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Benedict B, Kristensen SM, Duxin JP. What are the DNA lesions underlying formaldehyde toxicity? DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 138:103667. [PMID: 38554505 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2024.103667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a highly reactive organic compound. Humans can be exposed to exogenous sources of formaldehyde, but formaldehyde is also produced endogenously as a byproduct of cellular metabolism. Because formaldehyde can react with DNA, it is considered a major endogenous source of DNA damage. However, the nature of the lesions underlying formaldehyde toxicity in cells remains vastly unknown. Here, we review the current knowledge of the different types of nucleic acid lesions that are induced by formaldehyde and describe the repair pathways known to counteract formaldehyde toxicity. Taking this knowledge together, we discuss and speculate on the predominant lesions generated by formaldehyde, which underly its natural toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Benedict
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Stella Munkholm Kristensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Julien P Duxin
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark.
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2
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Thapa MJ, Fabros RM, Alasmar S, Chan K. Analyses of mutational patterns induced by formaldehyde and acetaldehyde reveal similarity to a common mutational signature. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6694047. [PMID: 36073936 PMCID: PMC9635668 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are reactive small molecules produced endogenously in cells as well as being environmental contaminants. Both of these small aldehydes are classified as human carcinogens, since they are known to damage DNA and exposure is linked to cancer incidence. However, the mutagenic properties of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde remain incompletely understood, at least in part because they are relatively weak mutagens. Here, we use a highly sensitive yeast genetic reporter system featuring controlled generation of long single-stranded DNA regions to show that both small aldehydes induced mutational patterns characterized by predominantly C/G → A/T, C/G → T/A, and T/A → C/G substitutions, each in similar proportions. We observed an excess of C/G → A/T transversions when compared to mock-treated controls. Many of these C/G → A/T transversions occurred at TC/GA motifs. Interestingly, the formaldehyde mutational pattern resembles single base substitution signature 40 from the Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer. Single base substitution signature 40 is a mutational signature of unknown etiology. We also noted that acetaldehyde treatment caused an excess of deletion events longer than 4 bases while formaldehyde did not. This latter result could be another distinguishing feature between the mutational patterns of these simple aldehydes. These findings shed new light on the characteristics of 2 important, commonly occurring mutagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahanish J Thapa
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Reena M Fabros
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Salma Alasmar
- Biopharmaceutical Sciences Undergraduate Program, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kin Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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Bogen KT, Heilman JM. Reassessment of MTBE cancer potency considering modes of action for MTBE and its metabolites. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 45 Suppl 1:1-56. [PMID: 26414780 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1052367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A 1999 California state agency cancer potency (CP) evaluation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) assumed linear risk extrapolations from tumor data were plausible because of limited evidence that MTBE or its metabolites could damage DNA, and based such extrapolations on data from rat gavage and rat and mouse inhalation studies indicating elevated tumor rates in male rat kidney, male rat Leydig interstitial cells, and female rat leukemia/lymphomas. More recent data bearing on MTBE cancer potency include a rodent cancer bioassay of MTBE in drinking water; several new studies of MTBE genotoxicity; several similar evaluations of MTBE metabolites, formaldehyde, and tert-butyl alcohol or TBA; and updated evaluations of carcinogenic mode(s) of action (MOAs) of MTBE and MTBE metabolite's. The lymphoma/leukemia data used in the California assessment were recently declared unreliable by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Updated characterizations of MTBE CP, and its uncertainty, are currently needed to address a variety of decision goals concerning historical and current MTBE contamination. To this end, an extensive review of data sets bearing on MTBE and metabolite genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and tumorigenicity was applied to reassess MTBE CP and related uncertainty in view of MOA considerations. Adopting the traditional approach that cytotoxicity-driven cancer MOAs are inoperative at very low, non-cytotoxic dose levels, it was determined that MTBE most likely does not increase cancer risk unless chronic exposures induce target-tissue toxicity, including in sensitive individuals. However, the corresponding expected (or plausible upper bound) CP for MTBE conditional on a hypothetical linear (e.g., genotoxic) MOA was estimated to be ∼2 × 10(-5) (or 0.003) per mg MTBE per kg body weight per day for adults exposed chronically over a lifetime. Based on this conservative estimate of CP, if MTBE is carcinogenic to humans, it is among the weakest 10% of chemical carcinogens evaluated by EPA.
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Swenberg JA, Lu K, Moeller BC, Gao L, Upton PB, Nakamura J, Starr TB. Endogenous versus exogenous DNA adducts: their role in carcinogenesis, epidemiology, and risk assessment. Toxicol Sci 2011; 120 Suppl 1:S130-45. [PMID: 21163908 PMCID: PMC3043087 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a strong need for science-based risk assessment that utilizes known data from diverse sources to arrive at accurate assessments of human health risk. Such assessments will protect the public health without mandating unreasonable regulation. This paper utilizes 30 years of research on three "known human carcinogens": formaldehyde, vinyl chloride (VC), and ethylene oxide (EO), each of which forms DNA adducts identical to endogenous DNA adducts in all individuals. It outlines quantitative data on endogenous adducts, mutagenicity, and relationships between endogenous and exogenous adducts. Formaldehyde has the richest data set, with quantitative data on endogenous and exogenous DNA adducts from the same samples. The review elaborates on how such data can be used to inform the current risk assessment on formaldehyde, including both the biological plausibility and accuracy of projected risks. Finally, it extends the thought process to VC, EO, and additional areas of potential research, pointing out needs, nuances, and potential paths forward to improved understanding that will lead to strong science-based risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Swenberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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Koshida H, Onodera T, Arai R, Inaba Y, Uchiyama S, Ohta T. Photomutagenicity of Sidestream Smoke Condensate of Cigarette with UVA-irradiation. Genes Environ 2010. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.32.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Ohta T. Additive Mutagenic Effects of DNA Damages Induced by Multiple Mutagens at Virtually Non-mutagenic Dose Level of Each. Genes Environ 2007. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.29.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Watanabe-Akanuma M, Ohta T, Sasaki YF. A novel genotoxic aspect of thiabendazole as a photomutagen in bacteria and cultured human cells. Toxicol Lett 2005; 158:213-9. [PMID: 15905048 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Thiabendazole (TBZ) is a post-harvest fungicide commonly used on imported citrus fruits. We recently found that TBZ showed photomutagenicity with UVA-irradiation in the Ames test using plate incorporation method. In the present study, potential of DNA-damaging activity, mutagenicity, and clastogenicity were investigated by short pulse treatment for 10 min with TBZ (50-400 microg/ml) and UVA-irradiation (320-400 nm, 250 microW/cm2) in bacterial and human cells. UVA-irradiated TBZ caused DNA damage in Escherichia coli and human lymphoblastoid WTK1 cells assayed, respectively, by the umu-test and the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay. In a modified Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium and E. coli, strong induction of -1 frameshift mutations as well as base-substitution mutations were detected. TBZ at 50-100 microg/ml with UVA-irradiation significantly induced micronuclei in WTK1 cells in the in vitro cytochalasin-B micronucleus assay. Pulse treatment for 10 min with TBZ alone did not show any genotoxicity. Although TBZ is a spindle poison that induces aneuploidy, we hypothesize that the photogenotoxicity of TBZ in the present study was produced by a different mechanism, probably by DNA adduct formation. We concluded that UVA-activated TBZ is genotoxic in bacterial and human cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Watanabe-Akanuma
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Kureha Chemical Industry Co., 3-26-2 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8503, Japan.
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Chuan-Xiao X, An X, Li-Jun W, Jian-Min Y, Jian-Bo Y, Zeng-Liang Y. Comparison of base substitutions in response to nitrogen ion implantation and 60Co-gamma ray irradiation in Escherichia coli. Genet Mol Biol 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572004000200025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xu An
- Institute of Plasma Physics, China
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Lichtenberg-Fraté H, Schmitt M, Gellert G, Ludwig J. A yeast-based method for the detection of cyto and genotoxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2003; 17:709-16. [PMID: 14599467 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(03)00129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A miniaturized short-term in vivo genotoxicity screening assay based on genetically modified yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells was performed to explore the capacity of this eukaryotic organism to detect the presence of genotoxic compounds. An increased general sensitivity of yeast cells to toxic compounds was obtained by using a strain being deleted in the prominent pleiotropic drug resistance mediating efflux transporters PDR5, SNQ2 and YOR1. In order to detect genotoxic effects, a yeast optimized version of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) was fused to the RAD54 promoter that is activated upon DNA damage. Various model substances including the oxygenated fuel additive methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) and the direct acting genotoxins methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO) were tested. All model substances were in parallel examined for chronic cytotoxicity. The results point out the sufficiency of both the sensitivity of the yeast cells to detect chronic cytotoxicity and the intensity of the fluorescence signal for the assessment of genotoxic effects. Thus, the test enables simultaneous detection of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. By partial automation and implementation of the test in the microtitre scale this bioassay allows parallel sensitive pre-screening of numerous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hella Lichtenberg-Fraté
- Botanisches Institut, AG Molekulare Bioenergetik, Universität Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Watanabe-Akanuma M, Ohta T, Yamagata H. Photomutagenicity of thiabendazole, a postharvest fungicide, in bacterial assays. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2003; 41:92-98. [PMID: 12605377 DOI: 10.1002/em.10137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the photomutagenicity of thiabendazole (TBZ), a postharvest fungicide commonly used on imported citrus fruits. Using UVA light (320-400 nm), we irradiated bacterial cultures with or without TBZ in a 24-well multiplate. UVA-irradiation without TBZ was not mutagenic to the tester strains, nor was unirradiated TBZ. TBZ was strongly photomutagenic in Escherichia coli WP2uvrA and WP2uvrA/pKM101 strains, weakly photomutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98, and not photomutagenic in S. typhimurium TA1535 and TA1538. The photomutagenicity of TBZ was more evident in WP2uvrA/pKM101, which carries the trpE65 ochre mutation (TAA), than in TA100, which carries the hisG46 missense mutation (CCC). In E. coli WP3101-WP3106 and the corresponding pKM101-containing strains, photoactivated TBZ induced predominantly G:C-->A:T transitions and A:T-->T:A transversions. In the plasmid-containing strains only, TBZ induced a moderate number of A:T-->G:C transitions and a few A:T-->C:G and G:C-->T:A transversions. The observation that UVA-irradiated TBZ mutated both G:C and A:T basepairs may explain why WP2uvrA/pKM101 was more sensitive to its mutagenicity than TA100. TBZ that was irradiated before it was added to the WP2uvrA/pKM101 cells was not photomutagenic, which suggests that the photomutagenic products of TBZ were unstable or rapidly reacted with other molecules before being incorporated into cells.
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Ono-Ogata T, Ogino T, Nishikawa M, Ohta T, Yamagata H. Mutagenic activity and mutational specificity of antiprotozoal drugs with and without nitrite treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2002; 39:43-48. [PMID: 11813295 DOI: 10.1002/em.10039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We examined the mutagenic activities of six antiprotozoal drugs (three diaminopyrimidine compounds [pyrimethamine, diaveridine, and trimethoprim] and three 8-aminoquinoline derivatives [primaquine, pentaquine, and pamaquine]) in Escherichia coli WP2uvrA/pKM101 and Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98 with and without nitrite treatment. The diaminopyrimidine compounds showed no mutagenic activity under any condition in any strain. The 8-aminoquinoline derivatives after nitrite treatment at 5-20 mM for 5 min at pH 3, on the contrary, showed clear mutagenicity in TA100 and WP2uvrA/pKM101 in the presence and absence of S9 mix. We concluded that 8-aminoquinoline derivatives became mutagenic following nitrite treatment. In the Lac(+) reversion assay with E. coli WP3101P-WP3106P, these nitrite-treated compounds induced G:C --> A:T transitions and G:C --> T:A transversions in the absence of S9 mix. On the other hand, A:T --> T:A transversions were induced only in the presence of S9 mix, suggesting a different kind of products may be responsible for the mutagenicity.
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Ohta T, Ohmae S, Yamaya K, Kanemichi Y, Tokishita S, Yamagata H. Characterization of the mutational specificity of DNA cross-linking mutagens by the Lac+ reversion assay with Escherichia coli. TERATOGENESIS, CARCINOGENESIS, AND MUTAGENESIS 2001; 21:275-82. [PMID: 11406833 DOI: 10.1002/tcm.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The mutational specificities of DNA cross-linking compounds such as cisplatin, transplatin, carboplatin, mitomycin C, psoralen, and 8-methoxypsoralen were investigated in lacZ reversion assay systems of Escherichia coli. Tester strains were constructed by introducing the six kinds of F' plasmids (lacI-, lacZ461, and proAB+), each of which carries a different base-substitution mutation within the lacZ gene. Each of the six possible base-substitution mutations was assayed by Lac+ reversion. Cisplatin induced G.C-->A.T transitions and G.C-->T.A transversions, with the former predominating. Transplatin induced A.T-->G.C transitions in addition to G.C-->A.T transitions and G.C-->T.A. Carboplatin weakly induced G.C-->A.T transitions. On the other hand, mitomycin C induced only G.C-->T.A transversions, while psoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen reactivated with near-UV irradiation induced A.T-->G.C transitions preferentially. The Lac(+) reversion system was very convenient for rapidly determining mutational spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ohta
- School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
The Escherichia coli lacZ reversion assay, based on the set of episomal lacZ alleles engineered by Miller et al., provides an attractive system for studies of mutagenesis and mutational specificity. Each strain in the lacZ set reverts by a specific base substitution or frameshift event. Revertants are selected by growth on lactose minimal medium. In this review, I describe the development of the assay and its subsequent modifications and improvements. Examples of its application are presented and detailed protocols for the implementation of the assay are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Josephy
- Guelph-Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
Hydroperoxides (ROOH) are believed to play an important role in the generation of free radical damage in biology. Hydrogen peroxide (R=H) is produced by endogenous metabolic and catabolic processes in cells, while alkyl hydroperoxides (R=lipid, protein, DNA) are produced by free radical chain reactions involving molecular oxygen (autooxidation). The role of metal ions in generating DNA damage from hydroperoxides has long been recognized, and several distinct, biologically relevant mechanisms have been identified. Identification of the mechanistic pathways is important since it will largely determine the types of free radicals generated, which will largely determine the spectrum of DNA damage produced. Some mechanistic aspects of the reactions of low valent transition metal ions with ROOH and their role in mutagenesis are reviewed with a perspective on their possible role in the biological generation of DNA damage. A survey of hydroperoxide-induced mutagenesis studies is also presented. In vitro footprinting of DNA damage induced by hydroperoxides provides relevant information on sequence context dependent reactivity, and is valuable for the interpretation of mutation spectra since it represents the damage pattern prior to cellular repair. Efforts in this area are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Termini
- Division of Molecular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1450 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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