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Borges TKS, Alves ÉAR, Vasconcelos HAR, Carneiro FP, Nicola AM, Magalhães KG, Muniz-Junqueira MI. Differences in the modulation of reactive species, lipid bodies, cyclooxygenase-2, 5-lipoxygenase and PPAR-γ in cerebral malaria-susceptible and resistant mice. Immunobiology 2016; 222:604-619. [PMID: 27887739 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory responses are associated with the severity of cerebral malaria. NO, H2O2, eicosanoid and PPAR-γ are involved in proinflammatory responses, but regulation of these factors is unclear in malaria. This work aimed to compare the expression of eicosanoid-forming-enzymes in cerebral malaria-susceptible CBA and C57BL/6 and -resistant BALB/c mice. Mice were infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA, and the survival rates and parasitemia curves were assessed. On the sixth day post-infection, cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase in brain sections were assessed by immunohistochemistry, and, NO, H2O2, lipid bodies, and PPAR-γ expression were assessed in peritoneal macrophages. The C57BL/6 had more severe disease with a lower survival time, higher parasitemia and lower production of plasmodicidal NO and H2O2 molecules than BALB/c. Enhanced COX-2 and 5-LOX expression were observed in brain tissue cells and vessels from C57BL/6 mice, and these mice expressed higher constitutive PPAR-γ levels. There was no translocation of PPAR-γ from cytoplasm to nucleus in macrophages from these mice. CBA mice had enhanced COX-2 expression in brain tissue cells and vessels and also lacked PPAR-γ cytoplasm-to-nucleus translocation. The resistant BALB/c mice presented higher survival time, lower parasitemia and higher NO and H2O2 production on the sixth day post-infection. These mice did not express either COX-2 or 5-LOX in brain tissue cells and vessels. Our data showed that besides the high parasite burden and lack of microbicidal molecules, an imbalance with high COX-2 and 5-LOX eicosanoid expression and a lack of regulatory PPAR-γ cytoplasm-to-nucleus translocation in macrophages were observed in mice that develop cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana K S Borges
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia, Distrito Federal 70.910.900, Brazil
| | - Érica A R Alves
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia, Distrito Federal 70.910.900, Brazil; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, René Rachou Research Center, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30.190.002 Brazil
| | - Henda A R Vasconcelos
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia, Distrito Federal 70.910.900, Brazil; National Direction of Public Health, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Angola, Luanda, Angola
| | - Fabiana P Carneiro
- Laboratory of Pathology, Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia, Distrito Federal 70.910.900, Brazil
| | - André M Nicola
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia, Distrito Federal 70.910.900, Brazil
| | - Kelly G Magalhães
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cellular Biology, Biology Institute, University of Brasilia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia, Distrito Federal 70.910.900, Brazil
| | - Maria Imaculada Muniz-Junqueira
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia, Distrito Federal 70.910.900, Brazil.
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Tosta CE. Coadaptation and malaria control. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007; 102:385-404. [PMID: 17568946 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762007005000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria emerges from a disequilibrium of the system 'human-plasmodium-mosquito' (HPM). If the equilibrium is maintained, malaria does not ensue and the result is asymptomatic plasmodium infection. The relationships among the components of the system involve coadaptive linkages that lead to equilibrium. A vast body of evidence supports this assumption, including the strategies involved in the relationships between plasmodium and human and mosquito immune systems, and the emergence of resistance of plasmodia to antimalarial drugs and of mosquitoes to insecticides. Coadaptive strategies for malaria control are based on the following principles: (1) the system HPM is composed of three highly complex and dynamic components, whose interplay involves coadaptive linkages that tend to maintain the equilibrium of the system; (2) human and mosquito immune systems play a central role in the coadaptive interplay with plasmodium, and hence, in the maintenance of the system's equilibrium; the under- or overfunction of human immune system may result in malaria and influence its severity; (3) coadaptation depends on genetic and epigenetic phenomena occurring at the interfaces of the components of the system, and may involve exchange of infectrons (genes or gene fragments) between the partners; (4) plasmodia and mosquitoes have been submitted to selective pressures, leading to adaptation, for an extremely long while and are, therefore, endowed with the capacity to circumvent both natural (immunity) and artificial (drugs, insecticides, vaccines) measures aiming at destroying them; (5) since malaria represents disequilibrium of the system HPM, its control should aim at maintaining or restoring this equilibrium; (6) the disequilibrium of integrated systems involves the disequilibrium of their components, therefore the maintenance or restoration of the system's equilibrium depend on the adoption of integrated and coordinated measures acting on all components, that means, panadaptive strategies. Coadaptive strategies for malaria control should consider that: (1) host immune response has to be induced, since without it, no coadaptation is attained; (2) the immune response has to be sustained and efficient enough to avoid plasmodium overgrowth; (3) the immune response should not destroy all parasites; (4) the immune response has to be well controlled in order to not harm the host. These conditions are mostly influenced by antimalarial drugs, and should also be taken into account for the development of coadaptive malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Tosta
- Laboratórios de Malária e de Imunologia Celular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil.
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