1
|
Zheng Z, Han J, Chen X, Zheng S. A Quantity-Dependent Nonlinear Model of Sodium Cromoglycate Suppression on Beta-Conglycinin Transport. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6636. [PMID: 38928351 PMCID: PMC11204204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the transport mechanism is crucial for developing inhibitors that block allergen absorption and transport and prevent allergic reactions. However, the process of how beta-conglycinin, the primary allergen in soybeans, crosses the intestinal mucosal barrier remains unclear. The present study indicated that the transport of beta-conglycinin hydrolysates by IPEC-J2 monolayers occurred in a time- and quantity-dependent manner. The beta-conglycinin hydrolysates were absorbed into the cytoplasm of IPEC-J2 monolayers, while none were detected in the intercellular spaces. Furthermore, inhibitors such as methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MβCD) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) significantly suppressed the absorption and transport of beta-conglycinin hydrolysates. Of particular interest, sodium cromoglycate (SCG) exhibited a quantity-dependent nonlinear suppression model on the absorption and transport of beta-conglycinin hydrolysates. In conclusion, beta-conglycinin crossed the IPEC-J2 monolayers through a transcellular pathway, involving both clathrin-mediated and caveolae-dependent endocytosis mechanisms. SCG suppressed the absorption and transport of beta-conglycinin hydrolysates by the IPEC-J2 monolayers by a quantity-dependent nonlinear model via clathrin-mediated and caveolae-dependent endocytosis. These findings provide promising targets for both the prevention and treatment of soybean allergies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziang Zheng
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, NO. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, China; (Z.Z.)
| | - Junfeng Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, NO. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, China; (Z.Z.)
| | - Shugui Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
May A, Gerhards H, Wollanke B. Effect of hospitalization on equine local intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentration measured in feces. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 137:105078. [PMID: 38697372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
During hospitalization horses may develop gastrointestinal conditions triggered by a stress-associated weak local immune system. The prospective, clinical trial was conducted to find out whether fecal immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentrations could be determined in hospitalized horses and how they changed during hospitalization and in response to various stressors. Samples were obtained from 110 horses and a control group (n = 14). At arrival in the hospital, horses were categorized into pain grades (1-5), and elective versus strenuous surgery (> 2 hours, traumatic and emergency procedures). Feces were collected on day 1, day 2, day 3, and day 7 in all horses. Blood samples were obtained at the same intervals, but additionally after general anaesthesia in horses undergoing surgery (day 2). IgA concentration in feces was determined by ELISA and measured in optical density at 450nm. The control group showed constant IgA concentrations on all days (mean value 0.30 OD450 ±SD 0.11, 1.26 mg/g; n = 11). After general anaesthesia fecal IgA concentrations decreased considerably independent of duration and type of surgery (P < 0.001 for elective and P = 0.043 for traumatic surgeries). High plasma cortisol concentrations were weakly correlated with low fecal IgA on the day after surgery (P = 0.012, day 3, correlation coefficient r = 0.113). Equine fecal IgA concentrations showed a decline associated with transport, surgery, and hospitalization in general, indicating that stress has an impact on the local intestinal immune function and may predispose horses for developing gastrointestinal diseases such as enterocolitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A May
- Equine Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstrasse 14 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - H Gerhards
- retired, former head of Equine Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - B Wollanke
- Equine Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstrasse 14 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zheng S, Zhao Y, Zheng Z, Liu Y, Liu S, Han J. Transport of glycinin, the major soybean allergen, across intestinal epithelial IPEC-J2 cell monolayers. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024. [PMID: 38689491 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Soybean allergen entering the body is the initial step to trigger intestinal allergic response. However, it remains unclear how glycinin, the major soybean allergen, is transported through the intestinal mucosal barrier. The objective of this study was to elucidate the pathway and mechanism of glycinin hydrolysate transport through the intestinal epithelial barrier using IPEC-J2 cell model. Purified glycinin was digested by in vitro static digestion model. The pathway and mechanism of glycinin hydrolysates transport through intestinal epithelial cells were investigated by cellular transcytosis assay, cellular uptake assay, immunoelectron microscopy and endocytosis inhibition assay. The glycinin hydrolysates were transported across IPEC-J2 cell monolayers in a time/dose-dependent manner following the Michaelis equation. Immunoelectron microscopy showed a number of glycinin hydrolysates appeared in the cytoplasm, but no glycinin hydrolysates were observed in the intercellular space of IPEC-J2 cells. The inhibitors, colchicine, chlorpromazine and methyl-β-cyclodextrin, significantly inhibited the cellular uptake of glycinin hydrolysates. The glycinin hydrolysates crossed IPEC-J2 cell monolayers through the transcellular pathway. Both clathrin- and caveolae-dependent endocytosis were involved in the epithelial uptake of the hydrolysates. These findings provided potential targets for the prevention and treatment of soybean allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shugui Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yintong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Ziang Zheng
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yajin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Simiao Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Junfeng Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Les dosages d’IgG anti-aliments : méthodes et pertinence clinique des résultats. Position du groupe de travail de biologie de la Société française d’allergologie. REVUE FRANCAISE D ALLERGOLOGIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reval.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
5
|
Korte R, Bräcker J, Brockmeyer J. Gastrointestinal digestion of hazelnut allergens on molecular level: Elucidation of degradation kinetics and resistant immunoactive peptides using mass spectrometry. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28677900 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Allergy to hazelnut seeds ranks among the most prevalent food allergies in Europe. The aim of this study was to elucidate the gastrointestinal digestion of hazelnut allergens on molecular level. METHODS AND RESULTS Hazelnut flour was digested in vitro following the Infogest consensus model. For six allergenic proteins, the time-dependent course of digestion was monitored by SDS-PAGE and HPLC-MS/MS, and degradation products were characterized by a bottom-up proteomics approach. Depending on the molecular structure, a specific biochemical fate was observed for each allergen, and degradation kinetics were traced back to the peptide level. 1183 peptides were characterized, including 130 peptides that carry known IgE-binding epitopes and may represent sensitizers for hazelnut allergy. The kinetics of peptide formation and degradation were determined by label-free quantification and follow a complex multi-stage mechanism. CONCLUSION We present a comprehensive survey on the gastrointestinal digestion of a relevant allergenic food on level of the peptidome, including the first systematic characterization and quantification of degradation products. This provides information on the differential resistance of plant food allergens and their structural elements undergoing digestion and forms the basis for a deeper understanding of the molecular principles responsible for sensitization to food allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Korte
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Julia Bräcker
- Analytical Food Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jens Brockmeyer
- Analytical Food Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pastor-Vargas C, Maroto AS, Díaz-Perales A, Villalba M, Esteban V, Ruiz-Ramos M, de Alba MR, Vivanco F, Cuesta-Herranz J. Detection of major food allergens in amniotic fluid: initial allergenic encounter during pregnancy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2016; 27:716-720. [PMID: 27341427 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ingestion of food allergens present in maternal milk during breastfeeding has been hypothesized as a gateway to sensitization to food; however, this process could develop during pregnancy, as the maternal-fetal interface develops a Th2- and Treg-mediated environment to protect the fetus. We hypothesized that in these surroundings, unborn children are exposed to food allergens contained in the mother's diet, possibly giving rise to first sensitization. METHODS The presence of allergens in utero was studied by analyzing amniotic fluid (AF) samples in two different stages of pregnancy: at 15-20 weeks and after delivery at term. An antibody microarray was developed to test for the most common food allergens. The array detects the presence of ten allergens from milk, fruit, egg, fish, nuts, and wheat. RESULTS AF from 20 pregnant women was collected: eight after delivery at term and 12 from women who underwent diagnostic amniocentesis between weeks 15 and 20 of gestation. The presence of allergens was detected in all samples. Samples from amniocentesis had a higher allergen concentration than samples after delivery at term. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the presence of intact major food allergens in AF samples. This early contact could explain subsequent sensitization to foods never eaten before.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aroa S Maroto
- Department of Immunology, IIS- Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mayte Villalba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Esteban
- Department of Immunology, IIS- Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ramos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Vivanco
- Department of Immunology, IIS- Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yamada C, Yamashita Y, Seki R, Izumi H, Matsuda T, Kato Y. Digestion and Gastrointestinal Absorption of the 14–16-kDa Rice Allergens. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 70:1890-7. [PMID: 16926501 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.60054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The digestibility and gastrointestinal absorption of 14-16-kDa rice allergens (RAs) were investigated. RAs and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were first evaluated for their digestibility. BSA was digested completely by in vitro incubation with some proteases, but RAs remained almost intact. Administered orally (20 mg per mouse), intact RAs were clearly detected in the small intestine even 60 min after the administration, the amount of total RAs in the small intestine being estimated to be 0.59 mg. RAs were then biotinylated and infused into the duodenal lumen of anesthetized mice, and portal blood was collected. The RA concentrations in the portal plasma were respectively estimated to be 0.4-0.9 and 0.3-2.5 microg/ml for 0.4 and 4 mg doses. These results suggest that RAs are highly resistant to digestive enzymes and that about 1/100 of orally administered RAs remain intact in the small intestine, while at least 1/1,000-1/10,000 is absorbed and delivered into circulated blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Yamada
- School of Nutritional Sciences, Nagoya University of Arts and Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sugita R, Hata E, Miki A, Andoh R, Umeda C, Takemura N, Sonoyama K. Gut Colonization by Candida albicans Inhibits the Induction of Humoral Immune Tolerance to Dietary Antigen in BALB/c Mice. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA, FOOD AND HEALTH 2012; 31:77-84. [PMID: 24936353 PMCID: PMC4034285 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.31.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We previously observed that gut colonization by Candida albicans
promoted serum antibody response to orally administered ovalbumin in mice. We therefore
postulated that C. albicans affects oral tolerance induction. The present
study tested this idea. BALB/c mice were intragastrically administered with either
C. albicans (1 × 107) or vehicle, and the colonization was
confirmed by weekly fecal cultures. Mice were further divided into two subgroups and
intragastrically administered with either ovalbumin (20 mg) or vehicle for five
consecutive days. Thereafter, all mice were intraperitoneally immunized with ovalbumin in
alum. In mice without C. albicans inoculation, ovalbumin feeding prior to
immunization significantly suppressed the increase in ovalbumin-specific IgE, IgG1 and
IgG2a in sera, suggesting oral tolerance induction. In C.
albicans-inoculated mice, however, the antibody levels were the same between
ovalbumin- and vehicle-fed mice. In contrast, ovalbumin feeding significantly suppressed
cellular immune responses, as evidenced by reduced proliferation of splenocytes
restimulated by ovalbumin ex vivo, in both C.
albicans-inoculated and uninoculated mice. Ex vivo
supplementation with neither heat-killed C. albicans nor the culture
supernatant of C. albicans enhanced the production of ovalbumin-specific
IgG1 in splenocytes restimulated by the antigen. These results suggest that gut
colonization by C. albicans inhibits the induction of humoral immune
tolerance to dietary antigen in mice, whereas C. albicans may not
directly promote antibody production. We therefore propose that C.
albicans gut colonization could be a risk factor for triggering food allergy in
susceptible individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Sugita
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Erina Hata
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Atsuko Miki
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Ryoko Andoh
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Chisato Umeda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Naoki Takemura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Kei Sonoyama
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Brandtzaeg P. The gut as communicator between environment and host: immunological consequences. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 668 Suppl 1:S16-32. [PMID: 21816150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During human evolution, the mucosal immune system developed two anti-inflammatory mechanisms: immune exclusion by secretory antibodies (SIgA and SIgM) to control epithelial colonization of microorganisms and inhibit penetration of harmful substances; and immunosuppression to counteract local and peripheral hypersensitivity against innocuous antigens such as food proteins. The latter function is referred to as oral tolerance when induced via the gut. Similar mechanisms also control immunity to commensal bacteria. The development of immune homeostasis depends on "windows of opportunity" where adaptive and innate immunities are coordinated by antigen-presenting cells; their function is not only influenced by microbial products but also by dietary constituents, including vitamin A and lipids like polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids. These factors can in several ways exert beneficial effects on the immunophenotype of the infant. Also breast milk provides immune-modulating factors and SIgA antibodies - reinforcing the gut barrier. Mucosal immunity is most abundantly expressed in the gut, and the intestinal mucosa of an adult contains at least 80% of the body's activated B cells - terminally differentiated to plasmablasts and plasma cells (PCs). Most mucosal PCs produce dimeric IgA which is exported by secretory epithelia expressing the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), also called membrane secretory component (SC). Immune exclusion is therefore performed mainly by SIgA. Notably, pIgR knockout mice which lack SIgs show increased uptake of food and microbial antigens and they have a hyper-reactive immune system with disposition for anaphylaxis; but this untoward development is counteracted by cognate oral tolerance induction as a homeostatic back-up mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Per Brandtzaeg
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, and Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review recent findings dealing with the involvement of mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the gut barrier function and various gastrointestinal diseases. New information will be discussed in the context of previous knowledge in this field. RECENT FINDINGS The epithelial barrier function seems to be central in many mucosal disorders because it is decisive for host-microbial interactions and penetration of soluble antigens into the lamina propria. Secretory IgA contributes to the barrier function and recent evidence strongly supports the notion that such antibodies are involved in immunological homeostasis. SUMMARY Inflammatory bowel disease involves a break of tolerance to the commensal microbiota. Aberrations in the mucosal IgA system may, therefore, be part of the inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis. In gluten-induced enteropathy, however, it has been suggested that a mucosal IgA response may promote the progression of celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis by enhancing the uptake of gluten peptides and inhibiting the enzyme activity of tissue transglutaminase. A mucosal IgA response may also promote gastritis by protecting Helicobacter pylori from complement attack. In food allergy, several facets of the epithelial barrier function may show deficiency, including secretory IgA.
Collapse
|
11
|
Brandtzaeg P. Homeostatic impact of indigenous microbiota and secretory immunity. Benef Microbes 2010; 1:211-27. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2010.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the process of evolution, the mucosal immune system has generated two layers of anti-inflammatory defence: (1) immune exclusion performed by secretory IgA (and secretory IgM) antibodies to modulate or inhibit surface colonisation of microorganisms and dampen penetration of potentially dangerous antigens; and (2) suppressive mechanisms to avoid local and peripheral hypersensitivity to innocuous antigens, particularly food proteins and components of commensal bacteria. When induced via the gut, the latter phenomenon is called 'oral tolerance', which mainly depends on the development of regulatory T (Treg) cells in mesenteric lymph nodes to which mucosal dendritic cells (DCs) carry exogenous antigens and become conditioned for induction of Treg cells. Mucosally induced tolerance appears to be a rather robust adaptive immune function in view of the fact that large amounts of food proteins pass through the gut, while overt and persistent food allergy is not so common. DCs are 'decision makers' in the immune system when they perform their antigen-presenting function, thus linking innate and adaptive immunity by sensing the exogenous mucosal impact (e.g. conserved microbial molecular patterns). A balanced indigenous microbiota is required to drive the normal development of both mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, the epithelial barrier with its secretory IgA (and IgM) system, and mucosally induced tolerance mechanisms including the generation of Treg cells. Notably, polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR/SC) knock-out mice that lack secretory IgA and IgM antibodies show reduced epithelial barrier function and increased uptake of antigens from food and commensal bacteria. They therefore have a hyper-reactive immune system and show predisposition for systemic anaphylaxis after sensitisation; but this development is counteracted by enhanced oral tolerance induction as a homeostatic back-up mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. Brandtzaeg
- Department and Institute of Pathology, Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0027 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Numerous genes are involved in innate and adaptive immunity and these have been modified over millions of years. During this evolution, the mucosal immune system has developed two anti-inflammatory strategies: immune exclusion by the use of secretory antibodies to control epithelial colonization of microorganisms and to inhibit the penetration of potentially harmful agents; and immunosuppression to counteract local and peripheral hypersensitivity against innocuous antigens, such as food proteins. The latter strategy is called oral tolerance when induced via the gut. Homeostatic mechanisms also dampen immune responses to commensal bacteria. The mucosal epithelial barrier and immunoregulatory network are poorly developed in newborns. The perinatal period is, therefore, critical with regard to the induction of food allergy. The development of immune homeostasis depends on windows of opportunity during which innate and adaptive immunity are coordinated by antigen-presenting cells. The function of these cells is not only orchestrated by microbial products but also by dietary constituents, including vitamin A and lipids, such as polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids. These factors may in various ways exert beneficial effects on the immunophenotype of the infant. The same is true for breast milk, which provides immune-inducing factors and secretory immunoglobulin A, which reinforces the gut epithelial barrier. It is not easy to dissect the immunoregulatory network and identify variables that lead to food allergy. This Review discusses efforts to this end and outlines the scientific basis for future food allergy prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Per Brandtzaeg
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), University of Oslo and Department and Institute of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The role of protein digestibility and antacids on food allergy outcomes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:1301-8; quiz 1309-10. [PMID: 18539189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Digestion assays with simulated gastric fluid have been introduced for characterization of food proteins to imitate the effect of stomach proteolysis on dietary compounds in vitro. By using these tests, dietary proteins can be categorized as digestion-resistant class 1 (true allergens triggering direct oral sensitization) or as labile class 2 allergens (nonsensitizing elicitors). Thus the results of these digestion assays mirror situations of intact gastric proteolysis. Alterations in the gastric milieu are frequently experienced during a lifetime either physiologically in the very young and the elderly or as a result of gastrointestinal pathologies. Additionally, acid-suppression medications are frequently used for treatment of dyspeptic disorders. By increasing the gastric pH, they interfere substantially with the digestive function of the stomach, leading to persistence of labile food protein during gastric transit. Indeed, both murine and human studies reveal that antiulcer medication increases the risk of food allergy induction. Gastric digestion substantially decreases the potential of food proteins to bind IgE, which increases the threshold dose of allergens required to elicit symptoms in patients with food allergy. Thus antiulcer agents impeding gastric protein digestion have a major effect on the sensitization and effector phase of food allergy.
Collapse
|
14
|
Brandtzaeg P, Carlsen HS, Halstensen TS. The B-cell system in inflammatory bowel disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 579:149-67. [PMID: 16620017 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-33778-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Secretory immunity is the best-defined part ot the mucosal immune system. This adaptive humoral defense mechanism depends on a fine-tuned cooperation between secretory epithelia and local plasma cells. Such mucosal immunocytes produce preferentially dimers and larger polymers of immunoglobulin A (collectively called pIgA), which contain J chain and therefore can bind to the epithelial secretory component (SC). This transmembrane glycoprotein functions as pIg receptor (pIgR) that also translocates pentameric IgM to the epithelial surface. B cells with a high level of J-chain expression and pIg-pIgR interactions at mucosal effector sites are thus necessary for the generation of secretory antibodies (SIgA and SIgM). Secretory antibodies perform immune exclusion in a first-line defense, thereby counteracting microbial colonization and mucosal penetration of soluble antigens. However, local production of pIgA is significantly down-regulated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as revealed by strikingly decreased J-chain expression. Although the total increase of the immunocyte population in IBD lesions probably compensates for the relatively reduced pIgA production, decreased pIgR/SC expression in regenerating and dysplastic epithelium signifies that the SIgA system is topically deficient. There is, moreover, a significant shift from IgA2 to IgA1 production, the latter subclass being less resistant to proteolytic degradation. These changes--together with activation of mucosal macrophages and a dramatic increase of IgG-producing cells--may reflect local establishment of a second defense line which, however, is unsuccessful in its attempt to eliminate antigens derived from the indigenous microbial flora. Such a 'frustrated' local humoral immune system results in altered immunological homeostasis and jeopardized mucosal integrity. Complement activation observed in relation to epithelium-bound IgG1 in ulcerative colitis indicates, moreover, that the surface epithelium is subjected to immunological attack by an autoimmune reaction. These luminal deposits regularly contain terminal cytotoxic complement, and often also C3b as a sign of persistent activation. Comparison of identical twins, discordant with regard to ulcerative colitis, suggests that the markedly skewed local IgG1 response seen in this IBD entity may be genetically determined. The initial event(s) eliciting B-cell driven immunopathology in IBD remains unknown. Abrogation of oral tolerance to certain antigens from commensal bacteria has been suggested as a putative early mechanism, and lymphoid neogenesis and hyperplasia in the lesions most likely signify massive microbial overstimulation of the local B-cell system. Such ectopic lymphoid microcompartments may contribute substantially to the proinflammatory systemic-type of B-cell responses occurring in established IBD lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Per Brandtzaeg
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Weangsripanaval T, Moriyama T, Kageura T, Ogawa T, Kawada T. Dietary fat and an exogenous emulsifier increase the gastrointestinal absorption of a major soybean allergen, Gly m Bd 30K, in mice. J Nutr 2005; 135:1738-44. [PMID: 15987858 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.7.1738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which food allergens are absorbed and sensitized via the gastrointestinal tract have not been well characterized. In this study, the gastrointestinal absorption of a major soybean allergen, Gly m Bd 30K, in young and older mice, and the effects of dietary fat and exogenous emulsifier were investigated. In Expt. 1, Gly m Bd 30K [0, 500 or 2000 mg/kg body weight (BW)] was administered orally to 24-d-old mice, and blood was sampled at various time points over a 120-min period. Plasma Gly m Bd 30K was measured by sandwich ELISA and immunoblotting. Its concentration peaked at 30 min and was dose dependent. Intact Gly m Bd 30K and its 20-kDa fragments were identified in plasma after absorption. In Expt. 2, 24-d-old mice administered soy milk containing 1 mg Gly m Bd 30K showed a steady increase in plasma Gly m Bd 30K from 60 to 120 min that was significantly higher than that in 10-wk-old mice. In Expt. 3, when corn oil (5 or 30%) was coadministered with Gly m Bd 30K (2000 mg/kg BW) to 24-d-old mice, the plasma concentration increased significantly and generally reached a plateau after 30 min. The absorption after the coadministration of 30% corn oil and 3% sucrose fatty acid ester was higher than after the administration of 30% corn oil alone. Intact Gly m Bd 30K and its fragments that were < 20 kDa survived digestion and were absorbed into the blood. We propose that absorption was enhanced by fat carrier-mediated transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thanakorn Weangsripanaval
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Finamore A, Roselli M, Merendino N, Nobili F, Vignolini F, Mengheri E. Zinc deficiency suppresses the development of oral tolerance in rats. J Nutr 2003; 133:191-8. [PMID: 12514289 DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.1.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral tolerance is a specific immune unresponsiveness to food antigens to prevent hypersensitivity reactions. We investigated whether zinc deficiency affects oral tolerance. Rats were fed a control (C) or zinc-deficient (ZD) diet, or pair-fed (PF) to ZD rats for 28 d. Beginning on d 7, rats were administered ovalbumin (OVA) orally to induce tolerance, or PBS 3 times/wk, and were then immunized by OVA injection. The proliferation of mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and spleen lymphocytes after in vitro OVA stimulation and the delayed-type hypersensitivity were higher in OVA-fed ZD than in OVA-fed C rats and not different between OVA- and PBS-fed ZD rats, indicating a suppression of tolerance. Lymphocyte proliferation did not differ between PF and C rats. Expressions of cytokines involved in oral tolerance, i.e., interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta, were higher in OVA- than in PBS-fed C rats, but not in ZD rats. Apoptosis was higher in OVA- than in PBS-fed C rats but not different between OVA- and PBS-fed ZD rats. Inflammation and ulcerations that were not present in ZD rats on d 7 (ZD(7)) developed in OVA- or PBS-fed ZD rats. Compared with ZD(7) rats, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant were higher in OVA- and PBS-fed ZD rats, whereas interferon-gamma increased only in OVA-fed ZD rats. In conclusion, zinc deficiency suppresses oral tolerance through dysregulation of cytokine expression and lack of antigen-specific clonal deletion. We suggest that abrogation of tolerance may lead to development of mucosal inflammation and damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Finamore
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione, 00178 Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Arslan G, Ødegaard S, Elsayed S, Florvaag E, Berstad A. Food allergy and intolerance: response to intestinal provocation monitored by endosonography. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN FEDERATION OF SOCIETIES FOR ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 15:29-36. [PMID: 12044850 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-8266(02)00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Objective assessment of adverse reactions to food is a long-felt want. We report our preliminary experience with a new endosonographic allergen provocation test. METHODS Twenty patients were examined, seven patients having food allergy and 13 having food intolerance. The duodenal mucosa was challenged with allergen extracts via a nasoduodenal tube. The responses were recorded using a miniprobe for endosonography through the tube. Thereafter, intestinal lavage was performed by giving 2 l PEG solution containing micro Ci (51)CrEDTA. The gut lavage fluid and urine for 5 h were collected. RESULTS Increased mucosal thickness in response to provocation was recorded in 11 patients, but not more often or pronounced in the allergic than in the intolerance group. Interestingly, increased mucosal thickness associated with a new echogenic layer was seen in two patients and a sustained duodenal contraction, lasting 15-20 min associated with pain, in another two. Intestinal permeability and inflammatory mediators were not significantly different in the two groups. CONCLUSION In patients with self-reported adverse reactions to food abnormal responses to duodenal provocation may be recognised by endosonography. However, neither endosonography nor intestinal permeability or faecal calprotectin responses were able to distinguish between food allergy and intolerance. Sustained duodenal contractions in response to food might be a cause of abdominal pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gülen Arslan
- gulen.Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Institute of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, N-5021, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Brandtzaeg PER. Current understanding of gastrointestinal immunoregulation and its relation to food allergy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 964:13-45. [PMID: 12023193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tolerance to food antigens induced via the gut ("oral tolerance") appears to be a rather robust adaptive immune mechanism. However, the neonatal period is particularly critical in terms of mucosal defense, with regard to infections and priming for allergic disease. This is so because the intestinal barrier function provided by secretory antibodies, as well as the immunoregulatory network, is poorly developed for a variable period after birth. Notably, the postnatal development of mucosal immune homeostasis depends on the establishment of a normal commensal microbial flora and also on adequate timing and dose of dietary antigens when first introduced. In this context, breastfeeding appears to exert both shielding and positive regulatory effects. Altogether, the intestinal immune system normally seems rather fit for tolerance induction against innocuous antigens because most children with food allergy "outgrow" their problems, whereas airway allergy tends to persist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P E R Brandtzaeg
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the human gut are heterogeneous, including both macrophages, a variety of dendritic cells and B cells. They are found both in gut-associated lymphoid tissue and in the mucosal lamina propria, especially beneath the surface epithelium. APCs have diverse phenotypes and therefore probably different functions in various locations; their expression levels of a variety of costimulatory molecules are most likely important for immunological decision making of stimulated T cells, either locally in the gut or in regional lymph nodes to which migrating APCs (dendritic cells) carry antigen. Thus, APCs are involved in active immunity as well as in induction of oral tolerance. However, their precise role in food allergy remains to be defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Brandtzaeg
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dearman RJ, Caddick H, Basketter DA, Kimber I. Divergent antibody isotype responses induced in mice by systemic exposure to proteins: a comparison of ovalbumin with bovine serum albumin. Food Chem Toxicol 2000; 38:351-60. [PMID: 10722889 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(99)00159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Whereas many foreign proteins are immunogenic, only a proportion is associated commonly with allergy, having the potential to induce the quality of immune response necessary for IgE antibody production and the development of immediate type hypersensitivity reactions in the gastrointestinal and/or respiratory tracts. In the context of toxicological evaluations there is a need to identify those properties that confer on proteins the ability to provoke allergic reactions. The characteristics of antibody responses induced in BALB/c strain mice following administration of ovalbumin (OVA), a significant human allergen, have been compared with those provoked by bovine serum albumin (BSA), a protein considered to have more limited allergenic potential. Intranasal or intraperitoneal (ip) administration of BSA or OVA elicited vigorous IgG and IgG1 antibody responses. Differential IgE antibody production was observed, however, with OVA stimulating relatively high IgE antibody titres at all doses tested whereas no or low titre IgE antibody was detected following exposure to BSA. Furthermore, a differential capacity for IgG2a antibody responses was observed, with only BSA provoking high titres of this IgG subclass. The relative quality of induced responses was equivalent following administration of these proteins via mucosal (in) tissue or via a non-mucosal (ip) route of exposure. IgG2a antibody production is promoted by the type 1 cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), whereas IFN-gamma and the type 2 cell product interleukin 4 exert reciprocal antagonistic effects on IgE antibody responses. Although cytokine expression patterns were not analysed in this series of experiments, the differential IgE and IgG subclass antibody responses induced by BSA and OVA are consistent with the preferential activation of T helper (Th) 1- and Th2-type cells, respectively. These data indicate that proteins can provoke in mice characteristic antibody (IgE and IgG) isotype profiles suggestive of discrete T lymphocyte responses and that such differences may be associated with variable allergenic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Dearman
- AstraZeneca Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TJ, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ferruzza S, Scarino ML, Rotilio G, Ciriolo MR, Santaroni P, Muda AO, Sambuy Y. Copper treatment alters the permeability of tight junctions in cultured human intestinal Caco-2 cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 277:G1138-48. [PMID: 10600810 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1999.277.6.g1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The effects of copper on tight-junction permeability were investigated in human intestinal Caco-2 cells, monitoring transepithelial electrical resistance and transepithelial passage of mannitol. Apical treatment of Caco-2 cells with 10-100 microM CuCl(2) (up to 3 h) produced a time- and concentration-dependent increase in tight-junction permeability, reversible after 24 h in complete medium in the absence of added copper. These effects were not observed in cells treated with copper complexed to L-histidine [Cu(His)(2)]. The copper-induced increase in tight-junction permeability was affected by the pH of the apical medium, as was the apical uptake of (64)CuCl(2), both exhibiting a maximum at pH 6.0. Treatment with CuCl(2) produced a concentration-dependent reduction in the staining of F actin but not of the junctional proteins zonula occludens-1, occludin, and E-cadherin and produced ultrastructural alterations to microvilli and tight junctions that were not observed after treatment with up to 200 microM Cu(His)(2) for 3 h. Overall, these data point to an intracellular effect of copper on tight junctions, mediated by perturbations of the F actin cytoskeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ferruzza
- Istituto Nazionale della Nutrizione, 00178 Rome, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Brandtzaeg P, Farstad IN, Johansen FE, Morton HC, Norderhaug IN, Yamanaka T. The B-cell system of human mucosae and exocrine glands. Immunol Rev 1999; 171:45-87. [PMID: 10582165 PMCID: PMC7159139 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mucosae and exocrine glands harbour the largest activated B-cell system of the body, amounting to some 80-90% of all immunoglobulin (Ig)-producing cells. The major product of these immunocytes is polymeric (p)IgA (mainly dimers) with associated J chain. Both pIgA and pentameric IgM contain a binding site for the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), or secretory component (SC), which is a requirement for their active external transport through secretory epithelia. The pIgR/SC binding site depends on covalent incorporation of the J chain into the quaternary structure of the polymers when they are produced by the local immunocytes. This important differentiation characteristic appears to be sufficient functional justification for the J chain to be expressed also by most B cells terminating at secretory effector sites with IgD or IgG production; they probably represent a "spin-off" from sequential downstream CH switching on its way to pIgA expression, thus apparently reflecting a maturational stage of effector B-cell clones compatible with homing to these sites. Observations in IgA-deficient individuals suggest that the magnitude of this homing is fairly well maintained even when the differentiation pathway to IgA is blocked. Certain microenvironmental elements such as specific cytokines and dendritic cells appear to be required for induction of IgA synthesis, but it remains virtually unknown why this isotype normally is such a dominating product of local immunocytes and why they have such a high level of J chain expression. Also, despite the recent identification of some important requirements in terms of adhesion molecules (e.g. integrin alpha 4 beta 7 and MAdCAM-1) that explain the "gut-seeking" properties of enterically induced B cells, the origin of regionalized homing of B cells to secretory effector sites outside the gut remains elusive. Moreover, little is known about immune regulation underlying the striking disparity of both the class (IgD, IgM) and subclass (IgA1, IgA2, IgG1, IgG2) production patterns shown by local immunocytes in various regions of the body, although the topical microbiota and other environmental stimuli might be important. Rational design of local vaccines will depend on better knowledge of both inductive and migratory properties of human mucosal B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Brandtzaeg
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), University of Oslo, National Hospital, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Halstensen TS, Løvik M, Alexander J, Smith E. Environmental chemicals and food allergy/intolerance, a synopsis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 1997; 4:179-185. [PMID: 21781819 DOI: 10.1016/s1382-6689(97)10061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T S Halstensen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, National Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Torshov, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|