genes encoding cathepsins (aCat1 and aCat2) similar to both cathepsins L and S from other organisms. The predicted precursor protein of 324 amino acid residues for genes differed in six residues and contained conserved residues characteristic of cathepsin L-like cysteine proteases. Phylogenetic analyses failed to produce any precise relationships of aCat1 and aCat2 with other cysteine proteases. However, with a bootstrap value less than 50, these two fish cathepsins formed a separate group to that bearing cathepsins L and S of various organisms. Interestingly, unlike mammalian cathepsin L transcripts of aCat1 and aCat2 were almost exclusively detected in the stomach suggesting that the fish homologues are non-lysosomal secretory enzymes present in the extracellular acidic environment of the stomach and that marine teleosts developed digestive cysteine proteases as a result of evolutionary pressure in response to varying dietary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nazmul Ahsan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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24
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Gaxiola G, Cuzon G, García T, Taboada G, Brito R, Chimal ME, Paredes A, Soto L, Rosas C, van Wormhoudt A. Factorial effects of salinity, dietary carbohydrate and moult cycle on digestive carbohydrases and hexokinases in Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005; 140:29-39. [PMID: 15664310 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2003] [Revised: 10/24/2004] [Accepted: 10/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Litopenaeus vannamei were reared in close cycle over seven generations and tested for their capacity to digest starch and to metabolise glucose at different stages of the moulting cycle. After acclimation with 42.3% of carbohydrates (HCBH) or 2.3% carbohydrates (LCBH) diets and at high salinity (40 g kg(-1)) or low salinity (15 g kg(-1)), shrimp were sampled and hepatopancreas (HP) were stored. Total soluble protein in HP was affected by the interaction between salinity and moult stages (p<0.05). Specific activity of alpha-amylase ranged from 44 to 241 U mg protein(-1) and a significant interaction between salinity and moult stages was observed (p<0.05), resulting in highest values at stage C for low salinity (mean value 196.4 U mg protein(-1)), and at D0 in high salinity (mean value 175.7 U mg protein(-1)). Specific activity of alpha-glucosidase ranged between 0.09 and 0.63 U mg protein(-1), an interaction between dietary CBH and salinity was observed for the alpha-glucosidase (p<0.05) and highest mean value was found in low salinity-LCBH diet treatment (0.329 U mg protein(-1)). Hexokinase specific activity (range 9-113 mU mg protein(-1)) showed no significant differences when measured at 5 mM glucose (p>0.05). Total hexokinase specific activity (range 17-215 mU mg protein(-1)) showed a significant interaction between dietary CBH and salinity (p<0.05) with highest value (mean value 78.5 mU mg protein(-1)) found in HCBH-high salinity treatment, whereas in the other treatments the activity was not significantly different (mean value 35.93 mU mg protein(-1)). A synergistic effect of dietary CBH, salinity and moult stages over hexokinase IV-like specific activity was also observed (p<0.05). As result of this interaction, the highest value (135.5+/-81 mU mg protein(-1)) was observed in HCBH, high salinity at D0 moult stage. Digestive enzymes activity is enhanced in the presence of high starch diet (HCBH) and hexokinase can be induced at certain moulting stages under the influence of blood glucose level. Perspectives are opened to add more carbohydrates in a growing diet, exemplifying the potential approach for less-polluting feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gaxiola
- Unidad de Docencia e Investigación de Sisal, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, Puerto de Abrigo, Sisal, Yucatán, cp 97000, México.
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25
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Rohrlack T, Christoffersen K, Kaebernick M, Neilan BA. Cyanobacterial protease inhibitor microviridin J causes a lethal molting disruption in Daphnia pulicaria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:5047-50. [PMID: 15294849 PMCID: PMC492328 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.8.5047-5050.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory experiments identified microviridin J as the source of a fatal molting disruption in Daphnia species organisms feeding on Microcystis cells. The molting disruption was presumably linked to the inhibitory effect of microviridin J on daphnid proteases, suggesting that hundreds of further cyanobacterial protease inhibitors must be considered potentially toxic to zooplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rohrlack
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød, Denmark.
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26
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Saborowski R, Sahling G, Navarette del Toro M, Walter I, Garcı́a-Carreño F. Stability and effects of organic solvents on endopeptidases from the gastric fluid of the marine crab Cancer pagurus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2004.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Rohrlack T, Christoffersen K, Hansen PE, Zhang W, Czarnecki O, Henning M, Fastner J, Erhard M, Neilan BA, Kaebernick M. Isolation, characterization, and quantitative analysis of Microviridin J, a new Microcystis metabolite toxic to Daphnia. J Chem Ecol 2003; 29:1757-70. [PMID: 12956505 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024889925732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the purification and characterization of microviridin J. a newly discovered metabolite of Microcystis that causes a lethal molting disruption in Daphnia spp., upon ingestion of living cyanobacterial cells. Microviridin J consists of an acetylated chain of 13 amino acids arranged in three rings and two side chains. Unlike other known isoforms of microviridin, microviridin J contains arginine that imparts a unique solution conformation characterized by proximal hydrophobic interactions between Arg and other regions of the molecule. This eventually results in the formation and stabilization of an additional ring system. Microviridin J potently inhibits porcine trypsin, bovine chymotrypsin, and daphnid trypsin-like proteases. The activity against trypsin is most likely due to Arg and its distinctive conformational interactions. Overall, the data presented for microviridin J emphasize once again the ability of cyanobacteria to produce numerous and potent environmental toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rohrlack
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Helsingørsgade 51, 3400 Hillerød, Denmark.
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28
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Fernández Gimenez AV, García-Carreño FL, Navarrete del Toro MA, Fenucci JL. Digestive proteinases of Artemesia longinaris (Decapoda, Penaeidae) and relationship with molting. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 132:593-8. [PMID: 12091105 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Digestive proteinase activities of Artemesia longinaris were assayed at different stages of the molting cycle. Total proteolytic activity in the hepatopancreas was highest during postmolt. Trypsin and chymotrypsin activities were highest during intermolt. Specific inhibitors and zymograms of A. longinaris hepatopancreas extracts showed four trypsins (14.79, 15.49, 16.60, 17.38 kDa, respectively) and three chymotrypsins (21.38, 22.91, 27.54 kDa, respectively). Our results suggest that proteolytic activity in the hepatopancreas of A. longinaris is influenced by the molting cycle. Types and activity of prawn digestive enzymes constitute background information to further study the digestive abilities of these organisms and will lead to understanding their nutritional needs and feeding ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Fernández Gimenez
- Departamento Ciencias Marinas, Facultad Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, B7602AYL, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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