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Rejdak K, Sienkiewicz-Jarosz H, Bienkowski P, Alvarez A. Modulation of neurotrophic factors in the treatment of dementia, stroke and TBI: Effects of Cerebrolysin. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:1668-1700. [PMID: 37052231 DOI: 10.1002/med.21960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are involved in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders such as dementia, stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI), and constitute molecular targets of high interest for the therapy of these pathologies. In this review we provide an overview of current knowledge of the definition, discovery and mode of action of five NTFs, nerve growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, brain derived NTF, vascular endothelial growth factor and tumor necrosis factor alpha; as well as on their contribution to brain pathology and potential therapeutic use in dementia, stroke and TBI. Within the concept of NTFs in the treatment of these pathologies, we also review the neuropeptide preparation Cerebrolysin, which has been shown to resemble the activities of NTFs and to modulate the expression level of endogenous NTFs. Cerebrolysin has demonstrated beneficial treatment capabilities in vitro and in clinical studies, which are discussed within the context of the biochemistry of NTFs. The review focuses on the interactions of different NTFs, rather than addressing a single NTF, by outlining their signaling network and by reviewing their effect on clinical outcome in prevalent brain pathologies. The effects of the interactions of these NTFs and Cerebrolysin on neuroplasticity, neurogenesis, angiogenesis and inflammation, and their relevance for the treatment of dementia, stroke and TBI are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Rejdak
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | | | - Anton Alvarez
- Medinova Institute of Neurosciences, Clinica RehaSalud, Coruña, Spain
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Potentiating the Benefits of Melatonin through Chemical Functionalization: Possible Impact on Multifactorial Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111584. [PMID: 34769013 PMCID: PMC8583879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although melatonin is an astonishing molecule, it is possible that chemistry will help in the discovery of new compounds derived from it that may exceed our expectations regarding antioxidant protection and perhaps even neuroprotection. This review briefly summarizes the significant amount of data gathered to date regarding the multiple health benefits of melatonin and related compounds. This review also highlights some of the most recent directions in the discovery of multifunctional pharmaceuticals intended to act as one-molecule multiple-target drugs with potential use in multifactorial diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. Herein, we discuss the beneficial activities of melatonin derivatives reported to date, in addition to computational strategies to rationally design new derivatives by functionalization of the melatonin molecular framework. It is hoped that this review will promote more investigations on the subject from both experimental and theoretical perspectives.
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Egunlusi AO, Malan SF, Omoruyi SI, Ekpo OE, Joubert J. 4-Oxatricyclo[5.2.1.0 2,6]dec-8-ene-3,5-dione Derivatives as NMDA Receptor- and VGCC Blockers with Neuroprotective Potential. Molecules 2020; 25:E4552. [PMID: 33027964 PMCID: PMC7582567 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of excitotoxicity mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor overactivation and voltage gated calcium channel (VGCC) depolarization is prominent among the postulated processes involved in the development of neurodegenerative disorders. NGP1-01, a polycyclic amine, has been shown to be neuroprotective through modulation of the NMDA receptor and VGCC, and attenuation of MPP+-induced neurotoxicity. Recently, we reported on the calcium modulating effects of tricycloundecene derivatives, structurally similar to NGP1-01, on the NMDA receptor and VGCC of synaptoneurosomes. In the present study, we investigated novel 4-oxatricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]dec-8-ene-3,5-dione derivatives for their cytotoxicity, neuroprotective effects via attenuation of MPP+-induced neurotoxicity and calcium influx inhibition abilities through the NMDA receptor and VGCC using neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. All compounds, in general, showed low or no toxicity against neuroblastoma cells at 10-50 µM concentrations. At 10 µM, all compounds significantly attenuated MPP+-induced neurotoxicity as evident by the enhancement in cell viability between 23.05 ± 3.45% to 53.56 ± 9.29%. In comparison to known active compounds, the derivatives demonstrated mono or dual calcium modulating effect on the NMDA receptor and/or VGCC. Molecular docking studies using the NMDA receptor protein structure indicated that the compounds are able to bind in a comparable manner to the crystallographic pose of MK-801 inside the NMDA ion channel. The biological characteristics, together with results from in silico studies, suggest that these compounds could act as neuroprotective agents for the purpose of halting or slowing down the degenerative processes in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji O. Egunlusi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (A.O.E.); (S.F.M.)
| | - Sarel F. Malan
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (A.O.E.); (S.F.M.)
| | - Sylvester I. Omoruyi
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (S.I.O.); (O.E.E.)
| | - Okobi E. Ekpo
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (S.I.O.); (O.E.E.)
| | - Jacques Joubert
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (A.O.E.); (S.F.M.)
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Fraternine, a Novel Wasp Peptide, Protects against Motor Impairments in 6-OHDA Model of Parkinsonism. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090550. [PMID: 32867207 PMCID: PMC7551070 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that affects the Central Nervous System (CNS). Insect venoms show high molecular variability and selectivity in the CNS of mammals and present potential for the development of new drugs for the treatment of PD. In this study, we isolated and identified a component of the venom of the social wasp Parachartergus fraternus and evaluated its neuroprotective activity in the murine model of PD. For this purpose, the venom was filtered and separated through HPLC; fractions were analyzed through mass spectrometry and the active fraction was identified as a novel peptide, called Fraternine. We performed two behavioral tests to evaluate motor discoordination, as well as an apomorphine-induced rotation test. We also conducted an immunohistochemical assay to assess protection in TH+ neurons in the Substantia Nigra (SN) region. Group treated with 10 μg/animal of Fraternine remained longer in the rotarod compared to the lesioned group. In the apomorphine test, Fraternine decreased the number of rotations between treatments. This dose also inhibited dopaminergic neuronal loss, as indicated by immunohistochemical analysis. This study identified a novel peptide able to prevent the death of dopaminergic neurons of the SN and recover motor deficit in a 6-OHDA-induced murine model of PD.
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Open and rearranged norbornane derived polycyclic cage molecules as potential neuroprotective agents through attenuation of MPP +- and calcium overload-induced excitotoxicity in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 204:112617. [PMID: 32717484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The neuroprotective effects of closed polycyclic cage molecules such as NGP1-01, memantine and amantadine have been extensively explored. These effects are mostly linked to the antagonism of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor- and the blockage of voltage gated calcium channels (VGCC). The synthesis of structurally related open and rearranged cage derivatives has been studied in depth. However, very little is known on their neuroprotective effects. In this study, a series of open and rearranged polycyclic cage molecules containing a norbornane derived scaffold were synthesised and evaluated for cytotoxicity, neuroprotection and calcium blocking effects via the NMDA receptor and VGCC on neuroblastoma cells at a 10 μM concentration. All compounds showed negligible cytotoxicity and were able to significantly attenuate MPP+-induced neurotoxicity between 26.07 ± 12.50% to 48.42 ± 0.76%, with compound 14 showing the best neuroprotective effect. In comparison to known NMDA receptor antagonists, all compounds demonstrated moderate to excellent calcium blocking effects of 26.50 ± 2.28 to 72.95 ± 3.38%. Docking studies suggest that these compounds are able to show significant NMDA receptor channel blocking ability since they bind in a comparable manner to the crystallographic pose of MK-801 inside the NMDAR ion channel. Some compounds were also able to attenuate calcium influx through VGCC channels between 21.28 ± 3.69% to 50.34 ± 7.67%. Compound 4 and 15 showed the highest inhibition of calcium influx at the VGCC and NMDA receptor, respectively. The compounds exhibiting good cytotoxicity-, neuroprotective- and calcium blocking profiles could potentially act as neuroprotective agents to clinically benefit people suffering from neurodegenerative disorders.
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Advances in the development of imaging probes and aggregation inhibitors for alpha-synuclein. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:483-498. [PMID: 31586134 PMCID: PMC7470848 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0304-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal protein aggregation has been linked to many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). The main pathological hallmark of PD is the formation of Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites, both of which contain the presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein (α-syn). Under normal conditions, native α-syn exists in a soluble unfolded state but undergoes misfolding and aggregation into toxic aggregates under pathological conditions. Toxic α-syn species, especially oligomers, can cause oxidative stress, membrane penetration, synaptic and mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as other damage, leading to neuronal death and eventually neurodegeneration. Early diagnosis and treatments targeting PD pathogenesis are urgently needed. Given its critical role in PD, α-syn is an attractive target for the development of both diagnostic tools and effective therapeutics. This review summarizes the progress toward discovering imaging probes and aggregation inhibitors for α-syn. Relevant strategies and techniques in the discovery of α-syn-targeted drugs are also discussed.
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Perez-Castillo Y, Helguera AM, Cordeiro MNDS, Tejera E, Paz-Y-Mino C, Sanchez-Rodriguez A, Borges F, Cruz-Monteagudo M. Fusing Docking Scoring Functions Improves the Virtual Screening Performance for Discovering Parkinson's Disease Dual Target Ligands. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:1107-1116. [PMID: 28067172 PMCID: PMC5725543 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170109143757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yunierkis Perez-Castillo
- Seccion Fisico Quimica y Matematicas, Departamento de Quimica, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto S/N, EC1101608 Loja, Ecuador.,Molecular Simulation and Drug Design Group, Centro de Bioactivos Quimicos (CBQ), Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Santa Clara, 54830, Cuba
| | - Aliuska Morales Helguera
- Molecular Simulation and Drug Design Group, Centro de Bioactivos Quimicos (CBQ), Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Santa Clara, 54830, Cuba
| | - M Natalia D S Cordeiro
- REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Tejera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas (IIB), Universidad de Las Americas, 170513 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Cesar Paz-Y-Mino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas (IIB), Universidad de Las Americas, 170513 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Aminael Sanchez-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, Calle Paris S/N, EC1101608 Loja, Ecuador
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP/Departamento de Quimica e Bioquimica, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Maykel Cruz-Monteagudo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas (IIB), Universidad de Las Americas, 170513 Quito, Ecuador.,CIQUP/Departamento de Quimica e Bioquimica, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
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Božić B, Rogan J, Poleti D, Rančić M, Trišović N, Božić B, Ušćumlić G. Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of 2-(5-arylidene-2,4-dioxotetrahydrothiazole-3-yl)propanoic acid derivatives. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Non-human primate models of PD to test novel therapies. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:291-324. [PMID: 28391443 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-human primate (NHP) models of Parkinson disease show many similarities with the human disease. They are very useful to test novel pharmacotherapies as reviewed here. The various NHP models of this disease are described with their characteristics including the macaque, the marmoset, and the squirrel monkey models. Lesion-induced and genetic models are described. There is no drug to slow, delay, stop, or cure Parkinson disease; available treatments are symptomatic. The dopamine precursor, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-Dopa) still remains the gold standard symptomatic treatment of Parkinson. However, involuntary movements termed L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias appear in most patients after chronic treatment and may become disabling. Dyskinesias are very difficult to manage and there is only amantadine approved providing only a modest benefit. In this respect, NHP models have been useful to seek new drug targets, since they reproduce motor complications observed in parkinsonian patients. Therapies to treat motor symptoms in NHP models are reviewed with a discussion of their translational value to humans. Disease-modifying treatments tested in NHP are reviewed as well as surgical treatments. Many biochemical changes in the brain of post-mortem Parkinson disease patients with dyskinesias are reviewed and compare well with those observed in NHP models. Non-motor symptoms can be categorized into psychiatric, autonomic, and sensory symptoms. These symptoms are present in most parkinsonian patients and are already installed many years before the pre-motor phase of the disease. The translational usefulness of NHP models of Parkinson is discussed for non-motor symptoms.
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Multi-target therapeutics for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1886-1914. [PMID: 27506871 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Historically, neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disease treatments focused on the 'magic bullet' concept; however multi-targeted strategies are increasingly attractive gauging from the escalating research in this area. Because these diseases are typically co-morbid, multi-targeted drugs capable of interacting with multiple targets will expand treatment to the co-morbid disease condition. Despite their theoretical efficacy, there are significant impediments to clinical success (e.g., difficulty titrating individual aspects of the drug and inconclusive pathophysiological mechanisms). The new and revised diagnostic frameworks along with studies detailing the endophenotypic characteristics of the diseases promise to provide the foundation for the circumvention of these impediments. This review serves to evaluate the various marketed and nonmarketed multi-targeted drugs with particular emphasis on their design strategy.
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Jiang Y, Liu Z, Holenz J, Yang H. Competitive Intelligence–based Lead Generation and Fast Follower Approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527677047.ch08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Van der Schyf CJ. Rational drug discovery design approaches for treating Parkinson’s disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:713-41. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1041495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Xu DP, Zhang K, Zhang ZJ, Sun YW, Guo BJ, Wang YQ, Hoi PM, Han YF, Lee SMY. A novel tetramethylpyrazine bis-nitrone (TN-2) protects against 6-hydroxyldopamine-induced neurotoxicity via modulation of the NF-κB and the PKCα/PI3-K/Akt pathways. Neurochem Int 2014; 78:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Xu D, Duan H, Zhang Z, Cui W, Wang L, Sun Y, Lang M, Hoi PM, Han Y, Wang Y, Lee SM. The novel tetramethylpyrazine bis-nitrone (TN-2) protects against MPTP/MPP+-induced neurotoxicity via inhibition of mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:245-58. [PMID: 24233519 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis plays an important role in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetra- hydropyridine (MPTP), the most widely used neurotoxin to simulate PD, is converted to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) in vivo. MPP(+) induces excessive intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis via sequentially opening mitochondria permeability transition pore (mPTP) to release cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytoplasm and activate pro-apoptotic caspase proteins. We have previously synthesized 2,5-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxidoimino]methyl]-3,6-trimethylpyrazine (TN-2), a novel derivative of the Chinese herb medicine tetramethylpyrazine (TMP). TN-2 is armed with two powerful free radical-scavenging nitrone moieties. TN-2 significantly reversed the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the decrease in dopamine level in the striatum induced by MPTP in mice. TN-2 ameliorated the MPTP-induced decrease of brain superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione concentration and increase of brain malondialdehyde. In addition, TN-2 inhibited MPP(+)-induced neuronal damage/apoptosis in primary cerebellum granular neurons (CGNs) and SH-SY5Y cells. TN-2 decreased excessive intracellular ROS, prevented the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, blocked the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and inhibited the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9. Moreover, TN-2 treatment increased the mRNA expression of mitochondrial biogenesis factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ coactivator-1 (PGC- 1α and β) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) in SH-SY5Y cells and CGNs. These results suggest that TN-2 protects dopaminergic neurons against MPTP/MPP(+)-induced neurotoxicity via the inhibition of mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis and possibly via the activation of mitochondrial biogenesis, indicating that TN-2 is a potential new treatment for PD.
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Bansal Y, Silakari O. Multifunctional compounds: smart molecules for multifactorial diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 76:31-42. [PMID: 24565571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional compounds (MFCs) are designed broadly as hybrid or conjugated drugs or as chimeric drugs from two or more pharmacophores/drugs having specific pharmacological activities. These are capable of eliciting multiple pharmacological actions and have emerged as magic bullets in treatment of multifactorial diseases. Many research articles disclosing the development of such compounds for treatment of multifactorial diseases are published during last 7 years. Some successful MFC candidates for multifactorial CNS disorders include ziprasidone, duloxetine, ladostigil and M-30 whereas sunitinib, lapatinib and synthetic oleandane triterpinoids are the successful MFC candidates for various cancers. Many more compounds derived from berberine, tacrine, artemisnin, quinine, NSAIDs, pralidoxine, donepezil, rivastigmine, curcumin and various antioxidants are under investigations for exploration of their multifunctional potential. In general, MFCs possess the advantages of reduced molecularity, no drug-drug interactions and improved pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. A MFC derived from two or more different pharmacophores exerts its activities by interacting with respective receptors of its constituent pharmacophores. It may also exhibit additional binding interactions with the receptor sites that may be responsible for significantly improved or additional activities. The present review discusses various MFCs developed for specific class of disorders with an aim to provide an insight into the strategies in medicinal chemistry for development of such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Bansal
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
| | - Om Silakari
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India.
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Darvesh AS, Carroll RT, Bishayee A, Geldenhuys WJ, Van der Schyf CJ. Oxidative stress and Alzheimer’s disease: dietary polyphenols as potential therapeutic agents. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 10:729-45. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ampelopsis Radix Protects Dopaminergic Neurons against 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium/1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-Induced Toxicity in Parkinson's Disease Models In Vitro and In Vivo. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:346438. [PMID: 24204389 PMCID: PMC3800597 DOI: 10.1155/2013/346438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ampelopsis Radix, the root of Ampelopsis japonica (Thunb.) Makino (Vitaceae), is a herbal medicine which has been widely used in East Asia. The present study was done to explore whether the standardized extract of Ampelopsis Radix (AJW) protects dopaminergic neurons via antioxidant mechanisms in Parkinson's disease (PD) models. The effects of AJW on primary mesencephalic cultures stressed with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium were investigated using tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry and reactive oxygen species measurement. The eliminative effects of AJW on the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radicals were explored using colorimetric methods. The effects of AJW on the mice treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) were determined by pole test as well as TH and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine immunohistochemistry. AJW protected dopaminergic neurons by inhibiting reactive oxygen species generation in vitro. Moreover, AJW showed potent radical scavenging activities in vitro. In the mouse PD model, AJW protected the dopaminergic neurons in the brain, leading to motor improvements. AJW inhibited the MPTP-evoked accumulation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in the brain. These data suggest that AJW has neuroprotective effects with antioxidant mechanisms in PD models.
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Ahmed MA, Azam F, Rghigh AM, Gbaj A, Zetrini AE. Structure-based design, synthesis, molecular docking, and biological activities of 2-(3-benzoylphenyl) propanoic acid derivatives as dual mechanism drugs. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2013; 4:43-50. [PMID: 22368397 PMCID: PMC3283955 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.92728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: 2-(3-benzoyl phenyl)propanohydroxamic acid (2) and 2-{3-[(hydroxyimino)(phenyl)methyl]phenyl}propanoic acid (3) were synthesized from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketoprofen as dual-mechanism drugs. Materials and Methods: Structures of the synthesized compounds were established by IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectroscopy. Both compounds were screened for their anti-inflammatory activity in rat paw edema model and in vitro antitumor activity against 60 human tumor cell lines. Flexible ligand docking studies were performed with different matrix metalloproteinases and cyclooxygenases to gain an insight into the structural preferences for their inhibition. Results: Compound (2) proved out to be more potent than ketoprofen in rat paw edema model. Both compounds showed moderate anticancer activity ranging from 1% to 23% inhibition of growth in 38 cell lines of 8 tumor subpanels at 10 μM concentration in a single dose experiment. Hydroxamic acid analogue was found to be more potent than ketoximic analogue in terms of its antitumor activity. Conclusion: Analysis of docking results together with experimental findings provide a good explanation for the biological activities associated with synthesized compounds which may be fruitful in designing dual-target-directed drugs that may inhibit cyclooxygenases and MMPs for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa A Ahmed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Garyounis University, Benghazi, Libya
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Trippier PC, Labby KJ, Hawker DD, Mataka JJ, Silverman RB. Target- and mechanism-based therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases: strength in numbers. J Med Chem 2013; 56:3121-47. [PMID: 23458846 PMCID: PMC3637880 DOI: 10.1021/jm3015926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of new therapeutics for the treatment of neurodegenerative pathophysiologies currently stands at a crossroads. This presents an opportunity to transition future drug discovery efforts to target disease modification, an area in which much still remains unknown. In this Perspective we examine recent progress in the areas of neurodegenerative drug discovery, focusing on some of the most common targets and mechanisms: N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors, voltage gated calcium channels (VGCCs), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species, and protein aggregation. These represent the key players identified in neurodegeneration and are part of a complex, intertwined signaling cascade. The synergistic delivery of two or more compounds directed against these targets, along with the design of small molecules with multiple modes of action, should be explored in pursuit of more effective clinical treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Trippier
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Kristin Jansen Labby
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Dustin D. Hawker
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Jan J. Mataka
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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20
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Geldenhuys WJ, Van der Schyf CJ. Designing drugs with multi-target activity: the next step in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 8:115-29. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.744746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Werner J Geldenhuys
- Northeast Ohio Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Neurotherapeutics Emphasis Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Rootstown, 4209 State Route 44, P.O. Box 95, OH 44272, USA ;
| | - Cornelis J Van der Schyf
- Northeast Ohio Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Neurotherapeutics Emphasis Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Rootstown, 4209 State Route 44, P.O. Box 95, OH 44272, USA ;
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21
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Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurosci 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511980053.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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22
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Joubert J, Geldenhuys WJ, Van der Schyf CJ, Oliver DW, Kruger HG, Govender T, Malan SF. Polycyclic cage structures as lipophilic scaffolds for neuroactive drugs. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:375-84. [PMID: 22307951 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic cage scaffolds have been successfully used in the development of numerous lead compounds demonstrating activity in the central nervous system (CNS). Several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, schizophrenia, and stroke, as well as drug abuse, can be modulated with polycyclic cage derivatives. These cage moieties, including adamantane and pentacycloundecane derivatives, improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of conjugated parent drugs and serve as an important scaffold in the design of therapeutically active agents for the treatment of neurological disorders. In this Minireview, we focus on the recent developments in the field of polycyclic cage compounds, as well as the relationship between the lipophilic character of these cage-derived drugs and the ability of such compounds to target and reach the CNS and improve the pharmacodynamic properties of compounds conjugated to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Joubert
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
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23
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Oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2011; 2011:467180. [PMID: 22191013 PMCID: PMC3236428 DOI: 10.1155/2011/467180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases (ND) increase with life expectancy. This paper reviews the role of oxidative stress (OS) in ND and pharmacological attempts to fight against reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced neurodegeneration. Several mechanisms involved in ROS generation in neurodegeneration have been proposed. Recent articles about molecular pathways involved in ROS generation were reviewed. The progress in the development of neuroprotective therapies has been hampered because it is difficult to define targets for treatment and determine what should be considered as neuroprotective. Therefore, the attention was focused on researches about pharmacological targets that could protect neurons against OS. Since it is necessary to look for genes as the ultimate controllers of all biological processes, this paper also tried to identify gerontogenes involved in OS and neurodegeneration. Since neurons depend on glial cells to survive, recent articles about the functioning of these cells in aging and ND were also reviewed. Finally, clinical trials testing potential neuroprotective agents were critically reviewed. Although several potential drugs have been screened in in vitro and in vivo models of ND, these results were not translated in benefit of patients, and disappointing results were obtained in the majority of clinical trials.
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Bottegoni G, Favia AD, Recanatini M, Cavalli A. The role of fragment-based and computational methods in polypharmacology. Drug Discov Today 2011; 17:23-34. [PMID: 21864710 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polypharmacology-based strategies are gaining increased attention as a novel approach to obtaining potentially innovative medicines for multifactorial diseases. However, some within the pharmaceutical community have resisted these strategies because they can be resource-hungry in the early stages of the drug discovery process. Here, we report on fragment-based and computational methods that might accelerate and optimize the discovery of multitarget drugs. In particular, we illustrate that fragment-based approaches can be particularly suited for polypharmacology, owing to the inherent promiscuous nature of fragments. In parallel, we explain how computer-assisted protocols can provide invaluable insights into how to unveil compounds theoretically able to bind to more than one protein. Furthermore, several pragmatic aspects related to the use of these approaches are covered, thus offering the reader practical insights on multitarget-oriented drug discovery projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bottegoni
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development (D3), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, I-16163 Genoa, Italy
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25
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Carroll RT, Dluzen DE, Stinnett H, Awale PS, Funk MO, Geldenhuys WJ. Structure–activity relationship and docking studies of thiazolidinedione-type compounds with monoamine oxidase B. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4798-803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Wang SH, Liu FF, Dong XY, Sun Y. Thermodynamic Analysis of the Molecular Interactions between Amyloid β-Peptide 42 and (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:11576-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1001435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hui Wang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Fu-Feng Liu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Dong
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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27
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Geldenhuys WJ, Bezuidenhout LM, Dluzen DE. Effects of a novel dopamine uptake inhibitor upon extracellular dopamine from superfused murine striatal tissue. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 619:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Chemicals possessing a neurotrophin-like activity on dopaminergic neurons in primary culture. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6215. [PMID: 19593444 PMCID: PMC2704893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurotrophic factors have been shown to possess strong neuroprotective and neurorestaurative properties in Parkinson's disease patients. However the issues to control their delivery into the interest areas of the brain and their surgical administration linked to their unability to cross the blood brain barrier are many drawbacks responsible of undesirable side effects limiting their clinical use. A strategy implying the use of neurotrophic small molecules could provide an interesting alternative avoiding neurotrophin administration and side effects. In an attempt to develop drugs mimicking neurotrophic factors, we have designed and synthesized low molecular weight molecules that exhibit neuroprotective and neuritogenic potential for dopaminergic neurons. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A cell-based screening of an in-house quinoline-derived compound collection led to the characterization of compounds exhibiting both activities in the nanomolar range on mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in spontaneous or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced neurodegeneration. This study provides evidence that rescued neurons possess a functional dopamine transporter and underlines the involvement of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathway in these processes. CONCLUSION Cell-based screening led to the discovery of a potent neurotrophic compound possessing expected physico-chemical properties for blood brain barrier penetration as a serious candidate for therapeutic use in Parkinson disease.
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Boldyrev A, Fedorova T, Stepanova M, Dobrotvorskaya I, Kozlova E, Boldanova N, Bagyeva G, Ivanova-Smolenskaya I, Illarioshkin S. Carnosine [corrected] increases efficiency of DOPA therapy of Parkinson's disease: a pilot study. Rejuvenation Res 2008; 11:821-7. [PMID: 18729814 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2008.0716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The addition of the neuropeptide carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) as a food additive to the basic protocol of Parkinson's disease treatment results in significant improvement of neurological symptoms, along with increase in red blood cell Cu/Zn-SOD and decrease in blood plasma protein carbonyls and lipid hydroperoxides, with no noticeable change in platelets MAO B activity. The combination of carnosine with basic therapy may be a useful way to increase efficiency of PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Boldyrev
- Research Center of Neurology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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30
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Jankovic J. Are adenosine antagonists, such as istradefylline, caffeine, and chocolate, useful in the treatment of Parkinson's disease? Ann Neurol 2008; 63:267-9. [PMID: 18383071 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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