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Cutilli T, Leocata P, Dolo V, Altobelli E. p53 as a prognostic marker associated with the risk of mortality for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:1046-1050. [PMID: 27446392 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is often associated with a poor prognosis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate survival and the risk of mortality in OSCC with regard to stage, tumor site and p53 expression. A retrospective study was performed on 150 non-consecutive cases of OSCC that were observed between January 1992 and January 2012, and were selected from a total of 580 patients according to the criteria of the homogeneity of histopathological grading (G2). The medical records were reviewed for 48 cases with disease at stage I [37 males, age 64.7±5.7 years (mean age±standard deviation); 11 females, age 70.0±3.37 years]; 27 cases with stage II (15 males, age 64.5±5.6 years; 12 females, age 69.2±3.9 years); 58 cases with stage IVa (42 males, age 66.9±5.3 years; 16 females, age 64.2±6.5 years); and 17 cases with stage IVb (16 males, age 65.7±5.4 years; 1 female, age 69 years). Monoclonal p53 antibody (clone DO-7) was used to perform the p53 immunohistochemical study. A significant association was found between the site of the tumor and p53 overexpression (P<0.0001). Stage I-II cases showed a higher cumulative probability of a 24-month survival time than stage IVa-IVb cases (P<0.0001). Cheek, floor and soft palate tumors showed a worse prognosis (P<0.0001) and tumors with p53 overexpression >50% showed a poor survival rate (P<0.0001) compared with tumors of the attached gingiva, tongue and retromolar trigone. The findings allowed the quantification of the risk mortality from OSSC with regard to stage, tumor site and the p53 expression pattern of the tumor. Data supported the absolute indications for wide surgical margins (radical surgery) in cases of T1-T2 N0 tumors of the tongue, floor, retromolar trigone and attached gingiva when p53 overexpression is >50% in association with a higher risk of mortality compared with when p53 overexpression is <50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Cutilli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University of L'Aquila, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Pietro Leocata
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Pathological Anatomy Unit, University of L'Aquila, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Vincenza Dolo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Clinical Pathology Unit, University of L'Aquila, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Emma Altobelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Medical Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, University of L'Aquila, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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Cutilli T, Leocata P, Dolo V, Altobelli E. Association between p53 status, human papillomavirus infection, and overall survival in advanced oral cancer after resection and combination systemic treatment. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 54:198-202. [PMID: 26669794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study on 75 cases of advanced oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy, radical surgery, and radiotherapy showed that overexpression of p53 of more than 50% indicated a strong probability of genetic mutation, and tumours that are characterised by this p53 pattern respond poorly to treatment and have a poor prognosis (p= 0.0001). We have studied the same cohort of patients retrospectively to investigate the incidence of human papillomavirus-16 (HPV16) infection, the relation to the overexpression or mutation of the p53 gene, and the association with overall survival. There were 57 men and 18 women, mean age 67 (range 57-72) years. HPV16 infectivity was found in 66 patients (88%) - 49/57 men (86%) and 17/18 women (94%). There was no significant difference between the sexes (p=0.32). The cumulative survival of the entire group after a follow-up of 38 months was 26% (SE 6.4). The log rank test indicated that the combination of HPV-16 infectivity and p53mutation was significantly related to prognosis (p=0.000). On the other hand HPV16 infectivity alone was not significantly related to prognosis (p=0.78) The incidence of HPV-16 infection decreased with increasing immune p53 expression (p=0.005), whereas that of the HPV16+p53mutation combination increased with increasing immune p53 expression (p=0.000). The results show the importance of the investigation of HPV and p53 expression to define prognosis in oral SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Cutilli
- Head of Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, President of Upgrading School of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of L'Aquila - Italy Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences.
| | - Pietro Leocata
- Pathology President of Upgrading School of Anatomic Pathology, University of L'Aquila - Italy Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences.
| | - Vincenza Dolo
- President of Clinical Pathology Postgraduate School, University of L'Aquila - Italy Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences.
| | - Emma Altobelli
- Head of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, University of L'Aquila - Italy Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences.
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Cutilli T, Leocata P, Dolo V, Altobelli E. Evaluation of p53 protein as a prognostic factor for oral cancer surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013; 51:922-7. [PMID: 23791033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2013.05.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have analysed concentrations of the p53 protein in advanced oral carcinomas immunohistochemically and genetically to detect the percentage of overexpression of this antioncogene that indicates a high probability of mutation. This would point to it being a useful prognostic factor, if we consider the importance of the relation between genetic alterations of p53 and poor overall survival. Seventy-five non-consecutive patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and metastatic nodes were enrolled if there was homogeneity in histopathological grading (G2) of their tumours, and they were treated according to a multidisciplinary treatment plan. Monoclonal antibodies, extraction of DNA, and amplification of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used for the immunohistochemical and genetic analyses. There was a significant inverse correlation between p53 overexpression and response to chemotherapy and a stronger association between high P53 overexpression (%) and a genetic mutation of p53 (p=0.0001). More than 50% overexpression indicated a strong probability of genetic mutation. There was no association between response to chemotherapy and age-groups or TNM classification (p=0.2), but there was a significant one between sex and site of tumour (p<0.001). Three prognostic factors were significantly related to prognosis: site of tumour (p=0.01), response to chemotherapy (p=0.002), and immuno p53 (p=0.0001). A tumour that is characterised by p53 overexpression of more than 50% indicates a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Cutilli
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University of L'Aquila, Italy.
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Roberg K, Ceder R, Farnebo L, Norberg-Spaak L, Grafström RC. Multiple genotypic aberrances associate to terminal differentiation-deficiency of an oral squamous cell carcinoma in serum-free culture. Differentiation 2008; 76:868-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2008.00267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Todd R, Hinds PW, Munger K, Rustgi AK, Opitz OG, Suliman Y, Wong DT. Cell cycle dysregulation in oral cancer. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2007; 13:51-61. [PMID: 12097237 DOI: 10.1177/154411130201300106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The dysregulation of the molecular events governing cell cycle control is emerging as a central theme of oral carcinogenesis. Regulatory pathways responding to extracellular signaling or intracellular stress and DNA damage converge on the cell cycle apparatus. Abrogation of mitogenic and anti-mitogenic response regulatory proteins, such as the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRB), cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 6, and CDK inhibitors (p21(WAF1/CIP1), p27(KIP1), and p16(INK4a)), occur frequently in human oral cancers. Cellular responses to metabolic stress or genomic damage through p53 and related pathways that block cell cycle progression are also altered during oral carcinogenesis. In addition, new pathways and cell cycle regulatory proteins, such as p12(DOC-1), are being discovered. The multistep process of oral carcinogenesis likely involves functional alteration of cell cycle regulatory members combined with escape from cellular senescence and apoptotic signaling pathways. Detailing the molecular alterations and understanding the functional consequences of the dysregulation of the cell cycle apparatus in the malignant oral keratinocyte will uncover novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Todd
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Mognetti B, Di Carlo F, Berta GN. Animal models in oral cancer research. Oral Oncol 2006; 42:448-60. [PMID: 16266822 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biologically and clinically relevant animal models are essential in investigation of the progression of diseases and the elaboration of diagnostic or therapeutic protocols. The several rodent models used for in vivo evaluation for oral cancer employ chemical, transplantation and genetic (knockout and transgenic) induction methods. These models are described together with their advantages and disadvantages. Their optimization and application in future research may improve the early detection and treatment of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mognetti
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biological and Clinical Science, University of Turin, Ospedale San Luigi, Orbassano (TO), Italy
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Somoza-Martín JM, García-García A, Barros-Angueira F, Otero-Rey E, Torres-Español M, Gándara-Vila P, Reboiras-López MD, Blanco-Carrión A, Gándara-Rey JM. Gene Expression Profile in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Pilot Study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005; 63:786-92. [PMID: 15944975 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2005.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the gene expression profile of oral squamous cell carcinomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gene expression profile was investigated in oral squamous cell carcinomas in 5 patients using the Atlas Glass Human 3.8 I Microarray (which detects cDNA obtained from cellular total RNA) (Clontech Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA). Data were normalized by the LOWESS method. Statistical significances of deviations from a 1:1 ratio were evaluated by t tests, with P<.05. RESULTS Of the 3,757 genes analyzed, 322 (8.6%) were significantly overexpressed in tumoral tissue with respect to normal tissue, while 104 (2.8%) were significantly underexpressed. The affected genes fell into a wide range of functional categories. CONCLUSION We consider that cDNA microarrays are of clear value for investigating the biology of these tumors, and that this technology may help in the molecular classification of oral squamous cell carcinomas and in the identification of targets for gene therapy.
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Liang G, Zhang XD, Wang LJ, Sha YS, Zhang JC, Miao SY, Zong SD, Wang LF, Koide SS. Identification of differentially expressed genes of primary spermatocyte against round spermatid isolated from human testis using the laser capture microdissection technique. Cell Res 2005; 14:507-12. [PMID: 15625018 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The method of laser capture microdissection (LCM) combined with suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) was developed to isolate specific germ cells from human testis sections and to identify the genes expressed during differentiation and development. In the present study, over 10,000 primary spermatocytes and round spermatid cells were successfully isolated by LCM. Using the cDNAs from primary spermatocytes and round spermatids, SSH cDNAs library of primary spermatocyte-specific was constructed. The average insert size of the cDNA isolated from 75 randomly picked white clones was 500 bp, ranging from 250 bp to 1.7 kb. Using the dot-blot method, a total of 421 clones were examined, resulting in the identification of 390 positive clones emitting strong signals. Partial sequence of cDNAs prepared from each clone was determined with an overall success rate of 84.4%. Genes encoding cytochrome c oxidase II and the rescue factor-humanin were most frequently expressed in primary spermatocytes, suggesting their roles involved in meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liang
- National Laboratory Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 100005 Beijing, China
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Vigneswaran N, Wu J, Sacks P, Gilcrease M, Zacharias W. Microarray gene expression profiling of cell lines from primary and metastatic tongue squamous cell carcinoma: possible insights from emerging technology. J Oral Pathol Med 2005; 34:77-86. [PMID: 15641986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2004.00258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To identify common gene expression patterns among two uniquely matched pairs of primary and metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines derived from the same two patient donors. METHODS Two pairs of cell lines derived from the primary tumors and lymph node metastases of the same two patients were used to obtain microarray-based gene expression profiles. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were used to confirm observed changes for some of the candidate genes. RESULTS Approximately 50% of the genes profiled were expressed in all four cell lines. Cluster analysis identified a group of 17 genes whose expression correlated inversely with metastatic progression. Only 10 common genes were differentially expressed in both pairs of primary and metastatic cells. A group of 28 highly expressed genes was common for both metastatic cell lines, among them some of the known metastasis-related genes such as laminin receptor, thymosin beta-4 and beta-10 and metallopanstimulin. CONCLUSIONS Groups of presumed metastasis-related genes are highly heterogeneous and vary significantly between the two patients. Thus, it is unlikely that the metastatic phenotype of these OSCC cells is acquired by de-regulation of a single gene or a group of few genes. Most likely, multiple combinations of differentially expressed genes are involved in facilitating metastatic spread of these oral carcinoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadarajah Vigneswaran
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Texas-Houston Dental Branch, Houston, TX, USA
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Strausberg RL, Simpson AJG, Wooster R. Sequence-based cancer genomics: progress, lessons and opportunities. Nat Rev Genet 2003; 4:409-18. [PMID: 12776211 DOI: 10.1038/nrg1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Technologies that provide a genome-wide view offer an unprecedented opportunity to scrutinize the molecular biology of the cancer cell. The information that is derived from these technologies is well suited to the development of public databases of alterations in the cancer genome and its expression. Here, we describe the synergistic efforts of research programmes in Brazil, the United Kingdom and the United States towards building integrated databases that are widely accessible to the research community, to enable basic and applied applications in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Strausberg
- National Cancer Institute, 31 Center Drive, Room 10A07, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Leethanakul C, Knezevic V, Patel V, Amornphimoltham P, Gillespie J, Shillitoe EJ, Emko P, Park MH, Emmert-Buck MR, Strausberg RL, Krizman DB, Gutkind JS. Gene discovery in oral squamous cell carcinoma through the Head and Neck Cancer Genome Anatomy Project: confirmation by microarray analysis. Oral Oncol 2003; 39:248-58. [PMID: 12618197 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(02)00107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The near completion of the human genome project and the recent development of novel, highly sensitive high-throughput techniques have now afforded the unique opportunity to perform a comprehensive molecular characterization of normal, precancerous, and malignant cells, including those derived from squamous carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC). As part of these efforts, representative cDNA libraries from patient sets, comprising of normal and malignant squamous epithelium, were generated and contributed to the Head and Neck Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (HN-CGAP). Initial analysis of the sequence information indicated the existence of many novel genes in these libraries [Oral Oncol 36 (2000) 474]. In this study, we surveyed the available sequence information using bioinformatic tools and identified a number of known genes that were differentially expressed in normal and malignant epithelium. Furthermore, this effort resulted in the identification of 168 novel genes. Comparison of these clones to the human genome identified clusters in loci that were not previously recognized as being altered in HNSCC. To begin addressing which of these novel genes are frequently expressed in HNSCC, their DNA was used to construct an oral-cancer-specific microarray, which was used to hybridize alpha-(33)P dCTP labeled cDNA derived from five HNSCC patient sets. Initial assessment demonstrated 10 clones to be highly expressed (>2-fold) in the normal squamous epithelium, while 14 were highly represented in the malignant counterpart, in three of the five patient sets, thus suggesting that a subset of these newly discovered transcripts might be highly expressed in this tumor type. These efforts, together with other multi-institutional genomic and proteomic initiatives are expected to contribute to the complete understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of HNSCCs, thus helping to identify new markers for the early detection of preneoplastic lesions and novel targets for pharmacological intervention in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Leethanakul
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, 30 Convent Drive, Building 30, Room 212, Bethesda, MD 20892-4340, USA
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Hwang D, Alevizos I, Schmitt WA, Misra J, Ohyama H, Todd R, Mahadevappa M, Warrington JA, Stephanopoulos G, Wong DT, Stephanopoulos G. Genomic dissection for characterization of cancerous oral epithelium tissues using transcription profiling. Oral Oncol 2003; 39:259-68. [PMID: 12618198 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(02)00108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide and high-throughput functional genomic tools offer the potential of identifying disease-associated genes and dissecting disease regulatory patterns. There is a need for a set of systematic bioinformatic tools that handles efficiently a large number of variables for extracting biological meaning from experimental outputs. We present well-characterized statistical tools to discover genes that are differentially expressed between malignant oral epithelial and normal tissues in microarray experiments and to construct a robust classifier using the identified discriminatory genes. Those tools include Wilks' lambda score, error rate estimated from leave-one out cross-validation (LOOCV) and Fisher Discriminant Analysis (FDA). High Density DNA microarrays and Real Time Quantitative PCR were employed for the generation and validation of the transcription profile of the oral cancer and normal samples. We identified 45 genes that are strongly correlated with malignancy. Of the 45 genes identified, six have been previously implicated in the disease, and two are uncharacterized clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehee Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Room 56-469, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Alevizos I, Mahadevappa M, Zhang X, Ohyama H, Kohno Y, Posner M, Gallagher GT, Varvares M, Cohen D, Kim D, Kent R, Donoff RB, Todd R, Yung CM, Warrington JA, Wong DT. Oral cancer in vivo gene expression profiling assisted by laser capture microdissection and microarray analysis. Oncogene 2001; 20:6196-204. [PMID: 11593428 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2001] [Revised: 05/23/2001] [Accepted: 05/31/2001] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Large scale gene expression profiling was carried out on laser capture microdissected (LCM) tumor and normal oral epithelial cells and analysed on high-density oligonucleotide microarrays. About 600 genes were found to be oral cancer associated. These oral cancer associated genes include oncogenes, tumor suppressors, transcription factors, xenobiotic enzymes, metastatic proteins, differentiation markers, and genes that have not been implicated in oral cancer. The database created provides a verifiable global profile of gene expression during oral carcinogenesis, revealing the potential role of known genes as well as genes that have not been previously implicated in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Alevizos
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
The Head and Neck Cancer Intergroup phase III clinical trial (Int 0099) for patients with locally advanced, squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the nasopharynx (or NPC) has been recently completed in the United States. The results of this study have defined the new standard of treatment for the group of patients studied. Patients with untreated, locally advanced stages III and IV NPC were randomized to a conventional course of radiation, or to radiation given concurrently with chemotherapy followed by three courses of combination chemotherapy. The 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 24% versus 69% (P < 0.001) and 46% versus 76% (P < 0.001) for the control and experimental groups, respectively. Recent updates of these survival figures show that they have not changed appreciably. The considerable improvement in OS versus PFS for the patient group receiving radiation alone is accounted for primarily by re-treatment with concurrent radiation-chemotherapy, combination chemotherapy, and isolated salvage neck dissections. Highly significant differences in local control (41% vs 14%) and distant metastases (35% vs 13%) were demonstrated in favor of the chemoradiation treatment arm. The median age for these patients was 51 years, with a 2:1 male to female ratio. Although many patients had a significant history of tobacco exposure with or without alcohol use or abuse, only 24% had keratinizing or well-differentiated squamous (World Health Organization I) type tumors. Whether these results can be extrapolated to the more common Asian variety (WHO II and III) of advanced NPC must be addressed in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Ensley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Division, Wayne State University, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, 48203, USA
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Prime SS, Thakker NS, Pring M, Guest PG, Paterson IC. A review of inherited cancer syndromes and their relevance to oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2001; 37:1-16. [PMID: 11120478 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(00)00055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines the genetic defects associated with inherited cancer syndromes and their relevance to oral cancer. Tumour suppressor genes are now thought of as either gatekeepers or caretakers according to whether they control cell growth directly by inhibiting cell proliferation and/or promoting cell death (gatekeepers) or whether they maintain the integrity of the genome by DNA repair mechanisms (caretakers). In disorders such as xeroderma pigmentosum, ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome and Fanconi's anaemia, where there are defective caretaker genes, there is an increased incidence of second primary malignancies, including oral cancer. By contrast, with the exception of Li Fraumeni syndrome, abnormalities of gatekeeper genes do not predispose to oral cancer. Not only do Li Fraumeni patients develop second primary malignancies, but defects of the p53 pathway (p53 mutation, MDM2 over-expression, CDKN2A deletion) appear to be a ubiquitous feature of sporadic oral cancer as it occurs in the West. The findings suggest that genetic instability is of fundamental importance in the pathogenesis of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Prime
- Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, BS1 2LY, Bristol, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Terai
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
- Molecular Pathology, Oral Restitution, Oral Health Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Minoru Takagi
- Molecular Pathology, Oral Restitution, Oral Health Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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18
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Leethanakul C, Patel V, Gillespie J, Shillitoe E, Kellman RM, Ensley JF, Limwongse V, Emmert-Buck MR, Krizman DB, Gutkind JS. Gene expression profiles in squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity: use of laser capture microdissection for the construction and analysis of stage-specific cDNA libraries. Oral Oncol 2000; 36:474-83. [PMID: 10964057 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(00)00039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer among men in the developed world affecting the oral cavity, salivary glands, larynx and pharynx. Utilizing tissue from patients with HNSCC, we sought to systematically identify and catalog genes expressed in HNSCC progression. Here, we demonstrate the successful use of laser capture microdissection for procuring pure populations of cells from patient tissue sets comprised of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) and matching normal tissue. From the estimated 5000 cells procured for each sample, we were able to extract total RNA (14.7-18.6 ng) of sufficient quality to transcribe GAPDH by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The RNA was used for the synthesis of blunt-ended, double-strand complementary DNAs (cDNAs) by oligo (dT)-mediated reverse transcription, followed by addition of linkers. Primers specific for these linkers with uracil deglycosylase-compatible ends were used to amplify these cDNAs by PCR and the product was subcloned into the pAMP10 cloning vector. Ninety-six clones from each of six libraries were randomly sequenced and results indicated that 76-96% of the inserts represent either anonymous expressed sequence tags (ESTs) (25-48%), known genes (9-29%) or novel sequences (27-51%), respectively, with very little redundancy. These results demonstrate that high quality, representative cDNA libraries can be generated from microdissected OSCC tissue. Furthermore, these finding suggest the existence of at least 132 novel genes expressed in our cDNA libraries, which may have a role in the pathogenesis of HNSCC, and may represent novel markers for early detection as well as targets for pharmacological intervention in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Leethanakul
- Oral & Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Building 30, Room 212, Bethesda, MD 20892-4330, USA
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