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Vlahodimitris I, Karangelis D, Moschaki M, Moyssakis I, Christodoulou KC, Perrea DN, Mourouzis I, Papadogiannis D. Cardiotrophin-1 in Asymptomatic Hypertensive Patients With Mild Diastolic Dysfunction: Potential Prognostic Value in Early Stages of Hypertensive Heart Disease. Cureus 2023; 15:e46516. [PMID: 37927758 PMCID: PMC10625173 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regardless of the advancements in modern technology and treatment options, heart failure (HF) exhibits impervious mortality and morbidity rates. Arterial hypertension poses one of the greatest risks for developing HF, yet the exact pathophysiological path and changes that lead from isolated hypertension to HF are still unclear. Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) serves as a promising prognostic biomarker for the onset of HF in hypertensive patients. The aim of this study was to investigate whether CT-1 levels are elevated in a selected group of asymptomatic hypertensive patients. METHODS In a selected cohort of 40 asymptomatic patients with early diastolic dysfunction (grade I), without any signs of increased filling pressures in the left ventricle, as well as 20 healthy individuals, the levels of CT-1 brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) along with various echocardiographic parameters were evaluated. RESULTS The mean age of the hypertensive patients was 56 ± 5 years and 52± 3.5 years for the normotensive controls. The hypertensive group exhibited higher levels of CT-1, which was not affected by left ventricular hypertrophy. Notably, in patients with normal E/E' < 8 (n = 30), CT-1 levels were 1165 ± 471 pg/ml compared to 2069 ± 576 pg/ml in patients with marginal E/E' > 8 and <14 (n = 10), p = 0.001. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated elevated CT-1 levels in a cohort of asymptomatic hypertensive patients, exhibiting mild diastolic dysfunction. These findings are suggestive of the potentially prognostic value of this particular biomarker in the early stages of hypertensive heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimos Karangelis
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, GRC
| | - Maria Moschaki
- Anesthesia, Evangelismos Hospital of Athens, Athens, GRC
| | | | | | - Despoina N Perrea
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, GRC
| | - Iordanis Mourouzis
- Pharmacology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GRC
| | - Dimitrios Papadogiannis
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Laiko General Hospital of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GRC
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Simsek EC, Sari C, Kucukokur M, Ekmekci C, Colak A, Ozdogan O. Endothelial dysfunction in patients with myocardial ischemia or infarction and nonobstructive coronary arteries. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2021; 49:334-340. [PMID: 32776332 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The syndromes of myocardial infarction/myocardial ischemia with No Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease (MINOCA/INOCA) are seen more and more often. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) leading to ischemic events has been reported in many of these patients. We aimed to compare patients with MINOCA and INOCA regarding brachial artery flow-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation (flow-mediated dilation [FMD]) and plasma concentration of cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1). METHODS We included 42 patients with MINOCA and 38 patients with INOCA. Endothelial function was assessed by measuring FMD% and nitroglycerin-mediated dilatation (NMD%) in the brachial artery. The plasma level of CT-1 was determined by solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS FMD% was significantly lower in MINOCA than in INOCA patients (6.45 ± 2.65 vs 8.94 ± 3.32, P < .001), without significant difference in NMD% (10.69 ± 3.19 vs 12.16 ± 3.69, P = .06). Plasma CT-1 levels were not significantly different: 40.1 pg/mL (22.5-102.1) vs 37.2 pg/mL (23.5-67.2), P = .53. CONCLUSION Our results suggest worse ED in MINOCA than in INOCA patients, but demonstrated no difference in CT-1 levels between patients with stable and unstable ischemic heart disease and normal coronary arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Cagri Simsek
- Department of Cardiology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Science, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cenk Sari
- Department of Cardiology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Science, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Murat Kucukokur
- Department of Cardiology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Science, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cenk Ekmekci
- Department of Cardiology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Science, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayfer Colak
- Department of Biochemistry, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Science, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Oner Ozdogan
- Department of Cardiology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Science, Izmir, Turkey
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Chung H, Amaki M, Takashio S, Takahama H, Ohara T, Hasegawa T, Sugano Y, Fujita T, Kobayashi J, Asakura M, Kanzaki H, Anzai T, Kitakaze M. Effect of Mitral Valve Surgery in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Severe Functional Mitral Regurgitation. Circ J 2018; 82:131-140. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-17-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyemoon Chung
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Development, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center
| | - Makoto Amaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Seiji Takashio
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Hiroyuki Takahama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Takahiro Ohara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Takuya Hasegawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Yasuo Sugano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Tomoyuki Fujita
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Junjiro Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Masanori Asakura
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Development, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hyogo University
| | - Hideaki Kanzaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Toshihisa Anzai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Masafumi Kitakaze
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Development, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
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Heying R, Qing M, Schumacher K, Sokalska-Duhme M, Vazquez-Jimenez JF, Seghaye MC. Myocardial cardiotrophin-1 is differentially induced in congenital cardiac defects depending on hypoxemia. Future Cardiol 2014; 10:53-62. [DOI: 10.2217/fca.13.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Aim: Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) is upregulated by hypoxemia and hemodynamic overload and is characterized by potent hypertrophic and protective properties on cardiac cells. This study aimed to investigate whether CT-1 is differentially induced in the myocardium of infants with congenital cardiac defects depending on hypoxemia. Methods & results: Infants with Tetralogy of Fallot (n = 8) or with large nonrestrictive ventricular septal defect (n = 8) undergoing corrective surgery were investigated. Expression of CT-1 was assessed at mRNA and protein levels in the right atrial and ventricular myocardium. The activation of the STAT-3 and VEGF were measured. Degradation of cardiac troponin-I served as a marker of myocardial damage. CT-1 was detected in all patients with levels negatively correlating to the arterial oxygen saturation. Higher CT-1 expression in Tetralogy of Fallot patients was associated with activation of the JAK/STAT pathway and higher cardiac troponin-I degradation. Conclusion: CT-1 may mediate myocardial hypertrophy and dysfunction in infants with congenital cardiac defects, particularly in those with hypoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Heying
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ma Qing
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Schumacher
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | - Marie-Christine Seghaye
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Celik A, Sahin S, Koc F, Karayakali M, Sahin M, Benli I, Kadi H, Burucu T, Ceyhan K, Erkorkmaz U. Cardiotrophin-1 plasma levels are increased in patients with diastolic heart failure. Med Sci Monit 2012; 18:CR25-31. [PMID: 22207116 PMCID: PMC3560678 DOI: 10.12659/msm.882197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) is a member of the interleukin (IL-6) family of cytokines and is increased in various cardiovascular diseases, including chronic heart failure. The aim of the study was to determine if plasma CT-1 is associated with diastolic heart failure (DHF) and to investigate the relationship between CT-1 and echocardiographic parameters. Material/Methods Fifty-seven consecutive patients (mean age 57±8 years, 24 males) diagnosed with DHF in our clinic and 33 controls (mean age 55±7 years, 12 males) were included in the study. All study participants underwent echocardiographic evaluation and blood samples were obtained. Results CT-1 and NT-proBNP values were significantly higher in DHF subjects than in controls (11.30 [8.09–16.51] vs. 17.5 [8.95–28.74] fmol/mL, P=0.017 and 64 [27.5–95] vs. 82 [55.5–241] pg/mL, P=0.009, respectively). The mitral peak velocity of early diastolic filling (E), mean ratio of E to early diastolic mitral annular velocity (E/Em), and the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) estimated from E/Em measurements were all significantly higher in the patient group (62.27±14.69 vs. 75.67±18.85 cm/sec, 6.40±1.48 vs. 10.30±3.48, and 10 [9–11]vs. 14[12–16] mmHg, P≤0.001 for all). Lateral and septal Em were significantly lower in the patient group (10.69±1.87 vs. 8.69±2.00 cm/sec and 8.91±1.22 vs. 6.65±1.58 cm/sec, P<0.001 for both). CT-1 positively correlated with NT-proBNP (P=0.001, r=0.349), mean E/Em (P=0.003, r=0.307), and estimated mean PCWP (P=0.001, r=0.308). Conclusions CT-1 is elevated in patients with DHF and is associated with NT-proBNP and estimated left ventricular filling pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atac Celik
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey.
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Abstract
Cardiotrophin (CT)-1 was discovered by coupling expression cloning with an embryonic stem cell-based model of cardiogenesis. Comparison of similarity in amino acid sequence and conformational structure indicates that CT-1 is a member of the interleukin (IL)-6 type cytokine family that shares the transmembrane signaling protein, glycoprotein (gp) 130 as a receptor. These cytokines mediate overlapping pleiotropic actions on a variety of cell types including cardiac myocytes, hepatocytes, megakaryocytes, osteoclasts, and neuronal cells. CT-lmediates its hypertrophic and cytoprotective properties through the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT), mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3 kinase, and nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) pathways. CT-1 gene and protein are distributed not only in the heart, but also in the pulmonary, renal, gastrointestinal, cerebral, and muscular tissues. CT-1 could also be synthesized and secreted from vascular endothelial cells and adipocytes. CT-1 has hypertrophic actions on the cardiac myocytes, skeletal muscle cells, and smooth muscle cells as well as cytoprotective actions on the cardiac myocytes, neuronal cells, and hepatocytes. CT-1 is circulating in the body, and its plasma concentration is increased in various cardiovascular and renal diseases such as hypertension, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, valvular heart disease, metabolic syndrome, and chronic kidney disease. Treatment with CT-1 is beneficial in experimental animal models of cardiovascular diseases. CT-1 specifically protects the cardiac myocytes from ischemic damage when CT-1 is given not only prior to the ischemia, but also given at the time of reoxygenation. Current evidence suggests that CT-1 plays an important role in the regulation of the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihisa Jougasaki
- Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan.
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Novel insights into the role of cardiotrophin-1 in cardiovascular diseases. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009; 46:142-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Stejskal D, Ruzicka V. Cardiotrophin-1. Review. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2008; 152:9-19. [PMID: 18795069 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2008.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiotrophin-1 is newly discovered chemokin with a lot of functions. Aim of our work was to describe most important of them. METHODS systematically scan of available scientific resources. RESULTS Cardiotrophin-1 stimulates the proliferation of cardiomyocytes. Cardiotrophin-1 expression and plasma values are elevated in individuals with heart failure and have high diagnostic efficacy for the heart failure. Plasma values are also an independent prognostic factor. Preliminary findings suggest that the determination of plasma cardiotrophin-1 may be useful for the follow-up of hypertensive heart disease in routine clinical practice. Cardiotrophin-1 also plays an important cardioprotective effect on myocardial damage, is a potent regulator of signaling in adipocytes in vitro and in vivo and potentiates the elevation the acute-phase proteins. Cardiotrophin-1 may play also an important protective role in other organ systems (such as hematopoietic, neuronal, developmental). CONCLUSION Cardiotrophin is a newly discovered chemokin with a lot of system effects and is stable in system circulation hence permitting its development in the routine clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stejskal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sternberk Hospital, Czech Republic.
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Ichiki T, Jougasaki M, Setoguchi M, Imamura J, Nakashima H, Matsuoka T, Sonoda M, Nakamura K, Minagoe S, Tei C. Cardiotrophin-1 stimulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human aortic endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 294:H750-63. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00161.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) play critical roles in mediating monocyte adhesion to the vascular endothelium and monocyte migration into the subendothelial regions of the vessels. Inasmuch as cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), an IL-6-type cytokine, was expressed in human atherosclerotic plaque, we examined whether CT-1 induces monocyte adhesion and migration by stimulating gene and protein expressions of ICAM-1 and MCP-1 in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Immunocytochemistry revealed that CT-1 increased intensity of ICAM-1 and MCP-1 immunoreactivity in HAECs. Adhesion assay and chemotaxis assay revealed that CT-1 increased human monocytic THP-1 cell adhesion to HAECs and promoted chemotaxis in THP-1 cells, which were attenuated by anti-ICAM-1 and anti-MCP-1 antibody, respectively. Western blot analysis showed that CT-1 increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 MAP kinase, p38 MAP kinase, and Akt and that their inhibitors, PD-98059, SB-203580, and LY-294002, respectively, inhibited phosphorylation. RNase protection assay and ELISA demonstrated that CT-1 increased gene and protein expressions of ICAM-1 and MCP-1. EMSA revealed that CT-1 enhanced NF-κB DNA-binding activity. CT-1-mediated upregulation of ICAM-1 and MCP-1 was suppressed by PD-98059, SB-203580, LY-294002, and parthenolide. The present study demonstrates that CT-1 promotes monocyte adhesion and migration by stimulating ICAM-1 and MCP-1 through mechanisms that involve ERK1/2 MAP kinase, p38 MAP kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and NF-κB pathways and suggests that CT-1 plays an important role in the pathophysiology of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis.
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Beeri R, Yosefy C, Guerrero JL, Nesta F, Abedat S, Chaput M, del Monte F, Handschumacher MD, Stroud R, Sullivan S, Pugatsch T, Gilon D, Vlahakes GJ, Spinale FG, Hajjar RJ, Levine RA. Mitral Regurgitation Augments Post-Myocardial Infarction Remodeling. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51:476-86. [PMID: 18222360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Beeri
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Zolk O, Engmann S, Münzel F, Krajcik R. Chronic cardiotrophin-1 stimulation impairs contractile function in reconstituted heart tissue. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 288:E1214-21. [PMID: 15632104 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00261.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) is known to promote survival but also to induce an elongated morphology of isolated cardiac myocytes, leading to the hypothesis that CT-1, which is chronically augmented in human heart failure, might induce eccentric cardiac hypertrophy and contractile failure. To address this, we used heart tissues reconstituted from neonatal rat cardiac myocytes (engineered heart tissue, EHT) as multicellular in vitro test systems. CT-1 dose-dependently affected contractile function in EHTs. After treatment with 0.1 nM CT-1 (corresponds to plasma levels in humans) for 10 days, twitch tension significantly decreased to 0.30 +/- 0.04 mN (n = 15) vs. 0.45 +/- 0.04 mN (n = 16) in controls. Furthermore, positive inotropic effects of cumulative concentrations of Ca2+ and isoprenaline were significantly diminished. Maximum isoprenaline-induced increase in twitch tension amounted to 0.27 +/- 0.04 mN (n = 15) vs. 0.47 +/- 0.06 mN (n = 16) in controls (P < 0.001). When EHTs were treated for only 5 days, qualitatively similar results were obtained but changes were less pronounced. Immunostaining of whole mount EHT preparations revealed that after CT-1 treatment, the number of nonmyocytes significantly increased by 98% (1 nM, 10 days), and myocytes did not form compact, longitudinally oriented muscle bundles. Interestingly, expression of the Ca2+-handling protein calsequestrin was markedly reduced (69 +/- 7% of control) by treatment with CT-1 (0.1 nM, 10 days). In summary, long-term exposure to CT-1 induces contractile dysfunction in EHTs. Structural changes due to impaired differentiation and/or remodeling of heart tissue may play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Zolk
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstr. 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Wang Y. Fill a Gab(1) in cardiac hypertrophy signaling: search a missing link between gp130 and ERK5 in hypertrophic remodeling in heart. Circ Res 2003; 93:186-8. [PMID: 12907663 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000087333.88497.ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zolk O, Ng LL, O'Brien RJ, Weyand M, Eschenhagen T. Augmented expression of cardiotrophin-1 in failing human hearts is accompanied by diminished glycoprotein 130 receptor protein abundance. Circulation 2002; 106:1442-6. [PMID: 12234945 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000033117.39335.df] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), a member of the interleukin-6 superfamily, is a potent inducer of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy that prolongs myocyte survival. Although cardiac CT-1 gene expression is known to be upregulated in some animal models of congestive heart failure, the activation state of the CT-1 system in patients with congestive heart failure is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS This study was designed to determine left ventricular expression of CT-1 and its glycoprotein 130 (gp130)/leukemia inhibitory factor receptor complex in human end-stage heart failure due to ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy. In addition, we investigated the activation state of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), the downstream effector of gp130 signaling. In the failing left ventricular myocardium, expression levels of CT-1 mRNA and protein were significantly increased by 142% and 68%, respectively, compared with non-failing donor hearts. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the increased expression of CT-1 in cardiac myocytes. Although gp130 gene expression was increased by 91% (P<0.001), gp130 protein abundance was significantly diminished by 34% in the failing myocardium. In contrast, leukemia inhibitory factor receptor and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 protein concentrations were not changed. In addition, the ratio of activated tyrosine phosphorylated STAT3 to total STAT3 was not significantly altered in failing hearts compared with non-failing controls. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that gp130 receptor downregulation balances enhanced CT-1 expression in human heart failure and thereby inhibits excessive activation of the gp130 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Zolk
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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