1
|
Tao F, Han Q, Yang P. Interface-mediated protein aggregation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14093-14109. [PMID: 37955330 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04311h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation of proteins at interfaces has significant roles and can also lead to dysfunction of different physiological processes. The interfacial effects on the assembly and aggregation of biopolymers are not only crucial for a comprehensive understanding of protein biological functions, but also hold great potential for advancing the state-of-the-art applications of biopolymer materials. Recently, there has been remarkable progress in a collaborative context, as we strive to gain control over complex interfacial assembly structures of biopolymers. These biopolymer structures range from the nanoscale to mesoscale and even macroscale, and are attained through the rational design of interactions between biological building blocks and surfaces/interfaces. This review spotlights the recent advancements in interface-mediated assembly and properties of biopolymer materials. Initially, we introduce the solid-liquid interface (SIL)-mediated biopolymer assembly that includes the inorganic crystalline template effect and protein self-adoptive deposition through phase transition. Next, we display the advancement of biopolymer assembly instigated by the air-water interface (AWI) that acts as an energy conversion station. Lastly, we discuss succinctly the assembly of biopolymers at the liquid-liquid interface (LLI) along with their applications. It is our hope that this overview will stimulate the integration and progression of the science of interfacial assembled biopolymer materials and surfaces/interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tao
- Key laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, school of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Qian Han
- Key laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, school of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Peng Yang
- Key laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, school of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Meng J, Wang YY, Hao YP, Zhang SB, Ding CH, You YZ. Coating function and stabilizing effects of surface layer protein from Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 on liposomes. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:457-462. [PMID: 33933546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Surface layer proteins (SLPs) are crystalline arrays in the outermost layer of cell envelope in many archaea and bacteria. SLPs subunits have the ability to reassemble on the surface of lipid layers. In this work, the SLP from Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 was extracted and reassembled on the surface of positively charged liposomes composed of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and octadecylamine. Zeta potentials and particle size were determined to describe the adsorption process of SLP on liposomes. The liposomes completely coated with SLP were observed by transmission electron microscope. To investigate the stabilizing effects of SLP on liposomes, carboxyfluorescein (CF) was encapsulated and its leakage was determined as an evaluation index. The results showed that the L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 SLP significantly (P < 0.05) increased the stability of the liposomes in the course of thermal challenge. Furthermore, SLP was able to reduce the aggregation of liposomes in serum. Storage stability of liposomes was performed at 25 °C, 4 °C and -20 °C for 90 days. And the SLP-coated liposomes released less CF than the control liposomes during storage at the three evaluated temperatures. Our findings extended the application field of Lactobacillus SLPs and introduced a novel nanocarrier system with good chemical stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China.
| | - Yan-Yang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Yun-Peng Hao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450002, China
| | - Shao-Bing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Chang-He Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Yan-Zhi You
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li F, Wang D, Zhou J, Men D, Zhan XE. Design and biosynthesis of functional protein nanostructures. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:1142-1158. [PMID: 32253589 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1641-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are one of the major classes of biomolecules that execute biological functions for maintenance of life. Various kinds of nanostructures self-assembled from proteins have been created in nature over millions of years of evolution, including protein nanowires, layers and nanocages. These protein nanostructures can be reconstructed and equipped with desired new functions. Learning from and manipulating the self-assembly of protein nanostructures not only help to deepen our understanding of the nature of life but also offer new routes to fabricate novel nanomaterials for diverse applications. This review summarizes the recent research progress in this field, focusing on the characteristics, functionalization strategies, and applications of protein nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Dianbing Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dong Men
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xian-En Zhan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Berselli GB, Sarangi NK, Ramadurai S, Murphy PV, Keyes TE. Microcavity-Supported Lipid Membranes: Versatile Platforms for Building Asymmetric Lipid Bilayers and for Protein Recognition. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:3404-3417. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme B. Berselli
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Nirod Kumar Sarangi
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Sivaramakrishnan Ramadurai
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paul V. Murphy
- School of Chemistry, NUI Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Tia E. Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schuster B. S-Layer Protein-Based Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2018; 8:E40. [PMID: 29641511 PMCID: PMC6023001 DOI: 10.3390/bios8020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The present paper highlights the application of bacterial surface (S-) layer proteins as versatile components for the fabrication of biosensors. One technologically relevant feature of S-layer proteins is their ability to self-assemble on many surfaces and interfaces to form a crystalline two-dimensional (2D) protein lattice. The S-layer lattice on the surface of a biosensor becomes part of the interface architecture linking the bioreceptor to the transducer interface, which may cause signal amplification. The S-layer lattice as ultrathin, highly porous structure with functional groups in a well-defined special distribution and orientation and an overall anti-fouling characteristics can significantly raise the limit in terms of variety and the ease of bioreceptor immobilization, compactness of bioreceptor molecule arrangement, sensitivity, specificity, and detection limit for many types of biosensors. The present paper discusses and summarizes examples for the successful implementation of S-layer lattices on biosensor surfaces in order to give a comprehensive overview on the application potential of these bioinspired S-layer protein-based biosensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schuster
- Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fedeson DT, Ducat DC. Cyanobacterial Surface Display System Mediates Engineered Interspecies and Abiotic Binding. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:367-374. [PMID: 27794611 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.6b00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are uniquely suited for the development of sustainable bioproduction platforms but are currently underutilized in scaled applications in part due to a lack of genetic tools. Here, we develop a surface display system in the cyanobacterial model Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942 via expression of modified versions of the outer membrane porin SomA. Importantly, we demonstrate accessibility of heterologous functional groups on the recombinant porin to the external environment in living cells. We show that this requires the removal of occluding factors that include lipopolysaccharides and a putative surface layer protein. Displayed epitopes on SomA can be utilized to mediate physical adhesion between living cyanobacteria and abiotic surfaces or an engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae partner strain. We show that >80% of cyanobacterial cells attach to functionalized magnetic beads, allowing for magnet-assisted recovery. This work showcases the development of a functional surface display system in cyanobacteria with wide-ranging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek T. Fedeson
- DOE-MSU
Plant Research Laboratories, ‡Genetics Program, and §Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Daniel C. Ducat
- DOE-MSU
Plant Research Laboratories, ‡Genetics Program, and §Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
San K, Long J, Michels CA, Gadura N. Antimicrobial copper alloy surfaces are effective against vegetative but not sporulated cells of gram-positive Bacillus subtilis. Microbiologyopen 2015; 4:753-63. [PMID: 26185055 PMCID: PMC4618608 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores the role of membrane phospholipid peroxidation in the copper alloy mediated contact killing of Bacillus subtilis, a spore-forming gram-positive bacterial species. We found that B. subtilis endospores exhibited significant resistance to copper alloy surface killing but vegetative cells were highly sensitive to copper surface exposure. Cell death and lipid peroxidation occurred in B. subtilis upon copper alloy surface exposure. In a sporulation-defective strain carrying a deletion of almost the entire SpoIIA operon, lipid peroxidation directly correlated with cell death. Moreover, killing and lipid peroxidation initiated immediately and at a constant rate upon exposure to the copper surface without the delay observed previously in E. coli. These findings support the hypothesis that membrane lipid peroxidation is the initiating event causing copper surface induced cell death of B. subtilis vegetative cells. The findings suggest that the observed differences in the kinetics of copper-induced killing compared to E. coli result from differences in cell envelop structure. As demonstrated in E. coli, DNA degradation was shown to be a secondary effect of copper exposure in a B. subtilis sporulation-defective strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaungmyat San
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, Queensborough Community College - CUNY, 222-05 56th Avenue, Bayside, New York, 11364
| | - Janet Long
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, Queensborough Community College - CUNY, 222-05 56th Avenue, Bayside, New York, 11364
| | - Corinne A Michels
- Biology Department, Queens College - CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Flushing, New York, 11367
| | - Nidhi Gadura
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, Queensborough Community College - CUNY, 222-05 56th Avenue, Bayside, New York, 11364
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wong WS, Yung PT. Characterization of a nanoscale S-layer protein based template for biomolecular patterning. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2015; 2014:2781-4. [PMID: 25570568 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2014.6944200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Well organized template for biomolecular conjugation is the foundation for biosensing. Most of the current devices are fabricated using lithographic patterning processes and self-assembly monolayer (SAM) methods. However, the research toward developing a sub-10 nm patterned, self-regenerated template on various types of substrates is limited, mainly due to the limited functional groups of the building material. Bacterial surface layer proteins (S-layer proteins) can self-assemble into ordered lattice with regular pore sizes of 2-8 nm on different material supports and interfaces. The ordered structure can regenerate after extreme variations of solvent conditions. In this work, we developed a nanoscale biomolecular template based on S-layer proteins on gold surface for fabrication of sensing layer in biosensors. S-layer proteins were isolated from Bacillus cereus, Lysinibacillus sphaericus and Geobacillus stearothermophilus. Protein concentrations were measured by Bradford assay. The protein purities were verified by SDS-PAGE, showing molecular weights ranging from 97-135 kDa. The hydrophilicity of the substrate surface was measured after surface treatments of protein recrystallization. Atomic force microscopic (AFM) measurement was performed on substrate surface, indicating a successful immobilization of a monolayer of S-layer protein with 8-9 nm height on gold surface. The template can be applied on various material supports and acts as a self-regenerated sensing layer of biosensors in the future.
Collapse
|
9
|
Sleytr UB, Schuster B, Egelseer E, Pum D. S-layers: principles and applications. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:823-64. [PMID: 24483139 PMCID: PMC4232325 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Monomolecular arrays of protein or glycoprotein subunits forming surface layers (S-layers) are one of the most commonly observed prokaryotic cell envelope components. S-layers are generally the most abundantly expressed proteins, have been observed in species of nearly every taxonomical group of walled bacteria, and represent an almost universal feature of archaeal envelopes. The isoporous lattices completely covering the cell surface provide organisms with various selection advantages including functioning as protective coats, molecular sieves and ion traps, as structures involved in surface recognition and cell adhesion, and as antifouling layers. S-layers are also identified to contribute to virulence when present as a structural component of pathogens. In Archaea, most of which possess S-layers as exclusive wall component, they are involved in determining cell shape and cell division. Studies on structure, chemistry, genetics, assembly, function, and evolutionary relationship of S-layers revealed considerable application potential in (nano)biotechnology, biomimetics, biomedicine, and synthetic biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe B. Sleytr
- Institute of BiophysicsDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Bernhard Schuster
- Institute of Synthetic BiologyDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Eva‐Maria Egelseer
- Institute of BiophysicsDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Dietmar Pum
- Institute of BiophysicsDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Crystalline bacterial cell surface layers (S-layers) represent the outermost cell envelope component in a broad range of bacteria and archaea. They are monomolecular arrays composed of a single protein or glycoprotein species and represent the simplest biological membranes developed during evolution. They are highly porous protein mesh works with unit cell sizes in the range of 3 to 30 nm, and pore sizes of 2 to 8 nm. S-layers are usually 5 to 20 nm thick (in archaea, up to 70 nm). S-layer proteins are one of the most abundant biopolymers on earth. One of their key features, and the focus of this review, is the intrinsic capability of isolated native and recombinant S-layer proteins to form self-assembled mono- or double layers in suspension, at solid supports, the air-water interface, planar lipid films, liposomes, nanocapsules, and nanoparticles. The reassembly is entropy-driven and a fascinating example of matrix assembly following a multistage, non-classical pathway in which the process of S-layer protein folding is directly linked with assembly into extended clusters. Moreover, basic research on the structure, synthesis, genetics, assembly, and function of S-layer proteins laid the foundation for their application in novel approaches in biotechnology, biomimetics, synthetic biology, and nanotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Pum
- Institute of Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kontro I, Wiedmer SK, Hynönen U, Penttilä PA, Palva A, Serimaa R. The structure of Lactobacillus brevis surface layer reassembled on liposomes differs from native structure as revealed by SAXS. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:2099-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
12
|
Schuster B, Sleytr UB. Biomimetic interfaces based on S-layer proteins, lipid membranes and functional biomolecules. J R Soc Interface 2014; 11:20140232. [PMID: 24812051 PMCID: PMC4032536 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing and utilization of biomimetic membrane systems generated by bottom-up processes is a rapidly growing scientific and engineering field. Elucidation of the supramolecular construction principle of archaeal cell envelopes composed of S-layer stabilized lipid membranes led to new strategies for generating highly stable functional lipid membranes at meso- and macroscopic scale. In this review, we provide a state-of-the-art survey of how S-layer proteins, lipids and polymers may be used as basic building blocks for the assembly of S-layer-supported lipid membranes. These biomimetic membrane systems are distinguished by a nanopatterned fluidity, enhanced stability and longevity and, thus, provide a dedicated reconstitution matrix for membrane-active peptides and transmembrane proteins. Exciting areas in the (lab-on-a-) biochip technology are combining composite S-layer membrane systems involving specific membrane functions with the silicon world. Thus, it might become possible to create artificial noses or tongues, where many receptor proteins have to be exposed and read out simultaneously. Moreover, S-layer-coated liposomes and emulsomes copying virus envelopes constitute promising nanoformulations for the production of novel targeting, delivery, encapsulation and imaging systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schuster
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe B. Sleytr
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute for Biophysics, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schuster D, Küpcü S, Belton DJ, Perry CC, Stöger-Pollach M, Sleytr UB, Pum D. Construction of silica-enhanced S-layer protein cages. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:5689-97. [PMID: 23168223 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The work presented here shows for the first time that it is possible to silicify S-layer coated liposomes and to obtain stable functionalized hollow nano-containers. For this purpose, the S-layer protein of Geobacillus stearothermophilus PV72/p2 was recombinantly expressed and used for coating positively charged liposomes composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and hexadecylamine in a molar ratio of 10:5:4. Subsequently, plain (uncoated) liposomes and S-layer coated liposomes were silicified. Determination of the charge of the constructs during silicification allowed the deposition process to be followed. After the particles had been silicified, lipids were dissolved by treatment with Triton X-100 with the release of previously entrapped fluorescent dyes being determined by fluorimetry. Both, ζ-potential and release experiments showed differences between silicified plain liposomes and silicified S-layer coated liposomes. The results of the individual preparation steps were examined by embedding the respective assemblies in resin, ultrathin sectioning and inspection by bright-field transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Energy filtered TEM confirmed the successful construction of S-layer based silica cages. It is anticipated that this approach will provide a key to enabling technology for the fabrication of nanoporous protein cages for applications ranging from nano medicine to materials science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Schuster
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pum D, Toca-Herrera JL, Sleytr UB. S-layer protein self-assembly. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:2484-501. [PMID: 23354479 PMCID: PMC3587997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14022484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystalline S(urface)-layers are the most commonly observed cell surface structures in prokaryotic organisms (bacteria and archaea). S-layers are highly porous protein meshworks with unit cell sizes in the range of 3 to 30 nm, and thicknesses of ~10 nm. One of the key features of S-layer proteins is their intrinsic capability to form self-assembled mono- or double layers in solution, and at interfaces. Basic research on S-layer proteins laid foundation to make use of the unique self-assembly properties of native and, in particular, genetically functionalized S-layer protein lattices, in a broad range of applications in the life and non-life sciences. This contribution briefly summarizes the knowledge about structure, genetics, chemistry, morphogenesis, and function of S-layer proteins and pays particular attention to the self-assembly in solution, and at differently functionalized solid supports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Pum
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, Vienna 1190, Austria; E-Mails: (J.L.T.-H); (U.B.S.)
| | - Jose Luis Toca-Herrera
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, Vienna 1190, Austria; E-Mails: (J.L.T.-H); (U.B.S.)
| | - Uwe B. Sleytr
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, Vienna 1190, Austria; E-Mails: (J.L.T.-H); (U.B.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hollmann A, Delfederico L, De Antoni G, Semorile L, Disalvo EA. Relaxation processes in the adsorption of surface layer proteins to lipid membranes. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:16618-24. [PMID: 21086964 DOI: 10.1021/jp107062e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present work evaluates the kinetics of the interaction of S-layer protein from Lactobacillus brevis with lipid monolayers by measuring the changes in the surface pressure as a function of time for different lipid compositions and at different lateral compressions. At high surface pressures, or at high cholesterol ratios, in which membrane rigidity and surface polarity are increased, the kinetics can be described by a pure diffusional process. At low pressures or in the absence of cholesterol, the kinetics of protein interaction can be interpreted as a consequence of a relaxation process of the membrane structure coupled to diffusion. As the less packed monolayers are more hydrated, the relaxation processes at low initial surface pressures could be ascribed to changes in water organization in the membrane. These observations denote that kinetic insertion of proteins can be modulated by components that modify the hydration state of the interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Hollmann
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, DCyT, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, Bernal, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Interaction of bacterial surface layer proteins with lipid membranes: Synergysm between surface charge density and chain packing. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 79:191-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
17
|
Schuster B, Sleytr UB. Composite S-layer lipid structures. J Struct Biol 2009; 168:207-16. [PMID: 19303933 PMCID: PMC2886963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Designing and utilization of biomimetic membrane systems generated by bottom-up processes is a rapidly growing scientific and engineering field. Elucidation of the supramolecular construction principle of archaeal cell envelopes composed of S-layer stabilized lipid membranes led to new strategies for generating highly stable functional lipid membranes at meso- and macroscopic scale. In this review, we provide a state of the art survey how S-layer proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides may be used as basic building blocks for the assembly of S-layer supported lipid membranes. These biomimetic membrane systems are distinguished by a nanopatterned fluidity, enhanced stability and longevity and thus, provide a dedicated reconstitution matrix for membrane-active peptides and transmembrane proteins. Exciting areas for application of composite S-layer membrane systems concern sensor systems involving specific membrane functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schuster
- Department für NanoBiotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe B. Sleytr
- Department für NanoBiotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pum D, Sleytr UB. S-Layer Proteins for Assembling Ordered Nanoparticle Arrays. NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-09459-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
|
19
|
Delcea M, Krastev R, Gutberlet T, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Toca-Herrera JL. Thermal stability, mechanical properties and content of bacterial protein layers recrystallized on polyelectrolyte multilayers. SOFT MATTER 2008; 4:1414-1421. [PMID: 32907106 DOI: 10.1039/b719408k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the temperature on the surface topology, layer thickness and density of recrystallized bacterial S-layers from Bacillus sphaericus CCM2177 on polyelectrolyte multilayers in contact with liquid water was investigated. A quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) was used to monitor the build-up of the polyelectrolyte multilayer and the adsorption of S-layer protein (1600 ng cm-2). The critical temperature (55 °C) at which the S-layer loses its 2-D structure was obtained from atomic force microscopy (AFM) and confirmed by neutron reflectometry (NR) experiments. The process of S-layer denaturation was found to be irreversible. Aggregates of denatured S-proteins resist lower loads than the crystalline nanostructure formed from folded S-proteins. The combination of the QCM-D results with the scattering length density and film thickness (14 nm) obtained from neutron reflectometry studies permitted the estimation of the density of adsorbed S-protein together with the bound water (M = 1.16 g cm-3), the dry protein scattering length density (2.02 × 10-6 Å-2) and the S-protein mass density (1.48 g cm-3). The results confirmed that S-proteins form very loosely packed layers on polyelectrolyte multilayers incorporating a water volume fraction of around 68%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Delcea
- Biosurfaces Unit, CIC BiomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Rumen Krastev
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Golm/Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Gutberlet
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Pum
- Center for Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel Str. 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe Bernd Sleytr
- Center for Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel Str. 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Knoll W, Naumann R, Friedrich M, Robertson JWF, Lösche M, Heinrich F, McGillivray DJ, Schuster B, Gufler PC, Pum D, Sleytr UB. Solid supported lipid membranes: new concepts for the biomimetic functionalization of solid surfaces. Biointerphases 2008; 3:FA125. [PMID: 20408662 PMCID: PMC2876326 DOI: 10.1116/1.2913612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-layer (S-layer) supported lipid membranes on solid substrates are interfacial architectures mimicking the supramolecular principle of cell envelopes which have been optimized for billions of years of evolution in most extreme habitats. The authors implement this biological construction principle in a variety of layered supramolecular architectures consisting of a stabilizing protein monolayer and a functional phospholipid bilayer for the design and development of new types of solid-supported biomimetic membranes with a considerably extended stability and lifetime-compared to existing platforms-as required for novel types of bioanalytical sensors. First, Langmuir monolayers of lipids at the water/air interface are used as test beds for the characterization of different types of molecules which all interact with the lipid layers in various ways and, hence, are relevant for the control of the structure, stability, and function of supported membranes. As an example, the interaction of S-layer proteins from the bulk phase with a monolayer of a phospholipid synthetically conjugated with a secondary cell wall polymer (SCWP) was studied as a function of the packing density of the lipids in the monolayer. Furthermore, SCWPs were used as a new molecular construction element. The exploitation of a specific lectin-type bond between the N-terminal part of selected S-layer proteins and a variety of glycans allowed for the buildup of supramolecular assemblies and thus functional membranes with a further increased stability. Next, S-layer proteins were self-assembled and characterized by the surface-sensitive techniques, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. The substrates were either planar gold or silicon dioxide sensor surfaces. The assembly of S-layer proteins from solution to solid substrates could nicely be followed in-situ and in real time. As a next step toward S-layer supported bilayer membranes, the authors characterized various architectures based on lipid molecules that were modified by a flexible spacer separating the amphiphiles from the anchor group that allows for a covalent coupling of the lipid to a solid support, e.g., using thiols for Au substrates. Impedance spectroscopy confirmed the excellent charge barrier properties of these constructs with a high electrical resistance. Structural details of various types of these tethered bimolecular lipid membranes were studied by using neutron reflectometry. Finally, first attempts are reported to develop a code based on a SPICE network analysis program which is suitable for the quantitative analysis of the transient and steady-state currents passing through these membranes upon the application of a potential gradient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Knoll
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55021 Mainz, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
The present review focuses on a unique bio-molecular construction kit based on surface-layer (S-layer) proteins as building blocks and patterning elements, but also major classes of biological molecules such as lipids, membrane-active peptides and membrane proteins, and glycans for the design of functional supported lipid membranes. The biomimetic approach copying the supramolecular building principle of most archaeal cell envelopes merely composed of a plasma membrane and a closely associated S-layer lattice has resulted in robust and fluid lipid membranes. Most importantly, S-layer supported lipid membranes spanning an aperture or generated on solid and porous substrates constitute highly interesting model membranes for the reconstitution of responsive transmembrane proteins and membrane-active peptides. This is of particular challenge as one-third of all proteins are membrane proteins such as pore-forming proteins, ion channels, and receptors. S-layer supported lipid membranes are seen as one of the most innovative strategies in membrane protein-based nanobiotechnology with potential applications that range from pharmaceutical (high-throughput) drug screening over lipid chips to the detection of biological warfare agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schuster
- Center for NanoBiotechnology, BOKU--University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Prolonged stochastic single ion channel recordings in S-layer protein stabilized lipid bilayer membranes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2008; 65:178-85. [PMID: 18602253 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
S-layer proteins are commonly found in bacteria and archaea as two-dimensional monomolecular crystalline arrays as the outermost cell membrane component. These proteins have the unique property that following disruption by chemical agents, monomers of the protein can re-assemble to their original lattice structure. This unique property makes S-layers interesting for utilization in bio-nanotechnological applications. Here, we show that the addition of S-layer proteins to bilayer lipid membranes increases the lifetime and the stability of the bilayer. M2delta ion channels were functionally incorporated into these S-layer stabilized membranes and we were able to record their activity for up to 20 h. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to visualize the 2D crystalline pattern of the S-layer and the M2delta ion channel characteristics in bilayer lipid membrane's were compared in the presence and absence of S-layers.
Collapse
|
23
|
Surfaces functionalized with self-assembling S-layer fusion proteins for nanobiotechnological applications. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
24
|
Hollmann A, Delfederico L, Glikmann G, De Antoni G, Semorile L, Disalvo EA. Characterization of liposomes coated with S-layer proteins from lactobacilli. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1768:393-400. [PMID: 17276386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Revised: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The stability of liposomes coated with S-layer proteins from Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus kefir was analyzed as a previous stage to the development of a vaccine vehicle for oral administration. The interactions of the different S-layer proteins with positively charged liposomes prepared with soybean lecithin or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine were studied by means of the variation of the Z potential at different protein-lipid ratios, showing that both proteins were able to attach in a greater extent to the surface of soybean lecithin liposomes. The capacity of these particles to retain carboxyfluorescein or calcein by exposure to bile salts, pancreatic extract, pH change and after a thermal shock showed that both S-layer proteins increased the stability of the liposomes in the same magnitude. The non-glycosylated protein from L. brevis protects more efficiently the liposomes at pH 7 than those from L. kefir even without treatment with glutaraldehyde.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Hollmann
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sleytr UB, Egelseer EM, Ilk N, Pum D, Schuster B. S-Layers as a basic building block in a molecular construction kit. FEBS J 2006; 274:323-34. [PMID: 17181542 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Crystalline arrays of protein or glycoprotein subunits forming surface layers (S-layers) are the most common outermost envelope components of prokaryotic organisms (archaea and bacteria). The wealth of information on the structure, chemistry, genetics, morphogenesis, and function of S-layers has revealed a broad application potential. As S-layers are periodic structures, they exhibit identical physicochemical properties for each molecular unit down to the subnanometer level and possess pores of identical size and morphology. Many applications of S-layers in nanobiotechnology depend on the ability of isolated subunits to recrystallize into monomolecular lattices in suspension or on suitable surfaces and interfaces. S-Layer lattices can be exploited as scaffolding and patterning elements for generating more complex supramolecular assemblies and structures, as required for life and nonlife science applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe B Sleytr
- Center for NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Schuster B, Gufler PC, Pum D, Sleytr UB. S-layer proteins as supporting scaffoldings for functional lipid membranes. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2005; 3:16-21. [PMID: 15382638 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2004.824267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A great challenge is the coupling of very sensitive microelectronic devices to wet biological systems in the generation of biomimetic sensors. Lipid membranes on solid supports (electrodes or semiconductors) may become the matrix of future bioelectronic devices probing and controlling biomolecular processes for scientific and technical applications. A sufficient electrical isolation between the coupling region and the surrounding electrolyte is mandatory. An attached lipid membrane with integral natural or designed proteins may be the material of choice if the biological components are kept in a proper environment. To retain the fluidity and stability of the lipid membrane and to provide an ion reservoir and space for bulky integral proteins, a separating layer composed of crystalline arrays of monomolecular proteinaceous subunits, termed S-layer, can be self-assembled on metal or semiconductor surfaces. In this way S-layer-supported lipid membranes are biomimetic structures mimicking the supramolecular principle of archeal cell envelopes. These composite architectures may ascend toward exciting new key devices, particularly in fields of membrane protein-based biosensors or lab-on-a-chip technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schuster
- Center for NanoBiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna 1180, Austria.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Toca-Herrera JL, Krastev R, Bosio V, Küpcü S, Pum D, Fery A, Sára M, Sleytr UB. Recrystallization of bacterial S-layers on flat polyelectrolyte surfaces and hollow polyelectrolyte capsules. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2005; 1:339-48. [PMID: 17193454 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200400035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte multilayer (PE) deposition and S-layer technology have been combined to make novel robust biomimetic surfaces and membranes. Isolated subunits of the bacterial cell surface layer from Bacillus sphaericus CCM2177 SbpA was self-assembled on PE multilayer supports, with the composition of the multilayer playing a crucial role in determining the structure of the resulting supported protein layers. Flat substrates were studied using atomic force microscopy and neutron reflectometry; protein on suitable PE combinations showed a crystalline structure with lattice constants equal to those found in vivo on bacterial surfaces. The mechanical stability of the S-layer is higher when recrystallized on PEs than directly on silicon supports. The recrystallization process was subsequently used to coat colloidal particles, permitting the determination of zeta potentials before and after coating. Hollow capsules could also be coated in the same way, as proven by various techniques. Our results suggest that electrostatic interactions via divalent cations are important for the assembly process. The results also demonstrate that the versatility of the PE multilayer membranes can be successfully combined with the well-defined surface chemistry and structure of 2D protein crystals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Toca-Herrera
- Rovira i Virgili University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Campus Sescelades, Av. Paisos Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ilk N, Küpcü S, Moncayo G, Klimt S, Ecker RC, Hofer-Warbinek R, Egelseer EM, Sleytr UB, Sára M. A functional chimaeric S-layer-enhanced green fluorescent protein to follow the uptake of S-layer-coated liposomes into eukaryotic cells. Biochem J 2004; 379:441-8. [PMID: 14725506 PMCID: PMC1224085 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2003] [Revised: 01/13/2004] [Accepted: 01/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The chimaeric gene encoding a C-terminally truncated form of the S-layer protein SbpA of Bacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 and the EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) was ligated into plasmid pET28a and cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Just 1 h after induction of expression an intense EGFP fluorescence was detected in the cytoplasm of the host cells. Expression at 28 degrees C instead of 37 degrees C resulted in clearly increased fluorescence intensity, indicating that the folding process of the EGFP moiety was temperature sensitive. To maintain the EGFP fluorescence, isolation of the fusion protein from the host cells had to be performed in the presence of reducing agents. SDS/PAGE analysis, immunoblotting and N-terminal sequencing of the isolated and purified fusion protein confirmed the presence of both the S-layer protein and the EGFP moiety. The fusion protein had maintained the ability to self-assemble in suspension and to recrystallize on peptidoglycan-containing sacculi or on positively charged liposomes, as well as to fluoresce. Comparison of fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of recombinant EGFP and rSbpA(31-1068)/EGFP revealed identical maxima at 488 and 507 nm respectively. The uptake of liposomes coated with a fluorescent monomolecular protein lattice of rSbpA(31-1068)/EGFP into HeLa cells was studied by confocal laser-scanning microscopy. The major part of the liposomes was internalized within 2 h of incubation and entered the HeLa cells by endocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ilk
- Center for Ultrastructural Research and Ludwig Boltzmann-Institute for Molecular Nanotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Gregor Mendelstr. 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nascimento ALTO, Verjovski-Almeida S, Van Sluys MA, Monteiro-Vitorello CB, Camargo LEA, Digiampietri LA, Harstkeerl RA, Ho PL, Marques MV, Oliveira MC, Setubal JC, Haake DA, Martins EAL. Genome features of Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni. Braz J Med Biol Res 2004; 37:459-77. [PMID: 15064809 PMCID: PMC2666282 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2004000400003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report novel features of the genome sequence of Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni, a highly invasive spirochete. Leptospira species colonize a significant proportion of rodent populations worldwide and produce life-threatening infections in mammals. Genomic sequence analysis reveals the presence of a competent transport system with 13 families of genes encoding for major transporters including a three-member component efflux system compatible with the long-term survival of this organism. The leptospiral genome contains a broad array of genes encoding regulatory system, signal transduction and methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins, reflecting the organism's ability to respond to diverse environmental stimuli. The identification of a complete set of genes encoding the enzymes for the cobalamin biosynthetic pathway and the novel coding genes related to lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis should bring new light to the study of Leptospira physiology. Genes related to toxins, lipoproteins and several surface-exposed proteins may facilitate a better understanding of the Leptospira pathogenesis and may serve as potential candidates for vaccine.
Collapse
|
30
|
Kochev V, Karabaliev M. Wetting films of lipids in the development of sensitive interfaces. An electrochemical approach. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2004; 107:9-26. [PMID: 14962405 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2003.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Solid-supported thin liquid films of lipids, contacting an electrolyte phase, turned out to be a dependable system in the field of bosensors. The investigations of these objects during the past decade reveal some of their intriguing features enabling the application in constructions of receptor part with 'two-dimensional' arrangement. As a model system, complementary to the other artificial analogs of biomembranes, the wetting films of lipids offer certain advantages concerning the compromise between the stability and flexibility of the molecular structures involved in sensing. The basic principles underlaying the techniques of formation, as well as the conditions of the films stability are emphasized in the present consized review. While no limitations are imposed by the way of preparation, the films seem especially profitable in conjunction with methods for electrochemical signal transduction. In this regard some prominent examples are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valery Kochev
- Department of Atomic Physics, Sofia University Kl.Ohridsky, 5 J.D.Bourchier, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sleytr UB, Schuster B, Pum D. Nanotechnology and biomimetics with 2-D protein crystals. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY MAGAZINE : THE QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF THE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY SOCIETY 2003; 22:140-50. [PMID: 12845830 DOI: 10.1109/memb.2003.1213637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U B Sleytr
- Center for Ultrastructure Research, Ludwig Boltzmann-Institute for Molecular Nanotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Gregor Mendelstr. 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Besanger TR, Brennan JD. Ion sensing and inhibition studies using the transmembrane ion channel peptide gramicidin A entrapped in sol-gel-derived silica. Anal Chem 2003; 75:1094-101. [PMID: 12641228 DOI: 10.1021/ac026258k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of new, targeted drugs relies heavily on innovative technologies that allow for high-throughput screening of drug libraries against biologically relevant targets, particularly membrane-associated receptors. Therefore, immobilization of natural receptors is of the utmost importance to allow for screening of small molecule libraries. Herein, we describe the immobilization of liposomes containing the transmembrane peptide ion-channel gramicidin A into sol-gel-derived silicate materials. Steady-state fluorescence measurements of the intrinsic tryptophan residues of reconstituted gramicidin A in phospholipid vesicles consisting of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) were obtained in solution and following entrapment in diglyceryl silane (DGS)-derived silicate to examine the effects of entrapment on the conformation of the ion channel. Only minor deviations were observed in the fluorescence properties of gramicidin following entrapment in DGS-derived silicate. DOPC vesicles containing a 50 microM internal solution of the potential sensitive fluorescent dye safranine O were used to study ion flux through the membrane ion channel. The dependence of ion flux on both ion concentration and amount of gramicidin embedded in the membrane were examined before and after entrapment in sol-gel-derived silicate. It was found that ion channel activity upon entrapment in DGS-derived silicate mirrored very closely that observed in solution. Moreover, the ability to inhibit ion flux through gramicidin A due to blockage by calcium ions was retained after the immobilization procedure. The implications for development of drug-screening and -sensing platforms are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Travis R Besanger
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Schäffer C, Beckedorf AI, Scheberl A, Zayni S, Peter-Katalinić J, Messner P. Isolation of glucocardiolipins from Geobacillus stearothermophilus NRS 2004/3a. J Bacteriol 2002; 184:6709-13. [PMID: 12426359 PMCID: PMC135447 DOI: 10.1128/jb.184.23.6709-6713.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-substituted cardiolipins account for about 4 mol% of total phospholipid extracted from exponentially grown cells of Geobacillus stearothermophilus NRS 2004/3a. Individual glucocardiolipin species exhibited differences in fatty acid substitution, with iso-C(15:0) and anteiso-C(17:0) prevailing. The compounds were purified to homogeneity by a novel protocol and precharacterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schäffer
- Zentrum für Ultrastrukturforschung und Ludwig Boltzmann-Institut für Molekulare Nanotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, A-1180 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Besanger T, Zhang Y, Brennan JD. Characterization of Fluorescent Phospholipid Liposomes Entrapped in Sol−Gel Derived Silica. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0263525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Travis Besanger
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - John D. Brennan
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Schuster B, Sleytr UB. The effect of hydrostatic pressure on S-layer-supported lipid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1563:29-34. [PMID: 12007622 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(02)00370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We report on the behavior of unsupported and surface layer (S-layer)-supported lipid membranes at the application of a uniform hydrostatic pressure. At a hydrostatic pressure gradient higher than 6 N/m(2), unsupported lipid membranes, independent from which side pressurized and S-layer-supported lipid membranes pressurized from the lipid-faced side revealed a pronounced increase in capacitance. A maximal hydrostatic pressure gradient of 11.0 N/m(2) resulted in an almost doubling of the capacitance of the (composite) membranes. S-layer-supported lipid membranes showed a hysteresis in the capacitance versus pressure plot, indicating that this composite structure required a certain time to reorient when the pressure gradient acting from the lipid-faced side was balanced. By contrast, the S-layer-supported lipid membrane pressurized from the protein-faced side revealed only a minute increase in capacitance (C/C(0,max)=1.17+/-0.05), reflecting only minor pressure-induced area expansion. In addition, no hysteresis could be observed, indicating that no rearrangement of the composite membrane occurred. The maximal induced tension was with 4.3+/-0.2 mN/m, significantly higher than that of unsupported (2.5+/-0.3 mN/m) and S-layer-supported lipid membranes pressurized from the lipid-faced side (2.6+/-0.1 mN/m).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schuster
- Center for Ultrastructure Research and Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Molecular Nanotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Weygand M, Kjaer K, Howes PB, Wetzer B, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Lösche M. Structural Reorganization of Phospholipid Headgroups upon Recrystallization of an S-Layer Lattice. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0146418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Weygand
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany, Materials Research Department, Risø National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, U.K., and Center for Ultrastructure Research and Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Molecular Nanotechnology, University for Agricultural Sciences, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristian Kjaer
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany, Materials Research Department, Risø National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, U.K., and Center for Ultrastructure Research and Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Molecular Nanotechnology, University for Agricultural Sciences, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul B. Howes
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany, Materials Research Department, Risø National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, U.K., and Center for Ultrastructure Research and Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Molecular Nanotechnology, University for Agricultural Sciences, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Wetzer
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany, Materials Research Department, Risø National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, U.K., and Center for Ultrastructure Research and Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Molecular Nanotechnology, University for Agricultural Sciences, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Pum
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany, Materials Research Department, Risø National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, U.K., and Center for Ultrastructure Research and Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Molecular Nanotechnology, University for Agricultural Sciences, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe B. Sleytr
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany, Materials Research Department, Risø National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, U.K., and Center for Ultrastructure Research and Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Molecular Nanotechnology, University for Agricultural Sciences, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Lösche
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany, Materials Research Department, Risø National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, U.K., and Center for Ultrastructure Research and Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Molecular Nanotechnology, University for Agricultural Sciences, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Schuster B, Sleytr UB. Single channel recordings of alpha-hemolysin reconstituted in S-layer-supported lipid bilayers. Bioelectrochemistry 2002; 55:5-7. [PMID: 11786328 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5394(01)00148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that lipid membranes attached to a proteinaceous crystalline surface-layer (S-layer) revealed a prolonged lifetime and showed a reduced tendency to rupture in the presence of membrane active molecules. In addition, comparative studies on folded and S-layer-supported lipid membranes (SsLM) revealed an uniform capacitance of 0.64 +/- 0.04 microF/cm(2) for both composite membranes. In the present study, the feasibility to reconstitute the channel-forming protein alpha-hemolysin (alpha HL) into SsLM at single channel resolution was investigated. Single alpha HL channels could be recorded and the intrinsic properties like unitary conductance, current-voltage characteristics, and closure was found to be similar at both membranes. Thus, the tightly attached S-layer allowed complete reconstitution of alpha HL channels in SsLM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schuster
- Center for Ultrastructure Research and Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Molecular Nanotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Gregor Mendel Strasse 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Karabaliev M, Kochev V. Some electrochemical features of glassy carbon-supported thin liquid films of lecithin. Electrochem commun 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2481(01)00171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|