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Liao K, Derbyshire S, Wang KF, Caucci C, Tang S, Holland C, Loercher A, Gunn GR. Detection of Memory B Activity Against a Therapeutic Protein in Treatment-Naïve Subjects. AAPS JOURNAL 2018; 20:51. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Xue L, Clements-Egan A, Amaravadi L, Birchler M, Gorovits B, Liang M, Myler H, Purushothama S, Manning MS, Sung C. Recommendations for the Assessment and Management of Pre-existing Drug-Reactive Antibodies During Biotherapeutic Development. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1576-1586. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Gorovits B, Clements-Egan A, Birchler M, Liang M, Myler H, Peng K, Purushothama S, Rajadhyaksha M, Salazar-Fontana L, Sung C, Xue L. Pre-existing Antibody: Biotherapeutic Modality-Based Review. AAPS J 2016; 18:311-20. [PMID: 26821802 PMCID: PMC4779092 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing antibodies to biotherapeutic drugs have been detected in drug-naïve subjects for a variety of biotherapeutic modalities. Pre-existing antibodies are immunoglobulins that are either specific or cross-reacting with a protein or glycan epitopes on a biotherapeutic compound. Although the exact cause for pre-existing antibodies is often unknown, environmental exposures to non-human proteins, glycans, and structurally similar products are frequently proposed as factors. Clinical consequences of the pre-existing antibodies vary from an adverse effect on patient safety to no impact at all and remain highly dependent on the biotherapeutic drug modality and therapeutic indication. As such, pre-existing antibodies are viewed as an immunogenicity risk factor requiring a careful evaluation. Herein, the relationships between biotherapeutic modalities to the nature, prevalence, and clinical consequences of pre-existing antibodies are reviewed. Initial evidence for pre-existing antibody is often identified during anti-drug antibody (ADA) assay development. Other interfering factors known to cause false ADA positive signal, including circulating multimeric drug target, rheumatoid factors, and heterophilic antibodies, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Gorovits
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, PDM, 1 Burtt Rd, Andover, MA, USA.
| | - Adrienne Clements-Egan
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC (Johnson & Johnson), Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Mary Birchler
- Clinical Immunology, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Meina Liang
- MedImmune, Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Heather Myler
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Analytical & Bioanalytical Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Kun Peng
- Genentech, BioAnalytical Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Manoj Rajadhyaksha
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Bioanalytical Sciences, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Laura Salazar-Fontana
- DSAR, Project Standards and Innovation, Immunology and Biomarkers, Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Crystal Sung
- DSAR, Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Li Xue
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, PDM, 1 Burtt Rd, Andover, MA, USA
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Cordy JC, Morley PJ, Wright TJ, Birchler MA, Lewis AP, Emmins R, Chen YZ, Powley WM, Bareille PJ, Wilson R, Tonkyn J, Bayliffe AI, Lazaar AL. Specificity of human anti-variable heavy (VH ) chain autoantibodies and impact on the design and clinical testing of a VH domain antibody antagonist of tumour necrosis factor-α receptor 1. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 182:139-48. [PMID: 26178412 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During clinical trials of a tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-R1 domain antibody (dAb™) antagonist (GSK1995057), infusion reactions consistent with cytokine release were observed in healthy subjects with high levels of a novel, pre-existing human anti-VH (HAVH) autoantibody. In the presence of HAVH autoantibodies, GSK1995057 induced cytokine release in vitro due to binding of HAVH autoantibodies to a framework region of the dAb. The epitope on GSK1995057 was characterized and dAbs with reduced binding to HAVH autoantibodies were generated; pharmacological comparability was determined in human in-vitro systems and in-vivo animal experiments. A Phase I clinical trial was conducted to investigate the safety and tolerability of the modified dAb (GSK2862277). A significant reduction in HAVH binding was achieved by adding a single alanine residue at the C-terminus to create GSK2862277. Screening a pool of healthy donors demonstrated a reduced frequency of pre-existing autoantibodies from 51% to 7%; in all other respects, GSK2862277 and the parent dAb were comparable. In the Phase I trial, GSK2862277 was well tolerated by both the inhaled and intravenous routes. One subject experienced a mild infusion reaction with cytokine release following intravenous dosing. Subsequently, this subject was found to have high levels of a novel pre-existing antibody specific to the extended C-terminus of GSK2862277. Despite the reduced binding of GSK2862277 to pre-existing HAVH autoantibodies, adverse effects associated with the presence of a novel pre-existing antibody response specific to the modified dAb framework were identified and highlight the challenge of developing biological antagonists to this class of receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Y Z Chen
- GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - A L Lazaar
- GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
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Sanchez-Nino MD, Ortiz A. 'That Obscure Object of Desire': in systemic lupus erythematosus B-cell activating factor/B-lymphocyte stimulator is targeted both by the immune system and by physicians. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 30:394-400. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Autoantibodies to Variable Heavy (VH) Chain Ig Sequences in Humans Impact the Safety and Clinical Pharmacology of a VH Domain Antibody Antagonist of TNF-α Receptor 1. J Clin Immunol 2013; 33:1192-203. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-013-9915-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Sauerborn M, van de Vosse E, Delawi D, van Dissel JT, Brinks V, Schellekens H. Natural antibodies against bone morphogenic proteins and interferons in healthy donors and in patients with infections linked to type-1 cytokine responses. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 31:661-9. [PMID: 21612442 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients receiving recombinant therapeutic proteins, the production of antibodies against the therapeutics is a rising problem. The antibodies can neutralize and interfere with the efficacy and safety of drugs and even cause severe side effects if they cross-react against the natural, endogenous protein. Various factors have been identified to influence the immunogenic potential of recombinant human therapeutics, including several patients' characteristics. In recent years, so-called naturally occurring antibodies against cytokines and growth factors have been detected in naive patients before start of treatment with recombinant human therapeutics. The role of naturally occurring antibodies is not well understood and their influence on production of anti-drug antibodies is not known. One might speculate that the presence of naturally occurring antibodies increases the likelihood of eliciting anti-drug antibodies once treatment with the corresponding recombinant therapeutic protein is started. We screened serum samples from 410 healthy controls and patients for auto-antibodies against bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) 2 and 7 and interferon (IFN)-α, -β, and -γ in a new 3-step approach: rough initial screening, followed by competition and protein A/G depletion. Naturally occurring antibodies against these proteins were detected in 2% to 4% of the tested sera. Individuals who are 65 years or older had a slightly higher occurrence of naturally occurring antibodies. Auto-antibodies against BMP-7 and IFN-α were mainly comprised of IgM isotypes, and natural antibodies against BMP-2, IFN-β, and -γ were mainly IgG. To ensure assay specificity, assays were also used to detect antibodies against BMP-7 in patients being treated with rhBMP-7 before and after surgical procedure. Fifty percent of the treated patients had persistent anti-BMP-7 antibodies over time. The 3-step approach provides an attractive tool to identify naturally occurring antibodies in naive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Sauerborn
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Immunogenicity of biologically-derived therapeutics: assessment and interpretation of nonclinical safety studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 54:164-82. [PMID: 19345250 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An evaluation of potential antibody formation to biologic therapeutics during the course of nonclinical safety studies and its impact on the toxicity profile is expected under current regulatory guidance and is accepted standard practice. However, approaches for incorporating this information in the interpretation of nonclinical safety studies are not clearly established. Described here are the immunological basis of anti-drug antibody formation to biopharmaceuticals (immunogenicity) in laboratory animals, and approaches for generating and interpreting immunogenicity data from nonclinical safety studies of biotechnology-derived therapeutics to support their progression to clinical evaluation. We subscribe that immunogenicity testing strategies should be adapted to the specific needs of each therapeutic development program, and data generated from such analyses should be integrated with available clinical and anatomic pathology, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic data to properly interpret nonclinical studies.
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Raices RM, Kannan Y, Sarkar A, Bellamkonda-Athmaram V, Wewers MD. A synergistic role for IL-1beta and TNFalpha in monocyte-derived IFNgamma inducing activity. Cytokine 2008; 44:234-41. [PMID: 18805021 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although much is known about classic IFNgamma inducers, little is known about the IFNgamma inducing capability of inflammasome-activated monocytes. In this study, supernatants from LPS/ATP-stimulated human monocytes were analyzed for their ability to induce IFNgamma production by KG-1 cells. Unexpectedly, monocyte-derived IFN inducing activity was detected, but it was completely inhibited by IL-1beta, not IL-18 blockade. Moreover, size-fractionation of the monocyte conditioned media dramatically reduced the IFNgamma inducing activity of IL-1beta, suggesting that IL-1beta requires a cofactor to induce IFNgamma production in KG-1 cells. Because TNFalpha is known to synergize with IL-1beta for various gene products, it was studied as the putative IL-1beta synergizing factor. Although recombinant TNFalpha (rTNFalpha) alone had no IFNgamma inducing activity, neutralization of TNFalpha in the monocyte conditioned media inhibited the IFNgamma inducing activity. Furthermore, rTNFalpha restored the IFNgamma inducing activity of the size-fractionated IL-1beta. Finally, rTNFalpha synergized with rIL-1beta, as well as with rIL-1alpha and rIL-18, for KG-1 IFNgamma release. These studies demonstrate a synergistic role between TNFalpha and IL-1 family members in the induction of IFNgamma production and give caution to interpretations of KG-1 functional assays designed to detect functional IL-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel M Raices
- The Ohio State University, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Pulmonary, Allergy, Clinical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, 473 West 12th Avenue, Room 435, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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