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Müller T, Bronkhorst J, Müller J, Safari N, Hahn M, Sprakel J, Scheuring D. Plant infection by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis requires actin-dependent generation of high invasive turgor pressure. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 244:192-201. [PMID: 39107894 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
The devastating pathogen Botrytis cinerea infects a broad spectrum of host plants, causing great socio-economic losses. The necrotrophic fungus rapidly kills plant cells, nourishing their wall and cellular contents. To this end, necrotrophs secrete a cocktail of cell wall degrading enzymes, phytotoxic proteins and metabolites. Additionally, many fungi produce specialized invasion organs that generate high invasive pressures to force their way into the plant cell. However, for most necrotrophs, including Botrytis, the biomechanics of penetration and its contribution to virulence are poorly understood. Here, we use a combination of quantitative micromechanical imaging and CRISPR-Cas-guided mutagenesis to show that Botrytis uses substantial invasive pressure, in combination with strong surface adherence, for penetration. We found that the fungus establishes a unique mechanical geometry of penetration that develops over time during penetration events, and which is actin cytoskeleton dependent. Furthermore, interference of force generation by blocking actin polymerization was found to decrease Botrytis virulence, indicating that also for necrotrophs, mechanical pressure is important in host colonization. Our results demonstrate for the first time mechanistically how a necrotrophic fungus such as Botrytis employs this 'brute force' approach, in addition to the secretion of lytic proteins and phytotoxic metabolites, to overcome plant host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Müller
- Plant Pathology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jochem Bronkhorst
- Green Mechanobiology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jonas Müller
- Plant Pathology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Nassim Safari
- Plant Pathology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Matthias Hahn
- Plant Pathology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Green Mechanobiology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - David Scheuring
- Plant Pathology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Morelos-Martínez MI, Cano-Camacho H, Díaz-Tapia KM, Simpson J, López-Romero E, Zavala-Páramo MG. Comparative Genomic Analyses of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Pathotypes with Different Virulence Levels and Lifestyles. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:651. [PMID: 39330411 PMCID: PMC11432805 DOI: 10.3390/jof10090651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is the most frequent pathogenic fungus of the common bean Phaseolus vulgaris. This filamentous fungus employs a hemibiotrophic nutrition/infection strategy, which is characteristic of many Colletotrichum species. Due to host-pathogen coevolution, C. lindemuthianum includes pathotypes with a diversity of virulence against differential common bean varieties. In this study, we performed comparative genomic analyses on three pathotypes with different virulence levels and a non-pathogenic pathotype, isolated from different geographical areas in Mexico. Our results revealed large genomes with high transposable element contents that have undergone expansions, generating intraspecific diversity. All the pathotypes exhibited a similar number of clusters of orthologous genes (COGs) and Gene Ontology (GO) terms. TFomes contain families that are typical in fungal genomes; however, they show different contents between pathotypes, mainly in transcription factors with the fungal-specific TF and Zn2Cys6 domains. Peptidase families mainly contain abundant serine peptidases, metallopeptidases, and cysteine peptidases. In the secretomes, the number of genes differed between the pathotypes, with a high percentage of candidate effectors. Both the virulence gene and CAZyme gene content for each pathotype was abundant and diverse, and the latter was enriched in hemicellulolytic enzymes. We provide new insights into the nature of intraspecific diversity among C. lindemuthianum pathotypes and the origin of their ability to rapidly adapt to genetic changes in its host and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Irene Morelos-Martínez
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, Morelia 58000, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Horacio Cano-Camacho
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, Morelia 58000, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Karla Morelia Díaz-Tapia
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, Morelia 58000, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - June Simpson
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36821, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Everardo López-Romero
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta SN, Guanajuato 36030, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - María Guadalupe Zavala-Páramo
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, Morelia 58000, Michoacán, Mexico
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Li F, Lu D, Meng F, Tian C. Transcription Factor CgSte12 Regulates Pathogenicity by Affecting Appressorium Structural Development in the Anthracnose-Causing Fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1832-1842. [PMID: 38748933 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-23-0484-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the causal agent of poplar anthracnose, which induces major economic losses and adversely affects the ecosystem services of poplar forests. The appressorium serves as a penetration structure for many pathogenic fungi, including C. gloeosporioides. The production of mucilage and the formation of penetration pegs are critically important for the appressorium-mediated penetration of host tissues. We previously found that CgPmk1 is a key protein involved in appressorium formation, penetration, and pathogenicity. Although CgSte12, which is a transcription factor that functions downstream of CgPmk1, regulates the formation of penetration pegs, its role in C. gloeosporioides appressorium development and pathogenicity has not been elucidated. Here, we developed C. gloeosporioides CgSTE12 mutants and characterized the molecular and cellular functions of CgSTE12. The results showed that mycelial growth and morphology were not affected in the CgSTE12 knockout mutants, which produced normal melanized appressoria. However, these mutants had less mucilage secreted around the appressoria, impaired appressorial cone formation, and the inability to form penetration pores and pegs, which ultimately led to a significant loss of pathogenicity. Our comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that CgSte12 controls the expression of genes involved in appressorium development and function, including genes encoding cutinases, NADPH oxidase, spermine biosynthesis-related proteins, ceramide biosynthesis-related proteins, fatty acid metabolism-related proteins, and glycerophospholipid metabolism-related proteins. Overall, our findings indicate that CgSte12 is a critical regulator of appressorium development and affects C. gloeosporioides pathogenicity by modulating the structural integrity of appressoria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhan Li
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongxiao Lu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Fanli Meng
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengming Tian
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Díaz-Tapia KM, Zavala-Páramo MG, Villa-Rivera MG, Morelos-Martínez MI, López-Romero E, Simpson J, Bolaños-Rebolledo J, Cano-Camacho H. Differential Carbon Catabolite Repression and Hemicellulolytic Ability among Pathotypes of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum against Natural Plant Substrates. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:406. [PMID: 38921392 PMCID: PMC11204554 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes anthracnose in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and presents a great diversity of pathotypes with different levels of virulence against bean varieties worldwide. The purpose of this study was to establish whether pathotypic diversity is associated with differences in the mycelial growth and secretion of plant-cell-wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs). We evaluated growth, hemicellulase and cellulase activity, and PCWDE secretion in four pathotypes of C. lindemuthianum in cultures with glucose, bean hypocotyls and green beans of P. vulgaris, and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). The results showed differences in the mycelial growth, hemicellulolytic activity, and PCWDE secretion among the pathotypes. Glucose was not the preferred carbon source for the best mycelial growth in all pathotypes, each of which showed a unique PCWDE secretion profile, indicating different levels of carbon catabolite regulation (CCR). The pathotypes showed a high differential hemicellulolytic capacity to degrade host and water hyacinth tissues, suggesting CCR by pentoses and that there are differences in the absorption and metabolism of different monosaccharides and/or disaccharides. We propose that different levels of CCR could optimize growth in different host tissues and could allow for consortium behavior in interactions with bean crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Morelia Díaz-Tapia
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, Morelia 58000, Michoacán, Mexico; (K.M.D.-T.); (M.I.M.-M.); (J.B.-R.)
| | - María Guadalupe Zavala-Páramo
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, Morelia 58000, Michoacán, Mexico; (K.M.D.-T.); (M.I.M.-M.); (J.B.-R.)
| | - Maria Guadalupe Villa-Rivera
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia, Universidad Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Morelia 58190, Michoacán, Mexico;
| | - Ma. Irene Morelos-Martínez
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, Morelia 58000, Michoacán, Mexico; (K.M.D.-T.); (M.I.M.-M.); (J.B.-R.)
| | - Everardo López-Romero
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta SN, Guanajuato 36030, Guanajuato, Mexico;
| | - June Simpson
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36821, Guanajuato, Mexico;
| | - Jeni Bolaños-Rebolledo
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, Morelia 58000, Michoacán, Mexico; (K.M.D.-T.); (M.I.M.-M.); (J.B.-R.)
| | - Horacio Cano-Camacho
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, Morelia 58000, Michoacán, Mexico; (K.M.D.-T.); (M.I.M.-M.); (J.B.-R.)
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5
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Siripatrawan U, Makino Y. Hyperspectral imaging coupled with machine learning for classification of anthracnose infection on mango fruit. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 309:123825. [PMID: 38217983 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Anthracnose is the major plant disease causing an economic loss of mango fruit. Anthracnose symptom is not visible at a quiescent stage and the infected fruit often enters the food chain before the infection is known. Detection of a pre-symptomatic anthracnose infection is thus, crucial to prevent the infected fruit from entering the food chain. This research applied hyperspectral imaging (HSI) spectroscopy integrated with machine learning (ML) including principal component analysis (PCA) and support vector machine (SVM) for rapid identification of quiescent infection of anthracnose in mango fruit. Mango fruit (Nam Dok Mai Si Thong) was artificially infected with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and stored at 20 °C and 90 % RH. The HSI was used to collect the spectral and spatial data of the samples. PCA and SVM were respectively performed to explore the hyperspectral data and to classify different symptom severities. The obtained spectral data can be recognized as fingerprints ascribing to the metabolites produced by C. gloeosporioides and the decomposed fruit tissues caused by the fungal infection. The HSI integrated with ML was able to not only detect the anthracnose infection at a latent stage before the onset of disease symptoms but also correctly classify different symptom severities. The symptom maps were also constructed using false-color image processing to simplify the data visualization of different symptom severities. The capability of detecting a pre-symptomatic anthracnose infection is a key advantage of the developed ML-assisted HSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubonrat Siripatrawan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Yoshio Makino
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Present Affiliation: Department of Life Culture, Kagawa Junior College, Kagawa, Japan
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Auriac MC, Griffiths C, Robin-Soriano A, Legendre A, Boniface MC, Muños S, Fournier J, Chabaud M. The penetration of sunflower root tissues by the parasitic plant Orobanche cumana is intracellular. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:2326-2332. [PMID: 38124276 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Auriac
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe-Environment Interactions (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, Cedex, France
| | - Caitlin Griffiths
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe-Environment Interactions (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, Cedex, France
| | - Alexandre Robin-Soriano
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), Montpellier, F-31398, Cedex 05, France
| | - Alexandra Legendre
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe-Environment Interactions (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Claude Boniface
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe-Environment Interactions (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Muños
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe-Environment Interactions (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, Cedex, France
| | - Joëlle Fournier
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe-Environment Interactions (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, Cedex, France
| | - Mireille Chabaud
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe-Environment Interactions (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, Cedex, France
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Hossain MM, Sultana F, Yesmin L, Rubayet MT, Abdullah HM, Siddique SS, Bhuiyan MAB, Yamanaka N. Understanding Phakopsora pachyrhizi in soybean: comprehensive insights, threats, and interventions from the Asian perspective. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1304205. [PMID: 38274768 PMCID: PMC10808435 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1304205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max L.) is an important crop in Asia, accounting for 17% of global soybean cultivation. However, this crop faces formidable challenges from the devastating foliar disease, Asian Soybean Rust (ASR), caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, a biotrophic fungus with a broad host range, causing substantial yield losses (10-100%) in Asia. This comprehensive review consolidates knowledge on ASR, encompassing its impact, historical perspectives, genetic diversity, epidemic drivers, early detection, risk assessment, and sustainable management strategies of ASR in the region. ASR has expanded globally from Asia, reaching Africa and Americas, driven by wind-dispersed urediniospores. Genetic diversity studies reveal the complexity of P. pachyrhizi, with distinct populations exhibiting varying virulence patterns. Factors affecting ASR epidemics in Asia include host susceptibility, landscape connectivity, climate, and environmental conditions. Understanding the interplay of these factors is essential for early intervention and control of ASR in soybean fields. Effectively managing ASR can exploit the utilization of diverse intervention strategies, encompassing disease forecasting, automated early detection, disease resistance, fungicide application, and biological control. A pivotal aspect of successful, sustainable disease management lies in reducing the ASR pathogen virulence and preventing it from developing fungicide resistance, while the highpoint of effectiveness in disease control is attained through a synergistic approach, integrating various strategies. In summary, this comprehensive review provides insights into multifaceted approaches that contribute to the development of sustainable and economically impactful soybean production in the face of the persistent threat of ASR in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Motaher Hossain
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Farjana Sultana
- College of Agricultural Sciences, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Laboni Yesmin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Tanbir Rubayet
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Hasan M. Abdullah
- Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Shaikh Sharmin Siddique
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abdullahil Baki Bhuiyan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Naoki Yamanaka
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Soto-Cardinault C, Childs KL, Góngora-Castillo E. Network Analysis of Publicly Available RNA-seq Provides Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Defense against Multiple Fungal Pathogens in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2223. [PMID: 38137044 PMCID: PMC10743233 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens can have devastating effects on global crop production, leading to annual economic losses ranging from 10% to 23%. In light of climate change-related challenges, researchers anticipate an increase in fungal infections as a result of shifting environmental conditions. However, plants have developed intricate molecular mechanisms for effective defense against fungal attacks. Understanding these mechanisms is essential to the development of new strategies for protecting crops from multiple fungi threats. Public omics databases provide valuable resources for research on plant-pathogen interactions; however, integrating data from different studies can be challenging due to experimental variation. In this study, we aimed to identify the core genes that defend against the pathogenic fungi Colletotrichum higginsianum and Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using a custom framework to control batch effects and construct Gene Co-expression Networks in publicly available RNA-seq dataset from infected A. thaliana plants, we successfully identified a gene module that was responsive to both pathogens. We also performed gene annotation to reveal the roles of previously unknown protein-coding genes in plant defenses against fungal infections. This research demonstrates the potential of publicly available RNA-seq data for identifying the core genes involved in defending against multiple fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Soto-Cardinault
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida 97205, Mexico;
| | - Kevin L. Childs
- Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Elsa Góngora-Castillo
- CONAHCYT-Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida 97205, Mexico
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Gutiérrez-Sánchez A, Plasencia J, Monribot-Villanueva JL, Rodríguez-Haas B, Ruíz-May E, Guerrero-Analco JA, Sánchez-Rangel D. Virulence factors of the genus Fusarium with targets in plants. Microbiol Res 2023; 277:127506. [PMID: 37783182 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium spp. comprise various species of filamentous fungi that cause severe diseases in plant crops of both agricultural and forestry interest. These plant pathogens produce a wide range of molecules with diverse chemical structures and biological activities. Genetic functional analyses of some of these compounds have shown their role as virulence factors (VF). However, their mode of action and contributions to the infection process for many of these molecules are still unknown. This review aims to analyze the state of the art in Fusarium VF, emphasizing their biological targets on the plant hosts. It also addresses the current experimental approaches to improve our understanding of their role in virulence and suggests relevant research questions that remain to be answered with a greater focus on species of agroeconomic importance. In this review, a total of 37 confirmed VF are described, including 22 proteinaceous and 15 non-proteinaceous molecules, mainly from Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium graminearum and, to a lesser extent, in Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Gutiérrez-Sánchez
- Laboratorios de Fitopatología y Biología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico; Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Javier Plasencia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan L Monribot-Villanueva
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Haas
- Laboratorios de Fitopatología y Biología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Eliel Ruíz-May
- Laboratorio de Proteómica, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - José A Guerrero-Analco
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico.
| | - Diana Sánchez-Rangel
- Laboratorios de Fitopatología y Biología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico; Investigador por México - CONAHCyT en la Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados del Instituto de Ecología, A. C. (INECOL), Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico.
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Wang Z, Su C, Hu W, Su Q, Luan Y. The effectors of Phytophthora infestans impact host immunity upon regulation of antagonistic hormonal activities. PLANTA 2023; 258:59. [PMID: 37530861 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Phytophthora infestans effectors manipulate the antagonism of host hormones to interfere with the immune response of plants at different infection stages. Phytophthora infestans (P. infestans) poses a serious threat to global crop production, and its effectors play an indispensable role in its pathogenicity. However, the function of these effectors during the switch from biotrophy to necrotrophy of P. infestans remains unclear. Further research on the effectors that manipulate the antagonistic response of host hormones is also lacking. In this study, a coexpression analysis and infection assays were performed to identify distinct gene expression changes in both P. infestans and tomato. During the switch from biotrophy to necrotrophy, P. infestans secretes three types of effectors to interfere with host salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), and abscisic acid (ABA) levels. The three aforementioned effectors also regulate the host gene expression including NPR1, TGA2.1, PDF1.2, NDR1, ERF3, NCED6, GAI4, which are involved in hormone crosstalk. The changes in plant hormones are mediated by the three types of effectors, which may accelerate infection and drive completion of the P. infestans lifecycle. Our findings provide new insight into plant‒pathogen interactions that may contribute to the prevention growth of hemibiotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Chenglin Su
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Wenyun Hu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Qiao Su
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Yushi Luan
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
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Chu X, Zhang K, Wei H, Ma Z, Fu H, Miao P, Jiang H, Liu H. A Vis/NIR spectra-based approach for identifying bananas infected with Colletotrichum musae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1180203. [PMID: 37332705 PMCID: PMC10272841 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1180203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Anthracnose of banana caused by Colletotrichum species is one of the most serious post-harvest diseases, which can cause significant yield losses. Clarifying the infection mechanism of the fungi using non-destructive methods is crucial for timely discriminating infected bananas and taking preventive and control measures. Methods This study presented an approach for tracking growth and identifying different infection stages of the C. musae in bananas using Vis/NIR spectroscopy. A total of 330 banana reflectance spectra were collected over ten consecutive days after inoculation, with a sampling rate of 24 h. The four-class and five-class discriminant patterns were designed to examine the capability of NIR spectra in discriminating bananas infected at different levels (control, acceptable, moldy, and highly moldy), and different time at early stage (control and days 1-4). Three traditional feature extraction methods, i.e. PC loading coefficient (PCA), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) and successive projections algorithm (SPA), combining with two machine learning methods, i.e. partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) and support vector machine (SVM), were employed to build discriminant models. One-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) without manually extracted feature parameters was also introduced for comparison. Results The PCA-SVM and·SPA-SVM models had good performance with identification accuracies of 93.98% and 91.57%, 94.47% and 89.47% in validation sets for the four- and five-class patterns, respectively. While the 1D-CNN models performed the best, achieving an accuracy of 95.18% and 97.37% for identifying infected bananas at different levels and time, respectively. Discussion These results indicate the feasibility of identifying banana fruit infected with C. musae using Vis/NIR spectra, and the resolution can be accurate to one day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Wei
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyu Ma
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han Fu
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pu Miao
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongzhe Jiang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongli Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Priyashantha AKH, Dai DQ, Bhat DJ, Stephenson SL, Promputtha I, Kaushik P, Tibpromma S, Karunarathna SC. Plant-Fungi Interactions: Where It Goes? BIOLOGY 2023; 12:809. [PMID: 37372094 PMCID: PMC10295453 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Fungi live different lifestyles-including pathogenic and symbiotic-by interacting with living plants. Recently, there has been a substantial increase in the study of phytopathogenic fungi and their interactions with plants. Symbiotic relationships with plants appear to be lagging behind, although progressive. Phytopathogenic fungi cause diseases in plants and put pressure on survival. Plants fight back against such pathogens through complicated self-defense mechanisms. However, phytopathogenic fungi develop virulent responses to overcome plant defense reactions, thus continuing their deteriorative impacts. Symbiotic relationships positively influence both plants and fungi. More interestingly, they also help plants protect themselves from pathogens. In light of the nonstop discovery of novel fungi and their strains, it is imperative to pay more attention to plant-fungi interactions. Both plants and fungi are responsive to environmental changes, therefore construction of their interaction effects has emerged as a new field of study. In this review, we first attempt to highlight the evolutionary aspect of plant-fungi interactions, then the mechanism of plants to avoid the negative impact of pathogenic fungi, and fungal strategies to overcome the plant defensive responses once they have been invaded, and finally the changes of such interactions under the different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. K. Hasith Priyashantha
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (A.K.H.P.); (D.-Q.D.)
| | - Dong-Qin Dai
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (A.K.H.P.); (D.-Q.D.)
| | - Darbhe J. Bhat
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Biology Division, Vishnugupta Vishwavidyapeetam, Gokarna 581326, India
| | - Steven L. Stephenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Itthayakorn Promputtha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | | | - Saowaluck Tibpromma
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (A.K.H.P.); (D.-Q.D.)
| | - Samantha C. Karunarathna
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (A.K.H.P.); (D.-Q.D.)
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies (NIFS), Hantana Road, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka
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13
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Cittadino GM, Andrews J, Purewal H, Estanislao Acuña Avila P, Arnone JT. Functional Clustering of Metabolically Related Genes Is Conserved across Dikarya. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050523. [PMID: 37233234 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation is vital for organismal survival, with many layers and mechanisms collaborating to balance gene expression. One layer of this regulation is genome organization, specifically the clustering of functionally related, co-expressed genes along the chromosomes. Spatial organization allows for position effects to stabilize RNA expression and balance transcription, which can be advantageous for a number of reasons, including reductions in stochastic influences between the gene products. The organization of co-regulated gene families into functional clusters occurs extensively in Ascomycota fungi. However, this is less characterized within the related Basidiomycota fungi despite the many uses and applications for the species within this clade. This review will provide insight into the prevalence, purpose, and significance of the clustering of functionally related genes across Dikarya, including foundational studies from Ascomycetes and the current state of our understanding throughout representative Basidiomycete species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Cittadino
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY 13214, USA
| | - Johnathan Andrews
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY 13214, USA
| | - Harpreet Purewal
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY 13214, USA
| | | | - James T Arnone
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY 13214, USA
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Agudo-Jurado FJ, Reveglia P, Rubiales D, Evidente A, Barilli E. Status of Phytotoxins Isolated from Necrotrophic Fungi Causing Diseases on Grain Legumes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065116. [PMID: 36982189 PMCID: PMC10049004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal phytotoxins can be defined as secondary metabolites toxic to host plants and are believed to be involved in the symptoms developed of a number of plant diseases by targeting host cellular machineries or interfering with host immune responses. As any crop, legumes can be affected by a number of fungal diseases, causing severe yield losses worldwide. In this review, we report and discuss the isolation, chemical, and biological characterization of fungal phytotoxins produced by the most important necrotrophic fungi involved in legume diseases. Their possible role in plant-pathogen interaction and structure-toxicity relationship studies have also been reported and discussed. Moreover, multidisciplinary studies on other prominent biological activity conducted on reviewed phytotoxins are described. Finally, we explore the challenges in the identification of new fungal metabolites and their possible applications in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierluigi Reveglia
- Plant Breeding Department, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Plant Breeding Department, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II (UNINA), 80138 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Barilli
- Plant Breeding Department, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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15
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Fei W, Liu Y. Biotrophic Fungal Pathogens: a Critical Overview. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:1-16. [PMID: 35951248 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Biotrophic fungi are one group of heterogeneous organisms and these fungi differ in their traits like mode of nutrition, types of reproduction, and dispersal systems. Generally, based on the nutritional mode, fungi are classified into three broad categories, viz. biotrophs, necrotrophs, and hemi-biotrophs. Biotrophs derive their nutrients and energy from living plant cells and survive within the interstitial space of the cells. Biotrophic fungi cause serious crop diseases but are highly challenging to investigate and develop a treatment strategy. Blumeria (Erysiphe) graminis, Uromyces fabae, Ustilago maydis, Cladosporium fulvum, Puccinia graminis, and Phytophthora infestans are some of the significant biotrophic fungi that affect mainly plants. One among the biotrophic fungus, Pneumocystis jirovecii (Taphrinomycotina subphylum of the Ascomycota) exclusively a human pathogen, can cause lung diseases such as "pneumocystis." Biotrophic fungus widely parasitizing Solanaceae family crops (Tomato and potato) has done massive damage to the crops and has led to economic impact worldwide. During infection and for nutrient absorption, biotrophs develops external appendages such as appressoria or haustoria. The hyphae or appressorium adheres to the plant cell wall and collapses the layers for their nutrient absorption. The pathogen also secretes effector molecules to escape from the plant defense mechanism. Later, plants activate their primary and secondary defense mechanisms; however, the pathogen induces virulence genes to escape the host immune responses. Obligate biotrophic fungi pathogenicity has not been fully understood at the molecular level because of the complex interaction, recognition, and signaling with the host. This review summarizes the mechanism of infection in the host, and immune response to emphasize the understanding of the biotrophic fungal biology and pathogenesis in crops. Thus, the detailed review will pave the way to design methods to overcome the resistance of biotrophic fungi and develop disease-free crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Fei
- Zhengzhou Yongfeng Bio-Fertilizer Co., Ltd, high-tech district, 6 Tsui Zhu Street, 863 Software Park, Building 9 1102, Henan Province, 450001, Zhengzhou City, China.
| | - Ye Liu
- Xiangtan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Xiangtan, China
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16
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Constancio N, Higgins D, Hausbeck M, Szendrei Z. Onion Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Host Plant Preference and Performance are Mediated by a Facultative Plant Pathogen of Onion. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:1158-1165. [PMID: 36351053 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Insect vector and phytopathogen interactions are mediated by host plants. Insects interact with pathogens directly or indirectly and they may prefer host plants based on infection status. Performance on infected hosts varies depending on the type of pathogen involved. Species specific studies of economically important insects and phytopathogens are needed to understand how these interactions impact crop yields. Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is an economically devastating insect pest of onions (Allium cepa L., Asparagales: Amaryllidaceae) worldwide and it co-occurs simultaneously with many different pathogens. Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr) (Glomerellales: Glomerellaceae) is a generalist fungal pathogen that attacks onion foliage, causing tan lesions and decreasing yield. Onion thrips and C. coccodes represent two important pests of onions, but the relationship between onion thrips and C. coccodes infected onions has not been studied, and it is unclear if onion thrips contribute to the spread of C. coccodes in onion fields. A four-choice test with control, artificially injured, artificially injured + symptomatic, and inoculated-symptomatic onion suggests that onion thrips distinguish between hosts based on health status. Furthermore, a two-choice test with control, inoculated-asymptomatic, and inoculated-symptomatic onion pairings revealed that onion thrips distinguish between hosts based on infection status and prefer inoculated-symptomatic hosts. In a no-choice test, onion thrips numbers increased on inoculated-symptomatic plants compared to control or inoculated-asymptomatic plants. Overall, we found that onion thrips preferred and performed best on C. coccodes infected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Constancio
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Doug Higgins
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Mary Hausbeck
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Zsofia Szendrei
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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17
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Elhamouly NA, Hewedy OA, Zaitoon A, Miraples A, Elshorbagy OT, Hussien S, El-Tahan A, Peng D. The hidden power of secondary metabolites in plant-fungi interactions and sustainable phytoremediation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1044896. [PMID: 36578344 PMCID: PMC9790997 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1044896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The global environment is dominated by various small exotic substances, known as secondary metabolites, produced by plants and microorganisms. Plants and fungi are particularly plentiful sources of these molecules, whose physiological functions, in many cases, remain a mystery. Fungal secondary metabolites (SM) are a diverse group of substances that exhibit a wide range of chemical properties and generally fall into one of four main family groups: Terpenoids, polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, or a combination of the latter two. They are incredibly varied in their functions and are often related to the increased fitness of the respective fungus in its environment, often competing with other microbes or interacting with plant species. Several of these metabolites have essential roles in the biological control of plant diseases by various beneficial microorganisms used for crop protection and biofertilization worldwide. Besides direct toxic effects against phytopathogens, natural metabolites can promote root and shoot development and/or disease resistance by activating host systemic defenses. The ability of these microorganisms to synthesize and store biologically active metabolites that are a potent source of novel natural compounds beneficial for agriculture is becoming a top priority for SM fungi research. In this review, we will discuss fungal-plant secondary metabolites with antifungal properties and the role of signaling molecules in induced and acquired systemic resistance activities. Additionally, fungal secondary metabolites mimic plant promotion molecules such as auxins, gibberellins, and abscisic acid, which modulate plant growth under biotic stress. Moreover, we will present a new trend regarding phytoremediation applications using fungal secondary metabolites to achieve sustainable food production and microbial diversity in an eco-friendly environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neveen Atta Elhamouly
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Omar A. Hewedy
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Amr Zaitoon
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Angelica Miraples
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Omnia T. Elshorbagy
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Agriculture & Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Suzan Hussien
- Botany Department Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amira El-Tahan
- Plant Production Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, the City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg El Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Deliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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18
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Li T, Ai G, Fu X, Liu J, Zhu H, Zhai Y, Pan W, Shen D, Jing M, Xia A, Dou D. A Phytophthora capsici RXLR effector manipulates plant immunity by targeting RAB proteins and disturbing the protein trafficking pathway. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1721-1736. [PMID: 36193624 PMCID: PMC9644280 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici encodes hundreds of RXLR effectors that enter the plant cells and suppress host immunity. Only a few of these genes are conserved across different strains and species. Such core effectors might target hub genes and immune pathways in hosts. Here, we describe the functional characterization of the core P. capsici RXLR effector RXLR242. The expression of RXLR242 was up-regulated during infection, and its ectopic expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, an experimental plant host, further promoted Phytophthora infection. RXLR242 physically interacted with a group of RAB proteins that belong to the small GTPase family and play a role in regulating transport pathways in the intracellular membrane trafficking system. In addition, RXLR242 impeded the secretion of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED 1 (PR1) protein to the apoplast. This phenomenon resulted from the competitive binding of RXLR242 to RABE1-7. We also found that RXLR242 interfered with the association between RABA4-3 and its binding protein, thereby disrupting the trafficking of the membrane receptor FLAGELLIN-SENSING 2. Thus, RXLR242 manipulates plant immunity by targeting RAB proteins and disrupting protein trafficking in the host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianli Li
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Gan Ai
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaowei Fu
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jin Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hai Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ying Zhai
- Department of Plant PathologyWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Weiye Pan
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Danyu Shen
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Maofeng Jing
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ai Xia
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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19
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Mapuranga J, Zhang N, Zhang L, Liu W, Chang J, Yang W. Harnessing genetic resistance to rusts in wheat and integrated rust management methods to develop more durable resistant cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:951095. [PMID: 36311120 PMCID: PMC9614308 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.951095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is one of the most important staple foods on earth. Leaf rust, stem rust and stripe rust, caused by Puccini triticina, Puccinia f. sp. graminis and Puccinia f. sp. striiformis, respectively, continue to threaten wheat production worldwide. Utilization of resistant cultivars is the most effective and chemical-free strategy to control rust diseases. Convectional and molecular biology techniques identified more than 200 resistance genes and their associated markers from common wheat and wheat wild relatives, which can be used by breeders in resistance breeding programmes. However, there is continuous emergence of new races of rust pathogens with novel degrees of virulence, thus rendering wheat resistance genes ineffective. An integration of genomic selection, genome editing, molecular breeding and marker-assisted selection, and phenotypic evaluations is required in developing high quality wheat varieties with resistance to multiple pathogens. Although host genotype resistance and application of fungicides are the most generally utilized approaches for controlling wheat rusts, effective agronomic methods are required to reduce disease management costs and increase wheat production sustainability. This review gives a critical overview of the current knowledge of rust resistance, particularly race-specific and non-race specific resistance, the role of pathogenesis-related proteins, non-coding RNAs, and transcription factors in rust resistance, and the molecular basis of interactions between wheat and rust pathogens. It will also discuss the new advances on how integrated rust management methods can assist in developing more durable resistant cultivars in these pathosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wenxiang Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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20
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Li F, Zhang J, Zhong H, Chen J. Germicide Fenaminosulf Promots Gall Formation of Zizania latifolia without directly affecting the growth of endophytic fungus Ustilago esculenta. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:418. [PMID: 36042398 PMCID: PMC9426258 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Zizania latifolia is a popular aquatic vegetable in China because of its enlarged edible stems resulting from persistent infection by a fungal endophyte, Ustilago esculenta. Fenaminosulf (FM) is a germicide that can be used to improve agricultural crop yields. In Z. latifolia fields, appropriate spraying of FM not just controls diseases, but also promotes an earlier harvest of Z. latifolia. In this study, we show that the timing of gall formation was advanced and the plant's yield was increased significantly under a high concentration treatment of FM. Yet FM had a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of U. esculenta in vitro, while the transcript levels of mating-type alleles, cell metabolism-related genes and chitin synthase genes were all substantially downregulated. Through a transcriptome analysis, we investigated changes in gene expression of the host Z. latifolia and fungal endophyte U. esculenta in response to FM. FM directly affected the growth of Z. latifolia by altering the expression level of genes involved in plant-pathogen interactions, plant hormone signal transduction and some metabolism pathways. By contrast, FM had little effect on U. esculenta growing inside of Z. latifolia. Collectively, our results provide a more in-depth understanding of the molecular processes that promote gall formation in Z. latifolia, while also identifying potential targets for genetic manipulation to improve the yield and quality of Z. latifolia, in a safer and more effective way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Juefeng Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Haiying Zhong
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
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21
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Mapuranga J, Zhang N, Zhang L, Chang J, Yang W. Infection Strategies and Pathogenicity of Biotrophic Plant Fungal Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:799396. [PMID: 35722337 PMCID: PMC9201565 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.799396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotrophic plant pathogenic fungi are widely distributed and are among the most damaging pathogenic organisms of agriculturally important crops responsible for significant losses in quality and yield. However, the pathogenesis of obligate parasitic pathogenic microorganisms is still under investigation because they cannot reproduce and complete their life cycle on an artificial medium. The successful lifestyle of biotrophic fungal pathogens depends on their ability to secrete effector proteins to manipulate or evade plant defense response. By integrating genomics, transcriptomics, and effectoromics, insights into how the adaptation of biotrophic plant fungal pathogens adapt to their host populations can be gained. Efficient tools to decipher the precise molecular mechanisms of rust–plant interactions, and standardized routines in genomics and functional pipelines have been established and will pave the way for comparative studies. Deciphering fungal pathogenesis not only allows us to better understand how fungal pathogens infect host plants but also provides valuable information for plant diseases control, including new strategies to prevent, delay, or inhibit fungal development. Our review provides a comprehensive overview of the efforts that have been made to decipher the effector proteins of biotrophic fungal pathogens and demonstrates how rapidly research in the field of obligate biotrophy has progressed.
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de Oliveira Silva A, Aliyeva-Schnorr L, Wirsel SGR, Deising HB. Fungal Pathogenesis-Related Cell Wall Biogenesis, with Emphasis on the Maize Anthracnose Fungus Colletotrichum graminicola. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11070849. [PMID: 35406829 PMCID: PMC9003368 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The genus Colletotrichum harbors many plant pathogenic species, several of which cause significant yield losses in the field and post harvest. Typically, in order to infect their host plants, spores germinate, differentiate a pressurized infection cell, and display a hemibiotrophic lifestyle after plant invasion. Several factors required for virulence or pathogenicity have been identified in different Colletotrichum species, and adaptation of cell wall biogenesis to distinct stages of pathogenesis has been identified as a major pre-requisite for the establishment of a compatible parasitic fungus-plant interaction. Here, we highlight aspects of fungal cell wall biogenesis during plant infection, with emphasis on the maize leaf anthracnose and stalk rot fungus, Colletotrichum graminicola.
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Kashiwa T, Motoyama T, Yoshida K, Yun CS, Osada H. Tenuazonic acid production is dispensable for virulence, but its biosynthetic gene expression pattern is associated with the infection of Pyricularia oryzae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 86:135-139. [PMID: 34755835 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tenuazonic acid (TeA) is a toxin produced by the rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae. Although knockout of the TeA biosynthetic gene TAS1 did not affect the virulence of P. oryzae, constitutive TAS1 expression suppressed its infection. TAS1 expression was induced alongside transition of P. oryzae infection behavior. The results suggested that controlling TeA biosynthesis is important for P. oryzae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kashiwa
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takayuki Motoyama
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuko Yoshida
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Choong-Soo Yun
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Potential Antagonistic Bacteria against Verticillium dahliae Isolated from Artificially Infested Nursery. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123588. [PMID: 34944096 PMCID: PMC8699867 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As an ecofriendly biocontrol agent, antagonistic bacteria are a crucial class of highly efficient fungicides in the field against Verticillium dahliae, the most virulent pathogen for cotton and other crops. Toward identifying urgently needed bacterial candidates, we screened bacteria isolated from the cotton rhizosphere soil for antagonisitic activity against V. dahliae in an artificially infested nursery. In preliminary tests of antagonistic candidates to characterize the mechanism of action of on culture medium, 88 strains that mainly belonged to Bacillus strongly inhibited the colony diameter of V. dahliae, with inhibiting efficacy up to 50% in 9 strains. Among the most-effective bacterial strains, Bacillus sp. ABLF-18, and ABLF-50 and Paenibacillus sp. ABLF-90 significantly reduced the disease index and fungal biomass of cotton to 40–70% that of the control. In further tests to elucidate the biocontrol mechanism (s), the strains secreted extracellular enzymes cellulase, glucanase, and protease, which can degrade the mycelium, and antimicrobial lipopeptides such as surfactin and iturin homologues. The expression of PAL, MAPK and PR10, genes related to disease resistance, was also elicited in cotton plants. Our results clearly show that three candidate bacterial strains can enhance cotton defense responses against V. dahliae; the secretion of fungal cell-wall-degrading enzymes, synthesis of nonribosomal antimicrobial peptides and induction of systemic resistance shows that the strains have great potential as biocontrol fungicides.
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Vicente TFL, Lemos MFL, Félix R, Valentão P, Félix C. Marine Macroalgae, a Source of Natural Inhibitors of Fungal Phytopathogens. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:1006. [PMID: 34946989 PMCID: PMC8708330 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal phytopathogens are a growing problem all over the world; their propagation causes significant crop losses, affecting the quality of fruits and vegetables, diminishing the availability of food, leading to the loss of billions of euros every year. To control fungal diseases, the use of synthetic chemical fungicides is widely applied; these substances are, however, environmentally damaging. Marine algae, one of the richest marine sources of compounds possessing a wide range of bioactivities, present an eco-friendly alternative in the search for diverse compounds with industrial applications. The synthesis of such bioactive compounds has been recognized as part of microalgal responsiveness to stress conditions, resulting in the production of polyphenols, polysaccharides, lipophilic compounds, and terpenoids, including halogenated compounds, already described as antimicrobial agents. Furthermore, many studies, in vitro or in planta, have demonstrated the inhibitory activity of these compounds with respect to fungal phytopathogens. This review aims to gather the maximum of information addressing macroalgae extracts with potential inhibition against fungal phytopathogens, including the best inhibitory results, while presenting some already reported mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia F. L. Vicente
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal;
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Marco F. L. Lemos
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal;
| | - Rafael Félix
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal;
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Carina Félix
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal;
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Ji H, Mao H, Li S, Feng T, Zhang Z, Cheng L, Luo S, Borkovich K, Ouyang S. Fol-milR1, a pathogenicity factor of Fusarium oxysporum, confers tomato wilt disease resistance by impairing host immune responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:705-718. [PMID: 33960431 PMCID: PMC8518127 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Although it is well known that miRNAs play crucial roles in multiple biological processes, there is currently no evidence indicating that milRNAs from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) interfere with tomato resistance during infection. Here, using sRNA-seq, we demonstrate that Fol-milR1, a trans-kingdom small RNA, is exported into tomato cells after infection. The knockout strain ∆Fol-milR1 displays attenuated pathogenicity to the susceptible tomato cultivar 'Moneymaker'. On the other hand, Fol-milR1 overexpression strains exhibit enhanced virulence against the resistant cultivar 'Motelle'. Several tomato mRNAs are predicted targets of Fol-milR1. Among these genes, Solyc06g007430 (encoding the CBL-interacting protein kinase, SlyFRG4) is regulated at the posttranscriptional level by Fol-milR1. Furthermore, SlyFRG4 loss-of-function alleles created using CRISPR/Cas9 in tomato ('Motelle') exhibit enhanced disease susceptibility to Fol, further supporting the idea that SlyFRG4 is essential for tomato wilt disease resistance. Notably, our results using immunoprecipitation with specific antiserum suggest that Fol-milR1 interferes with the host immunity machinery by binding to tomato ARGONAUTE 4a (SlyAGO4a). Furthermore, virus-induced gene silenced (VIGS) knock-down SlyAGO4a plants exhibit reduced susceptibility to Fol. Together, our findings support a model in which Fol-milR1 is an sRNA fungal effector that suppresses host immunity by silencing a disease resistance gene, thus providing a novel virulence strategy to achieve infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui‐Min Ji
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJS225009China
| | - Hui‐Ying Mao
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJS225009China
| | - Si‐Jian Li
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJS225009China
| | - Tao Feng
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJS225009China
| | - Zhao‐Yang Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJS225009China
| | - Lu Cheng
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJS225009China
| | - Shu‐Jie Luo
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJS225009China
| | - Katherine A. Borkovich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant PathologyInstitute for Integrative Genome BiologyUniversity of California900 University AvenueRiversideCA92521USA
| | - Shou‐Qiang Ouyang
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJS225009China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety of Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJS225009China
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Gutiérrez-Moreno K, Ruocco M, Monti MM, de la Vega OM, Heil M. Context-Dependent Effects of Trichoderma Seed Inoculation on Anthracnose Disease and Seed Yield of Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris): Ambient Conditions Override Cultivar-Specific Differences. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081739. [PMID: 34451784 PMCID: PMC8400414 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Root colonizing Trichoderma fungi can stimulate plant immunity, but net effects are strain × cultivar-specific and changing ambient conditions further contribute to variable outcomes. Here, we used four Trichoderma spp. to inoculate seeds of four common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars and explored in three different experimental setups the effects on fungal anthracnose after leaf inoculation with Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Plants growing in pots with field soil under greenhouse conditions exhibited the highest and those in the open field the lowest overall levels of disease. Among 48 Trichoderma strain × bean cultivar × setup combinations, Trichoderma-inoculation enhanced disease in six and decreased disease in ten cases, but with the exception of T. asperellum B6-inoculated Negro San Luis beans, the strain × cultivar-specific effects on anthracnose severity differed among the setups, and anthracnose severity did not predict seed yield in the open field. In the case of Flor de Mayo beans, Trichoderma even reduced yield in anthracnose-free field plots, although this effect was counterbalanced in anthracnose-infected plots. We consider our work as a case study that calls for stronger emphasis on field experiments in the early phases of screenings of Trichoderma inoculants as plant biostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Gutiérrez-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV)—Unidad Irapuato, 36824 Irapuato, Mexico;
| | - Michelina Ruocco
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR-IPSP), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (M.H.)
| | - Maurilia Maria Monti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR-IPSP), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Octavio Martínez de la Vega
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV)—Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, 36824 Irapuato, Mexico;
| | - Martin Heil
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV)—Unidad Irapuato, 36824 Irapuato, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (M.H.)
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Ledermann L, Daouda S, Gouttesoulard C, Aarrouf J, Urban L. Flashes of UV-C Light Stimulate Defenses of Vitis vinifera L. 'Chardonnay' Against Erysiphe necator in Greenhouse and Vineyard Conditions. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2106-2113. [PMID: 33393363 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-20-2229-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Using detached leaves, UV-C light in the form of 1-s flashes has recently been shown to stimulate defenses of several plants against different pathogens better than 1-min exposures under greenhouse conditions. In the present work, the pathological tests were conducted using undetached leaves under greenhouse and vineyard conditions. In a first trial, two flashes of UV-C light were applied to plants of Vitis vinifera L. 'Chardonnay' grown under greenhouse conditions, at an interval of 10 days. Plants were inoculated with Erysiphe necator 2 days after the last light treatment. After 18 days of inoculation, the symptom severity on leaves was reduced by 60% when compared with the untreated control. In a second trial, flashes of UV-C light were applied to grapevine Chardonnay plants under field conditions in the southeast of France every 10 days from 18 April until 10 July 2019. The symptom severity resulting from natural contaminations by E. necator was reduced by 42% in leaves on 4 July 2019 and by 65% in clusters on 25 July 2019. In a third trial, we observed that UV-C light did not have any effect on net photosynthesis, maximal net photosynthesis, dark respiration, maximal quantum efficiency of photosystem II, the performance index of Strasser, and, generally, any parameter derived from induction curves of maximal chlorophyll fluorescence. It was concluded that flashes of UV-C light have true potential for stimulating plant defenses against E. necator under vineyard conditions and, therefore, help in reducing fungicide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Ledermann
- UMR Qualisud, Avignon Université, France
- UV Boosting, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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29
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Soil pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum induced wilt disease in chickpea: a review on its dynamicity and possible control strategies. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s43538-021-00030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Knock-down of glucose transporter and sucrose non-fermenting gene in the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum falcatum causing sugarcane red rot. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:2053-2061. [PMID: 33660095 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Red rot caused by Colletotrichum falcatum, is one of the economically important disease of sugarcane and breeding for resistant varieties is considered to be the major solution to manage the disease. However, breakdown of red rot resistance become usual phenomenon due to development of newer races by culture adaptation on newly released varieties. Hence it is needed to characterize the genes responsible for pathogen virulence in order to take care of host resistance or to manage the disease by other methods. The transcript studies gave foundation to characterize the huge number of pathogenicity determinants and their role in pathogenesis. Here we studied role of two important genes viz., Glucose Transporter (GT) and Sucrose Non-Fermenting1 (SNF1) during pathogenesis of C. falcatum, which said to be involved in carbon source metabolism. Sugar metabolism has a vital role in disease progression of C. falcatum by regulating their cell growth, metabolism and development of the pathogen during various stages of infection. The present study was aimed to find out the role of GT and SNF1 genes in response to pathogenicity by RNA silencing (RNAi) approach. Knock-down of the target pathogenicity gene homologs in standard C. falcatum isolate Cf671 was carried out by amplifying sense and antisense fragments of targets individually using pSilent-1 vector. The expression cassette was cloned into the binary vector pCAMBIA1300 followed by fungal transformation through Agarobacterium mediated transformation. Resulted mutants of both the genes showed less virulence compared to wild type isolate. Simultaneously, both the mutants did not produce spores. Moreover, the molecular confirmation of the mutants displayed the expression of hygromycin gene with reduced expression of the target gene during host-pathogen interaction. Knockdown of the pathogenicity related genes (GT and SNF1) by RNAi approach corroborate the possible role of the genes in causing the disease.
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Feng X, Xiao Z, Yang Y, Chen S, Liao S, Luo H, He L, Wang Z, Fan G. β-Pinene Derived Products With Enhanced In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x21992218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new antimicrobials has always been a research hotspot. In this study, β-pinene-based derivatives were synthesized, and their antimicrobial activity was evaluated. The purpose was to develop some novel, promising new fungicides. Three β-pinene derivatives containing bis-hydronopyl were prepared, and their antifungal and antibacterial activities were evaluated against 6 plant pathogenic fungi and 4 bacterial species; a preliminary structure-activity relationship is discussed. The results indicated that the derivatives containing the blend of alkyl group and bis-hydronopyl had potent inhibitory activities against plant fungal pathogens and bacteria. Among these molecules, bis-hydronopyl dimethyl ammonium bromide showed excellent effects on Colletotrichum acutatum with a half-maximal effective concentration of 0.538 µg/mL, which was lower than that of carbendazim. Scanning electron microscope showed that after administration of bis-hydronopyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (compound 3a), the C. acutatum mycelia were sunken and deformed in comparison with the control group. Furthermore, the inhibitory activities of the methyl derivatives against the plant pathogens were better than those of the ethyl derivatives. These results provide new insights into the inhibition of fungi and bacteria by β-pinene derivatives, which may lead them to be used as precursor molecules for novel pesticides and antimicrobials in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhen Feng
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agriculture University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhuanquan Xiao
- College of Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuling Yang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agriculture University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, China
| | - Shangxing Chen
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agriculture University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, China
| | - Shengliang Liao
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agriculture University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, China
| | - Hai Luo
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agriculture University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, China
| | - Lu He
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agriculture University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, China
| | - Zongde Wang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agriculture University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, China
| | - Guorong Fan
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agriculture University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, China
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Maximiano MR, Miranda VJ, de Barros EG, Dias SC. Validation of an in vitro system to trigger changes in the gene expression of effectors of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:885-897. [PMID: 33331046 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of white mold, can infect several host species, including economically important crops. In this study, we propose and validate a new in vitro system able to mimic the conditions of interaction with the host and promote the induction of S. sclerotiorum effectors. METHODS AND RESULTS For culture media production, we selected three plant species, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L, cv. Requinte.), maize (Zea mays, cv. BRS1030) and beggarticks (Bidens pilosa). To validate this system as an in vitro inducer of effectors, the qRT-PCR technique was used to investigate the expression profile of some S. sclerotiorum effector genes in each growth medium at different times after inoculation. CONCLUSION The results obtained in this study provide a validation of a new method to study S. sclerotiorum during mimetic interaction with different hosts. Although leaf extract does not fully represent the plant environment, the presence of plant components in the culture medium seems to induce effector genes, mimicking in planta conditions. The use of MEVM is simpler than in planta growth, bypasses problems such as the amount of mycelium produced, as well as contamination of host cells during transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY We have devised MEVM media as a model mimicking the interaction of S. sclerotiorum and its hosts and used it to evaluate in vitro expression of effectors normally expressed only in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Maximiano
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - V J Miranda
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - E G de Barros
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - S C Dias
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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Huang D, Zheng S, Cheng YX. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of N-((2-phenyloxazol-4-yl)methyl) Pyrimidine Carboxamide Derivatives as Potential Fungicidal Agents. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2020-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Twelve N-((2-phenyloxazol-4-yl)methyl) pyrimidine carboxamide derivatives were designed, synthesized, and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS. The fungicidal activities of these new compounds against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinereal, and Colletotrichum fragariae were evaluated. The results indicated that compounds 5b, 5f, and 5g displayed potential fungicidal activities against tested fungi, especially 5f exhibited IC50 value of 28.9 mg/L against S. sclerotiorum. Moreover, the compounds 5f and 5g showed IC50 values of 54.8 mg/L and 62.2 mg/L against C. fragariae respectively, which shows that they were more active than the commercial fungicide hymexazol. The superficial structure-activity relationships were discussed, which may be of benefit for the development of fungicides and discovery of novel fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danling Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center , Shenzhen , China
| | - Shumin Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center , Shenzhen , China
| | - Yong-Xian Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center , Shenzhen , China
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Simón MR, Fleitas MC, Castro AC, Schierenbeck M. How Foliar Fungal Diseases Affect Nitrogen Dynamics, Milling, and End-Use Quality of Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:569401. [PMID: 33329626 PMCID: PMC7717975 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.569401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Foliar fungal diseases may cause important losses on yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). They may impact crop growth rate differently, modifying nitrogen (N) dynamics and carbohydrate accumulation in the grain. The relationship between N and carbohydrates accumulation determines the grain protein concentration, which impacts the gluten concentration and rheological properties of the wheat flour. In addition, types of fungicides and N fertilization can influence the intensity of foliar diseases and have an effect on the milling and end-use quality, depending on the bread-making aptitude of the genotypes, the nutritional habit of the pathogen involved, the amount and time of infection, environmental factors, and interactions between these factors. In that way, N fertilization may modify the severity of the diseases according to the nutritional habit of the pathogen involved. Some fungicides, such as strobilurins and carboxamides, produce high levels of disease control and prolong the healthy leaf area duration, which translates into important yield responses, potentially compromising the grain protein concentration by additional carbohydrate production, with consequences in the bread-making quality. Furthermore, infections caused by biotrophic pathogens can be more damaging to N deposition than to dry matter accumulation, whereas the reverse has been generally true for diseases caused by necrotrophic pathogens. The time of infection could also affect yield components and N dynamics differentially. Early epidemics may reduce the number of grains per area and the N remobilization, whereas late epidemics may affect the thousand kernel weight and mainly the N absorption post-flowering. A review updating findings of the effects of infections caused by foliar fungal pathogens of different nutritional habits and the incidence of several factors modifying these effects on the above-ground biomass generation, N dynamics, protein and gluten concentration, milling, rheological properties, loaf volume, and other quality-related traits is summarized. Three main pathogens in particular, for which recent information is available, were taken as representative of biotrophic (Puccinia triticina), necrotrophic (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis), and hemibiotrophic (Zymoseptoria tritici) nutritional habit, and some general models of their effects are proposed. New challenges for researchers to minimize the impact of foliar diseases on end-use quality are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rosa Simón
- Cerealicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas Provincia Buenos Aires, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Constanza Fleitas
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ana Carolina Castro
- Cerealicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Matías Schierenbeck
- Cerealicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, La Plata, Argentina
- Genebank Department, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
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Gétaz M, Puławska J, Smits TH, Pothier JF. Host-Pathogen Interactions between Xanthomonas fragariae and Its Host Fragaria × ananassa Investigated with a Dual RNA-Seq Analysis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1253. [PMID: 32824783 PMCID: PMC7465820 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Strawberry is economically important and widely grown, but susceptible to a large variety of phytopathogenic organisms. Among them, Xanthomonas fragariae is a quarantine bacterial pathogen threatening strawberry productions by causing angular leaf spots. Using whole transcriptome sequencing, the gene expression of both plant and bacteria in planta was analyzed at two time points, 12 and 29 days post inoculation, in order to compare the pathogen and host response between the stages of early visible and of well-developed symptoms. Among 28,588 known genes in strawberry and 4046 known genes in X. fragariae expressed at both time points, a total of 361 plant and 144 bacterial genes were significantly differentially expressed, respectively. The identified higher expressed genes in the plants were pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptors and pathogenesis-related thaumatin encoding genes, whereas the more expressed early genes were related to chloroplast metabolism as well as photosynthesis related coding genes. Most X. fragariae genes involved in host interaction, recognition, and pathogenesis were lower expressed at late-phase infection. This study gives a first insight into the interaction of X. fragariae with its host. The strawberry plant changed gene expression in order to consistently adapt its metabolism with the progression of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gétaz
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland; (M.G.); (T.H.S.)
| | - Joanna Puławska
- Department of Phytopathology, Research Institute of Horticulture, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland;
| | - Theo H.M. Smits
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland; (M.G.); (T.H.S.)
| | - Joël F. Pothier
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland; (M.G.); (T.H.S.)
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Feng XZ, Xiao Z, Zhang L, Liao S, Chen S, Luo H, He L, Fan G, Wang Z. Antifungal Activity of β-Pinene-Based Hydronopyl Quaternary Ammonium Salts Against Phytopathogenic Fungi. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20948365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Pinene can be used as a cheap source to synthesize a large number of high value-added derivatives. In this study, a series of β-pinene derivatives was prepared, and the antifungal activities of the compounds were assessed against phytopathogenic fungi. Eight N-alkyl hydronopyl diethyl ammonium halide salts were synthesized by the reaction of hydronopyl diethyl ammonium halide with 8 halogenated alkanes. The structures of the synthesized products were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The antifungal activities of these derivatives were tested against 11 plant pathogens, and the preliminary structure-activity relationship is discussed. Some derivatives exhibited moderate to significant antifungal activity due to the fusion of the hydronopyl, a long-chain alkyl, bromine, and iodine anionic groups. In contrast to the structure-activity relationship of compounds 2a, 2b, and 2c, iodine ions in 2f, 2g, and 2f had a significant effect on enhancing the antifungal activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, S clerotinia sclerotiorum, Phytophthora capsici, Phomopsis, Sphaeropsis sapinea, Glomerella cingulata, and Fusicoccum aesculi. A higher molecular weight could increase the antifungal activity against Fusarium proliferatum, Alternaria kikuchiana, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, P. capsici, Phomopsis, and S. sapinea. Compounds 2d and 2e exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activity against the tested strains. These derivatives are expected to be used as precursor molecules for novel pesticide development in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhen Feng
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agriculture University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhuanquan Xiao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agriculture University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, China
| | - Shengliang Liao
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agriculture University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, China
| | - Shangxing Chen
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agriculture University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, China
| | - Hai Luo
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agriculture University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, China
| | - Lu He
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agriculture University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, China
| | - Guorong Fan
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agriculture University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, China
| | - Zongde Wang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agriculture University, East China Woody Fragrance and Flavor Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanchang, China
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Figueroa M, Dodds PN, Henningsen EC. Evolution of virulence in rust fungi - multiple solutions to one problem. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 56:20-27. [PMID: 32244171 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rust fungi are major pathogens that negatively affect crops and ecosystems. Recent rust disease epidemics driven by the emergence of strains with novel virulence profiles demand a better understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms of these organisms. Here, we review research advances in genome-scale analysis coupled with functional validation of effector candidate genes that have been instrumental to elucidate processes that contribute to changes in virulence phenotypes. We highlight how haplotype-phased genome references have paved the road to link these processes to the reproductive phases of rust fungi and have provided evidence for somatic exchange between strains as an important mechanism for generating diversity in asexual populations. With increasing data availability, we envision the future development of molecular virulence diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Figueroa
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Peter N Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Eva C Henningsen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Genre A, Lanfranco L, Perotto S, Bonfante P. Unique and common traits in mycorrhizal symbioses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 18:649-660. [PMID: 32694620 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-0402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycorrhizas are among the most important biological interkingdom interactions, as they involve ~340,000 land plants and ~50,000 taxa of soil fungi. In these mutually beneficial interactions, fungi receive photosynthesis-derived carbon and provide the host plant with mineral nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen in exchange. More than 150 years of research on mycorrhizas has raised awareness of their biology, biodiversity and ecological impact. In this Review, we focus on recent phylogenomic, molecular and cell biology studies to present the current state of knowledge of the origin of mycorrhizal fungi and the evolutionary history of their relationship with land plants. As mycorrhizas feature a variety of phenotypes, depending on partner taxonomy, physiology and cellular interactions, we explore similarities and differences between mycorrhizal types. During evolution, mycorrhizal fungi have refined their biotrophic capabilities to take advantage of their hosts as food sources and protective niches, while plants have developed multiple strategies to accommodate diverse fungal symbionts. Intimate associations with pervasive ecological success have originated at the crossroads between these two evolutionary pathways. Our understanding of the biological processes underlying these symbioses, where fungi act as biofertilizers and bioprotectors, provides the tools to design biotechnological applications addressing environmental and agricultural challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luisa Lanfranco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Perotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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Précigout PA, Claessen D, Makowski D, Robert C. Does the Latent Period of Leaf Fungal Pathogens Reflect Their Trophic Type? A Meta-Analysis of Biotrophs, Hemibiotrophs, and Necrotrophs. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:345-361. [PMID: 31577162 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-19-0144-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We performed a meta-analysis to search for a relation between the trophic type and latent period of fungal pathogens. The pathogen incubation period and the level of resistance of the hosts were also investigated. This ecological knowledge would help us to more efficiently regulate crop epidemics for different types of pathogens. We gathered latent period data from 103 studies dealing with 51 fungal pathogens of the three major trophic types (25 biotrophs, 15 hemibiotrophs, and 11 necrotrophs), representing 2,542 mean latent periods. We show that these three trophic types display significantly different latent periods. Necrotrophs exhibited the shortest latent periods (<100 degree-days [DD]), biotrophs had intermediate ones (between 100 and 200 DD), and hemibiotrophs had the longest latent periods (>200 DD). We argue that this relation between trophic type and latent period points to two opposing host exploitation strategies: necrotrophs mount a rapid destructive attack on the host tissue, whereas biotrophs and hemibiotrophs avoid or delay the damaging phase. We query the definition of hemibiotrophic pathogens and discuss whether the length of the latent period is determined by the physiological limits inherent to each trophic type or by the adaptation of pathogens of different trophic types to the contrasting conditions experienced in their interaction with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Antoine Précigout
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS-ENS-INSERM UMR8197, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
- UMR EcoSys, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - David Claessen
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS-ENS-INSERM UMR8197, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - David Makowski
- UMR Agronomie, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Corinne Robert
- UMR EcoSys, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
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Ramzi AB, Che Me ML, Ruslan US, Baharum SN, Nor Muhammad NA. Insight into plant cell wall degradation and pathogenesis of Ganoderma boninense via comparative genome analysis. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8065. [PMID: 31879570 PMCID: PMC6927665 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background G. boninense is a hemibiotrophic fungus that infects oil palms (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) causing basal stem rot (BSR) disease and consequent massive economic losses to the oil palm industry. The pathogenicity of this white-rot fungus has been associated with cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) released during saprophytic and necrotrophic stage of infection of the oil palm host. However, there is a lack of information available on the essentiality of CWDEs in wood-decaying process and pathogenesis of this oil palm pathogen especially at molecular and genome levels. Methods In this study, comparative genome analysis was carried out using the G. boninense NJ3 genome to identify and characterize carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZymes) including CWDE in the fungal genome. Augustus pipeline was employed for gene identification in G. boninense NJ3 and the produced protein sequences were analyzed via dbCAN pipeline and PhiBase 4.5 database annotation for CAZymes and plant-host interaction (PHI) gene analysis, respectively. Comparison of CAZymes from G. boninense NJ3 was made against G. lucidum, a well-studied model Ganoderma sp. and five selected pathogenic fungi for CAZymes characterization. Functional annotation of PHI genes was carried out using Web Gene Ontology Annotation Plot (WEGO) and was used for selecting candidate PHI genes related to cell wall degradation of G. boninense NJ3. Results G. boninense was enriched with CAZymes and CWDEs in a similar fashion to G. lucidum that corroborate with the lignocellulolytic abilities of both closely-related fungal strains. The role of polysaccharide and cell wall degrading enzymes in the hemibiotrophic mode of infection of G. boninense was investigated by analyzing the fungal CAZymes with necrotrophic Armillaria solidipes, A. mellea, biotrophic Ustilago maydis, Melampsora larici-populina and hemibiotrophic Moniliophthora perniciosa. Profiles of the selected pathogenic fungi demonstrated that necrotizing pathogens including G. boninense NJ3 exhibited an extensive set of CAZymes as compared to the more CAZymes-limited biotrophic pathogens. Following PHI analysis, several candidate genes including polygalacturonase, endo β-1,3-xylanase, β-glucanase and laccase were identified as potential CWDEs that contribute to the plant host interaction and pathogenesis. Discussion This study employed bioinformatics tools for providing a greater understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying the production of CAZymes in G. boninense NJ3. Identification and profiling of the fungal polysaccharide- and lignocellulosic-degrading enzymes would further facilitate in elucidating the infection mechanisms through the production of CWDEs by G. boninense. Identification of CAZymes and CWDE-related PHI genes in G. boninense would serve as the basis for functional studies of genes associated with the fungal virulence and pathogenicity using systems biology and genetic engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Bazli Ramzi
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Lutfi Che Me
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ummul Syafiqah Ruslan
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Zanne AE, Abarenkov K, Afkhami ME, Aguilar-Trigueros CA, Bates S, Bhatnagar JM, Busby PE, Christian N, Cornwell WK, Crowther TW, Flores-Moreno H, Floudas D, Gazis R, Hibbett D, Kennedy P, Lindner DL, Maynard DS, Milo AM, Nilsson RH, Powell J, Schildhauer M, Schilling J, Treseder KK. Fungal functional ecology: bringing a trait-based approach to plant-associated fungi. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 95:409-433. [PMID: 31763752 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fungi play many essential roles in ecosystems. They facilitate plant access to nutrients and water, serve as decay agents that cycle carbon and nutrients through the soil, water and atmosphere, and are major regulators of macro-organismal populations. Although technological advances are improving the detection and identification of fungi, there still exist key gaps in our ecological knowledge of this kingdom, especially related to function. Trait-based approaches have been instrumental in strengthening our understanding of plant functional ecology and, as such, provide excellent models for deepening our understanding of fungal functional ecology in ways that complement insights gained from traditional and -omics-based techniques. In this review, we synthesize current knowledge of fungal functional ecology, taxonomy and systematics and introduce a novel database of fungal functional traits (FunFun ). FunFun is built to interface with other databases to explore and predict how fungal functional diversity varies by taxonomy, guild, and other evolutionary or ecological grouping variables. To highlight how a quantitative trait-based approach can provide new insights, we describe multiple targeted examples and end by suggesting next steps in the rapidly growing field of fungal functional ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Zanne
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, U.S.A
| | - Kessy Abarenkov
- Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Michelle E Afkhami
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, U.S.A
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Trigueros
- Freie Universität-Berlin, Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Scott Bates
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University Northwest, Westville, IN, 46391, U.S.A
| | | | - Posy E Busby
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, U.S.A
| | - Natalie Christian
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, U.S.A.,Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, U.S.A
| | - William K Cornwell
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Habacuc Flores-Moreno
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, and Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A
| | - Dimitrios Floudas
- Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Romina Gazis
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tropical Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Homestead, FL, 33031, U.S.A
| | - David Hibbett
- Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, MA, 01610, U.S.A
| | - Peter Kennedy
- Plant & Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A
| | - Daniel L Lindner
- US Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Center for Forest Mycology Research, Madison, Wisconsin, WI, 53726, U.S.A
| | - Daniel S Maynard
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Amy M Milo
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, U.S.A
| | - Rolf Henrik Nilsson
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jeff Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Mark Schildhauer
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan Schilling
- Plant & Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A
| | - Kathleen K Treseder
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, U.S.A
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Active Fungal Communities in Asymptomatic Eucalyptus grandis Stems Differ between a Susceptible and Resistant Clone. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100375. [PMID: 31547186 PMCID: PMC6843230 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi represent a common and diverse part of the microbial communities that associate with plants. They also commonly colonise various plant parts asymptomatically. The molecular mechanisms of these interactions are, however, poorly understood. In this study we use transcriptomic data from Eucalyptus grandis, to demonstrate that RNA-seq data are a neglected source of information to study fungal–host interactions, by exploring the fungal transcripts they inevitably contain. We identified fungal transcripts from E. grandis data based on their sequence dissimilarity to the E. grandis genome and predicted biological functions. Taxonomic classifications identified, amongst other fungi, many well-known pathogenic fungal taxa in the asymptomatic tissue of E. grandis. The comparison of a clone of E. grandis resistant to Chrysoporthe austroafricana with a susceptible clone revealed a significant difference in the number of fungal transcripts, while the number of fungal taxa was not substantially affected. Classifications of transcripts based on their respective biological functions showed that the fungal communities of the two E. grandis clones associate with fundamental biological processes, with some notable differences. To shield the greater host defence machinery in the resistant E. grandis clone, fungi produce more secondary metabolites, whereas the environment for fungi associated with the susceptible E. grandis clone is more conducive for building fungal cellular structures and biomass growth. Secreted proteins included carbohydrate active enzymes that potentially are involved in fungal–plant and fungal–microbe interactions. While plant transcriptome datasets cannot replace the need for designed experiments to probe plant–microbe interactions at a molecular level, they clearly hold potential to add to the understanding of the diversity of plant–microbe interactions.
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Shi Y, Si H, Wang P, Chen S, Shang S, Song Z, Wang Z, Liao S. Derivatization of Natural Compound β-Pinene Enhances Its In Vitro Antifungal Activity against Plant Pathogens. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173144. [PMID: 31470567 PMCID: PMC6749435 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The development of new antifungal agents has always been a hot research topic in pesticide development. In this study, a series of derivatives of natural compound β-pinene were prepared, and the antifungal activities of these derivatives were evaluated. The purpose of this work is to develop some novel molecules as promising new fungicides. Methods: Through a variety of chemical reactions, β-pinene was transformed into a series of β-pinene-based derivatives containing amide moieties and acylthiourea moieties. The antifungal activities of these derivatives against five plant pathogens including Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium proliferatum, Alternaria kikuchiana, Phomopsis sp. and Phytophthora capsici were tested; preliminary structure–activity relationship was discussed. Results: Some derivatives exhibited moderate or significant antifungal activity due to the fusion of the amide moiety or the acylthiourea moiety with the pinane skeleton. The structure–activity relationship analysis showed that the fluorine atom and the strong electron withdrawing nitro group, or trifluoromethyl group on the benzene ring of the derivatives had a significant effect on the improvement of the antifungal activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium proliferatum, Alternaria kikuchiana and Phomopsis sp. Meanwhile, the introduction of an ethyl group at the meta-position on the benzene ring of the derivatives could improve the antifungal activity against Phytophthora capsici. Compounds 4e, 4h, 4q, 4r exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activity against the tested strains. Compound 4o had significant antifungal activity against Phytophthora capsici (IC50 = 0.18 μmol/L). These derivatives were expected to be used as precursor molecules for novel pesticide development in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Shi
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University; National Forestry and Grassland Bureau Woody Spice (East China) Engineering Technology Research Center; National Forestry and Grassland Bureau/Jiangxi Provincial Camphor Engineering Technology Research Center; Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangxi Typical Trees Cultivation and Utilization, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Hongyan Si
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University; National Forestry and Grassland Bureau Woody Spice (East China) Engineering Technology Research Center; National Forestry and Grassland Bureau/Jiangxi Provincial Camphor Engineering Technology Research Center; Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangxi Typical Trees Cultivation and Utilization, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University; National Forestry and Grassland Bureau Woody Spice (East China) Engineering Technology Research Center; National Forestry and Grassland Bureau/Jiangxi Provincial Camphor Engineering Technology Research Center; Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangxi Typical Trees Cultivation and Utilization, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Shangxing Chen
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University; National Forestry and Grassland Bureau Woody Spice (East China) Engineering Technology Research Center; National Forestry and Grassland Bureau/Jiangxi Provincial Camphor Engineering Technology Research Center; Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangxi Typical Trees Cultivation and Utilization, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Shibin Shang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Zhanqian Song
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Zongde Wang
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University; National Forestry and Grassland Bureau Woody Spice (East China) Engineering Technology Research Center; National Forestry and Grassland Bureau/Jiangxi Provincial Camphor Engineering Technology Research Center; Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangxi Typical Trees Cultivation and Utilization, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Shengliang Liao
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University; National Forestry and Grassland Bureau Woody Spice (East China) Engineering Technology Research Center; National Forestry and Grassland Bureau/Jiangxi Provincial Camphor Engineering Technology Research Center; Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangxi Typical Trees Cultivation and Utilization, Nanchang 330045, China.
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Kong W, An B, Zhang Y, Yang J, Li S, Sun T, Li Y. Sugar Transporter Proteins (STPs) in Gramineae Crops: Comparative Analysis, Phylogeny, Evolution, and Expression Profiling. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060560. [PMID: 31181814 PMCID: PMC6628381 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugar transporter proteins (STPs), such as H+/sugar symporters, play essential roles in plants’ sugar transport, growth, and development, and possess an important potential to enhance plants’ performance of multiple agronomic traits, especially crop yield and stress tolerance. However, the evolutionary dynamics of this important gene family in Gramineae crops are still not well-documented and functional differentiation of rice STP genes remain unclear. To address this gap, we conducted a comparative genomic study of STP genes in seven representative Gramineae crops, which are Brachypodium distachyon (Bd), Hordeum vulgare (Hv), Setaria italica (Si), Sorghum bicolor (Sb), Zea mays (Zm), Oryza rufipogon (Or), and Oryza sativa ssp. japonica (Os). In this case, a total of 177 STP genes were identified and grouped into four clades. Of four clades, the Clade I, Clade III, and Clade IV showed an observable number expansion compared to Clade II. Our results of identified duplication events and divergence time of duplicate gene pairs indicated that tandem, Whole genome duplication (WGD)/segmental duplication events play crucial roles in the STP gene family expansion of some Gramineae crops (expect for Hv) during a long-term evolutionary process. However, expansion mechanisms of the STP gene family among the tested species were different. Further selective force studies revealed that the STP gene family in Gramineae crops was under purifying selective forces and different clades and orthologous groups with different selective forces. Furthermore, expression analysis showed that rice STP genes play important roles not only in flower organs development but also under various abiotic stresses (cold, high-temperature, and submergence stresses), blast infection, and wounding. The current study highlighted the expansion and evolutionary patterns of the STP gene family in Gramineae genomes and provided some important messages for the future functional analysis of Gramineae crop STP genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Baoguang An
- State Key Laboratory for Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China. Yue.Zhang-@whu.edu.cn
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Shuangmiao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Tong Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Yangsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Thiessen LD, Neill TM, Mahaffee WF. Formation of Erysiphe necator Chasmothecia in the Pacific Northwest United States. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:890-896. [PMID: 30807245 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-18-1012-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the Pacific Northwest, chasmothecia formation is not observed in vineyards until the beginning of véraison despite heavy infestations whereby 100% of leaf tissue is covered by Erysiphe necator. Mating type proximity and distribution were sampled from individual lesions (∼71 mm2) on leaf tissue in a stratified sampling from three canopy heights at three times during the 2013, 2014, and 2015 growing seasons. Both mating types were observed at every sampling point and within the same lesions at all sampling dates and canopy heights. Effect of temperature and day length were examined by inoculating seedlings with known mating type 1 and 2 isolates and placed in incubators at different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30°C) or different day length changes (long day to long day, long day to short day, short day to short day, and short day to long day). Chasmothecia were produced at all temperatures that E. necator was able to colonize tissue, and the greatest number of chasmothecia were produced at 15 and 20°C (P ≤ 0.02). Day length shifts from short day (8 h) to long day (16 h) resulted in a significant increase in chasmothecia production (P < 0.001). End of season plant stress observed in the Pacific Northwest, such as water stress or host senescence, was assessed under naturally infested field conditions by either girdling canes or applying 150 mg·liter-1 abscisic acid solution to vines, respectively, and quantifying chasmothecia production. No differences were observed in chasmothecia production in the plant stress assessment, likely due to the high vigor and ability for plants to overcome stress treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Thiessen
- 1 Oregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Corvallis, OR 97331; and
| | - T M Neill
- 2 U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR 97330
| | - W F Mahaffee
- 2 U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR 97330
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Mendoza-Martínez AE, Cano-Domínguez N, Aguirre J. Yap1 homologs mediate more than the redox regulation of the antioxidant response in filamentous fungi. Fungal Biol 2019; 124:253-262. [PMID: 32389287 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of gene expression in response to increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a ubiquitous response in aerobic organisms. However, different organisms use different strategies to perceive and respond to high ROS levels. Yeast Yap1 is a paradigmatic example of a specific mechanism used by eukaryotic cells to link ROS sensing and gene regulation. The activation of this transcription factor by H2O2 is mediated by peroxiredoxins, which are widespread enzymes that use cysteine thiols to sense ROS, as well as to catalyze the reduction of peroxides to water. In filamentous fungi, Yap1 homologs and peroxiredoxins also are major regulators of the antioxidant response. However, Yap1 homologs are involved in a wider array of processes by regulating genes involved in nutrient assimilation, secondary metabolism, virulence and development. Such novel functions illustrate the divergent roles of ROS and other oxidizing compounds as important regulatory signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariann E Mendoza-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-242, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Nallely Cano-Domínguez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-242, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jesús Aguirre
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-242, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Tugizimana F, Djami-Tchatchou AT, Fahrmann JF, Steenkamp PA, Piater LA, Dubery IA. Time-resolved decoding of metabolic signatures of in vitro growth of the hemibiotrophic pathogen Colletotrichum sublineolum. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3290. [PMID: 30824820 PMCID: PMC6397173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38692-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics has emerged as a powerful approach to comprehensively interrogate cellular biochemistry. As such, we applied an untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomic strategy to elucidate metabolome changes in the anthracnose-causing hemibiotrophic sorghum pathogen, Colletotrichum sublineolum. An in vitro batch culture study model with different carbon sources, glucose, arabinose and rhamnose, were used to support fungal growth over a period of twelve days. Metabolites representing the intracellular and extracellular (secreted) metabolomes were extracted with methanol and subjected to LC-MS analyses. Chemometric modelling revealed a metabolic variation trajectory, comprising three distinct stages that metabolically describe the adaptation of the fungus to diminishing nutrients. Selected marker gene expression indicated stage one (0-3 d.p.i) as corresponding to the early logarithmic phase. Stage two can be interpreted as an intermediate transitionary stage with stage three corresponding to the stationary phase (9-12 d.p.i). Stage one was characterised by up-regulation of endo-metabolites such as ferricrocin, fatty acids and flavone-conjugates, while stage three was characterised by the secretion of phytotoxins, including colletotrichin and colletotric acid. Ultimately, results from our in vitro model reveal previously unknown insights into the dynamic aspects of metabolome reprogramming in the growth phases of Colletotrichum spp as determined by nutrients obtainable from plant cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidele Tugizimana
- Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Arnaud T Djami-Tchatchou
- Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Johannes F Fahrmann
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Centre, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Paul A Steenkamp
- Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lizelle A Piater
- Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ian A Dubery
- Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Abstract
The highly conserved catabolic process of autophagy delivers unwanted proteins or damaged organelles to vacuoles for degradation and recycling. This is essential for the regulation of cellular homeostasis, stress adaptation, and programmed cell death in eukaryotes. In particular, emerging evidence indicates that autophagy plays a multifunctional regulatory role in plant innate immunity during plant-pathogen interactions. In this review, we highlight existing knowledge regarding the involvement of autophagy in plant immunity, mechanisms functioning in the induction of autophagy upon pathogen infection, and possible directions for future research.
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Ma X, Nontachaiyapoom S, Jayawardena RS, yde KD, Gentekaki E, Zhou S, Qian Y, Wen T, Kang J. Endophytic Colletotrichum species from Dendrobium spp. in China and Northern Thailand. MycoKeys 2018; 43:23-57. [PMID: 30568535 PMCID: PMC6290043 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.43.25081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of Colletotrichum are commonly found in many plant hosts as pathogens, endophytes and occasionally saprobes. Twenty-two Colletotrichum strains were isolated from three Dendrobium species - D.cariniferum, D.catenatum and D.harveyanum, as well as three unidentified species. The taxa were identified using morphological characterisation and phylogenetic analyses of ITS, GAPDH, ACT and ß-tubulin sequence data. This is the first time to identify endophytic fungi from Dendrobium orchids using the above method. The known species, Colletotrichumboninense, C.camelliae-japonicae, C.fructicola, C.jiangxiense and C.orchidophilum were identified as fungal endophytes of Dendrobium spp., along with the new species, C.cariniferi, C.chiangraiense, C.doitungense, C.parallelophorum and C.watphraense, which are introduced in this paper. One strain is recorded as an unidentified species. Corn meal agar is recommended as a good sporulation medium for Colletotrichum species. This is the first report of fungal endophytes associated with Dendrobiumcariniferum and D.harveyanum. Colletotrichumcamelliae-japonicae, C.jiangxiense, and C.orchidophilum are new host records for Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Ma
- Engineering and Research Center for Southwest Biopharmaceutical Resource of National Education Ministry of China, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, People’s Republic of China
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Sureeporn Nontachaiyapoom
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Ruvishika S. Jayawardena
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Kevin D. yde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Eleni Gentekaki
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Sixuan Zhou
- Engineering and Research Center for Southwest Biopharmaceutical Resource of National Education Ministry of China, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, People’s Republic of China
- Guizhou institute of animal husbandry and veterinary, Guiyang, Guizhou province, 550005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yixin Qian
- Engineering and Research Center for Southwest Biopharmaceutical Resource of National Education Ministry of China, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingchi Wen
- Engineering and Research Center for Southwest Biopharmaceutical Resource of National Education Ministry of China, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jichuan Kang
- Engineering and Research Center for Southwest Biopharmaceutical Resource of National Education Ministry of China, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, People’s Republic of China
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50
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Halliday FW, Umbanhowar J, Mitchell CE. A host immune hormone modifies parasite species interactions and epidemics: insights from a field manipulation. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.2075. [PMID: 30404885 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasite epidemics can depend on priority effects, and parasite priority effects can result from the host immune response to prior infection. Yet we lack experimental evidence that such immune-mediated priority effects influence epidemics. To address this research gap, we manipulated key host immune hormones, then measured the consequences for within-host parasite interactions, and ultimately parasite epidemics in the field. Specifically, we applied plant immune-signalling hormones to sentinel plants, embedded into a wild host population, and tracked foliar infections caused by two common fungal parasites. Within-host individuals, priority effects were altered by the immune-signalling hormone, salicylic acid (SA). Scaling up from within-host interactions, hosts treated with SA experienced a lower prevalence of a less aggressive parasite, increased burden of infection by a more aggressive parasite, and experienced fewer co-infections. Together, these results indicate that by altering within-host priority effects, host immune hormones can drive parasite epidemics. This study therefore experimentally links host immune hormones to within-host priority effects and parasite epidemics, advancing a more mechanistic understanding of how interactions among parasites alter their epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fletcher W Halliday
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James Umbanhowar
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Charles E Mitchell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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