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Vetvicka V, Teplyakova TV, Shintyapina AB, Korolenko TA. Effects of Medicinal Fungi-Derived β-Glucan on Tumor Progression. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:250. [PMID: 33806255 PMCID: PMC8065548 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Glucans have been studied in animal species, from earthworms to humans. They form a heterogenous group of glucose polymers found in fungi, plants, bacteria, and seaweed. β-Glucans have slowly emerged as an important target for the recognition of pathogens. In the current review, we highlight the major roles of mushroom-derived β-glucans on cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 630117, USA
| | - Tamara V. Teplyakova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, 630559 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Alexandra B. Shintyapina
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Tatiana A. Korolenko
- Laboratory of Experimental Models of Neurodegeneration, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, 4 Timakov St., 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia;
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Yuan H, Lan P, He Y, Li C, Ma X. Effect of the Modifications on the Physicochemical and Biological Properties of β-Glucan-A Critical Review. Molecules 2019; 25:E57. [PMID: 31877995 PMCID: PMC6983044 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Glucan exhibits many biological activities and functions such as stimulation of the immune system and anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-infective, anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-coagulant, cholesterol-lowering, radio protective, and wound healing effects. It has a wide variety of uses in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and chemical industries as well as in food processing units. However, due to its dense triple helix structure, formed by the interaction of polyhydroxy groups in the β-d-glucan molecule, it features poor solubility, which not only constrains its applications, but also inhibits its physiological function in vivo. One aim is to expand the applications for modified β-glucan with potential to prevent disease, various therapeutic purposes and as health-improving ingredients in functional foods and cosmetics. This review introduces the major modification methods required to understand the bioactivity of β-glucan and critically provides a literature survey on the structural features of this molecule and reported biological activity. We also discuss a new method to create novel opportunities to exploit maximally various properties of β-glucan, namely ultrasound-assisted enzymatic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Yuan
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (H.Y.); (Y.H.)
| | - Ping Lan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, China;
| | - Yan He
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (H.Y.); (Y.H.)
| | - Chengliang Li
- LB Cosmeceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201499, China;
| | - Xia Ma
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (H.Y.); (Y.H.)
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3
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Ma W, Chen X, Wang B, Lou W, Chen X, Hua J, Sun YJ, Zhao Y, Peng T. Characterization, antioxidativity, and anti-carcinoma activity of exopolysaccharide extract from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa CICC 33013. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 181:768-777. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Roudi R, Mohammadi SR, Roudbary M, Mohsenzadegan M. Lung cancer and β-glucans: review of potential therapeutic applications. Invest New Drugs 2017; 35:509-517. [PMID: 28303529 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0449-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The potential of natural substances with immunotherapeutic properties has long been studied. β-glucans, a cell wall component of certain bacteria and fungi, potentiate the immune system against microbes and toxic substances. Moreover, β-glucans are known to exhibit direct anticancer effects and can suppress cancer proliferation through immunomodulatory pathways. Mortality of lung cancer has been alarmingly increasingly worldwide; therefore, treatment of lung cancer is an urgent necessity. Numerous researchers are now dedicated to using β-glucans as a therapy for lung cancer. In the present attempt, we have reviewed the studies addressing therapeutic effects of β-glucans in primary and metastatic lung cancer published in the time period of 1991-2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Roudi
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahla Roudbar Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Roudbary
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Monireh Mohsenzadegan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Vetvicka V, Vetvickova J. Addition of Selenium Improves Immunomodulative Effects of Glucan. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 8:88-92. [PMID: 27042606 PMCID: PMC4791904 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.177311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background: Selenium (Se) is an established essential nutrient that plays a role in various biological processes including cancer development. Similarly, stimulation of immune reactions by β-glucans is well-documented. Aims: In the current study, we focused on the stimulation of phagocytosis and interleukin (IL)-2 production and on potentiation of anticancer immunity by a combination of glucan with two types of Se. Materials and Methods: Phagocytosis was evaluated using synthetic microspheres; cancer development was measured either using breast cancer cells or using lung cancer cells. Results: Using two different murine models of cancer, we showed that the Se/glucan combination strongly suppressed the growth of cancer, mostly probably via stimulation of immunity. Conclusions: A combination of glucan with Se offers superior stimulation of immunity and inhibition of cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jana Vetvickova
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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6
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Carboxymethylation of (1→6)-β-glucan (lasiodiplodan): Preparation, characterization and antioxidant evaluation. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 127:390-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Kagimura FY, da Cunha MAA, Barbosa AM, Dekker RFH, Malfatti CRM. Biological activities of derivatized D-glucans: a review. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 72:588-98. [PMID: 25239192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
D-Glucans have triggered increasing interest in commercial applications in the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors because of their technological properties and biological activities. The glucans are foremost among the polysaccharide groups produced by microorganisms with demonstrated activity in stimulating the immune system, and have potential in treating human disease conditions. Chemical alterations in the structure of D-glucans through derivatization (sulfonylation, carboxymethylation, phosphorylation, acetylation) contributes to their increased solubility that, in turn, can alter their biological activities such as antioxidation and anticoagulation. This review surveys and cites the latest advances on the biological and technological potential of D-glucans following chemical modifications through sulfonylation, carboxymethylation, phosphorylation or acetylation, and discusses the findings of their activities. Several studies suggest that chemically modified d-glucans have potentiated biological activity as anticoagulants, antitumors, antioxidants, and antivirals. This review shows that in-depth future studies on chemically modified glucans with amplified biological effects will be relevant in the biotechnological field because of their potential to prevent and treat numerous human disease conditions and their clinical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francini Yumi Kagimura
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Via do Conhecimento, km 01, Bairro Fraron, CEP: 85503-390 Pato Branco, PR, Brazil
| | - Mário Antônio A da Cunha
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Via do Conhecimento, km 01, Bairro Fraron, CEP: 85503-390 Pato Branco, PR, Brazil.
| | - Aneli M Barbosa
- Departamento de Química - CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, CEP: 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Robert F H Dekker
- Biorefining and Biotechnology Consultancy, Rua João Huss 200, Gleba Palanho, CEP: 86050-490 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ricardo Maneck Malfatti
- Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste (Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas), Campus CEDETEG, CEP: 85040-080 Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
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Nanocarrier mediated delivery of siRNA/miRNA in combination with chemotherapeutic agents for cancer therapy: current progress and advances. J Control Release 2014; 194:238-56. [PMID: 25204288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents have certain limitations when it comes to treating cancer, the most important being severe side effects along with multidrug resistance developed against them. Tumor cells exhibit drug resistance due to activation of various cellular level processes viz. activation of drug efflux pumps, anti-apoptotic defense mechanisms, etc. Currently, RNA interference (RNAi) based therapeutic approaches are under vibrant scrutinization to seek cancer cure. Especially small interfering RNA (siRNA) and micro RNA (miRNA), are able to knock down the carcinogenic genes by targeting the mRNA expression, which underlies the uniqueness of this therapeutic approach. Recent research focus in the regime of cancer therapy involves the engagement of targeted delivery of siRNA/miRNA in combinations with other therapeutic agents (such as gene, DNA or chemotherapeutic drug) for targeting permeability glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistant protein 1 (MRP-1), B-cell lymphoma (BCL-2) and other targets that are mainly responsible for resistance in cancer therapy. RNAi-chemotherapeutic drug combinations have also been found to be effective against different molecular targets as well and can increase the sensitization of cancer cells to therapy several folds. However, due to stability issues associated with siRNA/miRNA suitable protective carrier is needed and nanotechnology based approaches have been widely explored to overcome these drawbacks. Furthermore, it has been univocally advocated that the co-delivery of siRNA/miRNA with other chemodrugs significantly enhances their capability to overcome cancer resistance compared to naked counterparts. The objective of this article is to review recent nanocarrier based approaches adopted for the delivery of siRNA/miRNA combinations with other anticancer agents (siRNA/miRNA/pDNA/chemodrugs) to treat cancer.
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9
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The Effect of Mushroom Beta-Glucans from Solid Culture of Ganoderma lucidum on Inhibition of the Primary Tumor Metastasis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:252171. [PMID: 24799937 PMCID: PMC3995106 DOI: 10.1155/2014/252171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the effect of mushroom beta-glucans (MBGS) derived from solid culture of Ganoderma lucidum on tumor inhibition by examining size of the primary tumor and rate of metastasis in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) bearing mice (C57BL/6), given oral administration of MBGS with radiation therapy. A previous result showed that MBGS enhances NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity in mice without LLC bearing in advance. Furthermore, applications of MBGS in conjunction with radiation therapy were effective in controlling tumor growth, and rate of metastasis, life threatening, and can potentially serve as a protective factor for wounds and hair loss that resulted from the overgrowth of primary tumor in LLC bearing mice.
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Vetvicka V, Vashishta A, Fuentes M, Baigorri R, Garcia-Mina JM, Yvin JC. The relative abundance of oxygen alkyl-related groups in aliphatic domains is involved in the main pharmacological-pleiotropic effects of humic acids. J Med Food 2013; 16:625-32. [PMID: 23875902 PMCID: PMC3719442 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the rather common presence of humic acid (HA), our full knowledge of its biological effect is still lacking. In this article, we first performed a physicochemical characterization of several HAs, and next, we evaluated their ability to affect interleukin-2 secretion, antibody secretion, wound healing (an in vitro model using HaCaT cells), cancer growth (the Lewis lung carcinoma model), and protection against hepatotoxicity. In all tested reactions, HA showed significant stimulation on immune reactions, including suppression of cancer growth and inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatotoxicity. These effects were dependent on its chemical properties. The pleiotropic effects of HA observed in this article suggest the possible role of these compounds in human nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
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11
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Kutkowska J, Turska-Szewczuk A, Janczarek M, Paduch R, Kamińska T, Urbanik-Sypniewska T. Biological activity of (lipo)polysaccharides of the exopolysaccharide-deficient mutant Rt120 derived from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii strain TA1. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 76:840-50. [PMID: 21999546 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911070157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii TA1 (RtTA1) and its mutant Rt120 in the pssBpssA intergenic region as well as degraded polysaccharides (DPS) derived from the LPS were elucidated in terms of their chemical composition and biological activities. The polysaccharide portions were examined by methylation analysis, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. A high molecular mass carbohydrate fraction obtained from Rt120 DPS by Sephadex G-50 gel chromatography was composed mainly of L-rhamnose, 6-deoxy-L-talose, D-galactose, and D-galacturonic acid, whereas that from RtTA1 DPS contained L-fucose, 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose, D-galacturonic acid, 3-deoxy-3-methylaminofucose, D-glucose, D-glucuronic acid, and heptose. Relative intensities of the major (1)H NMR signals for O-acetyl and N-acetyl groups were 1 : 0.8 and 1 : 1.24 in DPS of Rt120 and RtTA1, respectively. The intact mutant LPS exhibited a twice higher lethal toxicity than the wild type LPS. A higher in vivo production of TNFα and IL-6 after induction of mice with Rt120 LPS correlated with the toxicity, although the mutant LPS induced the secretion of IL-1β and IFNγ more weakly than RtTA1 LPS. A polysaccharide obtained by gel chromatography on Bio-Gel P-4 of the high molecular mass material from Rt120 had a toxic effect on tumor HeLa cells but was inactive against the normal human skin fibroblast cell line. The polysaccharide from RtTA1 was inactive against either cell line. The potent inhibitory effect of the mutant DPS on tumor HeLa cells seems to be related with the differences in sugar composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kutkowska
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, M. Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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12
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Karaduman D, Eren B, Keles ON. The protective effect of beta-1,3-D-glucan on taxol-induced hepatotoxicity: a histopathological and stereological study. Drug Chem Toxicol 2009; 33:8-16. [DOI: 10.3109/01480540903380472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Antitumor and immunomodulating effects of a fragment of HL-60 cell differentiation factor in mice with lewis pulmonary carcinoma. Bull Exp Biol Med 2009; 147:229-32. [PMID: 19513428 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-009-0481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A six-member HLDF6 peptide, fragment of HL-60 cell differentiation factor, exhibited antimetastatic and immunomodulating effects.
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14
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Dergunova MA, Alexeenko TV, Zhanaeva SY, Filyushina EE, Buzueva II, Kolesnikova OP, Kogan G, Korolenko TA. Characterization of the novel chemically modified fungal polysaccharides as the macrophage stimulators. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:729-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Vetvicka V, Dvorak B, Vetvickova J, Richter J, Krizan J, Sima P, Yvin JC. Orally administered marine (1→3)-β-d-glucan Phycarine stimulates both humoral and cellular immunity. Int J Biol Macromol 2007; 40:291-8. [PMID: 16978690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Revised: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
(1-->3)-beta-D-Glucans represent highly conserved structural components of cell walls in yeast, fungi, or seaweed. However, it is still unknown how they mediate their effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate both intraperitoneal and oral application of seaweed-derived (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan Phycarine. Phycarine showed significant stimulation of phagocytosis by peripheral blood cells. In addition, the efficiency of chemotherapy of Lewis lung carcinoma with cyclophosphamide was potentiated by Phycarine administration. Phycarine also strongly shortened the recovery of leucopenia caused either by chemotherapy or irradiation. Besides the role in stimulation of cellular immunity, we also found a significant increase of antibody formation. Using a suckling rat model for evaluation of the absorption and tissues distribution of enterally administered (125)I-Phycarine, we found that the majority of Phycarine was detected in the stomach and duodenum 5 min after the administration. This amount sharply decreased during first 30 min. A significant amount of Phycarine entered proximal intestine in a shortly after the gavage. Its transit through proximal intestine was decreasing with time and simultaneously increasing in the ileum. Systemic blood levels were very low (less than 0.5%). Taken together, these observations suggest that Phycarine is similarly effective both after i.p. and oral application, has very strong stimulating effects on three types of experimentally induced leucopenia and stimulates both humoral and cellular branch of immune reactions. The majority of Phycarine can be detected throughout the gastrointestinal tract, supporting the feasibility of enteral administration of Phycarine in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibody Formation/drug effects
- Antibody Formation/radiation effects
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/radiation effects
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/drug effects
- Bone Marrow Cells/radiation effects
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/pathology
- Cell Count
- Cyclophosphamide/pharmacology
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Cellular/radiation effects
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Iodine Radioisotopes
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/radiation effects
- Leukopenia/chemically induced
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microspheres
- Phagocytosis/drug effects
- Phagocytosis/radiation effects
- Proteoglycans
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Seaweed/metabolism
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/radiation effects
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/drug effects
- Thymus Gland/radiation effects
- Tissue Distribution/drug effects
- beta-Glucans/administration & dosage
- beta-Glucans/pharmacokinetics
- beta-Glucans/pharmacology
- beta-Glucans/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Vetvicka
- University of Louisville, Department of Pathology, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
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17
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Porcu M, Guarna F, Formentini L, Faraco G, Fossati S, Mencucci R, Rapizzi E, Menchini U, Moroni F, Chiarugi A. Carboxymethyl β-glucan Binds to Corneal Epithelial Cells and Increases Cell Adhesion to Laminin and Resistance to Oxidative Stress. Cornea 2007; 26:73-9. [PMID: 17198017 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e31802e3872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polysaccharides are frequently used as viscoelastic agents to improve pharmacokinetics of ophthalmic preparations. Recently, polysaccharides from yeast cell walls such as beta-glucans have emerged as bioactive molecules endowed with immunomodulatory and cytoprotective properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of carboxymethyl beta-glucan (CMG), a water-soluble derivative of yeast beta-glucan, on cultured rabbit corneal epithelial cells. METHODS We developed a fluorescein-labeled CMG to visualize its binding to corneal cells by means of digital microscopy and image deconvolution. The effects of CMG on adhesion and survival of corneal epithelial cells exposed to noxious stimuli were also studied. RESULTS CMG binds defined regions scattered throughout the body of corneal cells, suggesting binding specificity. Tridimensional reconstruction of fluorescence shows that binding is localized mainly at the plasma and nuclear membranes. Interestingly, CMG binding is highly represented at the level of focal adhesion of cells spreading onto laminin. Accordingly, CMG promotes adhesion of corneal epithelial cells to laminin without affecting their proliferation rate. CMG also protects cells from oxidative stress-dependent cell death, being ineffective in preventing ultraviolet B cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS Data show that CMG dynamically binds to corneal epithelial cells, promoting cell adhesion and resistance to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Porcu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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18
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Zeković DB, Kwiatkowski S, Vrvić MM, Jakovljević D, Moran CA. Natural and modified (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans in health promotion and disease alleviation. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2006; 25:205-30. [PMID: 16419618 DOI: 10.1080/07388550500376166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of polysaccharides with beta-glycosidic linkage are widespread in nature in a variety of sources. All have a common structure and the (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan backbone is essential. They have attracted attention over the years because of their bioactive and medicinal properties. In many cases their functional role is a mystery, in others it is well established. Because of their insoluble chemical nature, particulate (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans are not suitable for many medical applications. Various methods of changing or modifying the beta-D-glucan chemical structure and transforming it to a soluble form have been published. The beta-D-glucan bioactive properties can be affected positively or negatively by such modifications. This review examines beta-glucan sources in nature, health effects and structure-activity relationships. It presents the current state of beta-D-glucan solubilization methods and discusses their effectiveness and application possibilities for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djordje B Zeković
- Alltech's North American Bioscience Center, 3031 Catnip Hill Pike, Nicholasville, KY 40356, USA.
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19
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Miadoková E, Svidová S, Vlčková V, Dúhová V, Pražmáriová E, Tothová K, Naďová S, Kogan G, Rauko P. The role of natural biopolymers in genotoxicity of mutagens/carcinogens elimination. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2005. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2005.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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20
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Khalikova TA, Zhanaeva SY, Korolenko TA, Kaledin VI, Kogan G. Regulation of activity of cathepsins B, L, and D in murine lymphosarcoma model at a combined treatment with cyclophosphamide and yeast polysaccharide. Cancer Lett 2005; 223:77-83. [PMID: 15890239 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Revised: 10/19/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the activity of cysteine (cathepsins B and L) and aspartyl (cathepsin D) proteases were investigated at the development of susceptible and resistant variants of murine lymphosarcoma (LS). It has been demonstrated that the variant resistant to the cyclophosphamide treatment is characterized by a lower activity of all three cathepsins in the tumor tissue. Application of a higher dose of cyclophosphamide led to a more pronounced increase of the studied enzymatic activity in mice with a resistant variant of LS, than in those with a susceptible one. Administration of a yeast polysaccharide derivative - sulfoethyl glucan - enhanced therapeutic effect of cyclophosphamide in mice with both variants of LS, while the most efficient dose was found to be that of 10mg/kg body mass. In the intact mice, usage of both cyclophosphamide and sulfoethyl glucan led to a similar increase of the cathepsins activity in liver and spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana A Khalikova
- Institute of Physiology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Tohamy AA, El-Ghor AA, El-Nahas SM, Noshy MM. β-Glucan inhibits the genotoxicity of cyclophosphamide, adriamycin and cisplatin. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2003; 541:45-53. [PMID: 14568293 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(03)00184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of beta-glucan (betaG), one of the biological response modifiers, on the induction of chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow and spermatogonial cells of mice treated with various anti-neoplastic drugs were investigated. beta-Glucan (100 mg/kg bw, i.p.) pre-treatment reduced the total number of cells with structural chromosomal aberrations scored after the treatment with cyclophosphamide (CP) (2.5 mg/kg bw, i.p.) adriamycin (ADR) (12 mg/kg bw, i.p.) and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum-II (cisplatin) (5 mg/kg bw, i.p.) by about 41.1, 26.9 and 57.7% in bone marrow and 44.4, 55 and 57.1% in spermatogonial cells, respectively. This protective effect of beta-glucan could be attributed to its scavenging ability to trap free-radicals produced during the biotransformation of these anti-neoplastic drugs. Beta-glucan also markedly restored the mitotic activity of bone marrow cells that had been suppressed by the anti-neoplastic drugs. These results indicate that in addition to the known immunopotentiating activity of beta-glucan, it plays a role in reducing genotoxicity induced by anti-neoplastic drugs during cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany A Tohamy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2002; 19:1373-80. [PMID: 12526113 DOI: 10.1002/yea.830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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