1
|
Bhattacharjee A, Hosen MR, Lamisa AB, Ahammad I, Chowdhury ZM, Jamal TB, Sohag MMH, Hossain MU, Das KC, Keya CA, Salimullah M. An integrated comparative genomics, subtractive proteomics and immunoinformatics framework for the rational design of a Pan-Salmonella multi-epitope vaccine. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0292413. [PMID: 38959229 PMCID: PMC11221655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infections pose a significant global public health concern due to the substantial expenses associated with monitoring, preventing, and treating the infection. In this study, we explored the core proteome of Salmonella to design a multi-epitope vaccine through Subtractive Proteomics and immunoinformatics approaches. A total of 2395 core proteins were curated from 30 different isolates of Salmonella (strain NZ CP014051 was taken as reference). Utilizing the subtractive proteomics approach on the Salmonella core proteome, Curlin major subunit A (CsgA) was selected as the vaccine candidate. csgA is a conserved gene that is related to biofilm formation. Immunodominant B and T cell epitopes from CsgA were predicted using numerous immunoinformatics tools. T lymphocyte epitopes had adequate population coverage and their corresponding MHC alleles showed significant binding scores after peptide-protein based molecular docking. Afterward, a multi-epitope vaccine was constructed with peptide linkers and Human Beta Defensin-2 (as an adjuvant). The vaccine could be highly antigenic, non-toxic, non-allergic, and have suitable physicochemical properties. Additionally, Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Immune Simulation demonstrated that the vaccine can bind with Toll Like Receptor 4 and elicit a robust immune response. Using in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials, our findings could yield a Pan-Salmonella vaccine that might provide protection against various Salmonella species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arittra Bhattacharjee
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Rakib Hosen
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anika Bushra Lamisa
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ishtiaque Ahammad
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zeshan Mahmud Chowdhury
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tabassum Binte Jamal
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mehadi Hasan Sohag
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Uzzal Hossain
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Keshob Chandra Das
- Molecular Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Chaman Ara Keya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Salimullah
- Molecular Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim HJ, Jung Y, Kim MJ, Kim HY. Novel Heptaplex PCR-Based Diagnostics for Enteric Fever Caused by Typhoidal Salmonella Serovars and Its Applicability in Clinical Blood Culture. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:1457-1466. [PMID: 37674393 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2307.07031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Enteric fever is caused by typhoidal Salmonella serovars (Typhi, Paratyphi A, Paratyphi B, and Paratyphi C). Owing to the importance of Salmonella serovars in clinics and public hygiene, reliable diagnostics for typhoidal serovars are crucial. This study aimed to develop a novel diagnostic tool for typhoidal Salmonella serovars and evaluate the use of human blood for clinically diagnosing enteric fever. Five genes were selected to produce specific PCR results against typhoidal Salmonella serovars based on the genes of Salmonella Typhi. Heptaplex PCR, including genetic markers of generic Salmonella, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, and typhoidal Salmonella serovars, was developed. Typhoidal Salmonella heptaplex PCR using genomic DNAs from 200 Salmonella strains (112 serovars) provided specifically amplified PCR products for each typhoidal Salmonella serovar. These results suggest that heptaplex PCR can sufficiently discriminate between typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars. Heptaplex PCR was applied to Salmonella-spiked blood cultures directly and provided diagnostic results after 12- or 13.5-h blood culture. Additionally, it demonstrated diagnostic performance with colonies recovered from a 6-h blood culture. This study provides a reliable DNA-based tool for diagnosing typhoidal Salmonella serovars that may be useful in clinical microbiology and epidemiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Joong Kim
- Department of Food Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Younsik Jung
- Institute of Life Sciences and Resources and the Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ju Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences and Resources and the Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Yeong Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences and Resources and the Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khalid K, Poh CL. The Promising Potential of Reverse Vaccinology-Based Next-Generation Vaccine Development over Conventional Vaccines against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1264. [PMID: 37515079 PMCID: PMC10385262 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, leading to the current antibiotic resistance crisis. To address this issue, next-generation vaccines are being developed to prevent antimicrobial resistance caused by MDR bacteria. Traditional vaccine platforms, such as inactivated vaccines (IVs) and live attenuated vaccines (LAVs), were effective in preventing bacterial infections. However, they have shown reduced efficacy against emerging antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including MDR M. tuberculosis. Additionally, the large-scale production of LAVs and IVs requires the growth of live pathogenic microorganisms. A more promising approach for the accelerated development of vaccines against antibiotic-resistant bacteria involves the use of in silico immunoinformatics techniques and reverse vaccinology. The bioinformatics approach can identify highly conserved antigenic targets capable of providing broader protection against emerging drug-resistant bacteria. Multi-epitope vaccines, such as recombinant protein-, DNA-, or mRNA-based vaccines, which incorporate several antigenic targets, offer the potential for accelerated development timelines. This review evaluates the potential of next-generation vaccine development based on the reverse vaccinology approach and highlights the development of safe and immunogenic vaccines through relevant examples from successful preclinical and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Khalid
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Teklemariam AD, Al-Hindi RR, Albiheyri RS, Alharbi MG, Alghamdi MA, Filimban AAR, Al Mutiri AS, Al-Alyani AM, Alseghayer MS, Almaneea AM, Albar AH, Khormi MA, Bhunia AK. Human Salmonellosis: A Continuous Global Threat in the Farm-to-Fork Food Safety Continuum. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091756. [PMID: 37174295 PMCID: PMC10178548 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most common zoonotic foodborne pathogens and a worldwide public health threat. Salmonella enterica is the most pathogenic among Salmonella species, comprising over 2500 serovars. It causes typhoid fever and gastroenteritis, and the serovars responsible for the later disease are known as non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS). Salmonella transmission to humans happens along the farm-to-fork continuum via contaminated animal- and plant-derived foods, including poultry, eggs, fish, pork, beef, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and flour. Several virulence factors have been recognized to play a vital role in attaching, invading, and evading the host defense system. These factors include capsule, adhesion proteins, flagella, plasmids, and type III secretion systems that are encoded on the Salmonella pathogenicity islands. The increased global prevalence of NTS serovars in recent years indicates that the control approaches centered on alleviating the food animals' contamination along the food chain have been unsuccessful. Moreover, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella variants suggests a potential food safety crisis. This review summarizes the current state of the knowledge on the nomenclature, microbiological features, virulence factors, and the mechanism of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella. Furthermore, it provides insights into the pathogenesis and epidemiology of Salmonella infections. The recent outbreaks of salmonellosis reported in different clinical settings and geographical regions, including Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, Latin America, Europe, and the USA in the farm-to-fork continuum, are also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Addisu D Teklemariam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashad R Al-Hindi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed S Albiheyri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona G Alharbi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashail A Alghamdi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani A R Filimban
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Al Mutiri
- Laboratory Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 12843, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Al-Alyani
- Laboratory Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Jeddah 22311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen S Alseghayer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Monitoring and Risk Assessment Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz M Almaneea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Monitoring and Risk Assessment Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulgader H Albar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah University, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsen A Khormi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 82817, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arun K Bhunia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue University Interdisciplinary Life Science Program (PULSe), West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Afzal M, Hassan SS, Sohail S, Camps I, Khan Y, Basharat Z, Karim A, Aurongzeb M, Irfan M, Salman M, Morel CM. Genomic landscape of the emerging XDR Salmonella Typhi for mining druggable targets clpP, hisH, folP and gpmI and screening of novel TCM inhibitors, molecular docking and simulation analyses. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:25. [PMID: 36681806 PMCID: PMC9860245 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02756-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever is transmitted by ingestion of polluted water, contaminated food, and stool of typhoid-infected individuals, mostly in developing countries with poor hygienic environments. To find novel therapeutic targets and inhibitors, We employed a subtractive genomics strategy towards Salmonella Typhi and the complete genomes of eight strains were primarily subjected to the EDGAR tool to predict the core genome (n = 3207). Human non-homology (n = 2450) was followed by essential genes identification (n = 37). The STRING database predicted maximum protein-protein interactions, followed by cellular localization. The virulent/immunogenic ability of predicted genes were checked to differentiate drug and vaccine targets. Furthermore, the 3D models of the identified putative proteins encoded by the respective genes were constructed and subjected to druggability analyses where only "highly druggable" proteins were selected for molecular docking and simulation analyses. The putative targets ATP-dependent CLP protease proteolytic subunit, Imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase hisH, 7,8-dihydropteroate synthase folP and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase gpmI were screened against a drug-like library (n = 12,000) and top hits were selected based on H-bonds, RMSD and energy scores. Finally, the ADMET properties for novel inhibitors ZINC19340748, ZINC09319798, ZINC00494142, ZINC32918650 were optimized followed by binding free energy (MM/PBSA) calculation for ligand-receptor complexes. The findings of this work are expected to aid in expediting the identification of novel protein targets and inhibitors in combating typhoid Salmonellosis, in addition to the already existing therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muneeba Afzal
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University Peshawar, Peshawar, KP 25000 Pakistan
| | - Syed Shah Hassan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
- Centre for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Building “Expansão”, 8th floor room 814, Av. Brasil 4036 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-361 Brazil
- Jamil-Ur-Rehman Center for Genome Research, PCMD-ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh 75270 Pakistan
| | - Saman Sohail
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar, KP 25000 Pakistan
| | - Ihosvany Camps
- Laboratório de Modelagem Computacional, LaModel, Instituto de Ciências Exatas - ICEx. Universidade Federal de Alfenas - UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas, Minas Gerais Brazil
- High Performance & Quantum Computing Labs, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Yasmin Khan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Zarrin Basharat
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Asad Karim
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aurongzeb
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Salman
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University Peshawar, Peshawar, KP 25000 Pakistan
| | - Carlos M. Morel
- Centre for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Building “Expansão”, 8th floor room 814, Av. Brasil 4036 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-361 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khan M, Shamim S. Understanding the Mechanism of Antimicrobial Resistance and Pathogenesis of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2006. [PMID: 36296282 PMCID: PMC9606911 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10102006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is a Gram-negative pathogen that causes typhoid fever in humans. Though many serotypes of Salmonella spp. are capable of causing disease in both humans and animals alike, S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi are common in human hosts only. The global burden of typhoid fever is attributable to more than 27 million cases each year and approximately 200,000 deaths worldwide, with many regions such as Africa, South and Southeast Asia being the most affected in the world. The pathogen is able to cause disease in hosts by evading defense systems, adhesion to epithelial cells, and survival in host cells in the presence of several virulence factors, mediated by virulence plasmids and genes clustered in distinct regions known as Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs). These factors, coupled with plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance genes, enable the bacterium to become resistant to various broad-spectrum antibiotics used in the treatment of typhoid fever and other infections caused by Salmonella spp. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains in many countries of the world has raised great concern over the rise of antibiotic resistance in pathogens such as S. Typhi. In order to identify the key virulence factors involved in S. Typhi pathogenesis and infection, this review delves into various mechanisms of virulence, pathogenicity, and antimicrobial resistance to reinforce efficacious disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Saba Shamim
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Defence Road Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
van der Kuyl AC. Historic and Prehistoric Epidemics: An Overview of Sources Available for the Study of Ancient Pathogens. EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2022; 3:443-464. [PMID: 36547255 PMCID: PMC9778136 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia3040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since life on earth developed, parasitic microbes have thrived. Increases in host numbers, or the conquest of a new species, provide an opportunity for such a pathogen to enjoy, before host defense systems kick in, a similar upsurge in reproduction. Outbreaks, caused by "endemic" pathogens, and epidemics, caused by "novel" pathogens, have thus been creating chaos and destruction since prehistorical times. To study such (pre)historic epidemics, recent advances in the ancient DNA field, applied to both archeological and historical remains, have helped tremendously to elucidate the evolutionary trajectory of pathogens. These studies have offered new and unexpected insights into the evolution of, for instance, smallpox virus, hepatitis B virus, and the plague-causing bacterium Yersinia pestis. Furthermore, burial patterns and historical publications can help in tracking down ancient pathogens. Another source of information is our genome, where selective sweeps in immune-related genes relate to past pathogen attacks, while multiple viruses have left their genomes behind for us to study. This review will discuss the sources available to investigate (pre)historic diseases, as molecular knowledge of historic and prehistoric pathogens may help us understand the past and the present, and prepare us for future epidemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette C. van der Kuyl
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ; Tel.: +31-205-666-778
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lin ES, Huang YH, Luo RH, Basharat Z, Huang CY. Crystal Structure of an SSB Protein from Salmonella enterica and Its Inhibition by Flavanonol Taxifolin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084399. [PMID: 35457218 PMCID: PMC9029707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-binding proteins (SSBs) play a central role in cells by participating in DNA metabolism, including replication, repair, recombination, and replication fork restart. SSBs are essential for cell survival and thus an attractive target for potential anti-pathogen chemotherapy. In this study, we determined the crystal structure and examined the size of the ssDNA-binding site of an SSB from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 (SeSSB), a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen which is highly resistant to antibiotics. The crystal structure was solved at a resolution of 2.8 Å (PDB ID 7F25), indicating that the SeSSB monomer possesses an oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding (OB) fold domain at its N-terminus and a flexible tail at its C-terminus. The core of the OB-fold in the SeSSB is made of a six-stranded β-barrel capped by an α-helix. The crystal structure of the SeSSB contained two monomers per asymmetric unit, which may indicate the formation of a dimer. However, the gel-filtration chromatography analysis showed that the SeSSB forms a tetramer in solution. Through an electrophoretic mobility shift analysis, we characterized the stoichiometry of the SeSSB complexed with a series of ssDNA dA homopolymers, and the size of the ssDNA-binding site was determined to be around 22 nt. We also found the flavanonol taxifolin, also known as dihydroquercetin, capable of inhibiting the ssDNA-binding activity of the SeSSB. Thus, this result extended the SSB interactome to include taxifolin, a natural product with a wide range of promising pharmacological activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- En-Shyh Lin
- Department of Beauty Science, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, No. 193, Sec.1, San min Rd., Taichung City 403, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec.1, Chien-Kuo N. Rd., Taichung City 402, Taiwan; (Y.-H.H.); (R.-H.L.)
| | - Ren-Hong Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec.1, Chien-Kuo N. Rd., Taichung City 402, Taiwan; (Y.-H.H.); (R.-H.L.)
| | - Zarrin Basharat
- Jamil–ur–Rahman Center for Genome Research, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan;
| | - Cheng-Yang Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec.1, Chien-Kuo N. Rd., Taichung City 402, Taiwan; (Y.-H.H.); (R.-H.L.)
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Sec.1, Chien-Kuo N. Rd., Taichung City 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dyson ZA, Malau E, Horwood PF, Ford R, Siba V, Yoannes M, Pomat W, Passey M, Judd LM, Ingle DJ, Williamson DA, Dougan G, Greenhill AR, Holt KE. Whole genome sequence analysis of Salmonella Typhi in Papua New Guinea reveals an established population of genotype 2.1.7 sensitive to antimicrobials. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010306. [PMID: 35344544 PMCID: PMC8989336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhoid fever, a systemic infection caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, remains a considerable public health threat in impoverished regions within many low- and middle-income settings. However, we still lack a detailed understanding of the emergence, population structure, molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and transmission dynamics of S. Typhi across many settings, particularly throughout the Asia-Pacific islands. Here we present a comprehensive whole genome sequence (WGS) based overview of S. Typhi populations circulating in Papua New Guinea (PNG) over 30 years. PRINCIPLE FINDINGS Bioinformatic analysis of 86 S. Typhi isolates collected between 1980-2010 demonstrated that the population structure of PNG is dominated by a single genotype (2.1.7) that appears to have emerged in the Indonesian archipelago in the mid-twentieth century with minimal evidence of inter-country transmission. Genotypic and phenotypic data demonstrated that the PNG S. Typhi population appears to be susceptible to former first line drugs for treating typhoid fever (chloramphenicol, ampicillin and co-trimoxazole), as well as fluoroquinolones, third generation cephalosporins, and macrolides. PNG genotype 2.1.7 was genetically conserved, with very few deletions, and no evidence of plasmid or prophage acquisition. Genetic variation among this population was attributed to either single point mutations, or homologous recombination adjacent to repetitive ribosomal RNA operons. SIGNIFICANCE Antimicrobials remain an effective option for the treatment of typhoid fever in PNG, along with other intervention strategies including improvements to water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) related infrastructure and potentially the introduction of Vi-conjugate vaccines. However, continued genomic surveillance is warranted to monitor for the emergence of AMR within local populations, or the introduction of AMR associated genotypes of S. Typhi in this setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Anne Dyson
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Elisheba Malau
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
| | - Paul F. Horwood
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Rebecca Ford
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Valentine Siba
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Mition Yoannes
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - William Pomat
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Megan Passey
- University Centre for Rural Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Lismore, Australia
| | - Louise M. Judd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Danielle J. Ingle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Deborah A. Williamson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R. Greenhill
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
| | - Kathryn E. Holt
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Thakur R, Suri CR, Rishi P. Contribution of typhoid toxin in the pathogenesis of Salmonella Typhi. Microb Pathog 2022; 164:105444. [PMID: 35149176 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To persist and establish infection, Salmonella utilizes a battery of different virulence determinants at every stage of infection. Typhoid toxin, a newly identified toxin in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is recognized as one of the virulence factors that has been linked with Salmonella pathogenesis. In this study, we have further investigated the role of typhoid toxin in the symptomatology of typhoid fever through in-vivo and ex-vivo studies. In mice, administration of cloned and purified typhoid toxin induces similar symptoms observed during typhoid fever such as fever, weight loss with a decrease in peripheral leucocyte count along with an increase in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Il-6, TNF-α). Results of DNA analysis, fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry of typhoid toxin-treated macrophages (ex-vivo) altogether revealed the CdtB (subunit of typhoid toxin) mediated DNA damage that led to the apoptosis of cells. Furthermore, to validate CdtB's catalytic role, macrophages were treated with typhoid toxin preincubated with anti-CdtB antibodies (generated in mice). Re-assessment of macrophage DNA by gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry analysis indicated a significant decrease in DNA damage and cells undergoing apoptosis, respectively. Moreover, a significant reduction in in-vitro DNase activity of CdtB protein was also observed on preincubating holotoxin with anti-CdtB antibodies. In total, this study highlights the role of typhoid toxin in inducing typhoid fever-like symptomatology, which may be executed through the toxin's catalytic subunit CdtB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reena Thakur
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Forster DP, Leder K. Typhoid fever in travellers: estimating the risk of acquisition by country. J Travel Med 2021; 28:6383558. [PMID: 34619766 PMCID: PMC8715417 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taab150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhoid fever is a notifiable disease within Australia. Although studies in endemic regions give an indication of acquisition risk, many countries lack reliable data, and little is known of the absolute or relative risk in Australian travellers. By combining notified case data with travel statistics provided by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the aim of this study was to give an indication of risk for typhoid acquisition among Australian travellers. METHODS Australian typhoid notifications between 1st January 2010 and 30th June 2017 were grouped by country of acquisition and age category (<15 or ≥15 years). Australian travel data were used to inform time at risk and incidence rate of Australian typhoid notifications pertaining to country and region of acquisition. Salmonella Paratyphi infections, though notifiable, were excluded as the focus was vaccine preventable illness. Data from New South Wales and Victoria were used to examine the incidence in those acquiring infection in their country of birth (COB) against travellers who did not. RESULTS Nine hundred twenty-three cases of typhoid were notified over the period of review, 96% of which were acquired overseas. The greatest determinant of risk was travel destination, with countries in south Asia associated with highest crude incidence rate (252 per 100 000 person-years), particularly Bangladesh. Younger age and immigrants returning to their COB were generally associated with higher risk of acquisition. CONCLUSIONS The risk of typhoid fever in Australian travellers to endemic regions is considerable. Immigrants returning to their COB appear to be at higher risk and it is likely that this risk extends to their traveling dependents. These findings help clinicians and public health officials to plan and advise pre-travel vaccination strategies with at-risk individuals and groups. Additional sociodemographic data collection with Australian typhoid notifications would enhance the surveillance of differing international travel risk groups leaving Australia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Forster
- Public Events, COVID-19 Response, Engagement & Delivery, Department of Health, VIC, Melbourne, Australia.,Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, VIC, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karin Leder
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, VIC, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, VIC, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Epidemiological Investigation of Salmonella enterica Isolates in Children with Diarrhea in Chengdu, China. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.119034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Children with the immature intestinal immune system are prone to Salmonella infection through the fecal-oral route causing diarrhea. Non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) is difficult to treat and eliminate due to its zoonosis. Salmonella typhi, including typhoid and paratyphoid A, B, and C, only infect humans and cause invasive infectious diseases. Salmonella typhi infection is serious and requires antibiotic treatment. The bacterial resistance caused by conventional antibacterial drugs brings great difficulties to treatment. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of S. enterica in children with diarrhea in Chengdu, China. Methods: Fresh stool specimens or rectal swabs from 6656 children aged 1 day to 13 years with diarrhea were collected, cultured, identified, and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Analytical Profile index 20E was used for biochemical identification, and the Kirby-Bauer method was used for the bacterial sensitivity test. The whole process was conducted in accordance with the fourth edition of the National Clinical Examination procedures, and the drug sensitivity test was conducted in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2020 guidelines. Results: A total of 649 Salmonella strains were isolated from 6656 children with suspected Salmonella infection, among which the isolation rates of NTS and S. typhi were 8.92% and 0.83%, respectively. The infection rate of S. typhimurium was the highest every year (74.88%). Salmonella infections are on the rise, especially typhimurium, Dublin, Typhi, and London. Paratyphi is unstable, presenting a phenomenon of transition and replacement (the male to female ratio:1.12:1). The infection rate was the lowest within 1 day and 6 months (P < 0.05). Salmonella mainly infected children under 3 years of age, and the positive rate was reported as 88.29%. Within June-September, the infection rate of Salmonella was the highest, with a positive rate of 72.73%. The isolated 649 Salmonella strains had good susceptibility to cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin (87.67% and 79.20%, respectively), almost no susceptibility to ampicillin, and a drug resistance rate of 92.91%. Conclusions: The typhoid and paratyphoid vaccines should be considered together, and vaccines should focus on children under 3 years of age. Antibiotics should be rationally selected according to the drug sensitivity test and disease condition.
Collapse
|
13
|
Lin FH, Chen BC, Chou YC, Hsieh CJ, Yu CP. Incidence and Risk Factors for Notifiable Typhoid and Paratyphoid in Taiwan during the Period 2011-2020. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9101316. [PMID: 34682996 PMCID: PMC8544365 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9101316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of the geographic transmission of emerging infectious diseases through air travel varies greatly. In this study, we collected data on cases of food-borne diseases between the years 2011 and 2020 in Taiwan to access the epidemiological features, differences, and trends in domestic and imported cases of typhoid and paratyphoid in terms of patient sex, age, month of confirmation, and area of residence. In this study, we made use of the open data website provided by Taiwan’s Centers for Disease Control (TCDC) to extract the reported numbers of cases of typhoid and paratyphoid between January and December from 2011 to 2020 for comparison. Univariate analysis was performed using the Chi-square test for categorical variables. Fisher’s exact test was performed if an expected frequency was less than 5. A total of 226 typhoid cases and 61 paratyphoid cases were analyzed from the database. The incidences of typhoid and paratyphoid per million of the population were 0.42–2.11 and 0–0.39, respectively. There was a significant difference in the incidence of the diseases between the age groups (p = 0.019), with a gradual increase in the 20–40 years group. A distinct seasonal (between fall and spring) variation was also observed (p = 0.012). There were 34 cases of children with typhoid in the period 2011–2015 and 12 cases of children with typhoid in the period 2016–2020. During these periods, there were two cases of paratyphoid. This study indicated that the risk of children suffering from typhoid has been significantly reduced in the last five years. Furthermore, we found that more women have acquired typhoid and paratyphoid than men, and that living in the Taipei metropolitan area and the northern area was a potential risk factor. Furthermore, the number of imported cases of typhoid (n = 3) and paratyphoid (n = 0) reported during the COVID-19 pandemic was lower than that reported for the same disease from 2011 to 2020. More typhoid and paratyphoid cases were imported from Indonesia, India, Myanmar, and Cambodia. This study represents the first report on confirmed cases of acquired typhoid and paratyphoid from surveillance data from Taiwan’s CDC for the period 2011–2020. This study also demonstrates that the cases of typhoid and paratyphoid decreased in Taiwan during the COVID pandemic. Big data were used in this study, which may inform future surveillance and research efforts in Taiwan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Huang Lin
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan; (F.-H.L.); (Y.-C.C.)
| | - Bao-Chung Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Ching Chou
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan; (F.-H.L.); (Y.-C.C.)
| | - Chi-Jeng Hsieh
- Department of Health Care Administration, Asia Eastern University of Science and Technology, New Taipei City 22061, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Peng Yu
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan; (F.-H.L.); (Y.-C.C.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rahman SIA, Nguyen TNT, Khanam F, Thomson NR, Dyson ZA, Taylor-Brown A, Chowdhury EK, Dougan G, Baker S, Qadri F. Genetic diversity of Salmonella Paratyphi A isolated from enteric fever patients in Bangladesh from 2008 to 2018. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009748. [PMID: 34648506 PMCID: PMC8516307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proportion of enteric fever cases caused by Salmonella Paratyphi A is increasing and may increase further as we begin to introduce typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs). While numerous epidemiological and genomic studies have been conducted for S. Typhi, there are limited data describing the genomic epidemiology of S. Paratyphi A in especially in endemic settings, such as Bangladesh. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We conducted whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 67 S. Paratyphi A isolated between 2008 and 2018 from eight enteric disease surveillance sites across Bangladesh. We performed a detailed phylogenetic analysis of these sequence data incorporating sequences from 242 previously sequenced S. Paratyphi A isolates from a global collection and provided evidence of lineage migration from neighboring countries in South Asia. The data revealed that the majority of the Bangladeshi S. Paratyphi A isolates belonged to the dominant global lineage A (67.2%), while the remainder were either lineage C (19.4%) or F (13.4%). The population structure was relatively homogenous across the country as we did not find any significant lineage distributions between study sites inside or outside Dhaka. Our genomic data showed presence of single point mutations in gyrA gene either at codon 83 or 87 associated with decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility in all Bangladeshi S. Paratyphi A isolates. Notably, we identified the pHCM2- like cryptic plasmid which was highly similar to S. Typhi plasmids circulating in Bangladesh and has not been previously identified in S. Paratyphi A organisms. SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrates the utility of WGS to monitor the ongoing evolution of this emerging enteric pathogen. Novel insights into the genetic structure of S. Paratyphi A will aid the understanding of both regional and global circulation patterns of this emerging pathogen and provide a framework for future genomic surveillance studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Isfat Ara Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - To Nguyen Thi Nguyen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Farhana Khanam
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nicholas R. Thomson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infections and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe A. Dyson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infections and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alyce Taylor-Brown
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emran Kabir Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Baker
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Increasing the High Throughput of a Luminescence-Based Serum Bactericidal Assay (L-SBA). BIOTECH 2021; 10:biotech10030019. [PMID: 35822773 PMCID: PMC9245470 DOI: 10.3390/biotech10030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum bactericidal assay (SBA) is the method to investigate in vitro complement-mediated bactericidal activity of sera raised upon vaccination. The assay is based on incubating the target bacteria and exogenous complement with sera at different dilutions and the result of the assay is represented by the sera dilution being able to kill 50% of bacteria present in the inoculum. The traditional readout of the assay is based on measurement of colony-forming units (CFU) obtained after plating different reaction mixes on agar. This readout is at low throughput and time consuming, even when automated counting is used. We previously described a novel assay with a luminescence readout (L-SBA) based on measurement of ATP released by live bacteria, which allowed to substantially increase the throughput as well as to reduce the time necessary to perform the assay when compared to traditional methods. Here we present a further improvement of the assay by moving from a 96-well to a 384-well format, which allowed us to further increase the throughput and substantially reduce costs while maintaining the high performance of the previously described L-SBA method. The method has been successfully applied to a variety of different pathogens.
Collapse
|
16
|
[28/m-fever and diarrhea after visiting relatives in India : Preparation for the medical specialist examination: part 71]. Internist (Berl) 2021; 62:473-477. [PMID: 34309721 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-021-01097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
17
|
Genomic surveillance reveals international circulation and local transmission of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2021; 55:489-493. [PMID: 34274303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Morbidity and mortality from typhoid and paratyphoid fever remain an important problem for public health authorities in developing countries. In countries with lower incidences, most cases occur in travelers who visit regions in which typhoid and paratyphoid fever are highly endemic. The aim was to evaluate the source and transmission dynamics of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Taiwan by using genomic analysis. METHODS During 2012-2019, 15 clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi and S. Paratyphi A were collected. Demographic and clinical information of the infections were analyzed. We performed whole genome sequencing and evolutionary analysis on these isolates. RESULTS Clinical and microbiological data from 7 S. Typhi and 8 S. Paratyphi A isolates in Taiwan showed epidemiological and bacterial genomic link to the infection in South and Southeast Asia. The Taiwanese typhoidal isolates also share highly similar genomes with those collected from UK, indicating global circulation of the typhoidal clones. Local transmission of the imported but indigenized international clones was observed. Mutations occurring at gyrA 83 aa, including S83Y and S83F, were identified in the ciprofloxacin-resistant strains. CONCLUSION Due to the advance of global transportation and communication, the transmission mode of infectious disease has been modified. Domestic typhoid and paratyphoid fever caused by international resistant clones can occur in low-incidence countries. Genome analysis showed that the indigenous clone originally imported from other countries has been circulating in Taiwan for over a decade.
Collapse
|
18
|
A Study of Paratyphoid Fever in Bulgarian Children. ACTA MEDICA BULGARICA 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/amb-2021-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective. To study both the molecular discrimination of D-tartrate fermenting and non-fermenting strains of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Paratyphi B isolated from patients with paratyphoid fever and the clinical course of this disease.
Materials and methods. The isolates examined were from children aged 3 months to 9 years. A total of 33 Salmonella strains were serotyped as Salmonella Paratyphi B, with an antigenic formula based on O- and H- antigens: 1,4, [5], 12: b: 1,2 by Kauffmann–White classification.
Results. Multiplex PCR analysis confirmed all tested strains as d-tartrate fermenting (dT+), also referred to as variant Java.
Discussion. We found that the most common cause of paratyphoid fever among children in Bulgaria is variant Java Salmonella Paratyphi B. Most children had classic symptoms of acute gastroenteritis – fever, watery diarrhea and vomiting.
Collapse
|
19
|
Teh CSJ, Lau MY, Chong CW, Ngoi ST, Chua KH, Lee WS, Thong KL. One-step differential detection of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, serovar Paratyphi A and other Salmonella spp. by using a quadruplex real-time PCR assay. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 183:106184. [PMID: 33662480 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diseases caused by typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella remain a considerable threat to both developed and developing countries. Based on the clinical symptoms and serological tests, it is sometimes difficult to differentiate the Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A (S. enterica serovar Paratyphi A) from serovar Typhi (S. enterica serovar Typhi). In this study, we developed a quadruplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with an internal amplification control (IAC), to simultaneously differentiate S. enterica serovar Paratyphi A from serovar Typhi and to detect other Salmonella serovars which cause salmonellosis in humans. This assay was evaluated on 155 salmonellae and non-salmonellae strains and demonstrated 100% specificity in species differentiation. Inclusion of an IAC did not affect the efficiency of the assay. Further evaluation using a blind test on spiked stool, blood and food specimens showed that the detection limit was at 103 -104 CFU/mL (or g) and a high PCR efficiency with different targets (R2 > 0.99), except for S. enterica serovar Paratyphi A in blood. This assay has been applied to clinical specimens to detect the causative agents of gastrointestinal infections and has successfully identified 6 salmonellosis patients from the 50 diarrhoea patients. The quadruplex real-time PCR developed in this study could enhance the detection and differentiation of salmonellae. This assay could be applied to stools, blood and food based on the notable performance in the simulation tests and field evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Shuan Ju Teh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Min Yi Lau
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chun Wie Chong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Soo Tein Ngoi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kek Heng Chua
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Way Seah Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kwai Lin Thong
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre, Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research & Innovation), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid)is caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi. It is spread by fecal-oral route, largely through contamination of water and foodstuff. Developing countries are the worst affected. It takes 7 – 21 days from ingestion of the organism to manifestation of symptoms which are generally Fever, relative bradycardia, and pain abdomen. Hepatosplenomegaly, intestinal bleeding, and perforation are the features at various stages of the disease. The bacteria invade the submucous layer and proliferate in the Payer's patches. Blood culture is the gold standard for diagnosis but it is only rarely positive. Fluroquinolones, cephalosporins, and azithromycin are antibiotics of choice. There is increasing evidence of the development of resistance to all antibiotics. Salmonella sepsis, though uncommon, can occur. Intestinal perforation, peritonitis, and secondary sepsis are complications that may require intensive care unit management. How to cite this article: Ray B, Raha A. Typhoid and Enteric Fevers in Intensive Care Unit. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(Suppl 2):S144–S149.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Banambar Ray
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sum Ultimate Medicare, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Abhijeet Raha
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sum Ultimate Medicare, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bai H, He W, Chau JHC, Zheng Z, Kwok RTK, Lam JWY, Tang BZ. AIEgens for microbial detection and antimicrobial therapy. Biomaterials 2020; 268:120598. [PMID: 33321291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic microbes can cause infections or diseases in hosts and they pose ongoing threats to human health. Antibiotics have been taken an active role in treating a wide variety of infections or diseases since they were first introduced in the 1940s. However, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant microbes makes these previously effective drugs invalid regrettably. So it is urgently needed to accelerate research and development for new antimicrobial systems and strategies. Recently, luminogens with aggregation-induced emission characteristics (AIEgens) have emerged as powerful fluorescent tools for microbial detection and antimicrobial therapy. In this review, we highlighted the latest advancements of AIEgen-based biofunctional materials and systems in this research field. AIE fluorescent probes have the advantages of excellent sensitivity and rapid response, which make them useful for ultrafast bacterial imaging, bacteria classification, and pathogen discrimination. Early microbial detection and identification could help us study the mechanism of antibiotic resistance more scientifically. Moreover, the AIEgens-based photosensitizers (AIE-PSs) with strong photosensitization show good performance on the efficient elimination of multidrug-resistant bacteria and intracellular bacteria. At the end of the review, a short perspective on aggregate science is concluded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Bai
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Joe H C Chau
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ryan T K Kwok
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518057, China; Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission and State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Masuet-Aumatell C, Atouguia J. Typhoid fever infection - Antibiotic resistance and vaccination strategies: A narrative review. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 40:101946. [PMID: 33301931 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), prevalent in many low- and middle-income countries. In high-income territories, typhoid fever is predominantly travel-related, consequent to travel in typhoid-endemic regions; however, data show that the level of typhoid vaccination in travellers is low. Successful management of typhoid fever using antibiotics is becoming increasingly difficult due to drug resistance; emerging resistance has spread geographically due to factors such as increasing travel connectivity, affecting those in endemic regions and travellers alike. This review provides an overview of: the epidemiology and diagnosis of typhoid fever; the emergence of drug-resistant typhoid strains in the endemic setting; drug resistance observed in travellers; vaccines currently available to prevent typhoid fever; vaccine recommendations for people living in typhoid-endemic regions; strategies for the introduction of typhoid vaccines and stakeholders in vaccination programmes; and travel recommendations for a selection of destinations with a medium or high incidence of typhoid fever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Masuet-Aumatell
- Preventive Medicine Department, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), University Hospital of Bellvitge, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Jorge Atouguia
- Instituto Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junquiera, 100, Lisbon, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of International Travelers with Enteric Fever and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Their Isolates: a GeoSentinel Analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.01084-20. [PMID: 32816733 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01084-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S Typhi) and S. enterica serovar Paratyphi (S Paratyphi), is a common travel-related illness. Limited data are available on the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns of these serovars among travelers. Records of travelers with a culture-confirmed diagnosis seen during or after travel from January 2007 to December 2018 were obtained from GeoSentinel. Traveler demographics and antimicrobial susceptibility data were analyzed. Isolates were classified as nonsusceptible if intermediate or resistant or as susceptible in accordance with the participating site's national guidelines. A total of 889 travelers (S Typhi infections, n = 474; S Paratyphi infections, n = 414; coinfection, n = 1) were included; 114 (13%) were children of <18 years old. Most individuals (41%) traveled to visit friends and relatives (VFRs) and acquired the infection in South Asia (71%). Child travelers with S Typhi infection were most frequently VFRs (77%). The median trip duration was 31 days (interquartile range, 18 to 61 days), and 448 of 691 travelers (65%) had no pretravel consultation. Of 143 S Typhi and 75 S Paratyphi isolates for which there were susceptibility data, nonsusceptibility to antibiotics varied (fluoroquinolones, 65% and 56%, respectively; co-trimoxazole, 13% and 0%; macrolides, 8% and 16%). Two S Typhi isolates (1.5%) from India were nonsusceptible to third-generation cephalosporins. S Typhi fluoroquinolone nonsusceptibility was highest when infection was acquired in South Asia (70 of 90 isolates; 78%) and sub-Saharan Africa (6 of 10 isolates; 60%). Enteric fever is an important travel-associated illness complicated by AMR. Our data contribute to a better understanding of region-specific AMR, helping to inform empirical treatment options. Prevention measures need to focus on high-risk travelers including VFRs and children.
Collapse
|
24
|
Yap N, Purcell R, Buttery J. Pre-traveller typhoid vaccinations for Australian children visiting friends and relatives overseas. A call to (inject) arms. J Paediatr Child Health 2020; 56:956-958. [PMID: 32043295 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Yap
- Department of Paediatric Infection and Immunity, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachael Purcell
- Department of Paediatric Infection and Immunity, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jim Buttery
- Department of Paediatric Infection and Immunity, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Biber A, Nof E, Schwartz E. Cardiac Involvement in Travelers with Enteric Fever. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:1098-1100. [PMID: 30860011 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Data regarding cardiac involvement in enteric fever among travelers are scarce. In this retrospective study, 59 patients were hospitalized with enteric fever during 2004-2017 and 28 had cardiac workups. Among those, four had evidence of cardiac involvement, including clinical myocarditis, electrocardiogram changes, or troponin elevation. Cardiac involvement was higher among patients infected with Salmonella Typhi than with Salmonella Paratyphi A (P = 0.08), with a significant relative risk of 6 (95% CI: 1.15-31.22, P = 0.03). Time from symptoms onset to effective treatment was longer for patients with cardiac involvement (13 versus 7.15 days, P < 0.05). It seems that cardiac involvement in enteric fever is not uncommon in travelers. Such involvement seems to be more common in patients with delay of effective treatment to the second week of illness. Although fatal or complicated cases are rare in travelers, the cardiac complication may be an important contributor to morbidity and mortality in this group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Biber
- The Center for Geographic Medicine and Tropical Diseases, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Eyal Nof
- Leviev Heart Center, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Eli Schwartz
- The Center for Geographic Medicine and Tropical Diseases, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
[Epidemiology profil of fever typhoid in Meknes (Morocco) 2013-2016]. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2020; 68:45-49. [PMID: 31917023 DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Twenty million cases of typhoid and paratyphoid fever (TF) are observed annually worldwide with more than 200,000deaths. These fevers occur in areas where hygiene is precarious, mainly in developing countries. The objective of this study was to describe epidemiological patterns of TF in Meknes, Morocco in order to improve preventive measures. METHODS We conducted a case series study based on data from 2013 to 2016 in the Meknes TF surveillance system. Data collected included socio-demographic variables, place of residence, season, mode of water supply, and food consumed. Diagnosis of TF was confirmed with the Widal test. Data were analyzed with Epi-info version 7 and mapping was done with Qgis version 2.18.1. RESULTS Three hundred and twenty-two cases were reported with a male/female sex ratio of 0.9. Average age was 26±20years. Incidence increased from 13 per 100.000inhabitants in 2013 to 8 per 100.000 inhabitants in 2016. Two hundred and seventy-nine (87%) cases occurred in urban areas and 174 (54%) cases developed in summer. One death was recorded. CONCLUSION Public awareness campaigns on health education for hygiene are needed. Focus should be placed on transmission by food handlers.
Collapse
|
27
|
Barathy C, Malini A, Madhusudan NS, Johnson C. Clinical and microbiological profile of enteric fever among pediatric patients in a tertiary care center in South India: A cross-sectional study. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/jcls.jcls_17_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
28
|
AMICIZIA D, MICALE R, PENNATI B, ZANGRILLO F, IOVINE M, LECINI E, MARCHINI F, LAI P, PANATTO D. Burden of typhoid fever and cholera: similarities and differences. Prevention strategies for European travelers to endemic/epidemic areas. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2019; 60:E271-E285. [PMID: 31967084 PMCID: PMC6953460 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2019.60.4.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The burden of diarrheal diseases is very high, accounting for 1.7 to 5 billion cases per year worldwide. Typhoid fever (TF) and cholera are potentially life-threatening infectious diseases, and are mainly transmitted through the consumption of food, drink or water that have been contaminated by the feces or urine of subjects excreting the pathogen. TF is mainly caused by Salmonella typhi, whereas cholera is caused by intestinal infection by the toxin-producing bacterium Vibrio cholerae. These diseases typically affect low- and middle-income countries where housing is overcrowded and water and sanitation are poor, or where conflicts or natural disasters have led to the collapse of the water, sanitation and healthcare systems. Mortality is higher in children under 5 years of age. Regarding their geographical distribution, TF has a high incidence in sub-Saharan Africa, India and south-east Asia, while cholera has a high incidence in a few African countries, particularly in the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. In the fight against these diseases, preventive measures are fundamental. With modern air travel, transmissible diseases can spread across continents and oceans in a few days, constituting a threat to global public health. Nowadays, people travel for many reasons, such as tourism and business. Several surveys have shown that a high proportion of travelers lack adequate information on safety issues, such as timely vaccination and prophylactic medications. The main objective of this overview is to provide information to help European travelers to stay healthy while abroad, and thus also to reduce the potential importation of these diseases and their consequent implications for public health and society. The preventive measures to be implemented in the case of travel to countries where these diseases are still endemic are well known: the adoption of safe practices and vaccinations. It is important to stress that an effective preventive strategy should be based both on vaccinations and on hygiene travel guidelines. Furthermore, the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains is becoming a serious problem in the clinical treatment of these diseases. For this reason, vaccination is the main solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - D. PANATTO
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Park HR, Kim DM, Yun NR, Kim CM. Identifying the mechanism underlying treatment failure for Salmonella Paratyphi A infection using next-generation sequencing – a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:191. [PMID: 30808284 PMCID: PMC6390365 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3821-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
30
|
Kaur A, Ruhela A, Sharma P, Khariwal H, Seth S, Kumar A, Kapil A, Elangovan R, Kalyanasundaram D. Simultaneous and high sensitive detection of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi a in human clinical blood samples using an affordable and portable device. Biomed Microdevices 2019; 21:95. [PMID: 31707575 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-019-0441-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Enteric fever is one of the leading causes of infection and subsequent fatality (greater than 1.8 million) (WHO 2018), especially in the developing countries due to contaminated water and food inter twinned with unhygienic practices. Clinical gold standard technique of culture-based method followed by biochemical tests demand 72+ hours for diagnosis while newly developed techniques (like PCR, RT-PCR, DNA microarray etc.) suffer from high limit of detection or involve high-cost infrastructure or both. In this work, a quick and highly specific method, SMOL was established for simultaneous detection of Salmonella paratyphi A and Salmonella typhi in clinical blood samples. SMOL consists of (i) pre-concentration of S. typhi and S. paratyphi A cells using magnetic nanoparticles followed by (ii) cell lysis and DNA extraction (iii) amplification of select nucleic acids by LAMP technique and (iv) detection of amplified nucleic acids using an affordable portable device (costs less than $70). To identify the viability of target cells at lower concentrations, the samples were processed at two different time periods of t = 0 and t = 4 h. Primers specific for the SPA2539 gene in S. paratyphi A and STY2879 gene in S. typhi were used for LAMP. Within 6 h SMOL was able to detect positive and negative samples from 55 human clinical blood culture samples and detect the viability of the cells. The results were concordant with culture and biochemical tests as well as by qPCR. Statistical power analysis yielded 100%. SMOL results were concordant with culture and biochemical tests as well as by qPCR. The sensitive and affordable system SMOL will be effective for poor resource settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kaur
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Ankur Ruhela
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Harshit Khariwal
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Sagar Seth
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Arti Kapil
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ravikrishnan Elangovan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Dinesh Kalyanasundaram
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kumar A, Allison A, Henry M, Scales A, Fouladkhah AC. Development of Salmonellosis as Affected by Bioactive Food Compounds. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090364. [PMID: 31540475 PMCID: PMC6780870 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Salmonella serovars are the leading cause of foodborne hospitalizations and deaths in Americans, extensively prevalent worldwide, and pose a considerable financial burden on public health infrastructure and private manufacturing. While a comprehensive review is lacking for delineating the role of dietary components on prevention of Salmonellosis, evidence for the role of diet for preventing the infection and management of Salmonellosis symptoms is increasing. The current study is an evaluation of preclinical and clinical studies and their underlying mechanisms to elaborate the efficacy of bioactive dietary components for augmenting the prevention of Salmonella infection. Studies investigating dietary components such as fibers, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds, and probiotics exhibited efficacy of dietary compounds against Salmonellosis through manipulation of host bile acids, mucin, epithelial barrier, innate and adaptive immunity and gut microbiota as well as impacting the cellular signaling cascades of the pathogen. Pre-clinical studies investigating synergism and/or antagonistic activities of various bioactive compounds, additional randomized clinical trials, if not curtailed by lack of equipoise and ethical concerns, and well-planned epidemiological studies could augment the development of a validated and evidence-based guideline for mitigating the public health burden of human Salmonellosis through dietary compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Abimbola Allison
- Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Monica Henry
- Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Anita Scales
- Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Aliyar Cyrus Fouladkhah
- Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
- Cooperative Extension Program, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cheng RA, Eade CR, Wiedmann M. Embracing Diversity: Differences in Virulence Mechanisms, Disease Severity, and Host Adaptations Contribute to the Success of Nontyphoidal Salmonella as a Foodborne Pathogen. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1368. [PMID: 31316476 PMCID: PMC6611429 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Not all Salmonella enterica serovars cause the same disease. S. enterica represents an incredibly diverse species comprising >2,600 unique serovars. While some S. enterica serovars are host-restricted, others infect a wide range of hosts. The diseases that nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars cause vary considerably, with some serovars being significantly more likely to cause invasive disease in humans than others. Furthermore, while genomic analyses have advanced our understanding of the genetic diversity of these serovars, they have not been able to fully account for the observed clinical differences. One overarching challenge is that much of what is known about Salmonella's general biology and virulence strategies is concluded from studies examining a select few serovars, especially serovar Typhimurium. As targeted control strategies have been implemented to control select serovars, an increasing number of foodborne outbreaks involving serovars that are less frequently associated with human clinical illness are being detected. Harnessing what is known about the diversity of NTS serovars represents an important factor in achieving the ultimate goal of reducing salmonellosis-associated morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this review we summarize the current understanding of the differences and similarities among NTS serovars, highlighting the virulence mechanisms, genetic differences, and sources that characterize S. enterica diversity and contribute to its success as a foodborne pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Cheng
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Colleen R. Eade
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Day MR, Doumith M, Do Nascimento V, Nair S, Ashton PM, Jenkins C, Dallman TJ, Stevens FJ, Freedman J, Hopkins KL, Woodford N, De Pinna EM, Godbole G. Comparison of phenotypic and WGS-derived antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:365-372. [PMID: 29216342 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi is essential to provide an evidence base for empirical treatment protocols and to monitor emerging AMR. We sought to compare phenotypic and WGS-based genotypic methods for the detection of AMR in Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi. Methods WGS data from 603 isolates of Salmonella Typhi (n = 332) and Salmonella Paratyphi (n = 271) were mapped to genes or chromosomal mutations known to be associated with phenotypic AMR and compared with phenotypic susceptibility data interpreted using breakpoints recommended by EUCAST. Results There were two (0.03%) discordant interpretations out of a possible 6030 isolate/antimicrobial class combinations. MDR (resistant to three or more classes of antimicrobial) was detected in 83/332 (25.0%) Salmonella Typhi isolates, but was not detected in Salmonella Paratyphi. Thirty-six (10.8%) isolates of Salmonella Typhi were resistant to ciprofloxacin (MIC >0.5 mg/L), with 33 (9.9%) of 332 exhibiting mutations in gyrA and parC, and 244 (73.5%) isolates had reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MIC 0.06-0.25 mg/L). In comparison, 209/227 (92.1%) isolates of Salmonella Paratyphi A exhibited resistance to ciprofloxacin (MIC >0.5 mg/L). No resistance to azithromycin or the third-generation cephalosporins was detected. Conclusions WGS data provided a robust and informative approach for monitoring MDR and emerging resistance to ciprofloxacin in Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi. Phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing continues to be performed to guide targeted individual patient treatment, but inferred AMR profiles from WGS data may be used for surveillance and to guide empirical therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Day
- Bacteriology Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Michel Doumith
- Bacteriology Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Vivienne Do Nascimento
- Bacteriology Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Satheesh Nair
- Bacteriology Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Philip M Ashton
- Bacteriology Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Claire Jenkins
- Bacteriology Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Timothy J Dallman
- Bacteriology Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Flora J Stevens
- Travel and Migrant Health Section, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Joanne Freedman
- Travel and Migrant Health Section, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Katie L Hopkins
- Bacteriology Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Neil Woodford
- Bacteriology Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Elizabeth M De Pinna
- Bacteriology Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Gauri Godbole
- Bacteriology Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Blumentrath CG, Müller G, Teichmann D, Tiesmeier J, Petridou J. Relapse of typhoid fever following delayed response to meropenem: A case report and review of previously published cases indicating limited clinical efficacy of meropenem for the treatment of typhoid fever. GERMAN MEDICAL SCIENCE : GMS E-JOURNAL 2019; 17:Doc01. [PMID: 30837820 PMCID: PMC6388674 DOI: 10.3205/000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In times of emerging multi-drug resistance among Gram-negative bacteria (including Salmonella enterica, Serovar Typhi), we observed relapse of typhoid fever following delayed response to treatment with meropenem, suggestive for limited clinical efficacy of the drug. Three previously published cases supported our suspicion. Within this context, we discuss the case details with a focus on potential explanations for insufficient clinical response to meropenem (e.g. limited intracellular penetration, phenomena of tolerance and persistence). Meropenem is a last-resort antimicrobial agent for the treatment of multi-drug resistant Gram-negative infections. Reliable clinical data evaluating the efficacy of meropenem for the treatment of typhoid fever are urgently needed. Future clinical studies evaluating typhoid fever outcome should also investigate the impact of (i) intracellular penetration of antibiotics, and (ii) tolerance and persistence on outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Blumentrath
- Clinic for Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Lippe Detmold, Germany
| | - Gernot Müller
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Germany
| | - Dieter Teichmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Tiesmeier
- Institute of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, General Hospital Lübbecke-Rahden, Germany
| | - Jasmina Petridou
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Minden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Liaquat S, Sarwar Y, Ali A, Haque A, Farooq M, Martinez-Ballesteros I, Laorden L, Garaizar J, Bikandi J. Virulotyping of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates from Pakistan: Absence of complete SPI-10 in Vi negative isolates. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006839. [PMID: 30500817 PMCID: PMC6267989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the cause of typhoid fever in humans, is mainly attributed to the acquisition of horizontally acquired DNA elements. Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) are indubitably the most important form of horizontally acquired DNA with respect to pathogenesis of this bacterium. The insertion or deletion of any of these transferrable SPIs may have impact on the virulence potential of S. Typhi. In this study, the virulence potential and genetic relatedness of 35 S. Typhi isolates, collected from 2004 to 2013 was determined by identification of SPI and non-SPI virulence factors through a combination of techniques including virulotyping, Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS), and Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR) profiling. In order to determine the virulence potential of local S. Typhi isolates, 56 virulence related genes were studied by PCR. These genes are located in the core as well as accessory genome (SPIs and plasmid). Major variations among studied virulence determinants were found in case of SPI-7 and SPI-10 associated genes. On the basis of presence of virulence related genes, the studied S. Typhi isolates from Pakistan were clustered into two virulotypes Vi-positive and Vi-negative. Interestingly, SPI-7 and SPI-10 were collectively absent or present in Vi-negative and Vi-positive strains, respectively. Two Vi-negative and 11 Vi-positive S. Typhi strains were also analyzed by whole genome sequencing (WGS) and their results supported the PCR results. Genetic diversity was tested by VNTR-based molecular typing. All 35 isolates were clustered into five groups. Overall, all Vi-negative isolates were placed in a single group (T5) whereas Vi-positive isolates were grouped into four types. Vi-negative and Vi-positive isolates were mutually exclusive. This is the first report on the comparative distribution of SPI and non-SPI related virulence genes in Vi-negative and Vi-positive S. Typhi isolates with an important finding that SPI-10 is absent in all Vi-negative isolates. The distribution of virulence factors in S. Typhi can vary in isolates from different geographical regions and can have significant effect on the disease control. In this study, we have checked the distribution of 56 reported virulence associated factors in 35 local isolates of S. Typhi to identify any variations that can help in designing effective control strategies for typhoid. We have identified four naturally occurring variants which are simultaneously lacking SPI-7 and SPI-10, two adjacently located pathogenicity islands on S. Typhi chromosome. These isolates are not producing Vi capsular antigen hence the Vi based vaccines will not be effective against them. These findings highlight the need to develop typhoid vaccines specifically effective in Pakistan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Liaquat
- Enteric Pathogen Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan affiliated with Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
- Departments of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasra Sarwar
- Enteric Pathogen Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan affiliated with Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
| | - Aamir Ali
- Enteric Pathogen Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan affiliated with Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Haque
- Akhuwat Faisalabad Institute For Research In Science And Technology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Enteric Pathogen Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan affiliated with Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ilargi Martinez-Ballesteros
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country, (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Lorena Laorden
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country, (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Javier Garaizar
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country, (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Joseba Bikandi
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country, (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gu H, Yan C, Jiang Z, Li X, Chen E, Jiang J, Jiang Q, Zhou Y. Epidemiological Trend of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers in Zhejiang Province, China from 1953 to 2014. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112427. [PMID: 30388758 PMCID: PMC6266170 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background: The incidences of typhoid and paratyphoid remain high and these diseases still pose a public health problem in China and in Zhejiang Province in particular. This study aimed to investigate the trend of typhoid and paratyphoid in Zhejiang Province from 1953 to 2014 and to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of these diseases. Methods: Included in this study were compiled epidemiological data of typhoid and paratyphoid cases in Zhejiang from 1953 to 2003 and epidemiological data of those from 2004 to 2014 registered in the China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention. Description methods were employed to explore the epidemiological characteristics, including long-term trend, gender distribution, age distribution, and occupation distribution. Incidence maps were made to represent the annual average incidences for each municipality. Spearman’s rank correlation was performed to detect the correlation between incidence and average elevation, and circular distribution was calculated to identify the seasonality and peak days of the diseases. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 182,602 typhoid and paratyphoid cases were reported in Zhejiang Province from 1953 to 2014, and the average annual incidence was 7.89 per 100,000 population. The incidence in 2014 decreased by 93.82% compared with that in 1953 and by 95.00% compared with the highest incidence rate. The average incidence before 2003 was negatively correlated with the average elevation of each region in Zhejiang province (r < 0, p < 0.05), but there was no statistically significant correlation from 2003. The peak period of diseases fell in the months from April to October every year. The incidence among the population group aged over 35 rose gradually but declined sharply among those between 20 and 34. Conclusions: The incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid decreased in Zhejiang Province from 1953 to 2014 but remained high in some regions. Proper measures for prevention and control are warranted in the southeast coast areas and for high-risk populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Gu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Medical Science Technology & Education, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Congcong Yan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Zhenggang Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China.
| | - Xiuyang Li
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Enfu Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China.
| | - Jianmin Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China.
| | - Qingwu Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yibiao Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chien SC, Iap TH, Chiu YR, Shie SS, Chen CJ. Microbiological features of indigenous typhoid cases in Taiwan and relatedness to imported cases, 2001-2014: A cross-sectional analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2018; 27:92-98. [PMID: 30300755 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhoid fever was rare in Taiwan but approximately two-thirds of the cases were indigenous. The transmission source of the indigenous cases and the relatedness to the imported cases remained unknown. METHODS Patients with any site culture positive for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi were identified in a teaching hospital during 2001-2014. The isolates were determined for antibiotic susceptibilities, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) types and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) types. RESULTS A total of 64 typhoid episodes were identified in 63 patients. Seventeen episodes (26.6%) were imported and a majority (10, 58.8%) of them were from Indonesia. The clinical manifestations, outcomes of patients and antibiograms of isolates were similar between indigenous and imported cases. 63.3% of the isolates were ciprofloxacin-resistant. The distributions of PFGE and SNP types did not differ significantly between indigenous and imported isolates, either (P = 0.191 and 0.124, respectively). Identical PFGE pattern could be identified in indigenous isolates appearing at certain time frames, indicating outbreaks due to local transmission of certain Typhi strains. CONCLUSIONS The imported cases of typhoid fever from Southeast Asia were the major sources of indigenous S. Typhi infections in Taiwan. Small-scale outbreaks occurred due to local transmission of the strains after their importation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Chieh Chien
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Him Iap
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Rong Chiu
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shian-Sen Shie
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jung Chen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
dos Santos AMP, Ferrari RG, Conte-Junior CA. Virulence Factors in Salmonella Typhimurium: The Sagacity of a Bacterium. Curr Microbiol 2018; 76:762-773. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-018-1510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
39
|
Zuckerman JN, Hatz C, Kantele A. Review of current typhoid fever vaccines, cross-protection against paratyphoid fever, and the European guidelines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 16:1029-1043. [PMID: 28856924 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1374861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Typhoid and paratyphoid fever remain a global health problem, which - in non-endemic countries - are mainly seen in travelers, particularly in VFRs (visiting friends and relatives), with occasional local outbreaks occurring. A rise in anti-microbial resistance emphasizes the role of preventive measures, especially vaccinations against typhoid and paratyphoid fever for travelers visiting endemic countries. Areas covered: This state-of-the-art review recapitulates the epidemiology and mechanisms of disease of typhoid and paratyphoid fever, depicts the perspective of non-endemic countries and travelers (VFRs), and collectively presents current European recommendations for typhoid fever vaccination. We provide a brief overview of available (and developmental) vaccines in Europe, present current data on cross-protection to S. Paratyphi, and aim to provide a background for typhoid vaccine decision-making in travelers. Expert commentary: European recommendations are not harmonized. Experts must assess vaccination of travelers based on current country-specific recommendations. Travel health practitioners should be aware of the issues surrounding vaccination of travelers and be motivated to increase awareness of typhoid and paratyphoid fever risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane N Zuckerman
- a Department of Infection and Immunity , Royal Free London Travel Health and Immunisation Clinic , London , UK
| | - Christoph Hatz
- b Department of Medicine and Diagnostics , Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , Basel , Switzerland.,c Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Anu Kantele
- d Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,e Inflammation Center, Division of Infectious Diseases , Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland.,f Unit of Infectious Diseases , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zmora N, Shrestha S, Neuberger A, Paran Y, Tamrakar R, Shrestha A, Madhup SK, Bedi TRS, Koju R, Schwartz E. Open label comparative trial of mono versus dual antibiotic therapy for Typhoid Fever in adults. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006380. [PMID: 29684022 PMCID: PMC5912710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging resistance to antibiotics renders therapy of Typhoid Fever (TF) increasingly challenging. The current single-drug regimens exhibit prolonged fever clearance time (FCT), imposing a great burden on both patients and health systems, and potentially contributing to the development of antibiotic resistance and the chronic carriage of the pathogens. The aim of our study was to assess the efficacy of combining third-generation cephalosporin therapy with azithromycin on the outcomes of TF in patients living in an endemic region. Methods An open-label, comparative trial was conducted at Dhulikhel Hospital, Nepal, between October 2012 and October 2014. Only culture-confirmed TF cases were eligible. Patients were alternately allocated to one of four study arms: hospitalized patients received either intravenous ceftriaxone or a combination of ceftriaxone and oral azithromycin, while outpatients received either oral azithromycin or a combination of oral azithromycin and cefexime. The primary outcome evaluated was FCT and the secondary outcomes included duration of bacteremia. Results 105 blood culture-confirmed patients, of whom 51 were treated as outpatients, were eligible for the study. Of the 88 patients who met the inclusion criteria for FCT analysis 41 patients received a single-agent regimen, while 47 patients received a combined regimen. Results showed that FCT was significantly shorter for the latter (95 versus 88 hours, respectively, p = 0·004), and this effect was exhibited in both the hospitalized and the outpatient sub-groups. Repeat blood cultures, drawn on day 3, were positive for 8/47 (17%) patients after monotherapy, versus 2/51 (4%) after combination therapy (p = 0·045). No severe complications or fatalities occurred in any of the groups. Conclusions Combined therapy of third-generation cephalosporins and azithromycin for TF may surpass monotherapy in terms of FCT and time to elimination of bacteremia. Trial registration Trial registration number: NCT02224040. Typhoid fever (TF) is a serious disease and the most common etiology of bloodstream infections in febrile patients in the Indian subcontinent. Before the advent of antibiotics its mortality rate reached up to 40%, and dropped dramatically upon their introduction. However, over the last decades multidrug-resistant strains have emerged, further posing a challenge to the treatment of TF. Here, we propose a novel treatment approach, combining azithromycin and a third-generation cephalosporin, two antibiotic agents, which act synergistically on the two niches occupied by the bacteria, the intra- and the extra-cellular compartments respectively. In our study of a rural Nepalese population with culture-confirmed TF, we have shown that dual therapy was superior to monotherapy in terms of time to defervescence and bacteremia elimination, both in outpatient and inpatient settings. We hence advocate the combination of these two antibiotics as a more effective therapeutic strategy than the current standard of care, and suggest that such approach may shorten patients’ hospital stay, and reduce both pathogen carriage rates and the development of antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niv Zmora
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sudeep Shrestha
- Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Ami Neuberger
- Travel Medicine & Tropical Diseases and Internal Medicine B, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yael Paran
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Ashish Shrestha
- Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | | | - T. R. S. Bedi
- Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Rajendra Koju
- Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Eli Schwartz
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Center for Geographic Medicine and Tropical Diseases, the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pommelet V, Mariani P, Basmaci R, Tourdjman M, Morin L, Gaschignard J, de Lauzanne A, Lemaitre C, Bonacorsi S, Faye A. Enteric fever among children: 50 cases in a French tertiary care centre. J Travel Med 2018; 25:5061326. [PMID: 30060197 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/tay059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric fever in France is primarily travel-associated. Characteristics of paediatric cases are scarce and information from field studies in endemic countries might not be generalizable to non-endemic countries. METHODS In this retrospective study, we reviewed all cases of typhoid and paratyphoid fever treated in a French paediatric tertiary care centre from 1993 to 2015. RESULTS Fifty cases of enteric fever due to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (n = 44) and Paratyphi (n = 6) were identified. Sixty-one percent of the children had travelled to Africa and 34% to the Indian subcontinent. Among travel-associated cases, 85% were visiting friends and relatives (VFR). Ninety-six percent had high fever associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. Anaemia (66%), elevated C-reactive protein (80%), transaminitis (87%) and mild hyponatremia (50%) were the main biological findings. Blood cultures were positive in 90% of cases. Twelve strains (24%) were resistant at least to one antibiotic, and all of them had been isolated since 2003, increasing the resistance rate during this last period to 43% (12/28). Ceftriaxone was administered to 71 patients for a median duration of 6 days (interquartile range (IQR): 4-8). The median time to apyrexia after the onset of treatment was 4 days (IQR: 2-5 days). Complications occurred in nine children with five (10%) presenting neurologic disorders. All 50 patients recovered. CONCLUSION In France, paediatric enteric fever is mainly a travel-associated disease and occurs in patients returning from a prolonged stay in an endemic area. Children VFR are at high risk and should be a priority target group for pre-travel preventive measures. The increase in antibiotic resistance reflects the situation in endemic countries and is a major concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Pommelet
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pédiatrie Générale, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Mariani
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Laboratoire de microbiologie, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France.,IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris, France
| | - Romain Basmaci
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pédiatrie Générale, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 1123 ECEVE, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Tourdjman
- Département des maladies infectieuses, unité des infections alimentaires, zoonotiques et vectorielles, Santé publique France, the French Public Health Agency, France
| | - Laurence Morin
- Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d'Accueil des Urgences, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France
| | - Jean Gaschignard
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pédiatrie Générale, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France
| | - Agathe de Lauzanne
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pédiatrie Générale, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Lemaitre
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pédiatrie Générale, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Bonacorsi
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Laboratoire de microbiologie, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France.,IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris, France
| | - Albert Faye
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pédiatrie Générale, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 1123 ECEVE, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
A brief review on the immunological scenario and recent developmental status of vaccines against enteric fever. Vaccine 2017; 35:6359-6366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
44
|
Suwarto S, Adlani H, Nainggolan L, Rumende CM, Soebandrio A. Laboratory parameters for predicting Salmonella bacteraemia: a prospective cohort study. Trop Doct 2017; 48:124-127. [PMID: 28959915 DOI: 10.1177/0049475517734118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Blood cultures for a definitive diagnosis of typhoid fever takes time and are not routinely available. We thus investigated laboratory parameters to predict Salmonella bacteraemia. We conducted a prospective cohort study in Jakarta, Indonesia. Patients with suspected typhoid fever admitted to hospital from October 2014 to December 2016 were included. Out of 187 individuals, 27 had Salmonella typhi and 12 had S. paratyphi in blood cultures. Absolute eosinopenia, elevated aspartate aminotransferase and elevated C-reactive protein > 40 mg/L were positive predictors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suhendro Suwarto
- 1 Senior Lecturer, Division of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hadianti Adlani
- 2 Associate Lecturer, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Leonard Nainggolan
- 3 Lecturer, Division of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Cleopas Martin Rumende
- 4 Senior Lecturer, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Amin Soebandrio
- 5 Professor, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia.,5 Professor, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tau NP, Smith AM, Wain JR, Tarupiwa A, Coulibaly KJ, Keddy KH, Germs-Sa. Development and evaluation of a multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeats analysis assay for subtyping Salmonella Typhi strains from sub-Saharan Africa. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:937-945. [PMID: 28721851 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Molecular epidemiological investigations of the highly clonal Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) are important in outbreak detection and in tracking disease transmission. In this study, we developed and evaluated a multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeats (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) assay for characterization of S. Typhi isolates from sub-Saharan Africa. METHODOLOGY Twelve previously reported VNTR loci were evaluated and an MLVA assay consisting of five polymorphic loci was adopted. The MLVA assay was developed for use on capillary electrophoresis systems by testing a collection of 50 S. Typhi isolates. This S. Typhi strain panel consisted of six outbreak related isolates and 44 epidemiologically unlinked isolates. Amongst these were nine S.Typhi haplotype H58 isolates. RESULTS The MLVA assay characterized the 50 isolates into 47 MLVA profiles while PFGE analysis of the same isolates revealed 34 pulsotypes. MLVA displayed higher discriminatory power (Simpson's index of diversity (DI) 0.998 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.995-1.000)] as compared to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [Simpson's DI 0.984 (95 % CI 0.974-0.994)]. CONCLUSION The MLVA assay presented in this study is a simple, rapid and more accessible tool that serves as a good alternative to other molecular subtyping methods for S. Typhi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nomsa P Tau
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for Enteric Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anthony M Smith
- Centre for Enteric Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Andrew Tarupiwa
- National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Kalpy J Coulibaly
- Unit of Chemistry and Environmental Microbiology, Pasteur Institute, Ivory Coast
| | - Karen H Keddy
- Centre for Enteric Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Castelli F, Pavli A, Giorgetti PF. Southern Europe. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119085751.ch19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Castelli
- University Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseaases; University of Brescia; Brescia Italy
| | - Androula Pavli
- Hellenic Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Athens Greece
| | - Pier Francesco Giorgetti
- University Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseaases; University of Brescia; Brescia Italy
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Dyson ZA, Thanh DP, Bodhidatta L, Mason CJ, Srijan A, Rabaa MA, Vinh PV, Thanh TH, Thwaites GE, Baker S, Holt KE. Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of Salmonella Typhi Isolated in Thailand before and after the Introduction of a National Immunization Program. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005274. [PMID: 28060810 PMCID: PMC5245908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines against Salmonella Typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, are commonly used by travellers, however, there are few examples of national immunization programs in endemic areas. There is therefore a paucity of data on the impact of typhoid immunization programs on localised populations of S. Typhi. Here we have used whole genome sequencing (WGS) to characterise 44 historical bacterial isolates collected before and after a national typhoid immunization program that was implemented in Thailand in 1977 in response to a large outbreak; the program was highly effective in reducing typhoid case numbers. Thai isolates were highly diverse, including 10 distinct phylogenetic lineages or genotypes. Novel prophage and plasmids were also detected, including examples that were previously only reported in Shigella sonnei and Escherichia coli. The majority of S. Typhi genotypes observed prior to the immunization program were not observed following it. Post-vaccine era isolates were more closely related to S. Typhi isolated from neighbouring countries than to earlier Thai isolates, providing no evidence for the local persistence of endemic S. Typhi following the national immunization program. Rather, later cases of typhoid appeared to be caused by the occasional importation of common genotypes from neighbouring Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. These data show the value of WGS in understanding the impacts of vaccination on pathogen populations and provide support for the proposal that large-scale typhoid immunization programs in endemic areas could result in lasting local disease elimination, although larger prospective studies are needed to test this directly. Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. Typhoid fever is associated with inadequate hygiene in low-income settings and a lack of sanitation infrastructure. A sustained outbreak of typhoid fever occurred in Thailand in the 1970s, which peaked in 1975–1976. In response to this typhoid fever outbreak the government of Thailand initiated an immunization program, which resulted in a dramatic reduction in the number of typhoid cases in Thailand. To better understand the population of S. Typhi circulating in Thailand at this time, as well as the impact of the immunization program on the pathogen population, we sequenced the genomes of 44 S. Typhi obtained from hospitals in Thailand before and after the immunization program. The genome sequences showed that isolates of S. Typhi bacteria isolated from post-immunization era typhoid cases were likely imported from neighbouring countries, rather than strains that have persisted in Thailand throughout the immunization period. Our work provides the first historical insights into S. Typhi in Thailand during the 1970s, and provides a model for the impact of immunization on S. Typhi populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe A. Dyson
- Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (KEH); (ZAD)
| | - Duy Pham Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Carl Jeffries Mason
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apichai Srijan
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Maia A. Rabaa
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Phat Voong Vinh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tuyen Ha Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Guy E. Thwaites
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Baker
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn E. Holt
- Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (KEH); (ZAD)
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zuckerman JN. Travel Medicine. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
49
|
Suryapranata FST, Prins M, Sonder GJB. Low and declining attack rates of imported typhoid fever in the Netherlands 1997-2014, in spite of a restricted vaccination policy. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:731. [PMID: 27905890 PMCID: PMC5134084 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Typhoid fever mainly occurs in (sub) tropical regions where sanitary conditions remain poor. In other regions it occurs mainly among returning travelers or their direct contacts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current Dutch guidelines for typhoid vaccination. Method Crude annual attack rates (AR) per 100,000 Dutch travelers were calculated during the period 1997 to 2014 by dividing the number of typhoid fever cases by the estimated total number of travelers to a specific country or region. Regions of exposure and possible risk factors were evaluated. Results During the study period 607 cases of typhoid fever were reported. Most cases were imported from Asia (60%). Almost half of the cases were ethnically related to typhoid risk regions and 37% were cases visiting friends and relatives. The overall ARs for travelers to all regions declined significantly. Countries with the highest ARs were India (29 per 100,000), Indonesia (8 per 100,000), and Morocco (10 per 100,000). There was a significant decline in ARs among travelers to popular travel destinations such as Morocco, Turkey, and Indonesia. ARs among travelers to intermediate-risk areas according to the Dutch guidelines such as Latin America or Sub-Saharan Africa remained very low, despite the restricted vaccination policy for these areas compared to many other guidelines. Conclusion The overall AR of typhoid fever among travelers returning to the Netherlands is very low and has declined in the past 20 years. The Dutch vaccination policy not to vaccinate short-term travelers to Latin-America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Thailand and Malaysia seems to be justified, because the ARs for these destinations remain very low. These results suggest that further restriction of the Dutch vaccination policy is justified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F S T Suryapranata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service (GGD) of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 100, PO Box 2200, 1000 CE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,National Coordination Centre for Travellers' Health Advice (LCR), Nieuwe Achtergracht 100, PO Box 1008, 1000 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M Prins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service (GGD) of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 100, PO Box 2200, 1000 CE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G J B Sonder
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service (GGD) of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 100, PO Box 2200, 1000 CE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,National Coordination Centre for Travellers' Health Advice (LCR), Nieuwe Achtergracht 100, PO Box 1008, 1000 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Requena-Méndez A, Berrocal M, Almela M, Soriano A, Gascón J, Muñoz J. Enteric fever in Barcelona: Changing patterns of importation and antibiotic resistance. Travel Med Infect Dis 2016; 14:577-582. [PMID: 27890811 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric fever's incidence is decreasing among residents of high-income countries, although it's rising in travelers coming from low-resource endemic settings. The study's aim is to describe epidemiological, clinical and laboratory features of patients with enteric fever. METHODS Retrospective descriptive study of enteric fever cases diagnosed at a Tropical Medicine Unit in Barcelona, 1993-2012. RESULTS Out of 40 patients, 31(77,5%) were returning travelers, and 70% of them had been in Southern Asia. In the rest of patients without an antecedent of a recent travel, the infection occurred mainly before year 2000. The more frequently reported symptoms were fever and diarrhea, lacking significant differences between S. typhi and S. paratyphi infections. Quinolones were used as empiric treatment in 47.2% of patients, 36.1% received 3rd generation cephalosporins, 2.78% azithromycin and 13.89% other combinations. Resistance to quinolones in the S. paratyphi group (66.7%) was significantly higher compared with the S. typhi group (20%) (p:0.02). 22.5% of patients had treatment failure and 23.6% patients presented complications, none of them had been previously vaccinated. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of enteric fever was more frequent among travelers coming from Southern-East Asia. Quinolone resistance is widely spread, particularly in S. paratyphi serotypes and should not be considered as first choice treatment anymore.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Requena-Méndez
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal-CRESIB, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Monica Berrocal
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal-CRESIB, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Almela
- Department of Microbiology (CDB), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Soriano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Gascón
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal-CRESIB, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Muñoz
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal-CRESIB, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|