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Bergman PJ. Cancer Immunotherapy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2024; 54:441-468. [PMID: 38158304 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The enhanced understanding of immunology experienced over the last 5 decades afforded through the tools of molecular biology has recently translated into cancer immunotherapy becoming one of the most exciting and rapidly expanding fields. Human cancer immunotherapy is now recognized as one of the pillars of treatment alongside surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. The field of veterinary cancer immunotherapy has also rapidly advanced in the last decade with a handful of commercially available products and a plethora of investigational cancer immunotherapies, which will hopefully expand our veterinary oncology treatment toolkit over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Bergman
- Clinical Studies, VCA; Katonah Bedford Veterinary Center, Bedford Hills, NY, USA; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Zafar A, Khan MJ, Abu J, Naeem A. Revolutionizing cancer care strategies: immunotherapy, gene therapy, and molecular targeted therapy. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:219. [PMID: 38281269 PMCID: PMC10822809 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Despite the availability of technological advances in traditional anti-cancer therapies, there is a need for more precise and targeted cancer treatment strategies. The wide-ranging shortfalls of conventional anticancer therapies such as systematic toxicity, compromised life quality, and limited to severe side effects are major areas of concern of conventional cancer treatment approaches. Owing to the expansion of knowledge and technological advancements in the field of cancer biology, more innovative and safe anti-cancerous approaches such as immune therapy, gene therapy and targeted therapy are rapidly evolving with the aim to address the limitations of conventional therapies. The concept of immunotherapy began with the capability of coley toxins to stimulate toll-like receptors of immune cells to provoke an immune response against cancers. With an in-depth understating of the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis and their relationship to disease prognosis, molecular targeted therapy approaches, that inhibit or stimulate specific cancer-promoting or cancer-inhibitory molecules respectively, have offered promising outcomes. In this review, we evaluate the achievement and challenges of these technically advanced therapies with the aim of presenting the overall progress and perspective of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasma Zafar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | | | - Junaid Abu
- Hazm Mebaireek General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Aisha Naeem
- Qatar University Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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Tumor-Homing of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Infected with Oncolytic Virus in a Canine Patient. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9060285. [PMID: 35737337 PMCID: PMC9228126 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9060285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous administration of oncolytic adenovirus (OAds) can be challenging, although various vehicles for the delivery of the virus to the tumor have been described. The efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a virus vehicle has been reported in mouse models and canine and human patients, but the actual action mechanism has never been described in patients. It is of importance to determine whether MSCs infected with OAds can reach the tumor and release the virus in a clinical setting. For this purpose, GFP-labeled MSCs were infected with an OAd and inoculated into a companion dog diagnosed with spontaneous lung carcinoma. Forty-eight hours later, the tumor was excised and analyzed microscopically by flow cytometry for GFP fluorescence detection, and a cellular culture was established. Peripheral blood samples were taken to quantify the oncolytic adenovirus by qRT-PCR. Green fluorescence cells detected in the cellular culture by microscopy and flow cytometry revealed 0.69% GFP-positive cells in the tumor. OAd in peripheral blood was confirmed by qRT-PCR during follow-up. For the first time, the tumoral-homing capacity of OAds infected-MSC has been confirmed in a clinical setting, helping to explain the clinical response mechanism, whose efficacy was previously reported in canine and human patients.
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4
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A potential bat adenovirus-based oncolytic virus targeting canine cancers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16706. [PMID: 34408176 PMCID: PMC8373906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a canine adenovirus (CAdV)-based oncolytic virus (OV) candidate targeting canine tumors has been reported, its oncolytic effect could be attenuated by CAdV vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies in dog patients. To circumvent this issue, we focused on the bat adenovirus (BtAdV) strain, which was previously isolated from healthy microbats. We previously showed that this virus replicated efficiently in canine cell lines and did not serologically cross-react with CAdVs, suggesting that it may offer the possibility of an OV candidate for canine tumors. Here, we tested the growth properties and cytotoxicity of the BtAdV Mm32 strain in a panel of canine tumor cells and found that its characteristics were equivalent to those of CAdVs. To produce an Mm32 construct with enhanced tumor specificity, we established a novel reverse genetics system for BtAdV based on bacterial artificial chromosomes, and generated a recombinant virus, Mm32-E1Ap + cTERTp, by inserting a tumor-specific canine telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter into its E1A regulatory region. The growth and cytotoxicity of this recombinant were superior to those of wild-type Mm32 in canine tumor cells, unlike in normal canine cells. These data suggest that Mm32-E1Ap + cTERTp could be a promising OV for alternative canine cancer therapies.
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Agarwal P, Gammon EA, Sandey M, Lindley SS, Koehler JW, Matz BM, Smith AN, Kashentseva EA, Dmitriev IP, Curiel DT, Smith BF. Evaluation of tumor immunity after administration of conditionally replicative adenoviral vector in canine osteosarcoma patients. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06210. [PMID: 33615011 PMCID: PMC7881234 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is one among the most common neoplasms in dogs. Current treatments show limited efficacy and fail to prevent metastasis. Conditionally replicative adenoviruses (CRAd) replicate exclusively in targeted tumor cells and release new virus particles to infect additional cells. We proposed that OC-CAVE1 (CAV2 with the E1A promoter replaced with the osteocalcin promotor) may also enhance existing immunity against tumors by overcoming immune tolerance via exposure of new epitopes and cytokine signaling. Eleven client-owned dogs with spontaneously occurring osteosarcomas were enrolled in a pilot study. All dogs were injected with OC-CAVE1 following amputation of the affected limb or limb-sparing surgery. Dogs were monitored for viremia and viral shedding. There was minimal virus shedding in urine and feces by the 6th day and no virus was present in blood after 4 weeks. CAV-2 antibody-titers increased in all of the patients, post-CRAd injection. Immunological assays were performed to monitor 1) humoral response against tumors, 2) levels of circulatory CD11c + cells, 3) levels of regulatory T cells, and 4) cytotoxic activity of tumor specific T cells against autologous tumor cells between pre-CRAd administration and 4 weeks post-CRAd administration samples. Administration of the CRAd OC-CAVE1 resulted in alteration of some immune response parameters but did not appear to result in increased survival duration. However, 2 dogs in the study achieved survival times in excess of 1 year. Weak replication of OC-CAVE1 in metastatic cells and delay of chemotherapy following CRAd treatment may contribute to the lack of immune response and improvement in survival time of the clinical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Agarwal
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Gammon
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA
| | - Maninder Sandey
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA
| | - Stephanie S Lindley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA
| | - Jey W Koehler
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA
| | - Brad M Matz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA
| | - Annette N Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA
| | - Elena A Kashentseva
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, USA
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, USA
| | - Bruce F Smith
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, USA
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6
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Barry MA, Rubin JD, Lu SC. Retargeting adenoviruses for therapeutic applications and vaccines. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:1918-1946. [PMID: 31944286 PMCID: PMC7311308 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ads) are robust vectors for therapeutic applications and vaccines, but their use can be limited by differences in their in vitro and in vivo pharmacologies. This review emphasizes that there is not just one Ad, but a whole virome of diverse viruses that can be used as therapeutics. It discusses that true vector targeting involves not only retargeting viruses, but importantly also detargeting the viruses from off-target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Barry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Immunology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rubin
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shao-Chia Lu
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Wedekind MF, Cripe TP. Oncolytic Viruses and Their Potential as a Therapeutic Opportunity in Osteosarcoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1258:77-89. [PMID: 32767235 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-43085-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma remains an unmet medical need. Oncolytic viruses are gaining traction as novel cancer therapeutics. These viruses are either naturally nonpathogenic or engineered to be safe by specific genetic deletions yet retain the ability to infect and kill human cancer cells and elicit anticancer immunity. Some versions are being specifically designed and tested in patients with osteosarcoma, though due to their generalized mechanism of action most are being tested in patients across a broad range of cancer types. The activity of these viruses is impacted not only by the susceptibility of tumor cells to infection but also by the tumor microenvironment (TME) and by tumor immunogenicity. Here we review the field of oncolytic viruses with a particular emphasis on highlighting any available data in preclinical osteosarcoma models or in patients with osteosarcoma. While in general the viruses have been shown safe to administer to patients by a variety of routes, their therapeutic efficacy to date has been limited. Given the low rate of adverse events and the likely absence of long-term side effects, the utility of oncolytic viruses will most likely be realized when used in combination with other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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8
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Abstract
The enhanced understanding of immunology experienced over the last 4 decades afforded through the tools of molecular biology has recently translated into cancer immunotherapy becoming one of the most exciting and rapidly expanding fields. Human cancer immunotherapy is now recognized as one of the pillars of treatment alongside surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. The field of veterinary cancer immunotherapy has also rapidly advanced in the last decade with a handful of commercially available products and a plethora of investigational cancer immunotherapies that will hopefully expand the veterinary oncology treatment toolkit over time.
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9
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Sato-Dahlman M, Yamamoto M. The Development of Oncolytic Adenovirus Therapy in the Past and Future - For the Case of Pancreatic Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2019; 18:153-161. [PMID: 28228084 DOI: 10.2174/1568009617666170222123925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive malignant disease and the efficacy of current treatments for unresectable diseases is quite limited despite recent advances. Gene therapy /virotherapy strategies may provide new options for the treatment of various cancers including pancreatic cancer. Oncolytic adenovirus shows an antitumoral effect via its intratumoral amplification and strong cytocidal effect in a variety of cancers and it has been employed for the development of potent oncolytic virotherapy agents for pancreatic cancer. Our ultimate goal is to develop an oncolytic adenovirus enabling the treatment of patients with advanced or spread diseases by systemic injection. Systemic application of oncolytic therapy mandates more efficient and selective gene delivery and needs to embody sufficient antitumor effect even with limited initial delivery to the tumor location. In this review, the current status of oncolytic adenoviruses from the viewpoints of vector design and potential strategies to overcome current obstacles for its clinical application will be described. We will also discuss the efforts to improve the antitumor activity of oncolytic adenovirus, in in vivo animal models, and the combination therapy of oncolytic adenovirus with radiation and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Sato-Dahlman
- Division of Basic and Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MN, United States
| | - Masato Yamamoto
- Division of Basic and Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MN, United States
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Sánchez D, Cesarman-Maus G, Amador-Molina A, Lizano M. Oncolytic Viruses for Canine Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10110404. [PMID: 30373251 PMCID: PMC6266482 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy has been investigated for several decades and is emerging as a plausible biological therapy with several ongoing clinical trials and two viruses are now approved for cancer treatment in humans. The direct cytotoxicity and immune-stimulatory effects make oncolytic viruses an interesting strategy for cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the results of in vitro and in vivo published studies of oncolytic viruses in different phases of evaluation in dogs, using PubMed and Google scholar as search platforms, without time restrictions (to date). Natural and genetically modified oncolytic viruses were evaluated with some encouraging results. The most studied viruses to date are the reovirus, myxoma virus, and vaccinia, tested mostly in solid tumors such as osteosarcomas, mammary gland tumors, soft tissue sarcomas, and mastocytomas. Although the results are promising, there are issues that need addressing such as ensuring tumor specificity, developing optimal dosing, circumventing preexisting antibodies from previous exposure or the development of antibodies during treatment, and assuring a reasonable safety profile, all of which are required in order to make this approach a successful therapy in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Sánchez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Gabriela Cesarman-Maus
- Department of Hematology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Alfredo Amador-Molina
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Marcela Lizano
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
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11
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MacNeill AL, Weishaar KM, Séguin B, Powers BE. Safety of an Oncolytic Myxoma Virus in Dogs with Soft Tissue Sarcoma. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080398. [PMID: 30060548 PMCID: PMC6115854 DOI: 10.3390/v10080398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many oncolytic viruses that are efficacious in murine cancer models are ineffective in humans. The outcomes of oncolytic virus treatment in dogs with spontaneous tumors may better predict human cancer response and improve treatment options for dogs with cancer. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the safety of treatment with myxoma virus lacking the serp2 gene (MYXVΔserp2) and determine its immunogenicity in dogs. To achieve these objectives, dogs with spontaneous soft tissue sarcomas were treated with MYXVΔserp2 intratumorally (n = 5) or post-operatively (n = 5). In dogs treated intratumorally, clinical scores were recorded and tumor biopsies and swabs (from the mouth and virus injection site) were analyzed for viral DNA at multiple time-points. In all dogs, blood, urine, and feces were frequently collected to evaluate organ function, virus distribution, and immune response. No detrimental effects of MYXVΔserp2 treatment were observed in any canine cancer patients. No clinically significant changes in complete blood profiles, serum chemistry analyses, or urinalyses were measured. Viral DNA was isolated from one tumor swab, but viral dissemination was not observed. Anti-MYXV antibodies were occasionally detected. These findings provide needed safety information to advance clinical trials using MYXVΔserp2 to treat patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L MacNeill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Kristen M Weishaar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Bernard Séguin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Barbara E Powers
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Nguyen TV, Crosby CM, Heller GJ, Mendel ZI, Barry ME, Barry MA. Oncolytic adenovirus Ad657 for systemic virotherapy against prostate cancer. Oncolytic Virother 2018; 7:43-51. [PMID: 29765912 PMCID: PMC5939883 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s155946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human species C adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) is the archetype oncolytic adenovirus and has been used in the vast majority of preclinical and clinical tests. While Ad5 can be robust, species C Ad6 has lower seroprevalence, side effects, and appears to be more potent as a systemic therapy against a number of tumors than Ad5. Historically, there have only been four species C human adenoviruses: serotypes 1, 2, 5, and 6. More recently a new species C adenovirus, Ad57, was identified. Ad57 is most similar to Ad6 with virtually all variation in their capsid proteins occurring in the hypervariable regions (HVRs) of their hexon proteins. Most adenovirus neutralizing antibodies target the HVRs on adenoviruses. This led us to replace the hexon HVRs in Ad6 with those from Ad57 to create a new virus called Ad657 and explore this novel species C platform’s utility as an oncolytic virus. Methods The HVR region from Ad57 was synthesized and used to replace the Ad6 HVR region by homologous recombination in bacteria generating a new viral platform that we call Ad657. Replication-competent Ad5, Ad6, and Ad657 were compared in vitro and in vivo for liver damage and oncolytic efficacy against prostate cancers after single intravenous treatment in mice. Results Ad5, Ad6, and Ad657 had similar in vitro oncolytic activity against human prostate cancer cells. Ad5 provoked the highest level of liver toxicity after intravenous injection and Ad657 caused the least damage in mice. Previous data demonstrated that Ad6 was superior to Ad5 at killing distant subcutaneous prostate cancer tumors in mouse models after a intravenous injection. Given this, Ad657 was compared to the Ad6 benchmark virus by single intravenous injection into mice bearing subcutaneous human DU145 prostate cancers. Under these conditions, Ad657 first infected the liver and then reached distant tumors. Both Ad6 and Ad657 mediated significant delays in tumor growth and extension of survival with Ad6 mediating higher efficacy. Conclusions These data suggest that Ad657 may have utility as a local or systemic oncolytic virotherapy for prostate cancers. These data also lay the foundation for serotype-switching with oncolytic species C Ads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien V Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Catherine M Crosby
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Gregory J Heller
- Postbaccalaureate Research Education Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Zachary I Mendel
- Postbaccalaureate Research Education Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Mary E Barry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Michael A Barry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases.,Department of Immunology.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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14
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Oncolytic adenoviruses as a therapeutic approach for osteosarcoma: A new hope. J Bone Oncol 2016; 9:41-47. [PMID: 29226089 PMCID: PMC5715440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common bone cancer among those with non-hematological origin and affects mainly pediatric patients. In the last 50 years, refinements in surgical procedures, as well as the introduction of aggressive neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapeutic cocktails, have increased to nearly 70% the survival rate of these patients. Despite the initial therapeutic progress the fight against osteosarcoma has not substantially improved during the last three decades, and almost 30% of the patients do not respond or recur after the standard treatment. For this group there is an urgent need to implement new therapeutic approaches. Oncolytic adenoviruses are conditionally replicative viruses engineered to selectively replicate in and kill tumor cells, while remaining quiescent in healthy cells. In the last years there have been multiple preclinical and clinical studies using these viruses as therapeutic agents in the treatment of a broad range of cancers, including osteosarcoma. In this review, we summarize some of the most relevant published literature about the use of oncolytic adenoviruses to treat human osteosarcoma tumors in subcutaneous, orthotopic and metastatic mouse models. In conclusion, up to date the preclinical studies with oncolytic adenoviruses have demonstrated that are safe and efficacious against local and metastatic osteosarcoma. Knowledge arising from phase I/II clinical trials with oncolytic adenoviruses in other tumors have shown the potential of viruses to awake the patient´s own immune system generating a response against the tumor. Generating osteosarcoma immune-competent adenoviruses friendly models will allow to better understand this potential. Future clinical trials with oncolytic adenoviruses for osteosarcoma tumors are warranted.
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15
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Evaluation of polymer shielding for adenovirus serotype 6 (Ad6) for systemic virotherapy against human prostate cancers. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2016; 3:S2372-7705(16)30029-8. [PMID: 26900598 PMCID: PMC4758940 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2015.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses hold promise as “self-amplifying” cancer therapies wherein a virally killed cell can produce thousands of new viral “drugs” that can kill more cancer cells. Adenoviruses (Ads) are one family of oncolytic viruses. Most human studies have used human Ad serotype 5 (Ad5). Unfortunately, most patients are already immune to Ad5 increasing the likelihood that the agent will be neutralized if used as a cancer therapy. In this work, lower seroprevalence Ad6 was tested as a systemic therapy for prostate cancer. Ad5 and Ad6 were injected intravenously a single time in nude mice bearing human prostate tumors, and toxicity and efficacy were assessed. Ad6 was chemically shielded with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to test if this would further improve its pharmacology. Ad6 produced 30-fold lower liver damage and less toxicity than Ad5. Ad6 significantly repressed the growth of androgen-resistant human DU145 prostate tumors and androgen-sensitive LNCaP tumors after single intravenous injection. PEGylation did not change virus distribution, but blunted liver damage and cytokine production by Ad6. PEGylated Ad6 eradicated LNCaP tumors and maintained body mass, but lost potency against the more challenging DU145 tumors. These and other data suggest that low seroprevalent Ad6 has better efficacy and safety than the benchmark oncolytic virus Ad5 for systemic therapy of prostate cancer. These data also indicate that PEGylation may improve Ad6 safety, but that this shielding may reduce oncolytic efficacy after intravenous treatment.
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Abstract
Many nonhuman adenoviruses (AdVs) of simian, bovine, porcine, canine, ovine, murine, and fowl origin are being developed as gene delivery systems for recombinant vaccines and gene therapy applications. In addition to circumventing preexisting human AdV (HAdV) immunity, nonhuman AdV vectors utilize coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor or other receptors for vector internalization, thereby expanding the range of cell types that can be targeted. Nonhuman AdV vectors also provide excellent platforms for veterinary vaccines. A specific nonhuman AdV vector when used in its species of origin could provide an excellent animal model for evaluating the vector efficacy and pathogenesis. These vectors are useful in prime–boost approaches with other AdV vectors or with other gene delivery systems including DNA immunization and viral or bacterial vectors. When multiple vector inoculations are required, nonhuman AdV vectors could supplement HAdV or other viral vectors.
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MacNeill AL. On the potential of oncolytic virotherapy for the treatment of canine cancers. Oncolytic Virother 2015; 4:95-107. [PMID: 27512674 PMCID: PMC4918385 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s66358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 6 million dogs are diagnosed with cancer in the USA each year. Treatment options for many of these patients are limited. It is important that the veterinary and scientific communities begin to explore novel treatment protocols for dogs with cancer. Oncolytic viral therapy is a promising treatment option that may prove to be relatively inexpensive and effective against several types of cancer. The efficacy of oncolytic virus therapies has been clearly demonstrated in murine cancer models, but the positive outcomes observed in mice are not always seen in human cancer patients. These therapies should be thoroughly evaluated in dogs with spontaneously arising cancers to provide needed information about the potential effectiveness of virus treatment for human cancers and to promote the health of our companion animals. This article provides a review of the results of oncolytic virus treatment of canine cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L MacNeill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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18
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Autio K, Knuuttila A, Kipar A, Pesonen S, Guse K, Parviainen S, Rajamäki M, Laitinen-Vapaavuori O, Vähä-Koskela M, Kanerva A, Hemminki A. Safety and biodistribution of a double-deleted oncolytic vaccinia virus encoding CD40 ligand in laboratory Beagles. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2014; 1:14002. [PMID: 27119092 PMCID: PMC4782937 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2014.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated adverse events, biodistribution and shedding of oncolytic vaccinia virus encoding CD40 ligand in two Beagles, in preparation for a phase 1 trial in canine cancer patients. Dog 1 received one dose of vaccinia virus and was euthanized 24 hours afterwards, while dog 2 received virus four times once weekly and was euthanized 7 days after that. Dogs were monitored for adverse events and underwent a detailed postmortem examination. Blood, saliva, urine, feces, and organs were collected for virus detection. Dog 1 had mild fever and lethargy while dog 2 experienced a possible seizure 5.5 hours after first virus administration. Viral DNA declined quickly in the blood after virus administration in both dogs but was still detectable 1 week later by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Only samples taken directly after virus infusion contained infectious virus. Small amounts of viral DNA, but no infectious virus, were detected in a few saliva and urine samples. Necropsies did not reveal any relevant pathological changes and virus DNA was detected mainly in the spleen. The dogs in the study did not have cancer, and thus adverse events could be more common and viral load higher in dogs with tumors which allow viral amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoliina Autio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Knuuttila
- Finnish Centre for Laboratory Animal Pathology and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Finnish Centre for Laboratory Animal Pathology and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Pesonen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kilian Guse
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Parviainen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Rajamäki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Laitinen-Vapaavuori
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Vähä-Koskela
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Kanerva
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
Tumor immunology and immunotherapy is one of the most exciting and rapidly expanding fields. The immune system is divided into 2 primary components: the innate immune response and the highly specific, but more slowly developing, adaptive or acquired immune response. Immune responses are separated by whether they are induced by exposure to a foreign antigen (active response) or transferred through serum or lymphocytes from an immunized individual (passive response). The ideal cancer immunotherapy agent should discriminate between cancer and normal cells (specificity), be potent enough to kill small or large numbers of tumor cells (sensitivity), and prevent recurrence of a tumor (durability).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Bergman
- Clinical Studies, VCA, 546 Bedford Road, Bedford Hills, New York, NY 10507, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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20
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Gentschev I, Patil SS, Petrov I, Cappello J, Adelfinger M, Szalay AA. Oncolytic virotherapy of canine and feline cancer. Viruses 2014; 6:2122-37. [PMID: 24841386 PMCID: PMC4036544 DOI: 10.3390/v6052122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of disease-related death in companion animals such as dogs and cats. Despite recent progress in the diagnosis and treatment of advanced canine and feline cancer, overall patient treatment outcome has not been substantially improved. Virotherapy using oncolytic viruses is one promising new strategy for cancer therapy. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) preferentially infect and lyse cancer cells, without causing excessive damage to surrounding healthy tissue, and initiate tumor-specific immunity. The current review describes the use of different oncolytic viruses for cancer therapy and their application to canine and feline cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivaylo Gentschev
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg D-97074, Germany.
| | - Sandeep S Patil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg D-97074, Germany.
| | - Ivan Petrov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg D-97074, Germany.
| | - Joseph Cappello
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA.
| | - Marion Adelfinger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg D-97074, Germany.
| | - Aladar A Szalay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg D-97074, Germany.
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21
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A pRb-responsive, RGD-modified, and hyaluronidase-armed canine oncolytic adenovirus for application in veterinary oncology. Mol Ther 2014; 22:986-98. [PMID: 24448161 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human and canine cancer share similarities such as genetic and molecular aspects, biological complexity, tumor epidemiology, and targeted therapeutic treatment. Lack of good animal models for human adenovirotherapy has spurred the use of canine adenovirus 2-based oncolytic viruses. We have constructed a canine oncolytic virus that mimics the characteristics of our previously published human adenovirus ICOVIR17: expression of E1a controlled by E2F sites, deletion of the pRb-binding site of E1a, insertion of an RGD integrin-binding motif at the fiber Knob, and expression of hyaluronidase under the major late promoter/IIIa protein splicing acceptor control. Preclinical studies showed selectivity, increased cytotoxicity, and strong hyaluronidase activity. Intratumoral treatment of canine osteosarcoma and melanoma xenografts in mice resulted in inhibition of tumor growth and prolonged survival. Moreover, we treated six dogs with different tumor types, including one adenoma, two osteosarcomas, one mastocitoma, one fibrosarcoma, and one neuroendocrine hepatic carcinoma. No virus-associated adverse effects were observed, but toxicity associated to tumor lysis, including disseminated intravascular coagulation and systemic failure, was found in one case. Two partial responses and two stable diseases warrant additional clinical testing.
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22
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Abstract
Adenovirus vectors are efficient gene delivery tools. A major caveat with vectors derived from common human adenovirus serotypes is that most adults are likely to have been exposed to the wild-type virus and exhibit active immunity against the vectors. This preexisting immunity limits their clinical success. Strategies to circumvent this problem include the use of nonhuman adenovirus vectors. Vectors derived from canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) are among the best-studied representatives. CAV-2 vectors are particularly attractive for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, CAV-2 vectors have shown great promise as oncolytic agents in virotherapy approaches and as vectors for recombinant vaccines. The rising interest in CAV-2 vectors calls for the development of scalable GMP compliant production and purification strategies. A detailed protocol describing a complete scalable downstream processing strategy for CAV-2 vectors is reported here. Clarification of CAV-2 particles is achieved by microfiltration. CAV-2 particles are subsequently concentrated and partially purified by ultrafiltration-diafiltration. A Benzonase(®) digestion step is carried out between ultrafiltration and diafiltration operations to eliminate contaminating nucleic acids. Chromatography purification is accomplished in two consecutive steps. CAV-2 particles are first captured and concentrated on a propyl hydrophobic interaction chromatography column followed by a polishing step using DEAE anion exchange monoliths. Using this protocol, high-quality CAV-2 vector preparations containing low levels of contamination with empty viral capsids and other inactive vector forms are typically obtained. The complete process yield was estimated to be 38-45 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Puig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autonoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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23
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Patil SS, Gentschev I, Adelfinger M, Donat U, Hess M, Weibel S, Nolte I, Frentzen A, Szalay AA. Virotherapy of canine tumors with oncolytic vaccinia virus GLV-1h109 expressing an anti-VEGF single-chain antibody. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47472. [PMID: 23091626 PMCID: PMC3473019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virotherapy using oncolytic vaccinia virus (VACV) strains is one promising new strategy for cancer therapy. We have previously reported that oncolytic vaccinia virus strains expressing an anti-VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) single-chain antibody (scAb) GLAF-1 exhibited significant therapeutic efficacy for treatment of human tumor xenografts. Here, we describe the use of oncolytic vaccinia virus GLV-1h109 encoding GLAF-1 for canine cancer therapy. In this study we analyzed the virus-mediated delivery and production of scAb GLAF-1 and the oncolytic and immunological effects of the GLV-1h109 vaccinia virus strain against canine soft tissue sarcoma and canine prostate carcinoma in xenograft models. Cell culture data demonstrated that the GLV-1h109 virus efficiently infect, replicate in and destroy both tested canine cancer cell lines. In addition, successful expression of GLAF-1 was demonstrated in virus-infected canine cancer cells and the antibody specifically recognized canine VEGF. In two different xenograft models, the systemic administration of the GLV-1h109 virus was found to be safe and led to anti-tumor and immunological effects resulting in the significant reduction of tumor growth in comparison to untreated control mice. Furthermore, tumor-specific virus infection led to a continued production of functional scAb GLAF-1, resulting in inhibition of angiogenesis. Overall, the GLV-1h109-mediated cancer therapy and production of immunotherapeutic anti-VEGF scAb may open the way for combination therapy concept i.e. vaccinia virus mediated oncolysis and intratumoral production of therapeutic drugs in canine cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep S. Patil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ivaylo Gentschev
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Marion Adelfinger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Donat
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hess
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Weibel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Nolte
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexa Frentzen
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Aladar A. Szalay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Svyatchenko VA, Tarasova MV, Netesov SV, Chumakov PM. Oncolytic adenoviruses in anticancer therapy: Current status and prospects. Mol Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893312040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Segura MM, Puig M, Monfar M, Chillón M. Chromatography Purification of Canine Adenoviral Vectors. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2012; 23:182-97. [DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2012.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- María Mercedes Segura
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Current address: Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Meritxell Puig
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Mercè Monfar
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Miguel Chillón
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Gentschev I, Adelfinger M, Josupeit R, Rudolph S, Ehrig K, Donat U, Weibel S, Chen NG, Yu YA, Zhang Q, Heisig M, Thamm D, Stritzker J, MacNeill A, Szalay AA. Preclinical evaluation of oncolytic vaccinia virus for therapy of canine soft tissue sarcoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37239. [PMID: 22615950 PMCID: PMC3352892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Virotherapy using oncolytic vaccinia virus (VACV) strains is one promising new strategy for canine cancer therapy. In this study we describe the establishment of an in vivo model of canine soft tissue sarcoma (CSTS) using the new isolated cell line STSA-1 and the analysis of the virus-mediated oncolytic and immunological effects of two different Lister VACV LIVP1.1.1 and GLV-1h68 strains against CSTS. Cell culture data demonstrated that both tested VACV strains efficiently infected and destroyed cells of the canine soft tissue sarcoma line STSA-1. In addition, in our new canine sarcoma tumor xenograft mouse model, systemic administration of LIVP1.1.1 or GLV-1h68 viruses led to significant inhibition of tumor growth compared to control mice. Furthermore, LIVP1.1.1 mediated therapy resulted in almost complete tumor regression and resulted in long-term survival of sarcoma-bearing mice. The replication of the tested VACV strains in tumor tissues led to strong oncolytic effects accompanied by an intense intratumoral infiltration of host immune cells, mainly neutrophils. These findings suggest that the direct viral oncolysis of tumor cells and the virus-dependent activation of tumor-associated host immune cells could be crucial parts of anti-tumor mechanism in STSA-1 xenografts. In summary, the data showed that both tested vaccinia virus strains and especially LIVP1.1.1 have great potential for effective treatment of CSTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivaylo Gentschev
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Marion Adelfinger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Rafael Josupeit
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Rudolph
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Klaas Ehrig
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Donat
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Weibel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Nanhai G. Chen
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yong A. Yu
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Qian Zhang
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Martin Heisig
- Institut für Medizinische Strahlenkunde und Zellforschung (MSZ), University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Douglas Thamm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jochen Stritzker
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Amy MacNeill
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Aladar A. Szalay
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Li C, Cheng Q, Liu J, Wang B, Chen D, Liu Y. Potent growth-inhibitory effect of TRAIL therapy mediated by double-regulated oncolytic adenovirus on osteosarcoma. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 364:337-44. [PMID: 22354724 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) severely threatens the health of young people and understanding on the molecular mechanisms of OS etiology enables gene therapy to become an effective therapeutic modality. However, insufficient expression level of genes using existing vectors limits the clinical application of gene therapy for OS. To solve the problem, we developed an oncolytic adenoviral vector, OAT, which can selectively and efficiently replicate in OS cells to enhance the expression of transferred genes. We demonstrated that OAT-mediated TRAIL expression is significantly elevated after infection of OS cells than replication-incompetent Ad5 vector. Increased antitumor capacity was observed in OS cells after OAT-TRAIL treatment both in vitro and in vivo. In normal cells, adenoviral replication, TRAIL expression and growth-inhibiting effect were quite limited when OAT-TRAIL was administrated, showing a high biosafety of this oncolytic adenoviral vector. Collectively, we generated an efficient and promising expression vector for OS gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbao Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China
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28
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Chen CY, Weaver EA, Khare R, May SM, Barry MA. Mining the adenovirus virome for oncolytics against multiple solid tumor types. Cancer Gene Ther 2011; 18:744-50. [PMID: 21886190 PMCID: PMC3176962 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2011.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although there are 55 serotypes of adenovirus (Ad) that infect humans, Ad serotype 5 (Ad5) is the most widely studied because of the availability of commercial kits for its genetic manipulation. In fact, engineered Ad 5 is currently being used in all of the 87 global clinical trials utilizing Ad for the treatment of cancer. Unfortunately, Ad5 is one of the most seroprevalent serotypes, meaning that this virus has to confront additional immunological barriers to be effective in Ad5-immune patients. In this work, we compare Ad5 to 13 other adenoviral serotypes from species B, C, D and E for oncolytic potential in both immunodeficient mouse and immunocompetent hamster models. Our results indicate that species D Ads are not effective oncolytics against most solid tumors. Conversely, lower seroprevalent Ad6 and Ad11 had anti-cancer activity comparable to Ad5. This work strongly supports the consideration of Ad6-based oncolytic therapies for the treatment of breast, ovarian, kidney and liver tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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29
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Chen CY, Senac JS, Weaver EA, May SM, Jelinek DF, Greipp P, Witzig T, Barry MA. Species D adenoviruses as oncolytics against B-cell cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:6712-22. [PMID: 21890454 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oncolytic viruses are self-amplifying anticancer agents that make use of the natural ability of viruses to kill cells. Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) has been extensively tested against solid cancers, but less so against B-cell cancers because these cells do not generally express the coxsackie and adenoviral receptor (CAR). To determine whether other adenoviruses might have better potency, we "mined" the adenovirus virome of 55 serotypes for viruses that could kill B-cell cancers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Fifteen adenoviruses selected to represent Ad species B, C, D, E, and F were tested in vitro against cell lines and primary patient B-cell cancers for their ability to infect, replicate in, and kill these cells. Select viruses were also tested against B-cell cancer xenografts in immunodeficient mice. RESULTS Species D adenoviruses mediated most robust killing against a range of B-cell cancer cell lines, against primary patient marginal zone lymphoma cells, and against primary patient CD138+ myeloma cells in vitro. When injected into xenografts in vivo, single treatment with select species D viruses Ad26 and Ad45 delayed lymphoma growth. CONCLUSIONS Relatively unstudied species D adenoviruses have a unique ability to infect and replicate in B-cell cancers as compared with other adenovirus species. These data suggest these viruses have unique biology in B cells and support translation of novel species D adenoviruses as oncolytics against B-cell cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Y Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, USA
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30
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Rajecki M, Kangasmäki A, Laasonen L, Escutenaire S, Hakkarainen T, Haukka J, Ristimäki A, Kairemo K, Kangasniemi L, Kiljunen T, Joensuu T, Pesonen S, Hemminki A. Sodium iodide symporter SPECT imaging of a patient treated with oncolytic adenovirus Ad5/3-Δ24-hNIS. Mol Ther 2011; 19:629-31. [PMID: 21455206 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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31
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Khare R, Chen CY, Weaver EA, Barry MA. Advances and future challenges in adenoviral vector pharmacology and targeting. Curr Gene Ther 2011; 11:241-58. [PMID: 21453281 PMCID: PMC3267160 DOI: 10.2174/156652311796150363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus is a robust vector for therapeutic applications, but its use is limited by our understanding of its complex in vivo pharmacology. In this review we describe the necessity of identifying its natural, widespread, and multifaceted interactions with the host since this information will be crucial for efficiently redirecting virus into target cells. In the rational design of vectors, the notion of overcoming a sequence of viral "sinks" must be combined with re-targeting to target populations with capsid as well as shielding the vectors from pre-existing or toxic immune responses. It must also be noted that most known adenoviral pharmacology is deduced from the most commonly used serotypes, Ad5 and Ad2. However, these serotypes may not represent all adenoviruses, and may not even represent the most useful vectors for all purposes. Chimeras between Ad serotypes may become useful in engineering vectors that can selectively evade substantial viral traps, such as Kupffer cells, while retaining the robust qualities of Ad5. Similarly, vectorizing other Ad serotypes may become useful in avoiding immunity against Ad5 altogether. Taken together, this research on basic adenovirus biology will be necessary in developing vectors that interact more strategically with the host for the most optimal therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeti Khare
- Virology and Gene Therapy Program, Mayo Graduate School
| | - Christopher Y Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense Program
| | - Eric A Weaver
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense Program
| | - Michael A Barry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense Program
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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32
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Bru T, Salinas S, Kremer EJ. An update on canine adenovirus type 2 and its vectors. Viruses 2010; 2:2134-2153. [PMID: 21994722 PMCID: PMC3185752 DOI: 10.3390/v2092134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus vectors have significant potential for long- or short-term gene transfer. Preclinical and clinical studies using human derived adenoviruses (HAd) have demonstrated the feasibility of flexible hybrid vector designs, robust expression and induction of protective immunity. However, clinical use of HAd vectors can, under some conditions, be limited by pre-existing vector immunity. Pre-existing humoral and cellular anti-capsid immunity limits the efficacy and duration of transgene expression and is poorly circumvented by injections of larger doses and immuno-suppressing drugs. This review updates canine adenovirus serotype 2 (CAV-2, also known as CAdV-2) biology and gives an overview of the generation of early region 1 (E1)-deleted to helper-dependent (HD) CAV-2 vectors. We also summarize the essential characteristics concerning their interaction with the anti-HAd memory immune responses in humans, the preferential transduction of neurons, and its high level of retrograde axonal transport in the central and peripheral nervous system. CAV-2 vectors are particularly interesting tools to study the pathophysiology and potential treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, as anti-tumoral and anti-viral vaccines, tracer of synaptic junctions, oncolytic virus and as a platform to generate chimeric vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Bru
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5535, 1919 Route de Mende Montpellier, 34293 France; E-Mails: (T.B.); (S.S.)
- Université de Montpellier I, 5 Bd Henri IV, 34000 Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier II, place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Salinas
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5535, 1919 Route de Mende Montpellier, 34293 France; E-Mails: (T.B.); (S.S.)
- Université de Montpellier I, 5 Bd Henri IV, 34000 Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier II, place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Eric J. Kremer
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5535, 1919 Route de Mende Montpellier, 34293 France; E-Mails: (T.B.); (S.S.)
- Université de Montpellier I, 5 Bd Henri IV, 34000 Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier II, place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +33-467-613-372; Fax: +33-467-040-231
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Alcayaga-Miranda F, Cascallo M, Rojas JJ, Pastor J, Alemany R. Osteosarcoma cells as carriers to allow antitumor activity of canine oncolytic adenovirus in the presence of neutralizing antibodies. Cancer Gene Ther 2010; 17:792-802. [PMID: 20671769 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2010.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OSA) is the most common bone tumor affecting the dog. The veterinary options for therapeutic management of OSA are limited and prognosis for such patients is poor. Oncolytic adenoviruses are attractive tools for experimental therapeutics as they can replicate and spread within tumors to directly induce tumor destruction. However, a major impediment to systemic oncolytic adenoviruses injection is the presence of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies (Nabs). In this study, we investigated the effect of a replication-selective canine adenovirus (OCCAV) to treat OSA in the presence of Nabs and the use of canine OSA cells as carrier vehicles for evading Nabs. Our systemic biodistribution data indicated that canine tumor cells could successfully reach the tumor site and deliver OCCAV to tumor cells in an immunized mice model. Furthermore, the use of carrier cells also reduced adenovirus uptake by the liver. Importantly, OCCAV alone was not effective to control tumor growth in a pre-immunized xenograft mouse model. On the contrary, systemic antitumoral activity of carrier-cell OCCAV was evident even in the presence of circulating antibodies, which is a relevant result from a clinical point of view. These findings are of direct translational relevance for the future design of canine clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Alcayaga-Miranda
- Translational Research Laboratory, IDIBELL-Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses (Ads) constitute a promising new class of anticancer agent. They are based on the well-studied adenoviral vector system, which lends itself to concept-driven design to generate oncolytic variants. The first oncolytic Ad was approved as a drug in China in 2005, although clinical efficacy observed in human trials has failed to reach the high expectations that were based on studies in animal models. Current obstacles to the full realization of efficacy of this class of anticancer agent include (i) limited efficiency of infection and specific replication in tumor cells, (ii) limited vector spread within the tumor, (iii) imperfect animal models and methods of in vivo imaging, and (iv) an incomplete understanding of the interaction of these agents with the host. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the field of oncolytic Ads and potential ways to overcome current obstacles to their clinical application and efficacy.
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Arendt M, Nasir L, Morgan IM. Oncolytic gene therapy for canine cancers: teaching old dog viruses new tricks. Vet Comp Oncol 2009; 7:153-61. [PMID: 19691644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2009.00187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of viruses to treat cancer has been studied for decades. With the advancement of molecular biology, viruses have been modified and genetically engineered to optimize their ability to target cancer cells. Canine viruses, such as distemper virus and adenovirus, are being exploited for the treatment of canine cancer as the dog has proven to be a good comparative model for human cancer research and proof of concept investigations. In this review, we introduce the concept of oncolytic viruses and describe some of the preliminary attempts to use oncolytic viruses for the treatment of canine cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arendt
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Division of Pathological Sciences, University of Glasgow Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Glasgow, UK
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37
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Abstract
The immune system is generally divided into 2 primary components: the innate immune response, and the highly specific but more slowly developing adaptive or acquired immune response. Immune responses can be further separated by whether they are induced by exposure to a foreign antigen (an "active" response) or whether they are transferred through serum or lymphocytes from an immunized individual (a "passive" response). The ideal cancer immunotherapy agent should be able to discriminate between cancer and normal cells (ie, specificity), be potent enough to kill small or large numbers of tumor cells (ie, sensitivity), and lastly be able to prevent recurrence of the tumor (ie, durability). Tumor immunology and immunotherapy is one of the most exciting and rapidly expanding fields at present.
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Short JJ, Curiel DT. Oncolytic adenoviruses targeted to cancer stem cells: Table 1. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:2096-102. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sharma A, Tandon M, Bangari DS, Mittal SK. Adenoviral vector-based strategies for cancer therapy. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2009; 4:117-138. [PMID: 20160875 DOI: 10.2174/157488509788185123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Definitive treatment of cancer has eluded scientists for decades. Current therapeutic modalities like surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and receptor-targeted antibodies have varied degree of success and generally have moderate to severe side effects. Gene therapy is one of the novel and promising approaches for therapeutic intervention of cancer. Viral vectors in general and adenoviral (Ad) vectors in particular are efficient natural gene delivery systems and are one of the obvious choices for cancer gene therapy. Clinical and preclinical findings with a wide variety of approaches like tumor suppressor and suicide gene therapy, oncolysis, immunotherapy, anti-angiogenesis and RNA interference using Ad vectors have been quite promising, but there are still many hurdles to overcome. Shortcomings like increased immunogenicity, prevalence of preexisting anti-Ad immunity in human population and lack of specific targeting limit the clinical usefulness of Ad vectors. In recent years, extensive research efforts have been made to overcome these limitations through a variety of approaches including the use of conditionally-replicating Ad and specific targeting of tumor cells. In this review, we discuss the potential strengths and limitations of Ad vectors for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Sharma
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, and Bindley Bioscience Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Young AM, McNeish IA. Oncolytic adenoviral gene therapy in ovarian cancer: why we are not wasting our time. Future Oncol 2009; 5:339-57. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical gene-therapy studies in the past 15 years have repeatedly raised hopes that we were about to enter a brave new era. However, many clinical trials have disappointed. For tumor types with poor response rates to first-line conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy and/or high rates of chemorefractory disease, there remain very few treatment options. In this article we review gene therapy within the context of ovarian cancer. We examine why clinical data have been discouraging and discuss how the lessons learned from earlier trials are being applied to current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- AM Young
- Centre for Molecular Oncology & Imaging, Institute of Cancer, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Iain A McNeish
- Centre for Molecular Oncology & Imaging, Institute of Cancer, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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41
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Thomas R, Wang HJ, Tsai PC, Langford CF, Fosmire SP, Jubala CM, Getzy DM, Cutter GR, Modiano JF, Breen M. Influence of genetic background on tumor karyotypes: evidence for breed-associated cytogenetic aberrations in canine appendicular osteosarcoma. Chromosome Res 2009; 17:365-377. [PMID: 19337847 PMCID: PMC3758998 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-009-9028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent chromosomal aberrations in solid tumors can reveal the genetic pathways involved in the evolution of a malignancy and in some cases predict biological behavior. However, the role of individual genetic backgrounds in shaping karyotypes of sporadic tumors is unknown. The genetic structure of purebred dog breeds, coupled with their susceptibility to spontaneous cancers, provides a robust model with which to address this question. We tested the hypothesis that there is an association between breed and the distribution of genomic copy number imbalances in naturally occurring canine tumors through assessment of a cohort of Golden Retrievers and Rottweilers diagnosed with spontaneous appendicular osteosarcoma. Our findings reveal significant correlations between breed and tumor karyotypes that are independent of gender, age at diagnosis, and histological classification. These data indicate for the first time that individual genetic backgrounds, as defined by breed in dogs, influence tumor karyotypes in a cancer with extensive genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Thomas
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Huixia J. Wang
- Department of Statistics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Cordelia F. Langford
- Microarray Facility, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Susan P. Fosmire
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80214, USA
| | - Cristan M. Jubala
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80214, USA
| | | | - Gary R. Cutter
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jaime F. Modiano
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80214, USA
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Matthew Breen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Coomer AR, Farese JP, Milner R, Taylor D, Salute ME, Rajon DA, Bova FJ, Siemann DW. Development of an intramuscular xenograft model of canine osteosarcoma in mice for evaluation of the effects of radiation therapy. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:127-33. [PMID: 19119958 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.1.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an IM xenograft model of canine osteosarcoma in mice for the purpose of evaluating effects of radiation therapy on tumors. ANIMALS 27 athymic nude mice. PROCEDURES Mice were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups of 9 mice each: no treatment (control group), radiation at 10 Gy, or radiation at 15 Gy. Each mouse received 5 x 10(5) highly metastasizing parent osteosarcoma cells injected into the left gastrocnemius muscle. Maximum tumor diameter was determined with a metric circles template to generate a tumor growth curve. Conscious mice were restrained in customized plastic jigs allowing local tumor irradiation. The behavior and development of the tumor xenograft were assessed via evaluations of the interval required for tumor-bearing limbs to reach diameters of 8 and 13 mm, extent of tumor vasculature, histomorphology of tumors, degree of tumor necrosis, and existence of pulmonary metastasis and clinical disease in affected mice. RESULTS Tumor-bearing limbs grew to a diameter of 8 mm (0.2-g tumor mass) in a mean +/- SEM interval of 7.0 +/- 0.2 days in all mice. Interval to grow from 8 to 13 mm was significantly prolonged for both radiation therapy groups, compared with that of the control group. Histologic evaluation revealed the induced tumors were highly vascular and had characteristics consistent with those of osteosarcoma. Pulmonary metastasis was not detected, and there was no significant difference in percentage of tumor necrosis between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A reliable, repeatable, and easily produced IM xenograft model was developed for in vivo assessment of canine osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair R Coomer
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Szelechowski M, Fournier A, Richardson J, Eloit M, Klonjkowski B. Functional organization of the major late transcriptional unit of canine adenovirus type 2. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:1215-1223. [PMID: 19264594 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.007773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vectors derived from canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) are attractive candidates for gene therapy and live recombinant vaccines. CAV-2 vectors described thus far have been generated by modifying the virus genome, most notably early regions 1 and 3 or the fiber gene. Modification of these genes was underpinned by previous descriptions of their mRNA and protein-coding sequences. Similarly, the construction of new CAV-2 vectors bearing changes in other genomic regions, in particular many of those expressed late in the viral cycle, will require prior characterization of the corresponding transcriptional units. In this study, we provide a detailed description of the late transcriptional organization of the CAV-2 genome. We examined the major late transcription unit (MLTU) and determined its six families of mRNAs controlled by the putative major late promoter (MLP). All mRNAs expressed from the MLTU had a common non-coding tripartite leader (224 nt) at their 5' end. In transient transfection assays, the predicted MLP sequence was able to direct luciferase gene expression and the TPL sequence yielded a higher amount of transgene product. Identification of viral transcriptional products following in vitro infection confirmed most of the predicted protein-coding regions that were deduced from computer analysis of the CAV-2 genome. These findings contribute to a better understanding of gene expression in CAV-2 and lay the foundation required for genetic modifications aimed at vector optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Szelechowski
- UMR 1161 Virologie, INRA AFSSA ENVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 av. du Général de Gaulle, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Annie Fournier
- UMR 1161 Virologie, INRA AFSSA ENVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 av. du Général de Gaulle, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Jennifer Richardson
- UMR 1161 Virologie, INRA AFSSA ENVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 av. du Général de Gaulle, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Marc Eloit
- UMR 1161 Virologie, INRA AFSSA ENVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 av. du Général de Gaulle, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Bernard Klonjkowski
- UMR 1161 Virologie, INRA AFSSA ENVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 av. du Général de Gaulle, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France
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Cattaneo R, Miest T, Shashkova EV, Barry MA. Reprogrammed viruses as cancer therapeutics: targeted, armed and shielded. Nat Rev Microbiol 2008; 6:529-40. [PMID: 18552863 PMCID: PMC3947522 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Virotherapy is currently undergoing a renaissance, based on our improved understanding of virus biology and genetics and our better knowledge of many different types of cancer. Viruses can be reprogrammed into oncolytic vectors by combining three types of modification: targeting, arming and shielding. Targeting introduces multiple layers of cancer specificity and improves safety and efficacy; arming occurs through the expression of prodrug convertases and cytokines; and coating with polymers and the sequential usage of different envelopes or capsids provides shielding from the host immune response. Virus-based therapeutics are beginning to find their place in cancer clinical practice, in combination with chemotherapy and radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Rochester, MayoClinic, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Särkioja M, Pesonen S, Raki M, Hakkarainen T, Salo J, Ahonen MT, Kanerva A, Hemminki A. Changing the adenovirus fiber for retaining gene delivery efficacy in the presence of neutralizing antibodies. Gene Ther 2008; 15:921-9. [PMID: 18401431 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prior infection has primed most adult humans for a rapid neutralizing antibody (NAb) response when re-exposed to adenovirus. NAb induction can severely limit the efficacy of systemic re-administration of adenoviral gene therapy. We hypothesized that changing the fiber knob could overcome NAb. Immune-competent mice were exposed to serotype 5 adenovirus (Ad5)(GL), Ad5/3luc1, Ad5lucRGD or Ad5pK7(GL). Mice immunized with Ad5(GL) featured reduced intravenous Ad5(GL) gene transfer to most organs, including the liver, lung and spleen. Ad5(GL) gene transfer was affected much less by exposure to capsid-modified viruses. Anti-Ad5(GL) NAb blocked intravenous Ad5(GL) gene transfer to orthotopic lung cancer xenografts, whereas capsid-modified viruses were not affected. When gene transfer to fresh cancer and normal lung explants was analyzed, we found that capsid-modified viruses allowed effective gene delivery to tumors in the presence of anti-Ad5(GL) NAb, whereas Ad5(GL) was blocked. In contrast, crossblocking by NAbs induced by different viruses affected gene delivery to normal human lung explants, suggesting the importance of non-fiber-knob-mediated infection mechanisms. We conclude that changing the adenovirus fiber knob is sufficient to allow a relative degree of escape from preexisting NAb. If confirmed in trials, this approach might improve the efficacy of re-administration of adenoviral gene therapy to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Särkioja
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program and Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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46
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Graat HCA, van Beusechem VW, Schagen FHE, Witlox MA, Kleinerman ES, Helder MN, Gerritsen WR, Kaspers GJL, Wuisman PIJM. Intravenous administration of the conditionally replicative adenovirus Ad5-Delta24RGD induces regression of osteosarcoma lung metastases. Mol Cancer 2008; 7:9. [PMID: 18215325 PMCID: PMC2254437 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-7-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic osteosarcoma (OS) has a very poor prognosis. New treatments are therefore wanted. The conditionally replicative adenovirus Ad5-Δ24RGD has shown promising anti-tumor effects on local cancers, including OS. The purpose of this study was to determine whether intravenous administration of Ad5-Δ24RGD could suppress growth of human OS lung metastases. Mice bearing SaOs-lm7 OS lung metastases were treated with Ad5-Δ24RGD at weeks 1, 2 and 3 or weeks 5, 6 and 7 after tumor cell injection. Virus treatment at weeks 1–3 did not cause a statistically significant effect on lung weight and total body weight. However, the number of macroscopic lung tumor nodules was reduced from a median of >158 in PBS-treated control mice to 58 in Ad5-Δ24RGD-treated mice (p = 0.15). Moreover, mice treated at weeks 5–7 showed a significantly reduced lung weight (decrease of tumor mass, p < 0.05), a significantly increased body weight gain (decrease of disease symptoms, p < 0.005) and a reduced number of macroscopic lung tumor nodules (median 60 versus > 149, p = 0.12) compared to PBS treated control animals. Adenovirus hexon expression was detected in lung tumor nodules at sacrifice three weeks after the last intravenous adenovirus administration, suggesting ongoing viral infection. These findings suggest that systemic administration of Ad5-Δ24RGD might be a promising new treatment strategy for metastatic osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm C A Graat
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, VU University medical center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
With the tools of molecular biology and a greater understanding of mechanisms to harness the immune system, effective tumor immunotherapy is becoming a reality. This new class of therapeutics offers a more targeted, and therefore precise, approach to the treatment of cancer. The recent conditional licensure of a xenogeneic DNA vaccine for advanced canine malignant melanoma strongly suggests that immunotherapy can play an extremely important role alongside the classic cancer treatment triad components of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Bergman
- Brightheart Veterinary Centers, 80 Business Park Drive, Suite 110, Armonk, NY 10504, USA.
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Skog J, Edlund K, Bergenheim AT, Wadell G. Adenoviruses 16 and CV23 efficiently transduce human low-passage brain tumor and cancer stem cells. Mol Ther 2007; 15:2140-5. [PMID: 17878898 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most clinical protocols involving adenovirus (Ad) vectors for gene therapy use a vector based on serotype 5 (Ad5). We believe that this serotype is not suitable for all gene therapy applications and that alternative vectors based on other serotypes should be developed. We have compared the ability of Ad5, Ad11p, Ad16p, and a chimpanzee Ad (CV23) to infect human low-passage brain tumor cells as well as primary glioma cells sorted into a CD133(+) and CD133(-) population. Cancer stem cells have been shown to reside in the CD133(+) population of cells in human glioma tumors and they are of considerable interest in glioma therapy. Ad16p and CV23 infected the low-passage brain tumor cell lines and also the CD133(+) and CD133(-) primary tumor cells most efficiently. Interestingly, as the passage number of the cells increased, the infection capacity of Ad5 increased significantly, whereas this was not seen for CV23. To ensure the therapeutic effect of Ad vectors on brain tumors, the vector must be capable of addressing both the CD133(+) cancer stem cells and the CD133(-) cells of the tumor. In particular, Ad16 and CV23 are meeting this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Skog
- Department of Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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49
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Witlox M, Lamfers M, Wuisman P, Curiel D, Siegal G. Evolving gene therapy approaches for osteosarcoma using viral vectors: review. Bone 2007; 40:797-812. [PMID: 17189720 PMCID: PMC2731716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review begins with an introduction to the malignant bone tumor, osteosarcoma [OS] and then moves to a discussion of the commonly used vectors for gene transfer. We first briefly highlight non-viral vectors including polymeric and liposomal delivery systems but concentrate predominantly on the 5 leading viral vectors used in cancer gene therapy, specifically retroviruses, adeno-associated viruses, herpes viruses and lentiviruses with the most detailed analysis reserved for adenoviruses. The 3 main strategies for gene therapy in osteosarcoma are next summarized. As part of this review, the several prodrug-converting enzymes utilized in OS suicide gene therapy are examined. The text then turns to a discussion of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer and the need for tumor targeting via transductional or transcriptional approaches. Because of practical problems with use of replication-incompetent viruses in achieving complete tumor kill in vivo, virotherapy utilizing replication competent viruses has come to the fore. This topic is, thus, next reviewed which allows for a natural transition to a discussion of armed therapeutic viruses many of which are conditionally replicating adenoviruses carrying transgenes with established anti-tumor efficacy. We recognize that several other issues have arisen which hamper progress in the field of cancer gene therapy. We, therefore, review viral-induced toxicity in the host and vector delivery issues which have been found to potentially influence safety. We end with a brief perspective including commenting on animal models used in examining delivery strategies for osteosarcoma gene therapy. The challenges remaining are touched upon most especially the need to deal with pulmonary metastatic disease from OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.A. Witlox
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, NL, ,
- Divison of Gene Therapy, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, NL
| | - M.L. Lamfers
- Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, NL,
| | - P.I.J.M. Wuisman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, NL, ,
| | - D.T. Curiel
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Depts. Of Medicine, Surgery, Pathology & Ob/Gyn and the Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA,
| | - G.P. Siegal
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology, and Surgery, and the Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA,
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50
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Smith BF, Curiel DT, Ternovoi VV, Borovjagin AV, Baker HJ, Cox N, Siegal GP. Administration of a conditionally replicative oncolytic canine adenovirus in normal dogs. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2007; 21:601-6. [PMID: 17257075 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2006.21.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditionally replicative adenoviruses (CRAds) are engineered to replicate only in the target tissue and destroy tumor through their cytopathic effect. Because of restricted in vivo replication, it is difficult to model behavior of human Ad5-based vectors in animal subjects. To circumvent this, we developed a "syngeneic" canine CRAd based on canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV2) transcriptionally targeted to canine osteosarcoma (OS) cells. Canine OS is an outstanding model of human OS and is the most common primary bone tumor of dogs. Because conventional therapies extend median survival by approximately 6-8 months, canine OS remains a serious therapeutic challenge shared by human OS patients. Prior to using any CRAd for clinical trials in dogs, we sought to examine the effects and safety of administration of OS-targeted CAV2 CRAd in normal dogs. Short-term physiologic indicators of stress and shock, as well as gross and histological changes in a variety of tissues, were examined, and no major signs of virus-associated toxicity were noted. In addition, short-term immunosuppression did not increase CRAd toxicity. This study marks the first administration of a CRAd in an outbred large animal model and is an important milestone in the application of this modality in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce F Smith
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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