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Ishihara K, Abe M, Fukazawa K, Konno T. Control of Cell-Substrate Binding Related to Cell Proliferation Cycle Status Using a Cytocompatible Phospholipid Polymer Bearing Phenylboronic Acid Groups. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2000341. [PMID: 33502108 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To provide high-quality cellular raw materials for cell engineering and pharmaceutical engineering, a polymer substrate is prepared for cell separation focusing on the cell proliferation cycle. There are many types of sugar chains on cell membranes, which function as signaling molecules to control interactions with the exterior of the cell; their abundance changes during the cell-proliferation cycle. In this study, a phenylboronic acid group, which has affinity for sugar chains, is introduced into a polymer containing a phosphorylcholine group that does not induce cell activation. On the surface of this polymer, human promyelocytic leukemia cells can adhere. The adhesion rate is increased by pretreating the substrate with an alkaline solution. Moreover, cell adhesion is dependent on the sugar additive in the culture medium. Therefore, cell adhesion is governed by reactions between the sugar chain on the cell membrane and the phenylboronic acid groups on the substrate. It is revealed that the adhesion rate changes depending on the expression level of sugar chains related to the cell-proliferation cycle. Based on this, it may be proposed a cell proliferation cycle-specific separation process using the polymer substrate based on cell adhesion depending on sugar chain density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Ishihara
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Masashi Abe
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kyoko Fukazawa
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Konno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba-Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
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2
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Abd El-Hafeez AA, Khalifa HO, Mahdy EAM, Sharma V, Hosoi T, Ghosh P, Ozawa K, Montano MM, Fujimura T, Ibrahim ARN, Abdelhamid MAA, Pack SP, Shouman SA, Kawamoto S. Anticancer effect of nor-wogonin (5, 7, 8-trihydroxyflavone) on human triple-negative breast cancer cells via downregulation of TAK1, NF-κB, and STAT3. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:289-298. [PMID: 30826569 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nor-wogonin, a polyhydroxy flavone, has been shown to possess antitumor activity. However, the mechanisms responsible for its antitumor activity are poorly studied. Herein, we investigated the mechanisms of nor-wogonin actions in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. METHODS Effects of nor-wogonin on cell proliferation and viability of four TNBC cell lines (MDA-MB-231, BT-549, HCC70, and HCC1806) and two non-tumorigenic breast cell lines (MCF-10A and AG11132) were assessed by BrdU incorporation assays and trypan blue dye exclusion tests. Cell cycle and apoptosis analyses were carried out by flow cytometry. Protein expression was analyzed by immunoblotting. RESULTS Nor-wogonin significantly inhibited the growth and decreased the viability of TNBC cells; however, it exhibited no or minimal effects in non-tumorigenic breast cells. Nor-wogonin (40 μM) was a more potent anti-proliferative and cytotoxic agent than wogonin (100 μM) and wogonoside (100 μM), which are structurally related to nor-wogonin. The antitumor effects of nor-wogonin can be attributed to cell cycle arrest via reduction of the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin B1, and CDK1. Furthermore, nor-wogonin induced mitochondrial apoptosis, (as evidenced by the increase in % of cells that are apoptotic), decreases in the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), increases in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and caspase-3 cleavage. Moreover, nor-wogonin attenuated the expression of the nuclear factor kappa-B and activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathways, which can be correlated with suppression of transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 in TNBC cells. CONCLUSION These results showed that nor-wogonin might be a potential multi-target agent for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Ali Abd El-Hafeez
- Pharmacotherapy Department, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Global Career Design Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Pharmacology and Experimental Oncology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Hazim O Khalifa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt; Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | | | - Vikas Sharma
- Pharmacology Department, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Toru Hosoi
- Pharmacotherapy Department, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Koichiro Ozawa
- Pharmacotherapy Department, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Monica M Montano
- Pharmacology Department, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Takashi Fujimura
- Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging (HiHA), Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ahmed R N Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A A Abdelhamid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia Egypt; Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Pil Pack
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Samia A Shouman
- Pharmacology and Experimental Oncology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Seiji Kawamoto
- Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging (HiHA), Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Takabe P, Bart G, Ropponen A, Rilla K, Tammi M, Tammi R, Pasonen-Seppänen S. Hyaluronan synthase 3 (HAS3) overexpression downregulates MV3 melanoma cell proliferation, migration and adhesion. Exp Cell Res 2015. [PMID: 26222208 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Malignant skin melanoma is one of the most deadly human cancers. Extracellular matrix (ECM) influences the growth of malignant tumors by modulating tumor cells adhesion and migration. Hyaluronan is an essential component of the ECM, and its amount is altered in many tumors, suggesting an important role for hyaluronan in tumorigenesis. Nonetheless its role in melanomagenesis is not understood. In this study we produced a MV3 melanoma cell line with inducible expression of the hyaluronan synthase 3 (HAS3) and studied its effect on the behavior of the melanoma cells. HAS3 overexpression expanded the cell surface hyaluronan coat and decreased melanoma cell adhesion, migration and proliferation by cell cycle arrest at G1/G0. Melanoma cell migration was restored by removal of cell surface hyaluronan by Streptomyces hyaluronidase and by receptor blocking with hyaluronan oligosaccharides, while the effect on cell proliferation was receptor independent. Overexpression of HAS3 decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation suggesting that inhibition of MAP-kinase signaling was responsible for these suppressive effects on the malignant phenotype of MV3 melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piia Takabe
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Geneviève Bart
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Ropponen
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Clinical Medicine, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Rilla
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Tammi
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Raija Tammi
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Gérard C, Goldbeter A. The balance between cell cycle arrest and cell proliferation: control by the extracellular matrix and by contact inhibition. Interface Focus 2014; 4:20130075. [PMID: 24904738 PMCID: PMC3996587 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2013.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the dynamics of the cell cycle, we need to characterize the balance between cell cycle arrest and cell proliferation, which is often deregulated in cancers. We address this issue by means of a detailed computational model for the network of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) driving the mammalian cell cycle. Previous analysis of the model focused on how this balance is controlled by growth factors (GFs) or the levels of activators (oncogenes) and inhibitors (tumour suppressors) of cell cycle progression. Supra-threshold changes in the level of any of these factors can trigger a switch in the dynamical behaviour of the Cdk network corresponding to a bifurcation between a stable steady state, associated with cell cycle arrest, and sustained oscillations of the various cyclin/Cdk complexes, corresponding to cell proliferation. Here, we focus on the regulation of cell proliferation by cellular environmental factors external to the Cdk network, such as the extracellular matrix (ECM), and contact inhibition, which increases with cell density. We extend the model for the Cdk network by including the phenomenological effect of both the ECM, which controls the activation of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) that promotes cell cycle progression, and cell density, which inhibits cell proliferation via the Hippo/YAP pathway. The model shows that GFs and FAK activation are capable of triggering in a similar dynamical manner the transition to cell proliferation, while the Hippo/YAP pathway can arrest proliferation once cell density passes a critical threshold. The results account for the dependence or independence of cell proliferation on serum and/or cell anchorage to ECM. Whether the balance in the Cdk network is tilted towards cell cycle arrest or proliferation depends on the direction in which the threshold associated with the bifurcation is passed once the cell integrates the multiple, internal or external signals that promote or impede progression in the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Gérard
- Unité de Chronobiologie théorique, Faculté des Sciences , Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , Campus Plaine, CP 231, Brussels 1050 , Belgium
| | - Albert Goldbeter
- Unité de Chronobiologie théorique, Faculté des Sciences , Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , Campus Plaine, CP 231, Brussels 1050 , Belgium ; Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS) , Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University , Marais Street, Stellenbosch 7600 , South Africa
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5
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Yang MH, Jong SB, Lu CY, Lin YF, Chiang PW, Tyan YC, Chung TW. Assessing the responses of cellular proteins induced by hyaluronic acid-modified surfaces utilizing a mass spectrometry-based profiling system: over-expression of CD36, CD44, CDK9, and PP2A. Analyst 2012; 137:4921-33. [PMID: 22910856 DOI: 10.1039/c2an35368g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cell responses to biopolymer surface at the early adhesion stages can be critical for cell survival. The purpose of this research was to assess formation of hyaluronic acid (HA) biopolymer surface, the fibroblasts were used as an experimental model to evaluate the responses of cellular proteins induced by biopolymer materials using a mass spectrometry-based profiling system. Surfaces were covered by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT), chitosan (CS), and HA to increase the surface area, enhance the adhesion of biopolymer and promote the rate of cell proliferation. The amount of adhered fibroblasts on CNT/CS/HA electrodes of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) were greatly exceeded those on other surfaces that were consistent with cell-count technique. Moreover, analyzing differential protein expressions of adhered fibroblasts on those biopolymer surfaces by proteomic approaches identified CD36, CD44, PP2A, and CDK9 as key proteins. To validate the influences of those four proteins on adhesions of fibroblasts on biopolymers, the cells were blocked by antibodies of the proteins and the adhesions of cells on the tested biopolymer surfaces were examined using a QCM technique, flow cytometric analysis and morphological observations. The results of significantly decreasing the weights and densities of the blocked fibroblasts adhering to CNT/CS/HA surfaces were obtained, and validate those proteins found by proteomic approaches. Utilizing mass spectrometry-based proteomics to evaluate cell adhesions on biopolymers is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin, 64002 Taiwan, ROC
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Martyn SV, Heywood HK, Rockett P, Paine MD, Wang MJ, Dobson PJ, Sheard SJ, Lee DA, Stark JPW. Electrospray deposited fibronectin retains the ability to promote cell adhesion. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2011; 96:110-8. [PMID: 21061362 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Scaffolds for tissue engineering require the correct biochemical cues if the seeded cells are to migrate into the scaffold and proliferate. For complex tissues this would require precise patterning of the scaffold structure with the particular biochemical cue required at each location on the scaffold. Electrospray enables the deposition of a wide number of biomolecules onto surfaces and can be used for precise patterning. We assessed the functionality of a key cell-adhesion molecule, fibronectin, after depositing it onto a surface using the electrospray technique. The addition of polypropylene glycol allowed a stable spray to be obtained from solutions with a range of fibronectin concentrations. Immunoassay tests showed that the amount of fibronectin retained on the surface was proportional to that sprayed from the solution. Increasing the surface density of fibronectin deposited onto silicon surfaces enhanced fibroblast attachment. The fibronectin thus appears to have retained its cell attachment functionality after undergoing the electrospray process. Since recent advances allow electrospray to pattern material from solution with micrometre accuracy this may allow materials to be biologically functionalized on a similar scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Martyn
- Department of Engineering Science, Oxford University, UK
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Cabodi S, Di Stefano P, Leal MDPC, Tinnirello A, Bisaro B, Morello V, Damiano L, Aramu S, Repetto D, Tornillo G, Defilippi P. Integrins and signal transduction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 674:43-54. [PMID: 20549939 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6066-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Integrin signaling has a critical function in organizing cells in tissues during both embryonic development and tissue repair. Following their binding to the extracellular ligands, the intracellular signaling pathways triggered by integrins are directed to two major functions: organization of the actin cytoskeleton and regulation of cell behaviour including survival, differentiation and growth. Basic research conducted in the past twelve years has lead to remarkable breakthroughs in this field. Integrins are catalytically inactive and translate positional cues into biochemical signals by direct and/or functional association with intracellular adaptors, cytosolic tyrosine kinases or growth factor and cytokine receptors. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight recent experimental and conceptual advances in integrin signaling with particular emphasis on the ability of integrins to regulate Fak/Src family kinases (SFKs) activation and the cross-talk with soluble growth factors receptors and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cabodi
- Molecular and Biotechnology Center and Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
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8
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Sheahan S, Bellamy CO, Harland SN, Harrison DJ, Prost S. TGFbeta induces apoptosis and EMT in primary mouse hepatocytes independently of p53, p21Cip1 or Rb status. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:191. [PMID: 18611248 PMCID: PMC2467431 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TGFbeta has pleiotropic effects that range from regulation of proliferation and apoptosis to morphological changes and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Some evidence suggests that these effects may be interconnected. We have recently reported that P53, P21Cip1 and pRB, three critical regulators of the G1/S transition are variably involved in TGFbeta-induced cell cycle arrest in hepatocytes. As these proteins are also involved in the regulation of apoptosis in many circumstances, we investigated their contribution to other relevant TGFbeta-induced effects, namely apoptosis and EMT, and examined how the various processes were interrelated. METHODS Primary mouse hepatocytes deficient in p53, p21 and/or Rb, singly or in combination were treated with TGFbeta for 24 to 96 hours. Apoptosis was quantified according to morphology and by immunostaining for cleaved-capsase 3. Epithelial and mesenchymal marker expression was studied using immunocytochemistry and real time PCR. RESULTS We found that TGFbeta similarly induced morphological changes regardless of genotype and independently of proliferation index or sensitivity to inhibition of proliferation by TGFbeta. Morphological changes were accompanied by decrease in E-cadherin and increased Snail expression but the mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin, SMAalpha and Vimentin) studied remained unchanged. TGFbeta induced high levels of apoptosis in p53-/-, Rb-/-, p21cip1-/- and control hepatocytes although with slight differences in kinetics. This was unrelated to proliferation or changes in morphology and loss of cell-cell adhesion. However, hepatocytes deficient in both p53 and p21cip1were less sensitive to TGFbeta-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION Although p53, p21Cip1 and pRb are well known regulators of both proliferation and apoptosis in response to a multitude of stresses, we conclude that they are critical for TGFbeta-driven inhibition of hepatocytes proliferation, but only slightly modulate TGFbeta-induced apoptosis. This effect may depend on other parameters such as proliferation and the presence of other regulatory proteins as suggested by the consequences of p53, p21Cip1 double deficiency. Similarly, p53, p21Cip1 and pRB deficiency had no effect on the morphological changes and loss of cell adhesion which is thought to be critical for metastasis. This indicates that possible association of these genes with metastasis potential would be unlikely to involve TGFbeta-induced EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Sheahan
- Division of Pathology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, UK
- Biotransfer Unit, BioSciences Institute, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christopher O Bellamy
- Division of Pathology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen N Harland
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Harrison
- Division of Pathology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Pathology, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XR, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sandrine Prost
- Division of Pathology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Pathology, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XR, Edinburgh, UK
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9
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Redox regulation of anoikis: reactive oxygen species as essential mediators of cell survival. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:867-78. [PMID: 18259192 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper attachment to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for cell survival. The loss of integrin-mediated cell-ECM contact results in an apoptotic process termed anoikis. However, mechanisms involved in regulation of cell survival are poorly understood and mediators responsible for anoikis have not been well characterized. Here, we demonstrate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced through the involvement of the small GTPase Rac-1 upon integrin engagement exert a mandatory role in transducing a pro-survival signal that ensures that cells escape from anoikis. In particular, we show that ROS are responsible for the redox-mediated activation of Src that trans-phosphorylates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in a ligand-independent manner. The redox-dependent phosphorylation of EGFR activates both extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase and Akt downstream signalling pathways, culminating in degradation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bim. Hence, our results shed new light on the mechanism granting the adhesion-dependent antiapoptotic effect, highlighting a fundamental role of ROS-mediated Src regulation in ensuring anoikis protection.
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Denicourt C, Legault P, McNabb FAC, Rassart E. Human and mouse cyclin D2 splice variants: transforming activity and subcellular localization. Oncogene 2007; 27:1253-62. [PMID: 17873913 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported the identification of a novel 17 kDa truncated isoform of the cyclin D2 activated in 13% of the leukemias induced by the Graffi murine leukemia retrovirus. Retroviral integration in the Gris1 locus causes an alternative splicing of the mouse cyclin D2 gene and expression of a truncated protein of 159 amino acids that is detected at high levels in the Gris1 tumors and also in normal mouse tissues mainly the brain and ovaries. A truncated form of the cyclin D2 was also found in human. We show here that both mouse- and human-truncated cyclin D2 are able to transform primary mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) when co-expressed with an activated Ras protein. The truncated cyclin D2 localizes only to the cytoplasm of transfected cells. It has retained the ability to interact with cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), although it is a poor catalyst of pRb phosphorylation. Interestingly, the presence of a similar, alternatively spliced cyclin D2 mRNA was also detected in some human brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Denicourt
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Québec, Canada
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11
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Petermann AT, Pippin J, Durvasula R, Pichler R, Hiromura K, Monkawa T, Couser WG, Shankland SJ. Mechanical stretch induces podocyte hypertrophy in vitro. Kidney Int 2005; 67:157-66. [PMID: 15610239 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased intraglomerular pressure is a final pathway toward glomerulosclerosis in systemic hypertension, diabetes, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Increased intraglomerular pressure causes stress-tension, or stretch, on resident glomerular cells. However, the effects of stretch on podocyte growth, and the mechanisms that underlie this, have not been elucidated. METHODS To test the hypothesis that stretch alters podocyte growth, cultured mouse podocytes were exposed to cyclic mechanical stretch created by vacuum; control cells were grown under similar conditions, but not exposed to stretch. Proliferation (cell cycle phases) and hypertrophy (forward light scatter) were measured in stretched and control podocytes by flow cytometry. The role of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, p21 and p27, was examined by stretching podocytes isolated from p21 and p27 knockout (-/-) mice, and the role of specific signaling pathways was assessed by Western blot analysis and blocking studies. RESULTS Our results showed that stretch reduced cell cycle progression in wild-type and single p27-/- podocytes and induced hypertrophy in these cells in all phases of the cell cycle at 24, 48, and 72 hours. In contrast, stretch did not induce hypertrophy in single p21-/- and double p21/p27-/- podocytes. Stretch-induced hypertrophy required cell cycle entry, and was prevented by specifically blocking extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) or Akt. Although stretch increased p38 activation, inhibition of this pathway had no effect on hypertrophy. CONCLUSION Mechanical stretch induces hypertrophy in podocytes in vitro in all phases of the cell cycle. This effect is cell cycle dependent, and requires p21, Erk1/2, and Akt. Stretch may play a role in podocyte injury when intraglomerular pressure is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arndt T Petermann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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12
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Hauser P, Ma L, Agrawal D, Haura E, Cress WD, Pledger WJ. Efficient Down-Regulation of Cyclin A-Associated Activity and Expression in Suspended Primary Keratinocytes Requires p21Cip1. Mol Cancer Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.96.2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
When suspended in methylcellulose, primary mouse keratinocytes cease proliferation and differentiate. Suspension also reduces the activity of the cyclin-dependent kinase cdk2, an important cell cycle regulatory enzyme. To determine how suspension modulates these events, we examined its effects on wild-type keratinocytes and keratinocytes nullizygous for the cdk2 inhibitor p21Cip1. After suspension of cycling cells, amounts of cyclin A (a cdk2 partner), cyclin A mRNA, and cyclin A-associated activity decreased much more rapidly in the presence than in the absence of p21Cip1. Neither suspension nor p21Cip1 status affected the stability of cyclin A mRNA. Loss of p21Cip1 reduced the capacity of suspended cells to growth arrest, differentiate, and accumulate p27Kip1 (a second cdk2 inhibitor) and affected the composition of E2F DNA binding complexes. Cyclin A-cdk2 complexes in suspended p21+/+ cells contained p21Cip1 or p27Kip1, whereas most of the cyclin A-cdk2 complexes in p21−/− cells lacked p27Kip1. Ectopic expression of p21Cip1 allowed p21−/− keratinocytes to efficiently down-regulate cyclin A and differentiate when placed in suspension. These findings show that p21Cip1 mediates the effects of suspension on numerous processes in primary keratinocytes including cdk2 activity, cyclin A expression, cell cycle progression, and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Le Ma
- 1Molecular Oncology Program and
| | | | - Eric Haura
- 2Experimental Therapeutics Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, University of South Florida School of Medicine, Tampa FL
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Gad A, Thullberg M, Dannenberg JH, te Riele H, Strömblad S. Retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product (pRb) and p107 functionally separate the requirements for serum and anchorage in the cell cycle G1-phase. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:13640-4. [PMID: 14732703 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m314300200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth factors and cell anchorage are both required for cell cycle G(1)-phase progression, but it is unclear whether their function is mediated through the same set of cell cycle components and whether they are both required during the same periods of time. We separately analyzed the requirements of serum and anchorage during G(1)-phase progression and found that human dermal fibroblasts as well as wild type, pRb(-/-), and p107(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts needed serum (growth factors) until mid-G(1)-phase but required cell anchorage until late G(1)-phase to be competent for S-phase entry. Importantly, however, pRb/p107 double-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacked serum requirement in mid-G(1)-phase but still required cell anchorage until late G(1)-phase to enter S-phase. Our results indicate that pRb and p107 do not constitute the last control point for extracellular factors during G(1)-phase progression, and they functionally separate the requirements for serum and cell anchorage in terms of involved cell cycle components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annica Gad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
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Capiati DA, Rossi AM, Picotto G, Benassati S, Boland RL. Inhibition of serum-stimulated mitogen activated protein kinase by 1?,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2004; 93:384-97. [PMID: 15368364 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1alpha,25(OH)2D3], the hormonally active form of vitamin D3, has been shown to be a potent negative growth regulator of breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 acts through two different mechanisms. In addition to regulating gene transcription via its specific intracellular receptor (vitamin D receptor, VDR), 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 induces rapid, non-transcriptional responses involving activation of transmembrane signal transduction pathways, like growth factors and peptide hormones. The mechanisms that mediate the antiproliferative effects of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 in breast cancer cells are not fully understood. Particularly, there is no information about the early non-genomic signal transduction effectors modulated by the hormone. The present study shows that 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 rapidly inhibits serum induced activation of ERK-1 and ERK-2 MAP kinases. The tyrosine kinase Src is involved in the pathway leading to activation of ERK 1/2 by serum. Furthermore, 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 increases the tyrosine-phosphorylated state of Src and inhibits its kinase activity, while induces the association of the VDR with Src, either in the presence or absence of serum. In parallel, the hormone rapidly increases the amounts of VDR associated to plasma membranes (PM). Pretreatment with the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors orthovanadate or bpV (phen) prevented mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibition by 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. These data altogether suggest that 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 inhibits the MAPK cascade by inactivating Src tyrosine kinase through a mechanism mediated by the VDR and tyrosine phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Capiati
- Instituto de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Abstract
Wounds that contain a significant number of fibroblasts that are arrested because of senescence, damaged DNA, or enduring quiescence do not heal. As the arrested population of cells decreases and more cells that divide and contribute to wound repair populate the wound, the wound is more likely to achieve closure. Having an understanding of the regulatory mechanisms within the cell cycle is important to wound repair, particularly chronic wounds. The theory of cellular senescence in chronic wounds is new and has never been tested. Studies seem to show that senescent cells in chronic wounds are a significant part of the wounding process. Senescence is irreversible, and senescent cells are refractory to growth factor therapy. Future growth factor therapies or genetic transfections that are capable of repairing the short circuit in cycling cells or overriding the senescent condition will be important partners in the successful treatment of chronic wound patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry S Vande Berg
- Core Clinical and Research Imaging Facility, V-151, San Diego Veterans Administration Medical Center, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
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16
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Vincent T, Molina L, Espert L, Mechti N. Hyaluronan, a major non-protein glycosaminoglycan component of the extracellular matrix in human bone marrow, mediates dexamethasone resistance in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2003; 121:259-69. [PMID: 12694247 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Originating from a post-switch memory B cell or plasma cell compartment in peripheral lymphoid tissues, malignant multiple myeloma (MM) cells accumulate in the bone marrow of patients with MM. In this favourable microenvironment, their growth and survival are dependent upon both soluble factors and physical cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular-matrix contacts. In this study, hyaluronan (HA), a major non-protein glycosaminoglycan component of the extracellular matrix in mammalian bone marrow, acted as a survival factor against dexamethasone (Dex)-induced apoptosis in MM cell lines. These effects were mediated through an interleukin 6 (IL-6) autocrine pathway, involving signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 phosphorylation on IL-6-dependent XG-1 and XG-6 cell lines. HA promoted accumulation of IL-6 in the culture medium without affecting IL-6 gene expression, suggesting that HA protects, stabilizes and concentrates IL-6 close to its site of secretion, thus favouring its autocrine activity. In contrast, in the IL-6-independent RPMI8226 cell line, HA survival effect was mediated through a gp80-IL-6 receptor-independent pathway, resulting in the upregulation of Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic protein expression and nuclear factor-kappaB activation. Taken together, these data suggest that HA antagonizes Dex-induced apoptosis of MM cells by favouring the autocrine activity of different cytokines or growth factors. As HA is a major component of the bone marrow extracellular matrix, these findings support the idea that HA could play a major role in the survival of MM cells in vivo, and could explain why MM cells accumulate in the bone marrow of patients with MM and escape conventional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Vincent
- INSERM Unité U475 and UMR-CNRS5094, Montpellier, and Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Hôpital St-Eloi, Montpellier, France
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17
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Vincent T, Jourdan M, Sy MS, Klein B, Mechti N. Hyaluronic acid induces survival and proliferation of human myeloma cells through an interleukin-6-mediated pathway involving the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:14728-36. [PMID: 11278272 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m003965200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Originating from a post-switch memory B cell or plasma cell compartment in peripheral lymphoid tissues, malignant myeloma cells accumulate in the bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma. In this favorable microenvironment their growth and survival are dependent upon both soluble factors and physical cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix contacts. In this report we show that hyaluronan (HA), a major nonprotein glycosaminoglycan component of the extracellular matrix in mammalian bone marrow, is a survival and proliferation factor for human myeloma cells. The effect of HA is mainly mediated through a gp 80-interleukin 6 (IL-6) receptor pathway by a CD44-independent mechanism, suggesting that HA retains and concentrates IL-6 close to its site of secretion, thus favoring its autocrine activity. In addition, we show that HA-mediated survival and proliferation of myeloma cells is associated with a down-regulation in the expression of p27(kip1) cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and a hyperphosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb). These data suggest that HA could be an important component in the myeloma cell physiopathology in vivo by potentiating autocrine and/or paracrine IL-6 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vincent
- INSERM Unité U475, 99 rue Puech Villa, 34197 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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18
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Coppock D, Kopman C, Gudas J, Cina-Poppe DA. Regulation of the quiescence-induced genes: quiescin Q6, decorin, and ribosomal protein S29. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 269:604-10. [PMID: 10708601 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The transition from growth to quiescence is deeply deranged in cancer cells. Expression of the quiescence-induced genes, quiescin Q6, decorin, and S29, was examined in important physiological states and in several cell types. Senescent fibroblasts expressed neither Q6 nor decorin mRNAs. The quiescins were induced in serum-deprived cultures. Trypsinized cells, which rapidly reattached to the culture dish, expressed Q6, S29, and decorin mRNAs at reduced levels, compared to those that remained in suspension. Expression of Q6 and S29 mRNAs in endothelial cells was low in growth phase and high in quiescent cells. Q6 and S29 mRNAs were found in a large variety of human tissues. The quiescin Q6 protein was detected in WI38 cell extracts and in conditioned medium from quiescent cells. A complex regulation of the quiescins by growth and attachment status in specific cell types may be of importance in pathological growth regulation and the development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Coppock
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, No. 300, Mineola, New York 11501, USA.
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19
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Rühl M, Sahin E, Johannsen M, Somasundaram R, Manski D, Riecken EO, Schuppan D. Soluble collagen VI drives serum-starved fibroblasts through S phase and prevents apoptosis via down-regulation of Bax. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:34361-8. [PMID: 10567413 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.48.34361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that soluble, pepsin-solubilized collagen VI increases de novo DNA synthesis in serum-starved HT1080 and 3T3 fibroblasts up to 100-fold compared with soluble collagen I, reaching 80% of the stimulation caused by 10% fetal calf serum. Here we show that collagen VI also inhibits apoptotic cell death in serum-starved cells as evidenced by morphological criteria, DNA laddering, complementary apoptosis assays (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting), and quantification of apoptosis-regulating proteins. In the presence of starving medium alone or collagen I, the proapoptotic Bax was up-regulated 2-2.5-fold, compared with soluble collagen VI and fetal calf serum, whereas levels of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein remained unaffected. In accordance with its potent stimulation of DNA synthesis, soluble collagen VI carries serum-starved HT1080 and Balb 3T3 fibroblasts through G(2) as shown by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, whereas cells exposed to medium and collagen I where arrested at G(1)-S. This was accompanied by a 2-3-fold increase in cyclin A, B, and D1 protein expression. Collagen VI-induced inhibition of apoptotic cell death may be operative during embryogenesis, wound healing, and fibrosis when elevated tissue and blood levels of collagen VI are observed, thus initiating a feedback loop of mesenchymal cell activation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rühl
- Department of Medicine I, Klinikum B. Franklin, Free University of Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
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Morozov G, Verlinsky O, Rechitsky S, Ivakhnenko V, Goltsman E, Gindilis V, Strom C, Kuliev A, Verlinsky Y. Construction and sequence analysis of subtraction complementary DNA libraries from human preimplantation embryos. J Assist Reprod Genet 1999; 16:212-5. [PMID: 10224565 PMCID: PMC3455757 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020368908134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Because stage-specific genetic expression in human preimplantation development is not sufficiently studied, we have undertaken the construction of a subtraction complementary DNA (cDNA) library enriched for transcripts specific for human blastocysts. METHODS For this purpose individual pools of cDNAs synthesized from four hatched blastocysts and three cleaving 8- to 10-cell embryos were exposed to suppression subtractive hybridization to minimize the presence of transcripts of housekeeping genes and other genes of maternal origin known to be expressed earlier in preimplantation development. Random clones of this library were sequenced and analyzed using the BLAST algorithm. RESULTS The resulting subtraction library had a complexity of 3 x 10(5) and an average size of inserts of about 0.8 kb. Sequencing of random library clones revealed the following human genes: CD9 antigen, fatty acid binding protein, ferritin heavy chain, amyloid precursor, MAP kinase messenger RNAs, DNA clone 127H14, messenger RNA for diacylglycerol kinase, a sequence homologous to C1 inhibitor, messenger RNA for the KIAA0145 gene, and others. CONCLUSIONS The presence of these genes in human preimplantation development suggests expression specific to the blastocyst stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Morozov
- Reproductive Genetics Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA
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21
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Gómez Lahoz E, Liegeois NJ, Zhang P, Engelman JA, Horner J, Silverman A, Burde R, Roussel MF, Sherr CJ, Elledge SJ, DePinho RA. Cyclin D- and E-dependent kinases and the p57(KIP2) inhibitor: cooperative interactions in vivo. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:353-63. [PMID: 9858559 PMCID: PMC83893 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.1.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/1997] [Accepted: 09/28/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines in vivo the role and functional interrelationships of components regulating exit from the G1 resting phase into the DNA synthetic (S) phase of the cell cycle. Our approach made use of several key experimental attributes of the developing mouse lens, namely its strong dependence on pRb in maintenance of the postmitotic state, the down-regulation of cyclins D and E and up-regulation of the p57(KIP2) inhibitor in the postmitotic lens fiber cell compartment, and the ability to target transgene expression to this compartment. These attributes provide an ideal in vivo context in which to examine the consequences of forced cyclin expression and/or of loss of p57(KIP2) inhibitor function in a cellular compartment that permits an accurate quantitation of cellular proliferation and apoptosis rates in situ. Here, we demonstrate that, despite substantial overlap in cyclin transgene expression levels, D-type and E cyclins exhibited clear functional differences in promoting entry into S phase. In general, forced expression of the D-type cyclins was more efficient than cyclin E in driving lens fiber cells into S phase. In the case of cyclins D1 and D2, ectopic proliferation required their enhanced nuclear localization through CDK4 coexpression. High nuclear levels of cyclin E and CDK2, while not sufficient to promote efficient exit from G1, did act synergistically with ectopic cyclin D/CDK4. The functional differences between D-type and E cyclins was most evident in the p57(KIP2)-deficient lens wherein cyclin D overexpression induced a rate of proliferation equivalent to that of the pRb null lens, while overexpression of cyclin E did not increase the rate of proliferation over that induced by the loss of p57(KIP2) function. These in vivo analyses provide strong biological support for the prevailing view that the antecedent actions of cyclin D/CDK4 act cooperatively with cyclin E/CDK2 and antagonistically with p57(KIP2) to regulate the G1/S transition in a cell type highly dependent upon pRb.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gómez Lahoz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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