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Cătană CS, Marta MM, Văleanu M, Dican L, Crișan CA. Human Leukocyte Antigen and microRNAs as Key Orchestrators of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8544. [PMID: 39126112 PMCID: PMC11312697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The expression of inflamma-miRs and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes could indicate mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We used international databases to conduct a systematic review of studies on HLA variants and a meta-analysis of research on microRNAs (miRNAs). We aimed to analyze the discriminative value of HLA variants and miRNAs in MCI, AD and controls to evaluate the protective or causative effect of HLA in cognitive decline, establish the role of miRNAs as biomarkers for the early detection of AD, and find a possible link between miRNAs and HLA. Statistical analysis was conducted using Comprehensive Meta-analysis software, version 2.2.050 (Biostat Inc., Englewood, NJ, USA). The effect sizes were estimated by the logarithm base 2 of the fold change. The systematic review revealed that some HLA variants, such as HLA-B*4402, HLA-A*33:01, HLA-A*33:01, HLA-DPB1, HLA-DR15, HLA-DQB1*03:03, HLA-DQB1*06:01, HLA-DQB1*03:01, SNPs on HLA-DRB1/DQB1, and HLA-DQA1, predisposed to cognitive decline before the occurrence of AD, while HLA-A1*01, HLA-DRB1∗13:02, HLA-DRB1*04:04, and HLA-DRB1*04:01 demonstrated a protective role. The meta-analysis identified let-7 and miR-15/16 as biomarkers for the early detection of AD. The association between these two miRNA families and the HLA variants that predispose to AD could be used for the early screening and prevention of MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sorina Cătană
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu-Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Monica Mihaela Marta
- Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu-Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Mădălina Văleanu
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu-Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Lucia Dican
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu-Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Clinical Institute of Urology and Renal Transplantation, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cătălina Angela Crișan
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu-Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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Yang L, He L, Bu Z, Xuan C, Yu C, Wu J. Serum Protein-Based Profiles for the Diagnostic Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2023; 38:15333175231220166. [PMID: 38041525 PMCID: PMC10693785 DOI: 10.1177/15333175231220166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determining a non-invasive, serum-based diagnostic panel for early diagnosis of AD will play a significant role in the prevention and treatment of the disease. METHODS We performed standardized clinical assessments and neuroimaging measurements in 45 patients with AD and an equal number of sex - and age-matched controls. 48 target peptides of 14 identified target proteins were quantitatively analyzed by PRM. RESULTS 8 protein markers were screened, including SAA4, PPBP, PF4, APOA4, F10, CPB2, C1S and IGHM. An diagnosis panel including 8 proteins and demographic characteristics markers respectively was found to be the robust with a AUC of 92.3%. CONCLUSIONS Our study developed a new panel including protein and demographic characteristics that could be used to distinguish AD from control candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang He
- Disease Control and Prevention Center of Zhuji, Zhuji, China
| | | | - Cheng Xuan
- Zhuji Second People’s Hospital, Zhuji, China
| | - Caiyan Yu
- Zhuji Second People’s Hospital, Zhuji, China
| | - Jiong Wu
- Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Kumar A, Janelidze S, Stomrud E, Palmqvist S, Hansson O, Mattsson-Carlgren N. β-Amyloid-Dependent and -Independent Genetic Pathways Regulating CSF Tau Biomarkers in Alzheimer Disease. Neurology 2022; 99:e476-e487. [PMID: 35641311 PMCID: PMC9421595 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Abnormal metabolism of β-amyloid (Aβ) and soluble phosphorylated tau (P-tau), as well as neurodegeneration, are key components of Alzheimer disease (AD), but it is unclear how these different processes are related to genetic risk factors for AD. METHODS In the Swedish BioFINDER study, we tested associations between a priori defined polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for AD (excluding single-nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] within the APOE region in the main analysis) and biomarkers in CSF (total tau [T-tau] and P-tau181; Aβ1-38, Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42, and Aβ1-42/1-40; and neurofilament light [NfL]) in cognitively unimpaired (CU) individuals (n = 751), and in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (n = 212) and AD dementia (n = 150). Results were validated in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative data set with 777 individuals (AD = 119, MCI = 442, and CU = 216). RESULTS PRSs with SNPs significant at p < 5e-03 (∼1,742 variants) were associated with higher CSF P-tau181 (β = 0.13, p = 5.6e-05) and T-tau (β = 0.12, p = 4.3e-04). The associations between PRS and tau measures were partly attenuated but remained significant after adjusting for Aβ status. Aβ pathology mediated 37% of the effect of this PRS on tau levels. Aβ-dependent and Aβ-independent subsets of the PRS were identified and characterized. There were also associations between PRSs and CSF Aβ biomarkers with nominal significance, but not when corrected for multiple comparisons. There were no associations between PRSs and CSF NfL. DISCUSSION Genetic pathways implicated in causing AD are related to altered levels of soluble tau through both Aβ-dependent and Aβ-independent mechanisms, which may have relevance for anti-tau drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kumar
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (A.K., S.J., E.S., S.P., O.H., N.M.-C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö; Memory Clinic (E.S., S.P., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö; Department of Neurology (N.M.-C.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (N.M.-C.), Lund University, Sweden.
| | - Shorena Janelidze
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (A.K., S.J., E.S., S.P., O.H., N.M.-C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö; Memory Clinic (E.S., S.P., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö; Department of Neurology (N.M.-C.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (N.M.-C.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Erik Stomrud
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (A.K., S.J., E.S., S.P., O.H., N.M.-C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö; Memory Clinic (E.S., S.P., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö; Department of Neurology (N.M.-C.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (N.M.-C.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Palmqvist
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (A.K., S.J., E.S., S.P., O.H., N.M.-C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö; Memory Clinic (E.S., S.P., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö; Department of Neurology (N.M.-C.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (N.M.-C.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hansson
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (A.K., S.J., E.S., S.P., O.H., N.M.-C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö; Memory Clinic (E.S., S.P., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö; Department of Neurology (N.M.-C.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (N.M.-C.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Niklas Mattsson-Carlgren
- From the Clinical Memory Research Unit (A.K., S.J., E.S., S.P., O.H., N.M.-C.), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö; Memory Clinic (E.S., S.P., O.H.), Skåne University Hospital, Malmö; Department of Neurology (N.M.-C.), Skåne University Hospital, Lund; and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (N.M.-C.), Lund University, Sweden
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Brisson M, Brodeur C, Létourneau‐Guillon L, Masellis M, Stoessl J, Tamm A, Zukotynski K, Ismail Z, Gauthier S, Rosa‐Neto P, Soucy J. CCCDTD5: Clinical role of neuroimaging and liquid biomarkers in patients with cognitive impairment. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2021; 6:e12098. [PMID: 33532543 PMCID: PMC7821956 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Since 1989, four Canadian Consensus Conferences on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia (CCCDTDs) have provided evidence-based dementia diagnostic and treatment guidelines for Canadian clinicians and researchers. We present the results from the Neuroimaging and Fluid Biomarkers Group of the 5th CCCDTD (CCCDTD5), which addressed topics chosen by the steering committee to reflect advances in the field and build on our previous guidelines. Recommendations on Imaging and Fluid Biomarker Use from this Conference cover a series of different fields. Prior structural imaging recommendations for both computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remain largely unchanged, but MRI is now more central to the evaluation than before, with suggested sequences described here. The use of visual rating scales for both atrophy and white matter anomalies is now included in our recommendations. Molecular imaging with [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]-FDG) Positron Emisson Tomography (PET) or [99mTc]-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime/ethylene cysteinate dimer ([99mTc]-HMPAO/ECD) Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT), should now decidedly favor PET. The value of [18F]-FDG PET in the assessment of neurodegenerative conditions has been established with greater certainty since the previous conference, and it has now been recognized as a useful biomarker to establish the presence of neurodegeneration by a number of professional organizations around the world. Furthermore, the role of amyloid PET has been clarified and our recommendations follow those from other groups in multiple countries. SPECT with [123I]-ioflupane (DaTscanTM) is now included as a useful study in differentiating Alzheimer's disease (AD) from Lewy body disease. Finally, liquid biomarkers are in a rapid phase of development and, could lead to a revolution in the assessment AD and other neurodegenerative conditions at a reasonable cost. We hope these guidelines will be useful for clinicians, researchers, policy makers, and the lay public, to inform a current and evidence-based approach to the use of neuroimaging and liquid biomarkers in clinical dementia evaluation and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Brisson
- Centre hospitalier de l'université de QuébecQuebec CityCanada
| | | | | | | | - Jon Stoessl
- Vancouver Coastal Health, University of British‐ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | | | | | - Zahinoor Ismail
- Department of Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and O'Brien Institute for Public HealthUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | | | - Pedro Rosa‐Neto
- McGill Center for Studies in AgingCanada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological InstituteMontrealCanada
| | - Jean‐Paul Soucy
- Centre hospitalier de l'université de MontréalMontrealCanada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological InstituteMontrealCanada
- PERFORM Center, Concordia UniversityMontrealCanada
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Galts CP, Bettio LE, Jewett DC, Yang CC, Brocardo PS, Rodrigues ALS, Thacker JS, Gil-Mohapel J. Depression in neurodegenerative diseases: Common mechanisms and current treatment options. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 102:56-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Alexopoulos P, Thierjung N, Economou P, Werle L, Buhl F, Kagerbauer S, Papanastasiou AD, Grimmer T, Gourzis P, Berthele A, Hemmer B, Kübler H, Martin J, Politis A, Perneczky R. Plasma Levels of Soluble AβPPβ as a Biomarker for Alzheimer's Disease with Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 69:83-90. [PMID: 30909232 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cost- and time-effective markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD), reliable and feasible at the population level are urgently needed. Soluble amyloid-β protein precursor β (sAβPPβ) in plasma has attracted scientific attention as a potential AD biomarker candidate. Here we report that plasma sAβPPβ levels in patients with AD dementia and typical for AD cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker profiles (N = 33) are significantly lower (p < 0.01) than those of cognitively healthy elderly individuals without AD (N = 39), while CSF sAβPPβ levels did not differ between the studied groups. This provides further evidence for the potential of sAβPPβ in plasma as an AD biomarker candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Alexopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Rion, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Nathalie Thierjung
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Polychronis Economou
- Department of Civil Engineering (Statistics), University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Lukas Werle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Buhl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Kagerbauer
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anastasios D Papanastasiou
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Patras, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Timo Grimmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Philippos Gourzis
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Rion, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Achim Berthele
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Hubert Kübler
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Martin
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonios Politis
- First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Psychiatry, Division of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatry, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, USA
| | - Robert Perneczky
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Ageing Epidemiology (AGE) Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
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Alexopoulos P, Thierjung N, Grimmer T, Ortner M, Economou P, Assimakopoulos K, Gourzis P, Politis A, Perneczky R. Cerebrospinal Fluid BACE1 Activity and sAβPPβ as Biomarker Candidates of Alzheimer's Disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2018; 45:152-161. [PMID: 29788013 DOI: 10.1159/000488481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The utility of β-site amyloid-β precursor protein (AβPP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) activity and soluble AβPP β (sAβPPβ) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in detecting Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still elusive. METHODS BACE1 activity and sAβPPβ concentration were measured in patients with AD dementia (n = 56) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD (n = 76) with abnormal routine AD CSF markers, in patients with MCI with normal CSF markers (n = 39), and in controls without preclinical AD (n = 48). In a subsample with available 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) data, ordinal regression models were employed to compare the contribution of BACE1 and sAβPPβ to correct diagnostic classification to that of FDG PET. RESULTS BACE1 activity was significantly higher in patients with MCI due to AD compared to both controls and patients with MCI with normal CSF markers. sAβPPβ did not differ between any of the studied groups. Interestingly, BACE1 activity was not found to be inferior to FDG PET as predictive covariate in differentiating between the diagnostic groups. CONCLUSIONS Further studies using biomarker-underpinned diagnoses are warranted to shed more light on the potential diagnostic utility of BACE1 activity as AD biomarker candidate in MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Alexopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Rion, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nathalie Thierjung
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Grimmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Ortner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Polychronis Economou
- Department of Civil Engineering (Statistics), University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Philippos Gourzis
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Rion, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Antonios Politis
- First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Psychiatry, Division of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatry, John's Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Perneczky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,West London Mental Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
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Yu S, Liu YP, Liu HL, Li J, Xiang Y, Liu YH, Jiao SS, Liu L, Wang Y, Fu W. Serum Protein-Based Profiles as Novel Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3999-4008. [PMID: 28567666 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As a multi-stage disorder, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is quickly becoming one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. Thus, a non-invasive, serum-based diagnostic platform is eagerly awaited. The goal of this study was to identify a serum-based biomarker panel using a predictive protein-based algorithm that is able to confidently distinguish AD patients from control subjects. One hundred and fifty-six patients with AD and the same number of gender- and age-matched control participants with standardized clinical assessments and neuroimaging measures were evaluated. Serum proteins of interest were quantified using a magnetic bead-based immunofluorescent assay, and a total of 33 analytes were examined. All of the subjects were then randomized into a training set containing 70% of the total samples and a validation set containing 30%, with each containing an equal number of AD and normal samples. Logistic regression and random forest analyses were then applied to develop a desirable algorithm for AD detection. The random forest method was found to generate a more robust predictive model than the logistic regression analysis. Furthermore, an eight-protein-based algorithm was found to be the most robust with a sensitivity of 97.7%, specificity of 88.6%, and AUC of 99%. Our study developed a novel eight-protein biomarker panel that can be used to distinguish AD and control multi-source candidates regardless of age. It is hoped that these results provide further insight into the applicability of serum-based screening methods and contribute to the development of lower-cost, less invasive methods for diagnosing AD and monitoring progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710000, China
| | - Yue-Ping Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, 477th Hospital of PLA, Xiangyang, Hubei Province, 400013, China
| | - Hai-Liang Liu
- CapitalBio Genomics Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong Province, 523808, China
| | - Jie Li
- CapitalBio Genomics Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong Province, 523808, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 100053, China
| | - Yu-Hui Liu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 100053, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Jiao
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 100053, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yajiang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 100053, China.
| | - Weiling Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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