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Li F, Lin Y, Yang C, Yan Y, Hao R, Mkuye R, Deng Y. Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticle exposure on the gut microbiota of pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata martensii). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 280:109906. [PMID: 38522712 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
With the advancement of nanotechnology and the growing utilization of nanomaterials, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been released into aquatic environments, posing potential ecotoxicological risks to aquatic organisms. In this study, the toxicological effects of TiO2 nanoparticles were investigated on the intestinal health of pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata martensii). The pearl oysters were subjected to a 14-day exposure to 5-mg/L TiO2 nanoparticle, followed by a 7-day recovery period. Subsequently, the intestinal tissues were analyzed using 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing. The results from LEfSe analysis revealed that TiO2 nanoparticle increased the susceptibility of pearl oysters to potential pathogenic bacteria infections. Additionally, the TiO2 nanoparticles led to alterations in the abundance of microbial communities in the gut of pearl oysters. Notable changes included a decrease in the relative abundance of Phaeobacter and Nautella, and an increase in the Actinobacteria, which could potentially impact the immune function of pearl oysters. The abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, as well as the expression of genes related to energy metabolism (AMPK, PK, SCS-1, SCS-2, SCS-3), were down-regulated, suggesting that TiO2 nanoparticles exposure may affect the digestive and energy metabolic functions of pearl oysters. Furthermore, the short-term recovery of seven days did not fully restore these levels to normal. These findings provide crucial insights and serve as an important reference for understanding the toxic effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengfeng Li
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yujing Lin
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Chuangye Yang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Yilong Yan
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ruijuan Hao
- Development and Research Center for Biological Marine Resources, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Robert Mkuye
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yuewen Deng
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Pearl Research Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
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2
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Li F, Xie Y, Yang C, Ye Q, Wang F, Liao Y, Mkuye R, Deng Y. The physiological responses to titanium dioxide nanoparticles exposure in pearl oysters (Pinctada fucata martensii). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 195:106345. [PMID: 38224626 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
To evaluate the physiological responses to titanium dioxide nanoparticles exposure in pearl oysters (Pinctada fucata martensii), pearl oysters were exposed for 14 days to different levels (0.05, 0.5, and 5 mg/L) of nano-TiO2 suspensions, while a control group did not undergo any nano-TiO2 treatment. And then recovery experiments were performed for 7 days without nano-TiO2 exposure. At days 1, 3, 7, 14, 17, and 21, hepatopancreatic tissue samples were collected and used to examine the activities of protease, amylase, lipase, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lysozyme (LYS), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and acid phosphatase (ACP). The microstructure of the nacreous layer in shell was also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that pearl oysters exposed to 5 mg/L of TiO2 nanoparticles had significantly lower protease, amylase, and lipase activities and significantly higher CAT, SOD, GPx, LYS, ACP, and AKP activities than control pearl oysters did even after 7-day recovery (P-values <0.05). Pearl oysters exposed to 0.5 mg/L or 0.05 mg/L of TiO2 nanoparticles had lower protease, amylase, and lipase activities and higher CAT, SOD, GPx, LYS, ACP, and AKP activities than control pearl oysters did during the exposure period. After 7-day recovery, no significant differences in protease, lipase, SOD, GPx, CAT, ACP, AKP, or LYS activities were observed between pearl oysters exposed to 0.05 mg/L of TiO2 nanoparticles and control pearl oysters (P-values >0.05). In the period from day 7 to day 14, indistinct and irregular nacreous layer crystal structure in shell was observed. This study demonstrates that TiO2 nanoparticles exposure influences the levels of digestion, immune function, oxidative stress, and biomineralization in pearl oysters, which can be partially and weakly alleviated by short-term recovery. These findings contribute to understanding the mechanisms of action of TiO2 nanoparticles in bivalves. However, studies should evaluate whether a longer recovery period can restore to their normal levels in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengfeng Li
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yufen Xie
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Chuangye Yang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Qingxia Ye
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Feiyu Wang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yongshan Liao
- Pearl Research Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Robert Mkuye
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yuewen Deng
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Marine Ecology Early Warning and Monitoring Laboratory, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
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3
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Vanderkelen L, Van Herreweghe JM, Michiels CW. Lysozyme Inhibitors as Tools for Lysozyme Profiling: Identification and Antibacterial Function of Lysozymes in the Hemolymph of the Blue Mussel. Molecules 2023; 28:7071. [PMID: 37894549 PMCID: PMC10609593 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysozymes are universal components of the innate immune system of animals that kill bacteria by hydrolyzing their main cell wall polymer, peptidoglycan. Three main families of lysozyme have been identified, designated as chicken (c)-, goose (g)- and invertebrate (i)-type. In response, bacteria have evolved specific protein inhibitors against each of the three lysozyme families. In this study, we developed a serial array of three affinity matrices functionalized with a c-, g-, and i-type inhibitors for lysozyme typing, i.e., to detect and differentiate lysozymes in fluids or extracts from animals. The tool was validated on the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), whose genome carries multiple putative i-, g-, and c-type lysozyme genes. Hemolymph plasma of the animals was found to contain both i- and g-type, but not c-type lysozyme. Furthermore, hemolymph survival of Aeromonas hydrophila and E. coli strains lacking or overproducing the i- type or g-type lysozyme inhibitor, respectively, was analyzed to study the role of the two lysozymes in innate immunity. The results demonstrated an active role for the g-type lysozyme in the innate immunity of the blue mussel, but failed to show a contribution by the i-type lysozyme. Lysozyme profiling using inhibitor-based affinity chromatography will be a useful novel tool for studying animal innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chris W. Michiels
- Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Lab Food Microbiology, Department Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (L.V.); (J.M.V.H.)
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4
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Yin Z, Nie H, Jiang K, Yan X. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Vibrio Tolerance in Ruditapes philippinarum Revealed by Comparative Transcriptome Profiling. Front Immunol 2022; 13:879337. [PMID: 35615362 PMCID: PMC9125321 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.879337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The clam Ruditapes philippinarum is an important species in the marine aquaculture industry in China. However, in recent years, the aquaculture of R. philippinarum has been negatively impacted by various bacterial pathogens. In this study, the transcriptome libraries of R. philippinarum showing different levels of resistance to challenge with Vibrio anguillarum were constructed and RNA-seq was performed using the Illumina sequencing platform. Host immune factors were identified that responded to V. anguillarum infection, including C-type lectin domain, glutathione S-transferase 9, lysozyme, methyltransferase FkbM domain, heat shock 70 kDa protein, Ras-like GTP-binding protein RHO, C1q, F-box and BTB/POZ domain protein zf-C2H2. Ten genes were selected and verified by RT-qPCR, and nine of the gene expression results were consistent with those of RNA-seq. The lectin gene in the phagosome pathway was expressed at a significantly higher level after V. anguillarum infection, which might indicate the role of lectin in the immune response to V. anguillarum. Comparing the results from R. philippinarum resistant and nonresistant to V. anguillarum increases our understanding of the resistant genes and key pathways related to Vibrio challenge in this species. The results obtained here provide a reference for future immunological research focusing on the response of R. philippinarum to V. anguillarum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Yin
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Hongtao Nie
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Kunyin Jiang
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiwu Yan
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
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Song Q, Xiao Y, Xiao Z, Liu T, Li J, Li P, Han F. Lysozymes in Fish. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:15039-15051. [PMID: 34890178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the deterioration of the aquaculture ecological environment has led to a high incidence of fish diseases. Lysozymes, important antimicrobial enzymes, play an important role in the innate immune system of fish. The studies of fish lysozymes benefit the control of fish infections caused by pathogens. In this review, we reviewed recent progress in fish lysozymes, including their classification, structural characteristics, biological functions and mechanisms, tissue distributions, and properties of their recombinant proteins, which will help us to systematically understand the fish lysozymes and facilitate their applications in the fields of food and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Song
- Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihan Xiao
- Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Liu
- Sichuan Tengli Agri-Tech Company, Limited, Deyang, Sichuan 618200, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiacheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Li
- Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Han
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
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Stabili L, Rizzo L, Caprioli R, Leone A, Piraino S. Jellyfish Bioprospecting in the Mediterranean Sea: Antioxidant and Lysozyme-Like Activities from Aurelia coerulea (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) Extracts. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19110619. [PMID: 34822490 PMCID: PMC8625557 DOI: 10.3390/md19110619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine invertebrates represent a vast, untapped source of bioactive compounds. Cnidarians are represented by nearly 10,000 species that contain a complex mixture of venoms, collagen, and other bioactive compounds, including enzymes, oligosaccharides, fatty acids, and lipophilic molecules. Due to their high abundance in coastal waters, several jellyfish taxa may be regarded as candidate targets for the discovery of novel lead molecules and biomaterials and as a potential source of food/feed ingredients. The moon jellyfish Aurelia coerulea is one of the most common jellyfish worldwide and is particularly abundant in sheltered coastal lagoons and marinas of the Mediterranean Sea, where it first appeared—as an alien species—in the last century, when Pacific oyster cultivation began. In the present study, the antioxidant and lysozyme antibacterial activities associated with extracts from different medusa compartments—namely the umbrella, oral arms, and secreted mucus—were investigated. Extracts from the oral arms of A. coerulea displayed significant antioxidant activity. Similarly, lysozyme-like activity was the highest in extracts from oral arms. These findings suggest that A. coerulea outbreaks may be used in the search for novel cytolytic and cytotoxic products against marine bacteria. The geographically wide occurrence and the seasonally high abundance of A. coerulea populations in coastal waters envisage and stimulate the search for biotechnological applications of jellyfish biomasses in the pharmaceutical, nutritional, and nutraceutical sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Stabili
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (R.C.); (S.P.)
- Institute of Water Research, National Research Council, S.S. di Taranto, Via Roma 3, 74123 Taranto, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (L.R.)
| | - Lucia Rizzo
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (L.R.)
| | - Rosa Caprioli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (R.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Antonella Leone
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 72100 Lecce, Italy;
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Piraino
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (R.C.); (S.P.)
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Roma, Italy
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7
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Abdel-Latif HMR, Dawood MAO, Menanteau-Ledouble S, El-Matbouli M. Environmental transformation of n-TiO 2 in the aquatic systems and their ecotoxicity in bivalve mollusks: A systematic review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 200:110776. [PMID: 32474243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (n-TiO2) have been extensively used in several industrial applications and the manufacture of novel consumer products. Although strict regulations have been put in place to limit their release into the aquatic environment, these nanoparticles can still be found at elevated levels within the environment, which can result in toxic effects on exposed organisms and has possible implications in term of public health. Bivalve mollusks are a unique and ideal group of shellfish for the study and monitoring the aquatic pollution by n-TiO2 because of their filter-feeding behaviour and ability to accumulate toxicants in their tissues. In these animals, exposure to n-TiO2 leads to oxidative stress, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and genotoxicity, as well as behavioral and physiological changes. This review summarizes the uptake, accumulation, and fate of n-TiO2 in aquatic environments and the possible interactions between n-TiO2 and other contaminants such as heavy metals and organic pollutants. Moreover, the toxicological impacts and mechanisms of action are discussed for a wide range of bivalve mollusks. This data underlines the pressing need for additional knowledge and future research plans for the development of control strategies to mitigate the release of n-TiO2 to the aquatic environment to prevent the toxicological impacts on bivalves and protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M R Abdel-Latif
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Behera province, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt; School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53204, USA.
| | | | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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8
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Naik A, Hayes M. Bioprocessing of mussel by-products for value added ingredients. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Peng M, Li Z, Liu X, Niu D, Lan T, Ye B, Dong Z, Li J. Tolerance, Growth, and Physiological Responses of the Juvenile Razor Clam ( Sinonovacula constricta) to Environmental Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ Concentrations. Front Physiol 2019; 10:911. [PMID: 31379611 PMCID: PMC6656966 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To facilitate transplanting razor clam (Sinonovacula constricta) populations to inland saline-alkaline waters (ISWs), we evaluated the tolerance of juvenile S. constricta (JSC) to Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations, and determined the effects of these ions on JSC growth and physiological parameters. After 30 days stress, the tolerable ranges of JSC to Ca2+ and Mg2+ were determined to be 0.19 mmol⋅L-1-19.46 mmol⋅L-1 and 0 mmol⋅L-1-29.54 mmol⋅L-1, respectively. The concentrations of Ca2+ (less than 0.65 mmol⋅L-1 or more than 3.24 mmol⋅L-1) and Mg2+ (less than 0.37 mmol⋅L-1 or more than 14.17 mmol⋅L-1) significantly inhibit JSC growth. Physiological enzyme activity no significant response when the concentrations range of Ca2+ and Mg2+ are 0.93 mmol⋅L-1-6.49 mmol⋅L-1 and 0.37 mmol⋅L-1-14.77 mmol⋅L-1, respectively. For transplantation practice, these data indicate that only high concentrations of Ca2+ (3.24-6.825 mmol⋅L-1) and Mg2+ (14.77-33.69 mmol⋅L-1) in target inland saline-alkaline water had significantly impact on growth and physiological response. In addition, present study suggests that the increase in Ca2+ and Mg2+ ion concentrations caused by ocean acidification will not affect the survival, growth and physiology of S. constricta. Current research suggests that S. constricta can adapt to extreme changes in the marine environment (Ca2+ and Mg2+) and may be an excellent candidate for inland saline-alkaline water transplantation practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoxiao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Donghong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Tianyi Lan
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Ye
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiguo Dong
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai, China
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10
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Wei Q, Mu C, Wang C, Zhao J. Molecular characterization, expression, and antibacterial activity of a c-type lysozyme isolated from the manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:502-508. [PMID: 30031064 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lysozyme is an antibacterial enzyme that is widely distributed in nature and plays an important role in the prevention of bacterial infections. In this study, a c-type lysozyme (designated as "RpCLYZ") was cloned and characterized from the manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. The full-length cDNA was 619 bp with an open reading frame (ORF) of 447 bp, and encoded a polypeptide of 148 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 17.0 kDa and an isoelectric point of 4.83. RpCLYZ was found to share high sequence similarity with c-type lysozymes from other invertebrates. The mRNA transcript of RpCLYZ was universally expressed in a wide range of tissues, especially in gills and mantle. Challenge with Vibrio anguillarum, significantly induced mRNA expression of RpCLYZ, which reached a maximum level 48 h after bacterial challenge. Recombinant RpCLYZ (rRpCLYZ) exhibited antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, the optimal pH and temperature for rRpCLYZ activity were determined to be 4.5 and 20 °C, respectively. These results suggest that RpCLYZ participates in innate immune responses against bacterial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Changkao Mu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China.
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11
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Chen F, Wei Z, Zhao X, Shao Y, Zhang W. Molecular characteristics, expression, and antimicrobial activities of i-type lysozyme from the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 79:321-326. [PMID: 29807121 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Lysozyme is a key component of the innate immune system, which plays a pivotal role in early defense against pathogen infection. In this study, an i-type lysozyme homology was identified from the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta (designated as ScLYZ) through RACE approaches. The full-length cDNA of ScLYZ was 768 bp and encoded a polypeptide of 140 amino acid residues. SMART analysis revealed that ScLYZ processed a signal peptide (1-18 aa) and a destabilase domain from 25 to 133 aa. Two catalytic residues (Glu36 and Asp47) and two specific motifs ["CL(E/L/R/H)C(I/M)C" and "MDVGSLSCG(P/Y) (F/Y)QIK"] of the i-type lysozyme were highly conserved in the ScLYZ sequence. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis indicated that ScLYZ could be a new member of the i-type lysozyme subfamily. Tissue distribution analysis revealed that ScLYZ was constitutively expressed in all examined tissues, and the highest expression was found in the hepatopancreas. After the razor clams were challenged by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the mRNA levels of ScLYZ increased in the gill and hepatopancreas. Moreover, the recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the refolded ScLYZ showed highly antimicrobial activities against V. parahaemolyticus and Vibrio splendidus. The minimal inhibitory concentration toward V. parahaemolyticus was 8.2 μmol/mL. All our results supported that ScLYZ was involved in the innate immune defense of razor clam by inhibiting the growth of invasive pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Zhixin Wei
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Xuelin Zhao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Yina Shao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China.
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
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12
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Wu F, Cui S, Sun M, Xie Z, Huang W, Huang X, Liu L, Hu M, Lu W, Wang Y. Combined effects of ZnO NPs and seawater acidification on the haemocyte parameters of thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:820-830. [PMID: 29274606 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry was used to investigate the immune parameters of haemocytes in thick-shell mussel Mytilus coruscus exposed to different concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) (0, 2.5, and 10mgl-1) at two pH levels (7.3 and 8.1) for 14days following a recovery period of 7days. ZnO NPs significantly affected all of the immune parameters throughout the experiment. At high ZnO NPs concentrations, total haemocyte counting, phagocytosis, esterase, and lysosomal content were significantly decreased whereas haemocyte mortality and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were increased. Although low pH also significantly influenced all of the immune parameters of the mussels, its effect was not as strong as that of ZnO NPs. Interactive effects were observed between pH and ZnO NPs in most haemocyte parameters during the exposure period. Although a slight recovery from the stress of ZnO NPs and pH was observed for all immune parameters, significant carry-over effects of low pH and ZnO NPs were still detected. This study revealed that high concentration of ZnO NPs and low pH exert negative and synergistic effects on mussels, and these effects remain even after the mussels are no longer exposed to such stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Wu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuaikang Cui
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Sun
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Xie
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xizhi Huang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Liu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Menghong Hu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqun Lu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youji Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
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13
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Wu F, Xie Z, Lan Y, Dupont S, Sun M, Cui S, Huang X, Huang W, Liu L, Hu M, Lu W, Wang Y. Short-Term Exposure of Mytilus coruscus to Decreased pH and Salinity Change Impacts Immune Parameters of Their Haemocytes. Front Physiol 2018; 9:166. [PMID: 29559924 PMCID: PMC5845731 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the release of large amounts of CO2, ocean acidification is intensifying and affecting aquatic organisms. In addition, salinity also plays an important role for marine organisms and fluctuates greatly in estuarine and coastal ecosystem, where ocean acidification frequently occurs. In present study, flow cytometry was used to investigate immune parameters of haemocytes in the thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus exposed to different salinities (15, 25, and 35‰) and two pH levels (7.3 and 8.1). A 7-day in vivo and a 5-h in vitro experiments were performed. In both experiments, low pH had significant effects on all tested immune parameters. When exposed to decreased pH, total haemocyte count (THC), phagocytosis (Pha), esterase (Est), and lysosomal content (Lyso) were significantly decreased, whereas haemocyte mortality (HM) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were increased. High salinity had no significant effects on the immune parameters of haemocytes as compared with low salinity. However, an interaction between pH and salinity was observed in both experiments for most tested haemocyte parameters. This study showed that high salinity, low salinity and low pH have negative and interactive effects on haemocytes of mussels. As a consequence, it can be expected that the combined effect of low pH and changed salinity will have more severe effects on mussel health than predicted by single exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Wu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Xie
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yawen Lan
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sam Dupont
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Infrastructure-Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Meng Sun
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuaikang Cui
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xizhi Huang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liping Liu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Menghong Hu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqun Lu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youji Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Infrastructure-Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden.,State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Zhou J, Zhao S, Fang WH, Zhou JF, Zhang JX, Ma H, Lan JF, Li XC. Newly identified invertebrate-type lysozyme (Splys-i) in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) exhibiting muramidase-deficient antimicrobial activity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 74:154-166. [PMID: 28438599 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes are widely distributed immune effectors exerting muramidase activity against the peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall to trigger cell lysis. However, some invertebrate-type (i-type) lysozymes deficient of muramidase activity still exhibit antimicrobial activity. To date, the mechanism underlying the antimicrobial effect of muramidase-deficient i-type lysozymes remains unclear. Accordingly, this study characterized a novel i-type lysozyme, Splys-i, in the mud crab Scylla paramamosain. Splys-i shared the highest identity with the Litopenaeus vannamei i-type lysozyme (Lvlys-i2, 54% identity) at the amino acid level. Alignment analysis and 3D structure comparison show that Splys-i may be a muramidase-deficient i-type lysozyme because it lacks the two conserved catalytic residues (Glu and Asp) that are necessary for muramidase activity. Splys-i is mainly distributed in the intestine, stomach, gills, hepatopancreas, and hemocytes, and it is upregulated by Vibrio harveyi or Staphylococcus aureus challenge. Recombinant Splys-i protein (rSplys-i) can inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacteria (V. harveyi, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahemolyticus, and Escherichia coli), Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus megaterium), and the fungus Candida albicans to varying degrees. In this study, two binding assays and a bacterial agglutination assay were conducted to elucidate the potential antimicrobial mechanisms of Splys-i. Results demonstrated that rSplys-i could bind to all nine aforementioned microorganisms. It also exhibited a strong binding activity to lipopolysaccharide from E. coli and lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan (PGN) from S. aureus but a weak binding activity to PGN from B. subtilis and β-glucan from fungi. Moreover, rSplys-i could agglutinate these nine types of microorganisms in the presence of Ca2+ at different protein concentrations. These results suggest that the binding activity and its triggered agglutinating activity might be two major mechanisms of action to realize the muramidase-deficient antibacterial activity. In addition, rSplys-i can hydrolyze the peptidoglycan of some Gram-positive bacteria because it exhibits weak isopeptidase activities in salt and protein concentration-dependent manner. This result indicates that such an isopeptidase activity may contribute to the muramidase-deficient antimicrobial activity to a certain degree. In conclusion, Splys-i is upregulated by pathogenic bacteria, and it inhibits bacterial growth by binding and agglutination activities as well as isopeptidase activity, suggesting that Splys-i is involved in immune defense against bacteria through several different mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China; School of Aquaculture and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shu Zhao
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Wen-Hong Fang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Jun-Fang Zhou
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Jing-Xiao Zhang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063 China
| | - Jiang-Feng Lan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Xin-Cang Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, China.
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15
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Huang X, Lin D, Ning K, Sui Y, Hu M, Lu W, Wang Y. Hemocyte responses of the thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus exposed to nano-TiO 2 and seawater acidification. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 180:1-10. [PMID: 27642706 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
With increasing production from nanotechnology industries, nanomaterials are inevitably released into the aquatic environment, thereby posing a potential risk to aquatic organisms. Thus, concerns have been raised on the potential ecotoxicological effect of nanoparticle. Furthermore, the ecotoxicological consequences caused by the interaction of nanoparticles with other environmental stresses, such as seawater acidification on marine animals, have not been evaluated. In particular, whether acidification enhances the susceptibility to nanoparticles in bivalves needs to be evaluated. In the present study, we investigated the combined effects of low pH and nanoscale titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) on some immune parameters of hemocytes in the mussel Mytilus coruscus by flow cytometry under six combinations of two pH values (7.3 and 8.1) and three nano-TiO2 concentrations (0, 2.5, and 10mgL-1) for 14 d. Afterward, the mussels were shifted to normal conditions without nano-TiO2 at pH 8.1 for 7 d further to test their recovery from the multiple stresses. Total hemocyte count (THC), phagocytosis (Pha), esterase (Est), and lysosomal content (Lyso) decreased under low pH and high nano-TiO2 concentration conditions, whereas hemocyte mortality (HM) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased with nano-TiO2 concentrations under low pH conditions. The interactive effects between pH and nano-TiO2 were observed at the latter part of the exposure experiment (7 and 14 d) in most hemocyte parameters. Nano-TiO2 influenced the immune functions of mussel more severely than low pH. Slight recovery from the combined stresses was observed for HM, THC, Pha, and Lyso, but significant carry-over effects of nano-TiO2 and low pH were still observed. This study demonstrated that both low pH and high concentration of nano-TiO2 had negative effects on mussels, and these effects still acted for some time even though the mussels were already out of such stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhi Huang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Daohui Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Ke Ning
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yanming Sui
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Menghong Hu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Weiqun Lu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Youji Wang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, China.
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16
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Wu F, Lu W, Shang Y, Kong H, Li L, Sui Y, Hu M, Wang Y. Combined effects of seawater acidification and high temperature on hemocyte parameters in the thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 56:554-562. [PMID: 27521590 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, flow cytometry was used to examine the immune responses of hemocytes in the thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus exposed to six combinations of pH (7.3, 7.7, and 8.1) and temperature (25 °C and 30 °C) for 14 days. Temperature showed significant effects on all immune parameters throughout the experiment. Generally, the total hemocyte count (THC), phagocytosis (Pha), esterase (Est), and lysosomal content (Lyso) significantly decreased at high temperature. By contrast, the hemocyte mortality (Hm) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels increased at high temperature. Moreover, pH significantly influenced all the immune parameters, but its effects are not as strong as those of temperature; only Hm, Est, and THC were negatively affected by pH throughout the experiment. After 7 days, low pH resulted in decreased Lyso and increased Hm and ROS levels. Significant interactions between temperature and pH in most measured parameters from 7 days suggested that long-term combined stress, i.e., low pH and high temperature, would cause more severe effects on mussel health than an individual stressor in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Wu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Weiqun Lu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yueyong Shang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Hui Kong
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Lisha Li
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yanming Sui
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, 20090, China
| | - Menghong Hu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar- and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
| | - Youji Wang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar- and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany.
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17
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Sui Y, Kong H, Shang Y, Huang X, Wu F, Hu M, Lin D, Lu W, Wang Y. Effects of short-term hypoxia and seawater acidification on hemocyte responses of the mussel Mytilus coruscus. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 108:46-52. [PMID: 27207025 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia often intensifies with rising dissolved CO2, but the concurrent effects of hypoxia and acidification on bivalves are largely unknown. In this study, immune responses of hemocytes in the mussel Mytilus coruscus were examined under six combinations of pH (7.3, 7.7 and 8.1) and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations (2mgL(-1), 6mgL(-1)) for 72h. Generally, total hemocyte account, phagocytosis, esterase and lysosomal content were reduced under low DO and pH conditions, whereas hemocyte mortality and reactive oxygen species production increased under low DO and pH. Both hypoxia and low pH have negative effects on mussels, but the effects of pH are not as strong as DO. Moreover, significant interactions between DO and pH occurred. However, acidification generally doesn't aggravate the effects induced by hypoxia. Acidification and hypoxia may increase disease risk and impact the aquaculture of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Sui
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Hui Kong
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yueyong Shang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xizhi Huang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - FangLi Wu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Menghong Hu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar- and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Daohui Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weiqun Lu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Youji Wang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar- and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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18
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Beckert A, Wiesner J, Schmidtberg H, Lehmann R, Baumann A, Vogel H, Vilcinskas A. Expression and characterization of a recombinant i-type lysozyme from the harlequin ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 25:202-15. [PMID: 26778648 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes are enzymes that destroy bacterial cell walls by hydrolysing the polysaccharide component of peptidoglycan. In insects, there are two classes of lysozymes, the c-type with muramidase activity and the i-type whose prototypical members from annelids and molluscs possess both muramidase and isopeptidase activities. Many insect genes encoding c-type and i-type lysozymes have been identified during genome and transcriptome analyses, but only c-type lysozymes have been functionally characterized at the protein level. Here we produced one of five i-type lysozymes represented in the immunity-related transcriptome of the invasive harlequin ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis as recombinant protein. This was the only one containing the serine and histidine residues that are thought to be required for isopeptidase activity. This i-type lysozyme was recombinantly expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris, but the purified protein was inactive in both muramidase and isopeptidase assays. Transcription and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that this i-type lysozyme is produced in the fat body but is not inducible by immune challenge. These data suggest that i-type lysozymes in insects may have acquired novel and as yet undetermined functions in the course of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beckert
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Gießen, Germany
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - J Wiesner
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Gießen, Germany
| | - H Schmidtberg
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Gießen, Germany
| | - R Lehmann
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Gießen, Germany
| | - A Baumann
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Gießen, Germany
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - H Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - A Vilcinskas
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Gießen, Germany
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Liu HT, Wang J, Mao Y, Liu M, Niu SF, Qiao Y, Su YQ, Wang CZ, Zheng ZP. Identification and expression analysis of a new invertebrate lysozyme in Kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 49:336-343. [PMID: 26723264 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysozyme is an important component of the innate immunity system against invading pathogens. An invertebrate (i-type) lysozyme from the hepatopancreas of Kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus (Mj-ilys) was identified. The full-length cDNA of Mj-ilys was 580bp with a 429 bp open reading frame encoding a 142 amino acid polypeptide. The encoded polypeptide was predicted to have a 17 amino acid signal peptide, and a 125 amino acid mature protein with a theoretical mass of 14.099 kDa and an isoelectric point (pI) of 4.18. A Destabilase conserved domain was predicted in Mj-ilys amino acid sequences which may be stable by 10 cysteine residues forming 5 disulfide bonds. Mj-ilys may loss the muramidase and isopeptidase activities due to the lack of the key catalytic residues. Mj-ilys had high homologous of 80-82% with i-type lysozymes of penaeid shrimps. It was first grouped with other i-type lysozyme of shrimps and crabs in a phylogenetic tree predicted by the Neighbor-Joining method. Mj-ilys mRNA was expressed mainly in hepatopancreas and almost undetectable in other tissues. The mRNA expression of Mj-ilys were all found from fertilized eggs to post-larvae of 17 days (PL17), and its expression exhibited significant differences among each developmental stage. After white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge (3.6 × 10(8) virions/μl), the time-dependent expression pattern of Mj-ilys in hepatopancreas and gills showed significantly different. These results indicated that Mj-ilys is potentially involved in the ontogenesis and immune defense in Kuruma shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Su-Fang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Ying Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yong-Quan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
| | | | - Zhi-Peng Zheng
- Putian Tian-ran-xing Agricultural Development Co. Ltd., Putian, Fujian 351100, China
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Dai W, Wu D, Zhang M, Wen C, Xie Y, Hu B, Jian S, Zeng M, Tao Z. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a novel i-type lysozyme in the freshwater musselCristaria plicata. Microbiol Immunol 2015; 59:744-55. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Dai
- School of Life Sciences; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031
| | - Dan Wu
- School of Life Sciences; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031
| | - Ming Zhang
- College of Jiangxi Biotech Vocational; Nanchang 330200 China
| | - Chungen Wen
- School of Life Sciences; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031
| | - Yanhai Xie
- School of Life Sciences; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031
| | - Baoqing Hu
- School of Life Sciences; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031
| | - Shaoqing Jian
- School of Life Sciences; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031
| | - Mingyu Zeng
- School of Life Sciences; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031
| | - Zhiying Tao
- School of Life Sciences; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031
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Pales Espinosa E, Koller A, Allam B. Proteomic characterization of mucosal secretions in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. J Proteomics 2015; 132:63-76. [PMID: 26612663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The soft body surface of marine invertebrates is covered by a layer of mucus, a slippery gel secreted by mucocytes lining epithelia. The functions of this gel are diverse including locomotion, cleansing, food particles processing and defense against physicochemical injuries and infectious agents. In oysters, mucus covering pallial organs has been demonstrated to have a major importance in the processing of food particles and in the interactions with waterborne pathogens. Given the limited information available on mucus in bivalves and the apparent wide spectra of activity of bioactive molecules present in this matrix, the characterization of these mucosal secretions has become a research priority. In this study, mucus was separately collected from the mantle, gills and labial palps of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) and analyzed by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed the presence of a wide variety of molecules involved in host-microbe interactions, including putative adhesion molecules (e.g. c-type lectins) confirming that transcripts previously identified in epithelial cells are translated into proteins secreted in mucus. Mucus composition was different among samples collected from different organs. These results generate a reference map for C. virginica pallial mucus to better characterize the various physiological functions of mucosal secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Pales Espinosa
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, United States.
| | - Antonius Koller
- Proteomics Center, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8691, United States
| | - Bassem Allam
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, United States
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22
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Bianchi VA, Castro JM, Rocchetta I, Nahabedian DE, Conforti V, Luquet CM. Long-term feeding with Euglena gracilis cells modulates immune responses, oxidative balance and metabolic condition in Diplodon chilensis (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Hyriidae) exposed to living Escherichia coli. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 42:367-378. [PMID: 25463294 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the modulating effect of long-term feeding with lyophilized Euglena gracilis cells on immune response, oxidative balance and metabolic condition of the freshwater mussel Diplodon chilensis. Mussels, previously fed with Scenedesmus vacuolatus (SV) or E. gracilis (EG) for 90 days, were challenged with an environmentally relevant concentration of Escherichia coli in water for 5 days, under feeding or starvation conditions. EG diet increased overall phagocytic activity and tissue hemocyte accumulation (gill and mantle), and favored hemocyte viability upon E. coli challenge. Tissular hemocyte accumulation, and humoral bacteriolytic activity and protein content were similarly stimulated by EG and E. coli, with no further effect when both stimuli were combined. Both, E. coli challenge and EG diet reduced gill bacteriolytic activity with respect to nonchallenged SV mussels, while no effect was observed in challenged EG mussels. Gill and digestive gland protein contents, along with digestive gland bacteriolytic activity were higher in EG than in SV mussels. Both SV and EG mussels showed increased gill mass upon E. coli challenge, while digestive gland mass was increased by bacterial challenge only in SV mussels. Bacterial challenge produced no effect on humoral reactive oxygen species levels of both groups. Total oxyradical scavenging capacity levels was reduced in challenged SV mussels but remained unaffected in EG ones. In general, EG diet decreased glutathione S-transferase and catalase activities in gill and digestive gland, compared with SV diet; but increased enzyme activity was evident in challenged mussels of both groups. Gill and digestive gland lipid peroxidation levels were higher in EG than in SV mussels but E. coli challenge had stronger effect on SV mussels. Adductor muscle RNA:DNA ratio was higher in EG mussels than in SV ones, and increased upon E. coli challenge in mussels of both groups. E. gracilis can be suggested as a nutritional and protective diet complement suitable for filtering bivalves. However, our results obtained from starved mussels show that starvation periods after supplying this diet should be avoided, since these could revert part of the acquired benefits and/or exacerbate detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia A Bianchi
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, Ruta Provincial N° 61, Km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371 Neuquén, Argentina.
| | - Juan M Castro
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, Ruta Provincial N° 61, Km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Iara Rocchetta
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia, 1917 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Functional Ecology, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Daniel E Nahabedian
- IBBEA, Instituto de CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Visitación Conforti
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia, 1917 Buenos Aires, Argentina; IBBEA, Instituto de CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos M Luquet
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, Ruta Provincial N° 61, Km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371 Neuquén, Argentina
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Ding J, Wang R, Yang F, Zhao L, Qin Y, Zhang G, Yan X. Identification and characterization of a novel phage-type like lysozyme from Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 47:81-9. [PMID: 24995730 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel lysozyme gene (RpLysPh) with high similarity to the bacteriophage lysozymes was identified in Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. The full length cDNA of RpLysPh is 828bp and contains a 462bp open reading frame (ORF) that codes for a 154 amino acid protein. Multiple sequence alignment analysis revealed that the three residues essential for catalytic activity in phage-type lysozyme (Glu(20), Asp(29), and Thr(35)) are conserved in RpLysPh. The comparison of the 3D models of RpLysPh and Coxiella burnetii lysozyme also suggested that the active sites involved in the binding of substrate have similar conformations. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that RpLysPh shares a similar origin with the bacterial phage-type lysozyme group. The highest level of expression of RpLysPh was observed in hemocytes, followed by mantle. Induction of RpLysPh expression was observed in gills in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)), and whole glucan particles (WGP) challenge. The recombinant protein of RpLysPh showed antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Ding
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Feng Yang
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Liqiang Zhao
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Yanjie Qin
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Guofan Zhang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Xiwu Yan
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, PR China.
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24
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The Complete Amino Acid Sequence and Enzymatic Properties of an i-Type Lysozyme Isolated from the Common Orient Clam (Meretrix lusoria). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:2269-77. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Kuwano Y, Yoneda K, Kawaguchi Y, Araki T. The tertiary structure of an i-type lysozyme isolated from the common orient clam (Meretrix lusoria). Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:1202-6. [PMID: 24192349 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309113028170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the structure-function relationships of invertebrate lysozymes, a new invertebrate-type (i-type) lysozyme was isolated from the common orient clam (Meretrix lusoria) and the tertiary structure of this enzyme was determined. Comparison of the tertiary structure of this enzyme with those of chicken and Venerupi philippinarum lysozymes revealed that the location of the side chain of the second catalytic residue, an aspartic acid, and the N-acetylglucosamine trimer bound at subsites A-C were different. Furthermore, the amino acid electrostatically interacting with Asp30 in V. philippinarum lysozyme, Lys108, was substituted by Gly in M. lusoria lysozyme and no other possible amino acid that could contribute to this interaction was found in M. lusoria lysozyme. It therefore seems that the substitutions of the amino acids at the interface of the V. philippinarum lysozyme dimer are likely to change the oligomeric state of the M. lusoria lysozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Kuwano
- Department of Bioscience, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kawayo, Minamiaso, Kumamoto 869-1404, Japan
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26
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Wu D, Hu B, Wen C, Lin G, Tao Z, Hu X, Xie Y. Gene identification and recombinant protein of a lysozyme from freshwater mussel Cristaria plicata. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:1033-1041. [PMID: 23333359 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes are important proteins to bivalve in the innate immune responses against bacterial infections, and provide nutrition as digestion enzymes. A new LYZ1 from the freshwater mussel Cristaria plicata was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and nested PCR method. The full-length cDNA sequence of CpLYZ1 was 763 bp. The cDNA contained a 5'-terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 21 bp, a 3'- terminal UTR of 259 bp with a 29 bp poly(A) tail, a tailing signal (AATAAA) and the open reading frame of 483 bp. The CpLYZ1 cDNA encoded a polypeptide of 160 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 17.8 kDa, and a theoretical isoelectric point of 6.07. The comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences with LYZs from other species showed that the enzyme belonged to i-type lysozyme. The mRNA transcript of CpLYZ1 could be detected in all the examined tissues with the highest expression level in hepatopancreas. The expression levels of CpLYZ1 in hemocytes, hepatopancreas and gill significantly increased after Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. The expression level of CpLYZ1 in hemocytes sharply decreased from 6 h to 24 h and significantly increased at 48 h, and was the highest level in hepatopancreas at 24 h, and was the maximum level in gill at 48 h. Furthermore, the recombinant CpLYZ1 was induced to be expressed as an inclusion body form by IPTG at 37 °C for 4 h, and then was purified by using the Ni(2+) affinity chromatography. The relative enzyme activity of the recombinant CpLYZ1 was influenced on pH and temperature. The optimal pH and temperature was 5.5 and 50 °C, respectively. Against Escherichia coli, A. hydrophila, Staphyloccocus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus sp. and Staphylococcus epidermidis, the recombinant CpLYZ1 had bacteriolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Department of Bio-science, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Road, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi Province, China
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Bao YY, Qu LY, Zhao D, Chen LB, Jin HY, Xu LM, Cheng JA, Zhang CX. The genome- and transcriptome-wide analysis of innate immunity in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:160. [PMID: 23497397 PMCID: PMC3616906 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) is one of the most serious rice plant pests in Asia. N. lugens causes extensive rice damage by sucking rice phloem sap, which results in stunted plant growth and the transmission of plant viruses. Despite the importance of this insect pest, little is known about the immunological mechanisms occurring in this hemimetabolous insect species. Results In this study, we performed a genome- and transcriptome-wide analysis aiming at the immune-related genes. The transcriptome datasets include the N. lugens intestine, the developmental stage, wing formation, and sex-specific expression information that provided useful gene expression sequence data for the genome-wide analysis. As a result, we identified a large number of genes encoding N. lugens pattern recognition proteins, modulation proteins in the prophenoloxidase (proPO) activating cascade, immune effectors, and the signal transduction molecules involved in the immune pathways, including the Toll, Immune deficiency (Imd) and Janus kinase signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathways. The genome scale analysis revealed detailed information of the gene structure, distribution and transcription orientations in scaffolds. A comparison of the genome-available hemimetabolous and metabolous insect species indicate the differences in the immune-related gene constitution. We investigated the gene expression profiles with regards to how they responded to bacterial infections and tissue, as well as development and sex expression specificity. Conclusions The genome- and transcriptome-wide analysis of immune-related genes including pattern recognition and modulation molecules, immune effectors, and the signal transduction molecules involved in the immune pathways is an important step in determining the overall architecture and functional network of the immune components in N. lugens. Our findings provide the comprehensive gene sequence resource and expression profiles of the immune-related genes of N. lugens, which could facilitate the understanding of the innate immune mechanisms in the hemimetabolous insect species. These data give insight into clarifying the potential functional roles of the immune-related genes involved in the biological processes of development, reproduction, and virus transmission in N. lugens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yuan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Ren Q, Qi YL, Hui KM, Zhang Z, Zhang CY, Wang W. Four invertebrate-type lysozyme genes from triangle-shell pearl mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:909-915. [PMID: 22884462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes in animals have three types, namely chicken-type, goose-type, and invertebrate-type (i-type) lysozymes and all these 3 types have been found in bivalve mollusks. The i-type lysozymes in mollusks are involved in digestion and innate immunity. In this study, four different lysozyme genes that belong to i-type were identified from Hyriopsis cumingii. The HcLyso1 to HcLyso4 genes encode proteins with 144, 144, 161, and 228 amino acids, respectively, and contain a destabilase domain. HcLyso4 also contains SH3b domain in addition to its destabilase domain. Multiple alignments showed that two catalytic residues of Glu and Asp which were necessary for enzyme activity were present in i-type lysozymes. Phylogenetic analysis using CDS sequences of i-type lysozymes showed that these lysozymes can be divided into mollusk and crustacean clades, and that HcLyso1 to HcLyso4 all belong to the mollusk clades. Although there was no positive selection predicted in i-type lysozymes, some branches suffered rapid evolution. HcLyso1 is mainly expressed in hepatopancreas and can be detected in hemocytes. HcLyso2 is primarily expressed in hepatopancreas and can be detected in hemocytes Whereas, HcLyso3 can be detected mainly in hemocytes, hepatopancreas, gills, and mantle. HcLyso4 is expressed in hemocytes and hepatopancreas. qRT-PCR analysis showed that HcLyso1 to HcLyso4 were all nearly down-regulated by Vibrio or Staphylococcus aureus challenge. Moreover, our research indicated that HcLyso1 to HcLyso4 might play a key role in the innate immunity of mussel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China.
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29
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Van Herreweghe JM, Michiels CW. Invertebrate lysozymes: Diversity and distribution, molecular mechanism and in vivo function. J Biosci 2012; 37:327-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-012-9201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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30
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Thermal denaturation of recombinant human lysozyme from rice: effect of pH and comparison with human milk lysozyme. Eur Food Res Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-011-1612-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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31
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Wang Y, Hu M, Shin PKS, Cheung SG. Immune responses to combined effect of hypoxia and high temperature in the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 63:201-208. [PMID: 21722923 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry was used to examine immune responses in haemocytes of the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis under six combinations of oxygen level (1.5 mg O2 l(-1), 6.0 mg O2 l(-1)) and temperature (20 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C) at 24 h, 48 h, 96 h and 168 h. The mussels were then transferred to normoxic condition (6.0 mg O2 l(-1)) at 20 °C for further 24 h to study their recovery from the combined hypoxic and temperature stress. Esterase (Est), reactive oxygen species (ROS), lysosome content (Lyso) and phagocytosis (Pha) were reduced at high temperatures, whereas hypoxia resulted in higher haemocyte mortality (HM) and reduced phagocytosis. For HM and Pha, changes were observed after being exposed to the stresses for 96 h, whereas only a 24 h period was required for ROS and Lyso, and a 48 h one for Est. Recovery from the stresses was observed for HM and Pha but not other immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youji Wang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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32
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Yue X, Liu B, Xue Q. An i-type lysozyme from the Asiatic hard clam Meretrix meretrix potentially functioning in host immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:550-8. [PMID: 21134465 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes function in animal immunity. Three types of lysozyme have been identified in animal kingdom and most lysozymes identified from bivalve molluscs belong to the invertebrate (i) type. In this research, we cloned and sequenced a new i-type lysozyme, named MmeLys, from the Asiatic hard clam Meretrix meretrix. MmeLys cDNA was constituted of 552 bp, with a 441 bp open reading frame encoding a 146 amino acid polypeptide. The encoded polypeptide was predicted to have a 15 amino acid signal peptide, and a 131 amino acid mature protein with a theoretical mass of 14601.44 Da and an isoelectric point (pI) of 7.14. MmeLys amino acid sequence bore 64% identity with the Manila clam (Venerupis philippinarum) i-type lysozyme and was grouped with other veneroid i-type lysozymes in a bivalve lysozyme phylogenetic tree predicted using Neighbor-Jointing method. Recombinantly expressed MmeLys showed lysozyme activity and strong antibacterial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. MmeLys mRNA and protein were detected to be mainly produced in hepatopancreas and gill by the methods of semi-quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting. In addition, MmeLys gene expression increased following Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge. Results of this research indicated that MmeLys represents a new i-type lysozyme that likely functions in M. meretrix immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yue
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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33
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Xue Q, Hellberg ME, Schey KL, Itoh N, Eytan RI, Cooper RK, La Peyre JF. A new lysozyme from the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and a possible evolutionary pathway for i-type lysozymes in bivalves from host defense to digestion. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:213. [PMID: 20633278 PMCID: PMC3020801 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysozymes are enzymes that lyse bacterial cell walls, an activity widely used for host defense but also modified in some instances for digestion. The biochemical and evolutionary changes between these different functional forms has been well-studied in the c-type lysozymes of vertebrates, but less so in the i-type lysozymes prevalent in most invertebrate animals. Some bivalve molluscs possess both defensive and digestive lysozymes. RESULTS We report a third lysozyme from the oyster Crassostrea virginica, cv-lysozyme 3. The chemical properties of cv-lysozyme 3 (including molecular weight, isoelectric point, basic amino acid residue number, and predicted protease cutting sites) suggest it represents a transitional form between lysozymes used for digestion and immunity. The cv-lysozyme 3 protein inhibited the growth of bacteria (consistent with a defensive function), but semi-quantitative RT-PCR suggested the gene was expressed mainly in digestive glands. Purified cv-lysozyme 3 expressed maximum muramidase activity within a range of pH (7.0 and 8.0) and ionic strength (I = 0.005-0.01) unfavorable for either cv-lysozyme 1 or cv-lysozyme 2 activities. The topology of a phylogenetic analysis of cv-lysozyme 3 cDNA (full length 663 bp, encoding an open reading frame of 187 amino acids) is also consistent with a transitional condition, as cv-lysozyme 3 falls at the base of a monophyletic clade of bivalve lysozymes identified from digestive glands. Rates of nonsynonymous substitution are significantly high at the base of this clade, consistent with an episode of positive selection associated with the functional transition from defense to digestion. CONCLUSION The pattern of molecular evolution accompanying the shift from defensive to digestive function in the i-type lysozymes of bivalves parallels those seen for c-type lysozymes in mammals and suggests that the lysozyme paralogs that enhance the range of physiological conditions for lysozyme activity may provide stepping stones between defensive and digestive forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Xue
- Department of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70830, USA
| | - Michael E Hellberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Kevin L Schey
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Naoki Itoh
- Department of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70830, USA
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori Amamiya-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555 Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ron I Eytan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Richard K Cooper
- Department of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70830, USA
| | - Jerome F La Peyre
- Department of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70830, USA
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Itoh N, Okada Y, Takahashi KG, Osada M. Presence and characterization of multiple mantle lysozymes in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 29:126-135. [PMID: 20211734 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mantle tissue extracts from the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, exhibited anti-Gram-positive bacterial and lysozyme activities over a wide pH range, suggesting that multiple defensive mantle lysozymes were present. Degenerated reverse-transcription PCR detected the expression of two mantle lysozymes, CGL-1 and a novel lysozyme CGL-3, confirming the presence of multiple lysozymes in the mantle. Since CGL-3 is a cognate protein of the digestive lysozyme CGL-2, it is assumed that CGL-3 has evolved specifically a defensive function. Functional assays using recombinant CGL-1 and CGL-3 suggested that CGL-1 and CGL-3 play a major defensive role in the mantle tissue, and that they are responsible for lysozyme activity under different pH, ionic strength and temperature conditions. Based on these observations, we conclude that multiple mantle lysozymes in the Pacific oyster are better for host-defense under broader conditions than a single lysozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Itoh
- Laboratory of Aquacultural Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori Amamiya-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan.
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Zhao J, Qiu L, Ning X, Chen A, Wu H, Li C. Cloning and characterization of an invertebrate type lysozyme from Venerupis philippinarum. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 156:56-60. [PMID: 20144728 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lysozymes are key proteins to invertebrates in the innate immune responses against bacterial infections and providing nutrition as digestion enzymes. In the present study, an invertebrate type lysozyme (denoted as VpLYZ) was identified from Venerupis philippinarum haemocytes by cDNA library and RACE approaches. The full-length cDNA of VpLYZ consisted of 805 nucleotides with a canonical polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA and a polyA tail, and an open-reading frame of 558bp encoding a polypeptide of 185 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 20.87kD and theoretical pI of 8.44. The high similarity of VpLYZ with other i-type lysozymes from mollusk indicated that VpLYZ should be a new member of i-type lysozyme family. Similar to most i-type lysozymes, VpLYZ possessed all conserved features critical for the fundamental structure and function of i-type lysozymes, such as three catalytic residues (Glu19, Asn72 and Ser75) and i-type specific motif CL(E/L/R/H)C(I/M)C. By semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis, mRNA transcript of VpLYZ was found to be most abundantly expressed in the tissues of gills, hepatopancreas and haemocytes, weakly expressed in the tissues of muscle, foot and mantle. After clams were challenged by Vibrio anguillarum, the mRNA level of VpLYZ in overall haemocyte population was recorded by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. VpLYZ mRNA was down-regulated sharply from 6h to 12h post-infection. Then, the expression level increased to the peak at 72h and recovered to the original level at 96h. All these results indicated that VpLYZ was involved in the immune response against microbe infection and contributed to the clearance of bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Zhao
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
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37
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Nzoughet JK, Hamilton JTG, Botting CH, Douglas A, Devine L, Nelson J, Elliott CT. Proteomics identification of azaspiracid toxin biomarkers in blue mussels, Mytilus edulis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 8:1811-22. [PMID: 19390117 PMCID: PMC2722768 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m800561-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Azaspiracids are a class of recently discovered algae-derived shellfish toxins. Their distribution globally is on the increase with mussels being most widely implicated in azaspiracid-related food poisoning events. Evidence that these toxins were bound to proteins in contaminated mussels has been shown recently. In the present study characterization of these proteins in blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, was achieved using a range of advanced proteomics tools. Four proteins present only in the hepatopancreas of toxin-contaminated mussels sharing identity or homology with cathepsin D, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase Pi, and a bacterial flagellar protein have been characterized. Several of the proteins are known to be involved in self-defense mechanisms against xenobiotics or up-regulated in the presence of carcinogenic agents. These findings would suggest that azaspiracids should now be considered and evaluated as potential tumorigenic compounds. The presence of a bacterial protein only in contaminated mussels was an unexpected finding and requires further investigation. The proteins identified in this study should assist with development of urgently required processes for the rapid depuration of azaspiracid-contaminated shellfish. Moreover they may serve as early warning indicators of shellfish exposed to this family of toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith K Nzoughet
- Institute of Agri-food and Land Use, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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Josková R, Silerová M, Procházková P, Bilej M. Identification and cloning of an invertebrate-type lysozyme from Eisenia andrei. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:932-8. [PMID: 19454335 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Lysozyme is a widely distributed antimicrobial protein having specificity for cleaving the beta-(1,4)-glycosidic bond between N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) of peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell walls and thus efficiently contributes to protection against infections caused mainly by Gram-positive bacteria. In the present study, we assembled a full-length cDNA of a novel invertebrate-type lysozyme from Eisenia andrei earthworm (EALys) by RT-PCR and RACE system. The primary structure of EALys shares high homology with other invertebrate lysozymes; however the highest, 72% identity, was shown for the destabilase I isolated from medicinal leech. Recombinant EALys expressed in Escherichia coli exhibited the lysozyme and isopeptidase activity. Moreover, real-time PCR revealed increased levels of lysozyme mRNA in coelomocytes of E. andrei after the challenge with both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Josková
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Parisi MG, Li H, Jouvet LBP, Dyrynda EA, Parrinello N, Cammarata M, Roch P. Differential involvement of mussel hemocyte sub-populations in the clearance of bacteria. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 25:834-840. [PMID: 18854215 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mussels are filter-feeders living in a bacteria-rich environment. We have previously found that numerous bacterial species are naturally present within the cell-free hemolymph, including several of the Vibrio genus, whereas the intra-cellular content of hemocytes was sterile. When bacteria were injected into the circulation of the mussel, the number of living intra-hemocyte bacteria dramatically increased in less than an hour, suggesting intense phagocytosis, then gradually decreased, with no viable bacteria remaining 12h post-injection for Micrococcus lysodeikticus, 24h for Vibrio splendidus and more than 48 h for Vibrio anguillarum. The total hemocyte count (THC) was dramatically lowered by the bacterial injections, as quantified by flow cytometry. V. splendidus induced the strongest decreases with -66% 9h post-injection of living bacteria and -56% 3h post-injection of heat-killed bacteria. Flow cytometry was used to identify three main sub-populations of hemocytes, namely hyalinocytes, small granulocytes and large granulocytes. When THC was minimal, i.e. within the first 9h post-injection, proportions of the three cell categories varied dramatically, suggesting differential involvement according to the targets, but small granulocytes remained the majority. According to a decrease in their number followed by an increase (+90% at 12h with living V. splendidus), hyalinocytes also appeared to be involved as cellular effectors of antibacterial immunity, despite possessing little capacity for phagocytosis and not containing antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Giovanna Parisi
- Ecosystèmes Lagunaires UMR5119, Université Montpellier 2, cc093, place E. Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
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40
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Gestal C, Roch P, Renault T, Pallavicini A, Paillard C, Novoa B, Oubella R, Venier P, Figueras A. Study of Diseases and the Immune System of Bivalves Using Molecular Biology and Genomics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10641260802325518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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41
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LEE J, KIM S, KIM S. BIOCHEMICAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF LYSOZYME PURIFIED FROM THE VISCERA OF SCALLOPS (PATINOPECTEN YESSOENSIS). J Food Biochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2008.00177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Li H, Parisi MG, Toubiana M, Cammarata M, Roch P. Lysozyme gene expression and hemocyte behaviour in the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, after injection of various bacteria or temperature stresses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 25:143-152. [PMID: 18495491 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of the Mytilus galloprovincialis lysozyme gene in different in vivo stress situations, including injection of bacteria Vibrio splendidus LGP32, Vibrio anguillarum or Micrococcus lysodeikticus, as well as heat shock at 30 degrees C and cold stress at 5 degrees C. Injection of V. splendidus LGP32 resulted in: (i) a general down-regulation of lysozyme gene expression, as quantified by Q-PCR; (ii) reduction in the number of circulating hemocytes; (iii) decrease in the percentage of circulating hemocytes expressing lysozyme mRNA which was now restricted to only small cells, as observed by ISH; and (iv) accumulation of hemocytes expressing lysozyme in the muscle sinus where injection took place. Injection of V. anguillarum or M. lysodeikticus induced significant up-regulation of lysozyme gene expression, but only 2-3days post-injection, with no change in the total hemocyte counts but an increased percentage of hemocytes expressing lysozyme mRNA. Neither the control injection of PBS-NaCl nor temperature stress modified the lysozyme expression pattern. Consequently, the hemocyte population appears to be capable of discriminating between stress factors, and even between 2 Vibrio species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Ecosystèmes Lagunaires UMR5119, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS, IFREMER, cc093, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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43
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Itoh N, Xue Q, Li Y, Cooper RK, La Peyre JF. cDNA cloning and tissue expression of plasma lysozyme in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 23:957-68. [PMID: 17703954 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The cDNA sequence of a 17,861 Da lysozyme first purified from plasma of eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) was identified and its complete amino acid sequence deduced. The amino acid sequence of the plasma lysozyme, designated cv-lysozyme 1, contained both a unique and a conserved region when compared to the amino acid sequences of other bivalve lysozymes. In situ hybridisation located cv-lysozyme 1 gene expression in mantle and gill cells in standard histological sections. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR detected cv-lysozyme 1 expression in all organs examined and circulating haemocytes. The number of cv-lysozyme 1 mRNA transcripts was particularly high in mantles and labial palps suggesting those organs are the main sites of cv-lysozyme 1 synthesis. Cv-lysozyme 1 enzyme activity measured by lysing Micrococcus lysodeikticus bacteria and expressed in units per gram tissue was highest in mantles, labial palps and gills. Most cv-lysozyme 1 enzyme activity in oysters was found in plasma. Cv-lysozyme 1 main organs of synthesis, its abundance in plasma and its strong antimicrobial properties suggest its main role is in oyster host defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Itoh
- Cooperative Aquatic Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Science, 111 Dalrymple Building, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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44
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Itoh N, Takahashi KG. cDNA cloning and in situ hybridization of a novel lysozyme in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 148:160-6. [PMID: 17584512 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel lysozyme cDNA from the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, was identified. This second lysozyme from the Pacific oyster was designated as CGL-2. The complete CGL-2 cDNA sequence comprises of 536 bp, and 429 bp of the open reading frame encodes 147 bp of amino acid residues. Estimated CGL-2 molecular characteristics (isoelectric point and numbers of peptide recognition sites) resembled those of cv-lysozyme 2, a digestive lysozyme of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Moreover, CGL-2 is phylogenetically homologous to the cv-lysozyme 2, indicating that CGL-2 and cv-lysozyme 2 evolved from the same ancestor protein for adaptation to the digestive environment. In situ hybridization revealed that the CGL-2 gene is expressed in digestive cells. It is noteworthy that the other Pacific oyster lysozyme, CGL-1, was also transcribed in the same cells. Presence and expression of multiple lysozymes in the digestive diverticula suggest that CGL-1 and CGL-2 might play complementary roles in digestive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Itoh
- Aquacultural Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori Amamiya-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan
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Goto T, Abe Y, Kakuta Y, Takeshita K, Imoto T, Ueda T. Crystal Structure of Tapes japonica Lysozyme with Substrate Analogue. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:27459-27467. [PMID: 17631496 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704555200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tapes japonica lysozyme (TJL) is classified as a member of the recently established i-type lysozyme family. In this study, we solved the crystal structure of TJL complexed with a trimer of N-acetylglucosamine to 1.6A resolution. Based on structure and mutation analyses, we demonstrated that Glu-18 and Asp-30 are the catalytic residues of TJL. Furthermore, the present findings suggest that the catalytic mechanism of TJL is a retaining mechanism that proceeds through a covalent sugar-enzyme intermediate. On the other hand, the quaternary structure in the crystal revealed a dimer formed by the electrostatic interactions of catalytic residues (Glu-18 and Asp-30) in one molecule with the positive residues at the C terminus in helix 6 of the other molecule. Gel chromatography analysis revealed that the TJL dimer remained intact under low salt conditions but that it dissociated to TJL monomers under high salt conditions. With increasing salt concentrations, the chitinase activity of TJL dramatically increased. Therefore, this study provides novel evidence that the lysozyme activity of TJL is modulated by its quaternary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Goto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582 and
| | - Yoshito Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582 and
| | - Yoshimitsu Kakuta
- Agricultural Sciences of Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582 and
| | - Kohei Takeshita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582 and
| | - Taiji Imoto
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582 and.
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46
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Thammasirirak S, Preecharram S, Ponkham P, Daduang S, Araki T, Svasti J. New variant of quail egg white lysozyme identified by peptide mapping. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 147:314-24. [PMID: 17331770 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two lysozymes were purified from quail egg white by cation exchange column chromatography and analyzed for amino acid sequence. The enzymes showed the same pH optimum profile for lytic activity with broad pH optima (pH 5.0-8.0) but had difference in mobility on native-PAGE. The native-PAGE immunoblot showed one or two lysozymes present in individual egg whites. The established amino acid sequence of quail egg white lysozyme A (QEWL A) was the same as quail lysozyme reported by Kaneda et al. [Kaneda, M., Kato, I., Tominaga, N., Titani, K., Narita, K., 1969. The amino acid sequence of quail lysozyme. J. Biochem. (Tokyo). 66, 747-749] and had six amino acid substitutions at position 3 (Phe to Tyr), 19 (Asn to Lys), 21 (Arg to Gln), 102 (Gly to Val) 103 (Asn to His) and 121 (Gln to Asn) compared to hen egg white lysozyme. QEWL A and QEWL B showed one substitution, at the position 21, Gln replaced by Lys, plus an insertion of Leu between position 20 and 21, being the first report that QEWL B had 130 amino acids. The amino acid differences between two lysozymes did not seem to affect antigenic determinants detected by polyclonal anti-hen egg white lysozyme, but caused them to separate well from each other by ion exchange chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sompong Thammasirirak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Mydlarz LD, Jones LE, Harvell CD. Innate Immunity, Environmental Drivers, and Disease Ecology of Marine and Freshwater Invertebrates. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2006. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura D. Mydlarz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; , ,
| | - Laura E. Jones
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; , ,
| | - C. Drew Harvell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; , ,
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48
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Matsumoto T, Nakamura AM, Takahashi KG. Cloning of cDNAs and hybridization analysis of lysozymes from two oyster species, Crassostrea gigas and Ostrea edulis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 145:325-30. [PMID: 16996284 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Revised: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In bivalve molluscs including oysters, lysozymes play an important role in the host defense mechanisms against invading microbes. However, it remains unclear in which sites/cells the lysozyme genes are expressed and which subsequently produced the enzyme. This study cloned lysozyme cDNAs from the digestive organs of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and European flat oyster Ostrea edulis. Both complete sequences of two oysters' lysozymes were composed of 137 amino acids. Two translated proteins present a high content in cysteine residues. Phylogenetic analyses showed that these oysters' lysozymes clustered with the invertebrate-type lysozymes of other bivalve species. In the Pacific oyster, lysozyme mRNA was expressed in all tissues except for those of the adductor muscle. In situ hybridization analyses revealed that lysozyme mRNA was expressed strongly in basophil cells in the digestive gland tubule of C. gigas, but not in digestive cells. Results indicated that the basophil cells of the oyster digestive gland are the sites of lysozyme synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Matsumoto
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Nansei 516-0193, Mie, Japan
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Zhao J, Song L, Li C, Zou H, Ni D, Wang W, Xu W. Molecular cloning of an invertebrate goose-type lysozyme gene from Chlamys farreri, and lytic activity of the recombinant protein. Mol Immunol 2006; 44:1198-208. [PMID: 16911829 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lysozyme is a widely distributed hydrolase possessing lytic activity against bacterial peptidoglycan, which enables it to protect the host against pathogenic infection. In the present study, the cDNA of an invertebrate goose-type lysozyme (designated CFLysG) was cloned from Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri by expressed sequence tag (EST) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) techniques. The full-length cDNA of CFLysG consisted of 829 nucleotides with a canonical polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA and a poly(A) tail, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 603 bp encoding a polypeptide of 200 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 21.92 kDa and theoretical isoelectric point of 7.76. The high similarity of CFLysG with goose-type (g-type) lysozymes in vertebrate indicated that CFLysG should be an invertebrate counterpart of g-type lysozyme family, which suggested that the origin of g-type lysozyme preceded the emergence of urochordates and even preceded the emergence of deuterostomes. Similar to most g-type lysozymes, CFLysG possessed all conserved features critical for the fundamental structure and function of g-type lysozymes, such as three catalytic residues (Glu 82, Asp 97, Asp 108). By Northern blot analysis, mRNA transcript of CFLysG was found to be most abundantly expressed in the tissues of gills, hepatopancreas and gonad, weakly expressed in the tissues of haemocytes and mantle, while undetectable in the adductor muscle. These results suggested that CFLysG could possess combined features of both the immune and digestive adaptive lysozymes. To gain insight into the in vitro lytic activities of CFLysG, the mature peptide coding region was cloned into Pichia pastoris for heterogeneous expression. Recombinant CFLysG showed inhibitive effect on the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with more potent activities against Gram-positive bacteria, which indicated the involvement of CFLysG in the innate immunity of C. farreri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Zhao
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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Thammasirirak S, Ponkham P, Preecharram S, Khanchanuan R, Phonyothee P, Daduang S, Srisomsap C, Araki T, Svasti J. Purification, characterization and comparison of reptile lysozymes. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2006; 143:209-17. [PMID: 16549391 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Revised: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cation exchange column chromatography and gel filtration chromatography were used to purify four reptile lysozymes from egg white: SSTL A and SSTL B from soft shelled turtle (Trionyx sinensis), ASTL from Asiatic soft shelled turtle (Amyda cartilagenea) and GSTL from green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas). The molecular masses of the purified reptile lysozymes were estimated to be 14 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Enzyme activity of the four lysozymes could be confirmed by gel zymograms and showed charge differences on native-PAGE. SSTL A, SSTL B and ASTL had sharp pH optima of about pH 6.0, which contrasts with that of GSTL, which showed dual pH optima at about pH 6.0 and pH 8.0. The activities of the reptile lysozymes rapidly decreased within 30 min of incubation at 90 degrees C except for ASTL, which was more stable. Partial N-terminal amino acid sequencing and peptide mapping strongly suggested that the enzymes were C-type lysozymes. Interestingly, the mature SSTL lysozymes show an extra Gly residue at the N-terminus, which was previously found in soft-shelled turtle lysozyme. The reptile lysozymes showed lytic activity against several species of bacteria, such as Micrococcus luteus and Vibrio cholerae, but showed only weak activity to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and lacked activity towards Aeromonas hydrophila.
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